Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Phone Charger
Honda iDream Contest
Gilburt L Chiang
Sanyam Bajaj
Advisor: Steve Bibyk
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Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 2
Quantitative Analysis.................................................................................................................. 13
Introduction
Cell phones are currently the most popular form of communication in almost all the
countries throughout the world. There are well over 5 billion mobile phones currently in uses
and the number is growing as technology gets better and the cost of production lowers.
However, the main problem is the average lifetime of a phone battery is less than 10
hours with moderate usage. This becomes very inconvenient for people on the road or occupied
with work. In order to recharge the phone, people must bring wall phone chargers. The newest
technology of solar phone chargers is a separate device that uses a small solar panel to absorb
light and then transfer to the phone. This process still forces customers to carry around another
Our project goal is to develop a miniature solar panel to be installed onto the cell
phone itself. This way, the phone can charge independently; independent of power outlets and
independent of wires. There won’t be any need for electrical outlets or portable solar panels. The
mobile phone will be able to charge anywhere outside or where it is exposed to sun light. A
miniature solar cell will be built into the phone and able to absorb enough sunlight to charge the
Being liberated from wires and power outlets is just one of the many advantages of
having solar panels on cell phones. As the world’s resources are diminishing, governments are
encouraging for a green movement to help conserve the limited supply. Solar energy is
gaining popularity because of the free and abundant energy. This fact alone will save customers
money on their electric bills. The energy is also clean and produces no hazardous waste like
Prototype Design
For our design procedure, we used an IPhone 4 as the model mobile phone. There will be
two different solar panels used on the phone, one placed on each side. The back of the
mobile phone will be completely covered by a solar panel. Anytime users are outside and want
to charge their phone, they can just set it down with the back solar cell facing towards the sun
and the phone will charge. The front of the cell phone will also feature a solar cell. The plan is to
place an ultrathin film of solar cell within the layers of the cell phone screen.
Front Screen
Source: http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/iphone2.htm
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The layers of the touch screen on the front of the IPhone 4 are depicted in the image
above. Our plan is to place an ultrathin semi-transparent solar cell on beneath the glass substrate
layer. This will allow for solar energy to be absorbed while the phone is facing up towards the
sky. Another benefit to this layer placement is that the LED from the phone will also produce
energy for the solar cell so that the film will have power coming from both ways, but mostly
from the sun. As a replacement for the glass substrate layer, we have decided to add new,
focused on diverging the different energies and sending the specific photons absorbed by the
solar cell material. This process is done by mirrors and lenses within the magnifying film. The
solar cell layer on the front is only an option as a semi-transparent film may cause some
The film used on the front will be new technology that was developed from different sources:
A research group at the University of Illinois (Prof. John Rogers) has confirmed that
there are new etch methods for Silicon and Gallium Arsenide which allow slicing off ultrathin
wafer layers (2-20 microns) that can be formed into micro solar cells.
The thin geometry will not only reduce the cost but also make passive thermal dissipation
much more effective compared to the conventional bulk cells. This aspect is particularly
important for concentrator systems and simplifies the design of the focusing optics. Even the
optical transparency can be defined at the assembly stage as the spacing between individual
Source: http://www.ecofriend.com/entry/eco-tech-semitransparent-solar-cells-to-begin-a-new-era-of-solar-
electronics/
Semprius co. has built working prototypes which are NOT flexible but are based on
similar technology.
The solar company known as Konarka also makes organic solar cells made from flexible
plastic and has developed a transparent solar cell that it hopes will be built onto electricity-
generating windows. “It is energy-efficient and transparent with superior vertical performance
and a subtle red, blue or green aesthetic. With these features, BIPV (building-integrated
But these organic photovoltaics are NOT very efficient (only ~6%) at converting sunlight
to electricity and won’t last as long as a rooftop solar panel, which is typically under warranty for
25 years. Although having this in addition to the solar panel on the back of the phone will
Back Panel
The dimensions of the IPhone 4 are 110 mm high by 59 mm wide and 9.4 mm deep. For
this case, we would have a solar cell with thin, high-efficiency, non-transparent characteristics to
allow maximum solar energy absorption. The dimensions for this situation would be set at 100
This side would be the most efficient energy absorbing cell of the two films used on this
device. In order to increase efficiency, an ultrathin magnifying layer would also be used
instead of glass substrate to both protect the solar cells and magnify the photonic absorption.
There would be an array of modules working cooperatively to absorb energy and feed the cell
phone.
Source: http://www.skldintl.com/solar-cell-phone.htm
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Modern day solar panels average around 12% to 18% efficiency when absorbing solar
energy. This illustrates a great loss of power and exposes the poor technology that is currently
around. The power losses are explained by the wide variety of photonic energy transmitted
through solar rays. Only a fraction of the photon energy can be absorbed effectively by the
the efficiency of the solar panels. This innovative technology employs optical equipment such as
mirrors and lenses to magnify solar energy. This thin magnifying film that is being created has
the ability to separate the different spectrums and route the necessary energy to exactly where
they are needed on the solar cells. This would the solar cells highly efficient.
Source: http://www.hypersolar.com/technology.html
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Photovoltaic Cells
The driving force behind solar panels begins with the photovoltaic cells. These cells are
responsible for converting photons from the solar light directly into electrons. The name itself
originates from Greek words and can be broken down to photo which means “light” and voltaic
which translates to “electricity”. Photovoltaic cells are fabricated from special material known as
semiconductors which fall right in between conductors and insulators when it comes to the
magnitude of electron flow. Normally, the most commonly used semiconductor is Silicon.
Silicon is the most common semiconductor used in solar panels because of its ability to
remain a semiconductor at very high temperatures under the sun. However, the silicon material
used in solar cells must be doped and made impure because pure silicon crystalline serves as a
very poor conductor of electrons. Once the silicon material is doped, a lot less energy is needed
to knock the electrons out of their connections into a free flowing current.
Solar Panels
“Modules” or groups of photovoltaic cells electrically connected together are placed into
frames where energy absorption can be concentrated. These casings are placed next to each other
over a relatively large surface area to be as efficient as possible when absorbing the light. An
anti-reflective coating is added to the solar panels to reduce power losses and obtain maximum
absorption ability. Above that layer, a glass cover plate is used to create durability and protect
against erosion.
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Source: http://www.hightechscience.org/solar_express.htm
When solar rays collide with the photovoltaic cells, the photonic energy is absorbed and
transferred within the semiconductor material. Once the photons are absorbed, the heat causes
electrons to leave their respective shells. The photonic energy collides with the electrons freeing
them to flow without restrictions. This free flowing energy can be moved into any direction by
the natural electric fields produced by the photovoltaic cells. The electric fields force the
electrons into a current flowing in a single direction. Another form of a support to directing the
current is artificially made. Metallic contacts are placed above and below the solar cells, serving
as a guide to the free flowing energy, directing it in one direction. Once the flowing current is
combined with the voltage from the cell, the power wattage is produced.
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Source: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/solarcell/
Power Losses
According to the U.S. Department of Energy, the average solar cell’s efficiency is only
about 12% to 18%. The power losses are substantial and can be explained by analyzing the
electromagnetic spectrum. When solar rays are shined down, light is the only visible part of the
spectrum. However, there is a broad range of wavelengths that all come within the solar rays
which can be a problem when absorbing energy efficiently. In order for the electrons in the
doped silicon to be knocked free, a specific amount of energy known as the band gap energy is
needed. Photons with too much energy or not enough energy will not disconnect the electron
groups. The most optimal choice for band gap energy is calculated to be about 1.4 eV.
Another situation where power is lost is when the electrons are knocked freely and
transferred across the solar cell in currents created by the electric fields and conducting
materials. During travel, several electrons are blocked off by the grid or fall out of the current.
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Currently, solar power has the smallest market in the United States coming in at 0.01% of
all power generation, yet there is an unlimited supply. However, the industry is gaining
popularity each year. It is estimated that in 2025, of the entire world’s power generation, 10
There are many advantages to solar power generation. Firstly, the cost for obtaining solar
power is essentially free. As long as the human race will be around, the sun will always be
shining so this is the most abundant energy source. Solar energy is also clean and best for
conserving the environment among forms of energy generation. According to a solar energy web
page, “In one hour more sunlight falls on the earth than what is used by the entire population in
Incorporating solar panels into the structure of residential homes or commercial buildings
can save lots of money. The building can generate its own power to run sufficiently and any
excess energy can be sold back to power companies for profit. Solar panels have relatively long
life spans of 30-40 years and rarely need to be replaced for being faulty. They also produce as
much energy over their lifetime as nuclear fuel rods without hurting the environment. Solar
panels work with no moving parts which results in silence as well as a miniscule requirement for
Solar panels can also be used anywhere there is sun light. The desert which is most
uninhabitable can be used to for collecting solar energy. This would allow many of the
undeveloped countries to produce their own energy at very cheap rate. A solar energy system has
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the ability to constant generate energy nonstop with the backup help of a battery. The energy
from the sun can be converted into AC power to charge devices, can be stored in batteries,
insulated, or reflected.
The potential for the solar energy industry is huge. As more and more people begin to
realize the great benefits of solar power generation, they will start to shift towards using it. The
introduction of the “Smart” grid power system also encourages customers to produce their own
energy because power companies are willing to buy excess energy produced from residential
homes.
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Quantitative Analysis
Battery Charge
This section discusses quantitatively the charging of phone batteries using our unique
design. Lithium-ion batteries are the most widely used due to several advantages such as being
light, portable and able to operate for long periods of time. An Apple iphone4 (our prototype)
uses a Lithium-ion battery with 3.7V and 5.25 Whr specifications. The solar cells would be
custom designed to conveniently satisfy these requirements and be able to charge from 0 to
Special attention would be paid to sustain battery life. In the process of charging a
Lithium-ion battery, electricity moves through the cell (i.e. voltage is applied) and the lithium
ions migrate from the negative cathode to the positive anode, where they wait for the circuit to be
closed and return back to the graphite cathode. Unlike Ni-Cd batteries, Li-ion batteries should be
charged early and often. These should not be fully discharged and then recharged as these
cycles reduce life (1 cycle per month recommended by apple.com/batteries). Our design will take
advantage of this characteristic and start charging as soon as there is enough energy
produced. A simple transistor circuit would ensure that there is enough voltage (3.7V)
produced before the recharging circuit closes between the battery and the two solar cells, while a
regulator circuit (another transistor with diodes, capacitors and resistors as shown in the
Finally, we would also give the user a choice to enable or disable this innovative
feature. Although there is no harm in constantly charging the Li-ion battery as mentioned
earlier, some users may not like the feature turned on at all times. In fact, recharging of a Li-ion
battery is an endothermic process [2], which means the battery absorbs heat when it recharges
electric power converted from the incident light. This is calculated by using the following
formula:
In this formula, Pm represents the maximum power point while E is the input light irradiance and
The solar cell’s output is dependent on the temperature of the solar cell. A high
temperature of the solar cell results a lower output as well as lower efficiency. However, it is
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harmful for the battery to overheat. A lithium ion battery that is responsible for power an IPhone
4 should remain at 92 degrees Fahrenheit or lower. We are adding a feature that would alert the
user to put the phone in their pocket and away from the sun if the temperature of the battery
reaches over 95 degrees Fahrenheit due to the sun’s heat. We are going to install a mini
thermometer and sensor within the phone to detect overheating. This should be one of the safety
Flow Chart
Solar Cells
Charge
Controller
Batteries DC Loads
Inverter
AC Loads
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Conclusion
The development of the wireless solar cell mobile phone charger project has borne an
innovative way of charging phones. There are plethora advantages and benefits to using a
wireless process as well as using solar energy to charge the battery. However, there are always
ways for improvement in the future. Firstly, researchers all over are working towards increasing
and maximizing the efficiency of solar cells. The first step was mentioned above in the form of
magnifying concentrated photovoltaic in solar cells. This will help bring solar cell efficiency to
the goal of 100% one day. Another improvement that can be worked on is decreasing the
thickness of solar cells without losing efficiency. This will also benefit the phone in having a
slimmer, sleeker shape. An improvement to solar cell film across the front of the phone is to
fabricate a fully transparent solar cell as to not hinder the touch screen or the display. There is
always room for improvement, but for now, our prototype is new and revolutionary.
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BIBLIOGRPHY
1. J. Yoon, A.J. Baca, S.-I. Park, P. Elvikis, J.B. Geddes, L. Li, R.H. Kim, J. Xiao, S. Wang, T.H.
Kim, M.J. Motala, B.Y. Ahn, E.B. Duoss, J.A. Lewis, R.G. Nuzzo, P.M. Ferreira, Y. Huang, A.
Rockett and J.A. Rogers, "Ultrathin Silicon Solar Microcells for Semitransparent, Mechanically
Flexible and Microconcentrator Module Designs," Nature Materials 7, 907-915 (2008).
2. David Gunderson, “Li-ion battery temperature trends during charge and discharge”
http://www.micro-power.com/userfiles/file/mp_tempcharge-1250026530.pdf