ESc201 : Introducton to Electronics

Filters

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

IIT Kanpur

1
Filter -pass a band of frequency and reject the remaining

Low pass High pass

|H(f)| |H(f)|

f f
Band pass
Band Stop
|H(f)| |H(f)|

f f
3
 R =1K
vO

vS C 1F

C
vO(t)

vS R

4
3dB Frequency of single capacitor filters
R =1K
1
3dB =
vO
 103 rad / s
vS C
RC
1F

R1 =1K
1
vO 3dB =
vS
R1 R 2 C
C 1F R2 =1K

1 1
3dB = 
Linear Circuit C  R eq C

5
One can often tell the type of filter by looking at behavior at very low
and very high frequencies and keeping in mind that capacitor offers
very high impedance at low frequencies and very low impedance at
high frequencies.

Low f High f

Vo ~0
Vo ~0
Bandpass filter 6
Bandpass Filter
High-pass low-pass

f2 f1>f2

C1 R2
vO(t)

vS R1 C2

1 1
f2  ; f1 
2 R1C1 2 R2C2 7
Example: Band Pass filter

8
Bandstop Filter

low-pass High-pass

f1 f2>f1

Will this work?

9
What does this circuit do?

Low f
High f

Vo ~Vin Vo ~Vin 10
What does this circuit do?

Bandstop or Notch Filter

11
R-L Circuits (Filters) VO ( )
H ( ) 
R VS ( )
vO(t)
j L j ( / 3dB )
j L H ( )  
vS L R  j L 1  j ( / 3dB )

R
3dB 
L

High pass filter

12
R-L Circuits VO ( )
H ( ) 
j L VS ( )
vO(t)
L R 1
vS R H ( )  
R  j L 1  j ( / 3dB )

R
3dB 
L

Low pass filter

13
Amplitude Modulated (AM) Radio

Different radio channels are separated by very narrow frequency interval.

For example, one may want to receive a 450KHz signal but reject 460KHz or
440KHz
H ( ) (dB) 450KHz


460KHz

-60dB
460
log( )  102 decades
450

This implies an attenuation of -6000 dB/decade !!

14
Series Resonant Circuit
Resonance is a condition in which capacitive and inductive
reactance cancel each other to give rise to a purely resistive
circuit
R L
1
Z eq  R  j L  j
C
vS i(t) C

1 1
Resonant frequency: jO L  j  0  O 
OC LC
1
fO 
2 LC Zeq  R
Current and voltage are in phase (power factor is unity) and
current is maximum ! 15
 Vm
I ( ) 
R L

1 2
R  ( L 
2
)
vS i(t) C C

1 and 2 are called half-power frequencies

since P  I2

16
 Vm
I ( ) 
1 2
R  ( L 
2
)
C

Vm Vm
I (1 )  
1 2 2R
R  (1 L 
2
)
1C

Vm Vm
I (2 )  
1 2 2R
1 and 2 are called half- R  (2 L 
2
)
power frequencies since P  I2 2 C
17
 O  12 R
B  2  1 
L
Quality (Q) factor: Sharpness of resonance
Peak Stored Energy
Q  2
Energy dissipated in one period at resonance
1
L  I m2 O L 1 1
Q  2  2  O  Q
1 2
I m R  TO R LC OCR
2 18
 O L R
Q B  2  1 
R L
O O
Q 
B 
Hence Q represents sharpness of resonance

For high Q circuits:

19
Normalized
Amplitude
 0.1K L j0.9K
R

vS C Z=0.1K-j0.2K
-j1.1K
Impedance is in k

0.1K L j1K
R

vS C -j1K Z=0.1K
Impedance is in k

Not very large change in impedance as we approach resonance !

1
 j0.9meg
0.1K L Z=0.1K-j0.2meg
R
Impedance is in M
vS C -j1.1meg

0.1K Z=0.1K
R L j1meg
Impedance is in k

vS C -j1meg

very large change in impedance as we approach resonance !

Implying high quality factor 2
Quality factor Q

0.1K L j1K
R

vS C -j1K Z=0.1K

0.1K L j1meg
R

vS C -j1meg Z=0.1K

O L 1 O C
Q or Q 
R R 3
 O L L
Q R
R vO(t)

vS C
R-L-C filters

C
R L R
vO(t) vO(t)
j L  j C
vS C vS L
 j C j L

21
 R
C L vO(t)
vO(t)
j L vS j L L
vS  j C R
 j C C

22
 C L
vO(t)
j L
vS  j C R

How much Q do we need to pass 450KHz but reject 460KHz by

60dB?
VO ( ) R
H ( )  
VIN ( ) 1 2
R 2  ( L  )
C
Assuming VIN = 1V and noting that Q = OL/R

For =O, VO = 1 so the signal simply passes

1
VO ( )  through !
 2
1  Q 2 ( 2  1) 2
O O  2    450  103
 2.8  10 6
rad
23
/s
 1
VO ( ) 
 2
1  Q (1  2 )
2 O 2

0  2  450 10  2.827 10 rad / s
3 6

  2  460 103  2.89 10 6 rad / s

For an attenuation of -60dB or 10-3 at : Q=23,000

This is a large value of Q!

24
Parallel Resonance

L
IM 0 R C 1 1
Yeq   jC  j
R L
R

vS C L

1 1
Resonant frequency: jOC  j  0  O 
O L LC
1
fO  Zeq  R
2 LC 25
 Im R
+ V ( ) 
IM 0 R L R 2C 2 1 2
V 1  2 ( L  )
- C L C

26
 Im R
V ( ) 
R 2C 2 1 2
1  2 ( L  )
L C

For high Q: 27
What is the resonant frequency ?

o
fO 
2 28