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Experiment Title
Experiment Date
Abstract
This practical experiment was conducted with an aim of investigating the hydraulic jump as a
phenomena that can be utilized in engineering. Data recorded was analyzed using mathematical
expressions and the results interpreted by employing graphical methods. The key parameters
considered in the experiment were the flow rates and depths of flow at specified locations along
the channel. The measured values allowed for the computation of velocities and comparison of
measured vs computed values of y2. The percentage difference as arrived at for 70 gpm flowrate
ranged between (2%-13%), whereas the range was significantly larger in the 30 gpm, in between
(150-187%). The experiment results after analysis showed higher energy loss for th 30gpm
flowrate (1-4 ft) as compared to that of (0.13-0.9ft) in 70gpm flowrate. These results indicated
the need to consider both empirical and practical analysis of the hydraulic jump hand in hand to
obtain a more certain prediction of any hydraulic fluid in and open channel.
Lab Report 0
Table of Contents
Abstract ....................................................................................................................
Introduction .............................................................................................................
Results ......................................................................................................................
Discussion.................................................................................................................
References ...............................................................................................................
List of tables
Table 1 Results for: Q = 70gpm at 5th manometer tap and downstream depth of 0.4*yc
List of figures
Introduction
Objectives
Theory
The hydraulic jump is a phenomena that of a standing wave of water mass in an open channel. It
occurs when a rapid flow transitions from supercritical flow to subcritical flow i.e. when a fast
moving water mass encounters a slower moving mass. A hydraulic jump is commonly used to
dissipate energy, and reduce the downstream velocity in various engineering applications such as
spillways and flood control structures. The figure below shows in a hydraulic jump cross
sectional profile.
b) Start the pump and adjust the flow to a high rate of 70gpm
c) Put the tailwater gate to its lowest position and measure the normal depth
1
𝑞2 3 𝑄
d) Calculate the critical depth {𝑦𝑐 = ( 𝑔 ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑞 = 𝐵 }
e) Turn off the pump, install the sluice gate halfway between the third and fourth
manometer taps
f) Adjust the sluicegate so that the lowest depth downstream is approximately 0.4 times the
g) Increase the tailwater depth to cause a stationary hydraulic jump to occur beginning at the
fifth manometer tap. Measure and record ymin, y1, and y2.
h) Repeat step (g) with the hydraulic jump beginning at the fourth manometer tap.
i) Repeat steps f-h with the lowest depth downstream of the sluicegate at approximately 0.5,
j) Repeat steps (b) to (i) with a flow rate of 30gpm. Adjust the weir so that the lowest depth
downstream is approximately 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 times the critical depth. If any part of
the procedure is not possible, note the fact on your data sheet.
Table 1 Results for: Q = 70gpm at 5th manometer tap and downstream depth of 0.4*yc
𝑞2
𝑦𝑐 = ( 𝑔 )1/3 ……eqn 1
𝑄 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑠−1
𝑞=𝐵 …….eqn 2
𝑓𝑡
Where;
0.1558
𝑞= = 0.4534𝑓𝑡 2 𝑠 −1
0.3436
0.45342 1/3
𝑦𝑐 = ( ) = 0.1875𝑓𝑡
32.174
𝑌1 8𝑞 2
𝑌2𝑐 = − (1 − √1 + 𝑔𝑌 3 )…….eqn 3
2 1
0.0787 8 ∗ 0.45342
𝑌2𝑐 = − (1 − √ ) = 0.3636𝑓𝑡
2 32.174 ∗ 0.07873
(𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑌2 −𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑌2
% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = { } ∗ 100….eqn 4
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑌2
0.3232 − 0.3636
∗ 100 = 12.5%
0.3232
𝑣12 𝑣22
𝐸𝑗 = (𝑦1 + ) − (𝑦2 + )…..eqn 5
𝑔 𝑔
𝑄 𝑄
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑣1 = 𝐵𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 = 𝐵𝑦 …….eqn 6
1 2
0.1558
𝑣1 = = 5.762𝑓𝑡𝑠 −1
0.3436 ∗ 0.0787
0.1558
𝑣2𝑚 = = 1.403𝑓𝑡𝑠 −1
0.3436 ∗ 0.3232
5.7622 1.4032
𝐸𝑗 = (0.0787 + ) − (0.3232 + ) = 0.7262𝑓𝑡
32.174 32.174
Lab Report 5
0.1558
𝑣1 = = 5.762𝑓𝑡𝑠 −1
0.3436 ∗ 0.0787
0.1558
𝑣2𝑐 = = 1.247𝑓𝑡𝑠 −1
0.3436 ∗ 0.3636
5.7622 1.2472
𝐸𝑗 = (0.0787 + ) − (0.3636 + ) = 0.6987𝑓𝑡
32.174 32.174
Q = 70gpm
Q = 30gpm
Table 4 Results for 70gpm and 30 gpm in foot units (1 inch = 0.0833ft)
Q = 70gpm
Q = 30gpm
Min depth Y upstream (ft) Y downstream (ft) Y computed (ft) %difference Energy loss (ft)
0.9yc No jump
Min depth Y upstream (ft) Y downstream (ft) Y computed (ft) %difference Energy loss (ft)
0.7yc No jump
0.9yc No jump
Min depth Y upstream (ft) Y downstream (ft) Y computed (ft) %difference Energy loss (ft)
0.7yc No jump
0.9yc No jump
Min depth Y upstream (ft) Y downstream (ft) Y computed (ft) %difference Energy loss (ft)
0.7yc No jump
0.9yc No jump
List of figures
Lab Report 9
Lab Report 10
Lab Report 11
Discussion
The energy loss and increased with an increase in flow velocity downstream of the channel. It
was also observed from the results that 30gpm flowrate produced a greater velocity and energy
loss compared to 70gpm flowrate. The hydraulic jump failed to form at some points as the
downstream exit was widened. This indicates that the widening orifice reduced the velocity
differences between upstream and downstream flows thus eliminating the conducive
References
1. Chin, D.A. Water Resources Engineering, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, 2006.
3. Mays, Larry. Hydraulic Design Handbook, McGraw Hill. New York. 1999.