POWER ELECTRONICS

Laboratory Manual
By

Ms. S.RadhikaM.Tech(PE).
Assistant Professor,EEE

Ms. M.RekhaM.Tech(PE).
Assistant Professor,EEE

Ms. G. SwapnaM. Tech (PE).

Assistant Professor, EEE

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

GokarajuRangaraju Institute of Engineering &

Technology
BACHUPALLY, MIYAPUR, HYDERABAD-500090
 GokarajuRangaraju
Institute Of Engineering and Technology
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E and Affiliated to JNTU)
Bachupally, Kukatpally
HYDERABAD 500090.

Power Electronics Lab Record

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that it is a Bonafide Record of practical workdone in

the Power Electronics Laboratory in I sem of III Year during the
year……………

Name:……………………………………………
Roll no:………………………………………….
Course:B.Tech……..Year…… Semester…………
Branch: ……………………………………………

SIGNATURE OF STAFF MEMBER

 CONTENTS
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
STUDY EXPERIMENTS :

1.Study of characteristics of SCR,MOSFET,IGBT

2.Study of Gate firing circuits
3.Pulse Width Modulation techniques
SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS :

1.Single Phase Half wave controlled converter with R,RL&RLE

Load (for firing angles 30,60,90)with/without FD
2.Single Phase Half controlled converter with R,RL&RLE Load
(for firing angles 30,60,90)with/without FD
3.Single Phase Full controlled converter with R,RL&RLE Load
(for firing angles 30,60,90)with/without FD
4.Three Phase semi controlled converter with R,RL&RLE Load
5.Three Phase full controlled converter with R,RL&RLE Load
6.Single phase AC Voltage Controller with R&RL Loads
7.Boost converter and buck converter with open loop and closed
loop operations
8.Single Phase inverter
9.Single Phase cyclo converter
HARDWARE EXPERIMENTS :

1.Thyristorised drive for PMDC motor with speed measurement

and Single Phase Half controlled rectifier and full controlled
rectifier
2.closed loop control
3.IGBT based 4 quadrant drive for PMDC Motor with speed
measurement and closed loop control
4.Three Phase input Thyristorised drive for Dc Motor with closed
loop control
5.Closed loop control of Dc Motor using three face fed four
quadrant chopper drive
6.Speed control of three Phase 3-Phase wound Induction Motor
7.Dc Jones chopper
8.Single Phase Dual Converter
9.Single Phase Series Inverter
10.Single Phase Parallel Inverter
11.Single Phase Cyclo Converter
PROGRAM OBJECTIVES & OUTCOMES
PROGRAM OBJECTIVES:

1. To simulate and design various gate firing circuits.

2. To familiarize the students by introducing softwares like P- sim,
Multisim, and help them to simulate and analyze different
converters.
3. To enable the students to study & simulate circuits using Matlab
software and on hardware kits.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES:

1. Ability to design and conduct simulation and experiments.

2. Ability to use the techniques, skills and modern engineering tools
necessary for engineering practice.
3. Ability to identify, formulate & solve engineering problems with
simulation.
4. Ability to simulate characteristics of SCR, MOSFET, IGBT.
5. Ability to simulate gate firing circuits
6. Ability to simulate Rectifiers, Choppers, AC voltage controller,
Inverter circuits and on hardware kits.
7. Ability to simulate Cyclo-converter circuit & calculate harmonics.
 INDEX
SI.NO: DATE EXPERIMENT SIGNATURE
SI.NO: DATE EXPERIMENT SIGNATURE
 STUDY EXPERIMENTS
EXPERIMENT-1

Study of Characteristics of SCR, MOSFET & IGBT

AIM: -

To plot the characteristics of SCR, MOSFET & IGBT

APPARATUS: -

S.no Quantity
Description
1 Characteristics Kit 1

2 Ammeter (0-500)mA 2

2
3 Voltmeter (0-50)V

4 RPS (0-30)V,2A 1

PROCEDURE:

To obtain Characteristics of SCR:

1. The connections are made as per circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the regulated power supply. Apply 10V across anode & cathode of
SCR.
3. Gradually increase the gate current till the SCR becomes ON. Note down VAK, IA.
4. Now increase supply voltage gradually and IA are noted for three or four readings.
5. Steps 3 to 4 are repeated for another values of VAK say 20V.
6. Tabulate the readings in the table.
7. Plot a graph of VAK versus IA.
8. To determine Holding current IH :
i) Keep proper VAK to trigger SCR by gate current. Trigger SCR by
applying gate current .Keep sufficient load current by varying
load resistance in fully clock wise direction.

ii) To open gate circuit, now reduce load current till SCR jump to
blocking state.iii) The minimum current for which SCR

1
 suspend under ON condition is noted which is Holding current I
H.

9. Latching current is 1.5 to 2 times of holding current value

Circuit Diagram for obtaining the characteristics of MOSFET

To obtain Characteristics of MOSFET :

Output Characteristics:

2
 The connections are made as per circuit diagram
1. Switch on the equipment. Keep VDS say 10V, vary VGS note down the range of VGS for
whichdrain current is varying for constant VGS.
2. Keep VGS constant, (VGS must be within the range determined by step 2).
3. Vary VDS in steps, note down corresponding ID.
4. Step 4 is repeated for different values of VGS.
5. Tabulate the readings in the table.
6. Plot a graph of ID against VDS for different VGS.

Transfer Characteristics:

The connections are made as per circuit diagram

1. Switch on the equipment. Keep VDS say 10V, vary VGS in steps ,note down the
corresponding drain current ID.
2. Tabulate the readings in the table.
3. Plot a graph of ID against VGS.

To obtain Characteristics of IGBT :

Output Characteristics:

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.(Use 20V Voltmeter for VGE , 200V
Voltmeter for VCE , 200 ma Ammeter for IC 15V Power supply for base & 35V
Power supply for collection circuit).
2. Switch on the equipment .Keep VCE 10V, vary VGE note down the range of VGE for
which collector current is varying for constant VCE.
3. Keep VGE constant,(VGE must be with in the range determined by step 2).
4. Vary VCE in steps, note down the corresponding IC.
5. Adjust VGE to constant while doing step 4.
6. Step 4 is repeated for different VGE.
7. Tabulate the readings in the table.
8. Plot a graph of IC against VCE for different VGE.

Transfer Characteristics:

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.(Use 20V Voltmeter for VGE , 200V
Voltmeter for VCE , 200 ma Ammeter for IC 15V Power supply for base & 35V
Power supply for collection circuit).
2. Switch on the equipment. Keep VCE constant, vary VGE in steps , note down
corresponding IC.
3. Adjust VCE to constant while doing step 2.
4. Tabulate the readings in the table.
5. Plot a graph of IC against VGE for different VCE

3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR IGBT:

Circuit Diagram for obtaining the characteristics of IGBT

4
OBSERVATRIONS:

Static V-I Characteristics’ of SCR Static V-I Characteristics of SCR

VG1 = VG2 =

S.No VAK(V) IA(mA) S.N

VAK(V) IA(mA)
o

5
OUTPUT WAVE FORMS:

Output Characteristics of MOSFET Transfer Characteristics of MOSFET

VDS = VGS =

S.No VDS ID S.No VGS ID

(V) (mA) (V) (mA)

6
 Output Characteristics of IGBT Transfer characteristics of IGBT

VGE = VGE =

S.No VCE IC S.No VGE IC

(V) (mA) (V) (mA)

7
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

8
 Experiment No 2

Gate Firing Circuits for SCR’s

AIM: -

To trigger an SCR by using R, RC & UJT triggering circuits and observe the output waveforms
for different firing angles.

APPARATUS: -

S.no Quantity
Description
1 Triggering circuit Kit 1

2 Unearthed C.R.O 1

3 Connecting probes 1

PROCEDURE:

Resistance firing circuit:

(1) Apply 12V of AC input to the anode and cathode of SCR terminals from a
step down transformer.
(2) Connect the anode, cathode & gate terminals of SCR to the corresponding
A, K, G terminals in the R – Triggering circuit.
(3) Connect the load of 50Ω/2A between the load terminals.
(4) Observe the variations in the voltage across the load for different firing angles (by
varying potentiometer) with the help of CRO, plot waveforms of firing signals &
output voltage for firing angle 450, 900.

9
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

R- Triggering:

Circuit Diagram to obtain Resistance Triggering

MODEL GRAPHS:

10
RC firing circuits:

1. Apply 12V of AC input to the anode and cathode of SCR terminals from a step
down transformer.
2. Connect the anode, cathode & gate terminals of SCR to the corresponding A, K, G
terminals in the R – Triggering circuit.
3. Connect the load of 50Ω/2A between the load terminals.
4. Observe the variations in the voltage across the load for different firing angles (by varying
potentiometer) with the help of CRO, plot waveforms of firing signals & output voltage for
firing angle 450, 1800.

Circuit Diagram to obtain RC Triggering

11
MODEL GRAPHS:

12
OUTPUT WAVE FORMS

13
UJT Firing Circuits

Circuit Diagram to obtain UJT Triggering

Model Graphs:

14
 UJT firing circuit:

1. Apply 12V of AC input to the anode and cathode of SCR terminals from a
step down transformer.
2. The rectified output is applied to the UJT terminals through the résistance as
shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Connect the cathode & gate terminals of SCR to the corresponding K, G
terminals in the UJT – Triggering circuit.
4. Connect the load of 50Ω/2A between the load terminals.
5. Switch ON the supply for UJT Triggering circuit.
6. Observe the variations in the voltage across the load for different firing angles (by
varying potentiometer) with the help of CRO, plot waveforms of firing signals & output
voltage for firing angle 450, 1800.

PRECAUTIONS:

(1) Initially the potentiometer should be in minimum resistance position.

(2) Vary the Potentiometer gradually.
(3) Observe the output waveforms carefully on the CRO

15
 EXPERIMENT-3

Pulse Width Modulation techniques

PWM is a technique that is used to reduce the overall harmonic distortion (THD) in
a load current. It uses a pulse wave in rectangular/square form that results in a
variable average waveform value f(t), after its pulse width has been modulated.
The time period for modulation is given by T. Therefore, waveform average value is
given as

T
y=(1/T) ∫ f(t)dt
0

Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

In a simple source voltage inverter, the switches can be turned ON and OFF as
needed. During each cycle, the switch is turned on or off once. This results in a
square waveform. However, if the switch is turned on for a number of times, a
harmonic profile that is improved waveform is obtained.

16
The sinusoidal PWM waveform is obtained by comparing the desired modulated
waveform with a triangular waveform of high frequency. Regardless of whether the
voltage of the signal is smaller or larger than that of the carrier waveform, the
resulting output voltage of the DC bus is either negative or positive.

The sinusoidal amplitude is given as Am and that of the carrier triangle is give as Ac.
For sinusoidal PWM, the modulating index m is given by Am/Ac.

Modified Sinusoidal Waveform PWM

A modified sinusoidal PWM waveform is used for power control and optimization of
the power factor. The main concept is to shift current delayed on the grid to the
voltage grid by modifying the PWM converter. Consequently, there is an
improvement in the efficiency of power as well as optimization in power factor.

17
Multiple PWM
The multiple PWM has numerous outputs that are not the same in value but the
time period over which they are produced is constant for all outputs. Inverters with
PWM are able to operate at high voltage output.

The waveform below is a sinusoidal wave produced by a multiple PWM

18
19
 SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS
EXPERIMENT NO: 1
1-PHASE HALF WAVE CONTROLLED CONVERTER WITH R RL &RLE
LOAD

AIM:To study the simulation of half wave controlled rectifier with R &
RL-load using matlab - simulink.
SOFTWARE : MATLAB

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Half Wave Rectifier With R-Load

20
Half Wave Rectifier WithRL-Load

Half Wave Rectifier WithRLE-Load

21
THEORY:

A single phase half wave controlled converter only has one SCR is employed in
the circuit. The performance of the controlled rectifier very much depends upon the
type and parameters of the output (load) circuit.

The simulation circuit of the half wave converter is shown in fig (1) during the
positive half-cycle of input voltage, the thyristor anode voltage is positive with
respect to cathode and the thyristor is said to be forward biased. When thyristor T1
is fired at wt=α, thyristor T1 is conducts and input voltage appears the load. When
the input voltage starts to be negative at wt=∏, the thyristor anode is negative with
respect to cathode and thyristor is said to be reverse biased; and it is turned off.
The time after the input voltage starts to go positive until the thyristor is fired is
called the delay or firing angle α.

The simulation waveforms of input voltage, output voltage and load current are
shown in fig. This converter is not used in industrial applications because its output
has high ripple content and low ripple frequency.

Gating Sequence. The gating sequence for the thyristor is as follows:

1. Generate a pulse-signal at positive zero crossing of the supply voltage Vs.

2. Delay the pulse by desired angle α and apply it between the gate and cathode
terminal terminals of T1 through a gate-isolating circuit.

Note:Both the output voltage and input current non-sinusoidal. The performance
of the controlled rectifier can be measured by the distortion factor (DF), total
harmonic distortion (THD), PF, transformer utilization factor (TUF), and harmonic
factor.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Give the firing pulses accordingly at a suitable firing angle from the firing
circuit.
3. Observe the load voltage on the screen and note down the firing angle.

22
4. Draw the waveforms and calculate the Average and RMS value of output
voltage.
CALCULATIONS:

23
MODEL WAVE FORMS:R- LOAD

24
GRAPH SHEET:

25
MODEL WAVE FORMS:RL- LOAD

26
GRAPH SHEET:

27
MODEL GRAPH: RLE- LOAD

Half Wave Rectifier Output Voltage and Current at Load

28
GRAPH SHEET:

29
RESULT:

30
 Experiment No 2
SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE
CONVERTER
AIM: To construct a single phase half controlled bridge rectifier and to observe the
output wave forms with

1. R load

2. RL Load

3. RLE Load

SOFTWARE : MATLAB

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY: The bridge rectifier with two thyristors and two diodes connected in a
control switch this is called as half controlled bridge.

31
 The two thyristors are t1,t2;the two diodes are d1,d2;the third diode
connected across the freewheeling diode FD. after θ=0, T1 is forward biased only
when source voltage is Vmsinθ exceeds E. Thus, T1 is triggered at a firing angle
delay α such that Vmsinα>E.
HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE WITH R LOAD.

During positive half cycle SCR T1 and diode D1conducts. T1 conducts from α to
π. During negative half cycle T1 is off T2 and D2conducts from π+α to 2π. Thus
there is output across the load for both the half cycles.

For R load the average out voltage can be found from

V0=1/π∫απVmsinθdθ

= Vm/π(1+cosα)

SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE WITH MOTOR LOADS.

When the single phase semi converter is connected with R-L motor load a
freewheeling diode must be connected across the load. During positive half cycle
T1 is forward biased and T1 is fired at ωt=0 .The load is connected to the input
supply through T1 and D1 during period α≤ωt≤π. During the period from
π≤ωt≤(π+α).The input voltage in negative and freewheeling diode D1 is forward
biased, DE conducts to provide the continuity of current in the inductive load. The
load current is transferred from T1 and D1 to Df and thyristor T2 is forward
biased, and the firing of T2 at ωt will reverse bias D1.The diode D1 is turned
off and the load connected to the supply through T2 and D2.

When the load is inductive and T1 is triggered. First it will conduct with D1 to pass
current through load. When supply voltage is negative, load EMF will drive
current through T1D2.This is an exponentially decreasing current. When the new
negative half cycle begins T1 is in conduction and it keep on conducting with D1
as if triggered at ωt=0.In this case load may not receive the DC power. To ensure
proper operation at the beginning of positive half cycle T2 has to be turned off and
similarly T1 should be turned off when negative half cycle begins. This is achieved
by the freewheeling diode.

32
` This conversion has better power factor due to freewheeling diode.
For RL load with freewheeling diode the average output voltage can be
found from
=1/π

=/π) [-]

=/π) [1+]

33
PROCEDURE:

Notes -

 Do not attempt to observe load voltage and input voltage simultaneously. If

does so input voltage terminal directly connected to load terminals due to the
no isolation of both channels of the CRO. While using dual channels on the
CRO ensure that both the ground terminals must be connected to the same
point.
 it is recommended to use low AC voltage when students are doing
experiments to eliminate electric shock
 Do not apply high voltage to CRO.10:1 probe may be used while doing high
voltage measurement or use power scope

Procedure for R loads

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit of fully controlled rectifier
with R load using isolation transformer
2. The gate cathode terminals of the 2 SCR’s are connected to the respective
points on the firing module.
3. Check all the connections and conform connections made are correct before
switching on the equipments.
4. Keep the firing angle knob atdegree (minimum position).switch ON the
firing unit.
5. Now switch ON the power circuit switch.
6. The firing angle is varied output waveform is seen on a CRO.
7. The firing angle is varied and DC output voltage and current through the
load is noted.
8. Tabulate the practical values. (Refer given table).
9. Keep the firing angle knob at 180 degree (minimum position).Switch OFF
the power circuit& then firing unit. Remove the patch cards.

Procedure for motor loads

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit of half controlled rectifier
2. The gate cathode terminals of the 2 SCR’s are connected to the respective
points on the firing module.

34
Check all the connections and conform connections made are correct before
simulating.
3. Now simulate the circuit.
4. The firing angle is varied and the variation of the output voltage is observed.

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

35
RESULT:

36
 Experiment No: 3

Single Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Converter

AIM: To construct a single phase fully controlled full wave bridge rectifier and to
observe the output wave forms with

1. R load
2. R-L load with freewheeling diode
3. R-L load without freewheeling diode
SOFTWARE : MATLAB

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

In the bridge rectifier the entire four rectifier is the capability of wide voltage
variation between +Vdc (av) to –Vdc (av), maximum i.e. 2Vm/ π volts. Such rectifiers
find application in DC motor loads for both motoring and electrical braking of the
motor.

37
FULL CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH R LOAD:

During positive half cycle, SCR T1 and SCR T11 are triggered
simultaneously through independent isolated gate pulses. The pair of SCR’s
conducts up to π. SCR T2 and SCR T21 are to be triggered in the next half cycle
with another pair of isolated gate pulses. The triggering angle of the pairs of SCR’s
can be varied by varying the control voltages.

For R load, the average output voltage can be found from

Vdc (av) = (1/π)αfπVmsinӨdө

= (Vm/π) [-cosӨ]απ

Vdc (av) = (Vm/π) [1+cosα]

FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER FOR R-L LOAD WITH FREE

WHEELING DIODE:

When the single phase fully controlled bridge converter is connected with
RL load with freewheeling diode during positive half cycle T1 and T11 are forward
biased. When T1 and T11 fired at wt=α, the load is connected to the input supply
through T1 and T11 during period α≤wt≤π. During the period from π≤wt≤(π+α),
the input voltage is negative and freewheeling diode DF is forward biased, DF
conducts to provide the continuity of current in the inductive load. The load
current is transferred from T1 and T11 to DFandthyristor are turned off at wt=π.
During negative half cycle of input voltage, thyristor T2 and T21 are forward
biased, and the firing of T2and T21 at wt=π+α will reverse bias DF. The diode is
turned off and the load connected to the supply through T2 and T21.

This conversion has better power factor due to the freewheeling diode.

The average output voltage can be found from

Vdc (av) = (1/π) α∫πVmSinӨdӨ

= (Vm/π) [-cosӨ]απ

Vdc (av) = (Vm/π) [1+cosα]

38
FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER FOR R-L LOAD WITH OUT
FREEWHEELING DIODE:

When the single phase fully controlled bridge converter is connected with R-
L load, during the positive half cycle thyristor T1 and T11 are forward biased and
these two thyristors are fired simultaneously at wt=α, the load is connected to the
input supply through T1 and T11. Due to inductive load T1 and T11 will continue to
conduct till wt=π+α, even though the input voltage is already negative. During
negative half cycle of the input voltage, thyristor are forward biased, and firing of
thyristors T2 and T21 at wt= π+α will apply the supply voltage across thyristors T1
and T11 as reverse blocking voltage. T1 and T11 will be turned off due to line or
natural commutation and load current will be transferred from T 1 and T11 to T2 and
T21.

During the period from α to π, the input voltage Vs and input current is positive,
and the power flows from the supply to the load. The converter is said to be
operated in rectification mode. During period from π to π+α, the input voltage Vs
is negative and the input current is positive, and there will be reverse from the load
to the supply. The converter is said to be operated in inversion mode.

The average output voltage can be found from

Vdc (av) = (1/π)α∫π+αVmSinӨdӨ

= (Vm/π) [-cosӨ]απ+α

Vdc (av) = (2Vm/π) [1+cosα]

NOTE:

In case of fully controlled bridge the triggering angle should not increase beyond
αmax (approx. 1500) to allow conducting SCR sufficient time to turn off. The
maximum value of firing angle is obtained from the relation.

E= Vm sin (π+α)

There fore α=π-sin-1(E/Vm)

Where E is the counter e.m.f. generated in the inductor.

39
40
PROCEDURE:

1.Open MATLAB software

TABULAR COLUMN:

SI. Firing angle Load voltage Load current

NO. α in degrees In volts In Amp

41
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

Result:

42
 Experiment No :04

THREE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH

R& RL LOADS

AIM: To obtain the output waveforms of three-phase full wave half-controlled bridge rectifier
with R and RL load and with or without commutating or freewheeling Diode.

APPARATUS : MATLAB SOFTWARE

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Verify the connections before simulating.
3. Set the value of resistance .
4. Connect the scope and simulate the circuit.
5. Observe output voltage waveform.
6. Note down readings of firing angle and output voltage.
7. Also calculate theoretical and practical values of output voltages and compare.

43
8. Repeat above steps for various firing angles.
9. For RL-load connect Inductance in series with resistance.
10. Repeat the above steps.
Model Graphs:

44
Output waveforms:

45
Result:

46
 Experiment No 5

Three Phase full controlled converter with R,RL&RLE Load

AIM: To obtain the output waveforms of three-phase full wave full-controlled bridge rectifier
with R and RL load and RLE load with or without commutating or freewheeling Diode.

APPARATUS: - MATLAB

Citcuit Diagram:

47
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Verify the connections before simulating.
3. Set the value of resistance .
4. Connect the scope and simulate the circuit.
5. Observe output voltage waveform.
6. Note down readings of firing angle and output voltage.
7. Also calculate theoretical and practical values of output voltages and compare.
8. Repeat above steps for various firing angles.
9. For RL-load connect Inductance in series with resistance.
10. Repeat the above steps.
ModelGraphs:

48
OUTPUT WAVE FORMS:

49
RESULT :

50
 EXPERIMENT No 6
1-PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER WITH
RL - LOAD

AIM:To study the performance of a single phase AC Voltage controller with

RL-load.

APPARATUS : MATLAB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Single Phase AC Voltage Controller Using R Load

51
 Single Phase AC Voltage Controller Using RL Load

THEORY:

The AC regulators are used to obtain a variable AC output voltage from a fixed AC
source. A single phase AC regulator is shown in the figure. It consists of two SCRs
connected in anti-parallel. Instead of two SCRs connected in anti parallel, a
TRIAC may also be used. The operation of the circuit is explained with reference
to RL load. During positive half-cycle SCR-1 is triggered into conduction at a
firing angle. The current raises slowly due to the load inductance. The current
continues to flow even after the supply voltage reverses polarity because of the
stored energy in the inductor. As long as SCR-1conducts, conduction drop across it
will reverse bias SCR-2.Hence SCR-2 will not turn on even if gating signal is
applied. SCR-2 can be triggered into conduction during negative half cycle after
SCR-1 turns off.

52
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Give the firing pulses accordingly at a suitable firing angle from the firing
circuit.
3. Observe the load voltage on the screen and note down the firing angle.
4. Draw the waveforms and calculate the RMS value of output voltage.
CALCULATIONS:

53
MODEL WAVEFORMS:
R-LOAD

RL- LOAD

54
GRAPH SHEET:

55
GRAPH SHEET:

RESULT:

56
 EXPERIMENT No 7

DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER AND DC-DC BUCK CONVERTER

Aim:
To study the operation of DC-DC Boost Converter,DC-DC Buck Converter and observe the
output waveforms.

Apparatus required : MATLAB

Circuit Diagram:

Boost Converter

57
 Buck Converter

Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect scope and voltmeter across the load.
3. Give the DC regulated power supply.
4.Simulate the circuit.
5. Observe the wave form on screen and note the voltage across the load
6. Note the corresponding reading of the voltmeter.

58
Model Graphs:

Boost Conveter

Buck converter

59
OBSERVATIONS:
Boost Converter:
S.No Vin Ton Toff D=Ton/T Vo Output
calculated
Vo=D*Vs

Buck Converter:
S.No Vin Ton Toff D=Ton/T Vo Output
calculated
Vo=(1-D)*Vs

60
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

61
RESULT:

62
 EXPERIMENT – 8
SINGLE PHASE INVERTER
AIM: To study the performance of a single phase inverter with R & RL -load.

APPARATUS: MATLAB

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
In the full bridge inverter thyristors SCR1, SCR2, SCR3 & SCR4 are connected
connected in series with the source. During inverter operation it should be ensured

63
that two SCRs in the same branch such as SCR1 & SCR2 donot conduct
simultaneously as this would lead to a direct short circuit of the source.
For a full bridge inverter thyristors SCR1 and SCR2 conduct for positive half cycle
and SCR3 & SCR4 for conduct for negative half cycle.
When the thyristors are turned OFF the diodes D1, D2, D3, D4 acts as feedback
diodes as they supply energy back to the source.
MODEL WAVEFORMS:

Output Current Waveform

100

50
Current(i)

-50
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time (s)

64
CALCULATIONS:

65
GRAPH SHEET:

RESULT:

66
 Experiment No: 9

SINGLE PHASE CYCLO CONVERTER

AIM:To construct a single phase cycloconverter circuit and study its performance.

APPARATUS: MATLAB

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

A cycloconverter converts input power at one frequency to output power at a

different frequency with one stage conversion. cycloconverter is used in speed
control of high power AC drives ,induction heating etc.

The circuit shown is for obtaining single phase frequency divided output
from a single phase AC input. One group of SCR’s produces positive polarity load
voltage and other group produces negative half cycle of the output. SCR’s T 1 and
T3 of the positive group are gated together depending on the polarity of the input,
only one of them will conduct, when upper AC terminal is positive with respect to
O, SCR T1will conduct and when upper AC terminal is negative, SCR T3will

67
conduct thus in both half cycles of input, the load voltage polarity will be positive
by changing firing angle, the duration of conducting of each SCR (and there by the
magnitude of the output voltage) can be varied. For the sake of simplicity it is
assumed that the load is positive. Then each SCR will have a conduction angle of
(π –α) and turn off by natural commutation at the end of every half cycle of the
input. At the end of each half period of the output, the firing pulses to the SCR’s
of the positive group will be stopped and SCR’s T2 and T4 of the negative group
will be fired.

PROCEDURE:
SINGLE PHASE CYCLOCONVERTER

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect scope and voltmeter across the load.
3. Give the AC supply.
4.Simulate the circuit.
5. Observe the wave form on screen and note the voltage across the load
6. The firing angle is varied and AC output voltage across the load is noted.
7. Repeat the above procedure for divided by four frequency.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS:

Frequency divided by 2

68
Output waveforms

RESULT:

69
 HARDWARE EXPERIMENTS
EXPERIMENT – 1
Single Phase Half controlled rectifier and full
controlled rectifier
SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE
CONVERTER
AIM: To construct a single phase half controlled bridge rectifier and to observe the
output wave forms with R load and Motor load

APPARATUS: Isolation transformer, controlled rectifier module, firing unit,

rheostat 100ohm/2A, inductance 100mH or 250 mH/3A, patch cards etc.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

70
THEORY: The bridge rectifier with two thyristors and two diodes connected in a
control switch this is called as half controlled bridge.

The two thyristors are t1,t2;the two diodes are d1,d2;the third diode
connected across the freewheeling diode FD. after θ=0, T1 is forward biased only
when source voltage is Vmsinθ exceeds E. Thus, T1 is triggered at a firing angle
delay α such that Vmsinα>E.
HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE WITH R LOAD.

During positive half cycle SCR T1 and diode D1conducts. T1 conducts from α to
π. During negative half cycle T1 is off T2 and D2conducts from π+α to 2π. Thus
there is output across the load for both the half cycles.

For R load the average out voltage can be found from

V0=1/π∫απVmsinθdθ

= Vm/π(1+cosα)

SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE WITH MOTOR LOADS.

When the single phase semi converter is connected with R-L motor load a
freewheeling diode must be connected across the load. During positive half cycle
T1 is forward biased and T1 is fired at ωt=0 .The load is connected to the input
supply through T1 and D1 during period α≤ωt≤π. During the period from
π≤ωt≤(π+α).The input voltage in negative and freewheeling diode D1 is forward
biased, DE conducts to provide the continuity of current in the inductive load. The
load current is transferred from T1 and D1 to Df and thyristor T2 is forward
biased, and the firing of T2 at ωt will reverse bias D1.The diode D1 is turned
off and the load connected to the supply through T2 and D2.

When the load is inductive and T1 is triggered. First it will conduct with D1 to pass
current through load. When supply voltage is negative, load EMF will drive
current through T1D2.This is an exponentially decreasing current. When the new
negative half cycle begins T1 is in conduction and it keep on conducting with D1

71
as if triggered at ωt=0.In this case load may not receive the DC power. To ensure
proper operation at the beginning of positive half cycle T2 has to be turned off and
similarly T1 should be turned off when negative half cycle begins. This is achieved
by the freewheeling diode.

` This conversion has better power factor due to freewheeling diode.

For RL load with freewheeling diode the average output voltage can be
found from
=1/π

=/π) [-]

=/π) [1+]

72
PROCEDURE:

Notes -

 Do not attempt to observe load voltage and input voltage simultaneously. If

does so input voltage terminal directly connected to load terminals due to the
no isolation of both channels of the CRO. While using dual channels on the
CRO ensure that both the ground terminals must be connected to the same
point.
 it is recommended to use low AC voltage when students are doing
experiments to eliminate electric shock
 Do not apply high voltage to CRO.10:1 probe may be used while doing high
voltage measurement or use power scope

Procedure for R loads

10.The connections are made as shown in the circuit of fully controlled rectifier
with R load using isolation transformer
11.The gate cathode terminals of the 2 SCR’s are connected to the respective
points on the firing module.
12.Check all the connections and conform connections made are correct before
switching on the equipments.

73
 13.Keep the firing angle knob atdegree (minimum position).switch ON the
firing unit.
14.Now switch ON the power circuit switch.
15.The firing angle is varied output waveform is seen on a CRO.
16.The firing angle is varied and DC output voltage and current through the
load is noted.
17.Tabulate the practical values. (Refer given table).
18.Keep the firing angle knob at 180 degree (minimum position).Switch OFF
the power circuit& then firing unit. Remove the patch cards.

Procedure for motor loads

5. The connections are made as shown in the circuit of half controlled rectifier
with motor load.
6. The gate cathode terminals of the 2 SCR’s are connected to the respective
points on the firing module.
7. Check all the connections and conform connections made are correct before
switching on the equipments.
8. Keep the firing angle knob at degree (minimum position).switch ON the
firing unit.
9. Now switch ON the power circuit switch.
10.The firing angle is varied and the variation of the motor speed is observed.
11.Tabulate the speed in rpm for different firing angles. (refer given table).
12.Keep the firing angle knob at degree (minimum position).Switch OFF the
power circuit (MCB) &then firing unit. Remove the patch cards.

74
OBSERVATIONS

For R loads

SI.No Firing angle α in Load voltage in Load current in Amp

degrees volts

For motor loads

SI.No Firing angle α in degrees Speed in rpm

75
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

RESULT:

76
 Single Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Converter
AIM: To construct a single phase fully controlled and half controlled full wave
bridge rectifier and to observe the output wave forms with

4. R load
5. R-L load with freewheeling diode
6. R-L load without freewheeling diode

APPARATUS: Isolation transformer, controlled rectifier module, firing unit,

rheostat 100 ohms/2A, inductance 100 mH or 250 mH/3A, patch cards etc.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

In the bridge rectifier the entire four rectifier is the capability of wide voltage
variation between +Vdc (av) to –Vdc (av), maximum i.e. 2Vm/ π volts. Such rectifiers
find application in DC motor loads for both motoring and electrical braking of the
motor.

77
FULL CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH R LOAD:

During positive half cycle, SCR T1 and SCR T11 are triggered
simultaneously through independent isolated gate pulses. The pair of SCR’s
conducts up to π. SCR T2 and SCR T21 are to be triggered in the next half cycle
with another pair of isolated gate pulses. The triggering angle of the pairs of SCR’s
can be varied by varying the control voltages.

For R load, the average output voltage can be found from

Vdc (av) = (1/π)αfπVmsinӨdө

= (Vm/π) [-cosӨ]απ

Vdc (av) = (Vm/π) [1+cosα]

FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER FOR R-L LOAD WITH FREE

WHEELING DIODE:

When the single phase fully controlled bridge converter is connected with
RL load with freewheeling diode during positive half cycle T1 and T11 are forward
biased. When T1 and T11 fired at wt=α, the load is connected to the input supply
through T1 and T11 during period α≤wt≤π. During the period from π≤wt≤(π+α),
the input voltage is negative and freewheeling diode DF is forward biased, DF
conducts to provide the continuity of current in the inductive load. The load
current is transferred from T1 and T11 to DFandthyristor are turned off at wt=π.
During negative half cycle of input voltage, thyristor T2 and T21 are forward
biased, and the firing of T2and T21 at wt=π+α will reverse bias DF. The diode is
turned off and the load connected to the supply through T2 and T21.

This conversion has better power factor due to the freewheeling diode.

The average output voltage can be found from

Vdc (av) = (1/π) α∫πVmSinӨdӨ

= (Vm/π) [-cosӨ]απ

Vdc (av) = (Vm/π) [1+cosα]

78
FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER FOR R-L LOAD WITH OUT
FREEWHEELING DIODE:

When the single phase fully controlled bridge converter is connected with R-
L load, during the positive half cycle thyristor T1 and T11 are forward biased and
these two thyristors are fired simultaneously at wt=α, the load is connected to the
input supply through T1 and T11. Due to inductive load T1 and T11 will continue to
conduct till wt=π+α, even though the input voltage is already negative. During
negative half cycle of the input voltage, thyristor are forward biased, and firing of
thyristors T2 and T21 at wt= π+α will apply the supply voltage across thyristors T1
and T11 as reverse blocking voltage. T1 and T11 will be turned off due to line or
natural commutation and load current will be transferred from T 1 and T11 to T2 and
T21.

During the period from α to π, the input voltage Vs and input current is positive,
and the power flows from the supply to the load. The converter is said to be
operated in rectification mode. During period from π to π+α, the input voltage Vs
is negative and the input current is positive, and there will be reverse from the load
to the supply. The converter is said to be operated in inversion mode.

The average output voltage can be found from

Vdc (av) = (1/π)α∫π+αVmSinӨdӨ

= (Vm/π) [-cosӨ]απ+α

Vdc (av) = (2Vm/π) [1+cosα]

NOTE:

In case of fully controlled bridge the triggering angle should not increase beyond
αmax (approx. 1500) to allow conducting SCR sufficient time to turn off. The
maximum value of firing angle is obtained from the relation.

E= Vm sin (π+α)

There fore α=π-sin-1(E/Vm)

Where E is the counter e.m.f. generated in the inductor.

79
80
PROCEDURE:

Notes:

1. Do not attempt to observe load voltage and input voltage simultaneously, if

does so input voltage terminal directly connected to load terminals due to the
no isolation of both channels of the CRO.
2. It is recommended to use low AC voltage when students are doing
experiments to eliminate electric shock.
3. Do not apply high voltage to CRO. 10:1 probe may be used while doing
high voltage measurements or use power scope.

PROCEDURE FOR R LOADS:

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit of fully controlled
rectifier with R load using isolation transformer.
2. The gate cathode terminals of the 4 SCR’s are connected to the respective
points on the firing module.
3. Check all the connections and confirm connections made are correct
before switching on the equipments.
4. Keep the firing angle knob at 180 degree (minimum position). Switch
ON the firing unit.
5. Now switch ON the power circuit (MCB).
6. The firing angle is varied output wave form is seen on a CRO.
7. The firing angle is varied and DC output voltage and current through the
load is noted.
8. The firing angle knob at 180 degree (minimum position), Switch OFF the
power circuit (MCB) & then firing unit. Remove the patch cards.
9. Do the experiment for R-L & motor loads.

81
TABULAR COLUMN:

SI. Firing angle Load voltage Load current

NO. α in degrees In volts In Amp

82
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

RESULT:

83
 EXPERIMENT - 2
THYRISTORISED DRIVE FOR PMDC MOTOR WITH SPEED
MEASUREMENTAND CLOSED LOOP CONTROL

AIM:To control the speed of the PMDC motor using thyristorised converter unit.

APPARATUS: Thyrisroised converter unit, CRO, patch cards, etc

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

Rectifier converts AC supply to DC supply. with thyristor, variable DC supply 0 V

to maximum can be obtained from a fixed AC source by triggering (turning ON)
SCR i.e., by applying gate current to the SCR at any desired instant when the SCR
is applied with positive voltage to anode. Unlike diode, SCR can block the forward
voltage when gate current is not supplied. Hence converters using SCR’s are
termed as controlled rectifier. Normally for DC power requirement such as in DC
drives single phase full wave controlled rectifier are used.

SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE WITH MOTOR LOADS.

When the single phase semi-converter is connected with R-L/motor load a

freewheeling diode must be connected across the load. During positive half cycle
T1 is forward biased & T1 is fired at ωt=α, the load is connected to the input

84
supply through T1 and D1 during period α≤ω≤π, During the period from π≤ωt≤
(π+α), the input voltage in negative and free wheeling diode Df is forward biased,
Df conducts to provide the continuity of current in the inductive load. the load
current is transferred from T1 and D1 to Df, and thyristor T1 and D1 are turned off
at ωt=π.During negative half cycle of input voltage, thyristor T2 is forward biased,
and the firing of T2 at ωt=π+αwill reverse bias Df.The diode Df is turned off and
the load connected to the supply through T2 and D2.

When the load is inductive and T1 is triggered, first it will conduct with D1 to pass
current through load. When the supply voltage is negative load emf will drive
current through T1D2.This is an exponentially decreasing current. When the new
negative half cycle begins T1 is in conduction and it would keep on conducting
with D1 as if triggered at ωt=0.In this case load may not receive the D.C power. To
ensure proper operation, at the beginning of positive half cycle T2 has turned off
and similarly T1 should be turned off when negative half cycle begins. This is
achieved by the free wheeling diode.

For R-L load with freewheeling diode the average output voltage can be found
from

Vdc (av) = (1/11) α∫ Vmsinθdθ

= (Vm/π) [-cosθ]απ

Vdc (av) =(Vm/π)[1+cosα]

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect motor terminals to power circuit & speed sensor to feedback

terminals socket
2. Switch on the unit, Display shows –sda 85.
3. Now press GO 4B00 EXEC keys.
4. Display shows SPDC CO indicates that single phase DC motor control.
5. Press NEXT key.
6. Display shows rP indicates select rpm you would like to run motor.
7. Now enter rpm through keyboard
Example for rpm 1000

85
 Press keys 1, 0, 0, 0.

8. Switch on the power circuit.

9. Press key
Now motor starts rotating it reaches its set rpm within few seconds.

10. To increase RPM press NEXT key. Pressing next key repeatedly increases
rpm by 10 every time however microprocessor will give the command to
power circuit only when EXEC key is pressed.
11. To decrease RPM press PREV key. Pressing PREV key repeatedly
decreases rpm by 10 every time however microprocessor will give command
to power circuit only when EXEC key is pressed.
12. Note down motor voltage.
13. Now note down the firing angle using CRO.
14. Add the weight upto 250 grams in the interval of 50 grams. Study the
performance of the motor for the closed loop.

TABULAR COLUMN:

RPM=

SI .No Weight(grams) Load voltage Load current Firing angle

86
RESULT:

87
 EXPERIMENT – 3

IGBT BASED 4 QUADRANT DRIVE FOR PMDC MOTOR WITH SPEED

MEASUREMENT & CLOSED LOOP CONTROL

AIM: To construct chopper drive circuit and to control PMDC motor.

APPARATUS: four quadrant chopper circuit, DC power supply 30V/2A, CRO,

patch cards, etc.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

88
THEORY:

Chopper converts fixed DC voltage to variable DC voltage through the use

of semi conductor devices. The DC to DC converters have gained popularity in the
modern industry. Some practical applications of DC to DC converters includes
armature voltage control of DC voltages converting one DC voltage level to
another level , and controlling DC power for wide verity of industrial processes.
The time ratio controller (TRC) is a form of control for DC to DC conversion.

In four quadrant dc chopper drives, a motor cam be made to work in forward

motoring mode (I quadrant), forward regenerative braking mode (II quadrant)
,reverse motoring mode (III quadrant) and reverse regenerative braking mode(IV
quadrant). The circuit shown offers four quadrant operation of a PMDC motor. its
operation in the four quadrants can be explained as under.

Forward motoring mode (I quadrant): During this mode or first quadrant

operation. Chopper CH2, CH3 are kept off, CH4 is kept on where as CH1 is
operated. When CH1, CH4 are ON, motor voltage is positive and positive
armature current rises. When CH1 is turned off, positive armature operation in first
quadrant is obtained.

Forward regenerative breaking mode (II quadrant): A dc motor can work in

the regenerative-breaking mode only if motor generated emf is made to exceed the
dc source voltage. For obtaining this mode CH1, CH3, and CH4 are kept off
whereas CH2 is operated. When CH2 is turned on, negative armature current rises
through CH2, D4, Ea, La, and Ra. When CH2 is turned OFF, diodes D1, D4 are
turned on the motor acting as a generator returning energy to dc source. This
results in forward regenerative-breaking mode in the second-quadrant.

Reverse motoring mode (III quadrant):This operating mode is opposite to

forward motoring mode. Chopper CH1, CH4 are kept off. CH2 is kept on whereas
CH3 is operated. When CH3 and CH2 are on, armature gets connected to source
voltage Vs so that both armature voltage and armature current ia is negative. As
armature current is reversed, motor torque reversed and consequently motoring
mode in third quadrant is obtained. When CH3 is turned off, negative armature

89
current freewheels through CH2, D4, Ea, La, Ra; armature current decreases and
thus speed control is obtained in third quadrant. Note that during this mode polarity
of Ea is opposite to that shown in fig.

Reverse Regenerative-breaking mode: As in forward braking mode, reverse

regenerative braking mode is feasible only if motor generated emf is made to
exceed the source voltage. For this operating mode, CH1, CH2 and CH3 are kept
off whereas CH4 is operated. When CH4 is turned on, positive armature current ia
rises through CH4, D2, Ra, La, Ea. When CH4 is turned off, diodes D2, D3 begin
to conduct and motor acting as generator returns energy to dc source. This leads to
reverse regenerative-braking operation of the dc separately excited motor in fourth
quadrant.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect speed sensor to feedback socket.

2. Power circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Connect motor terminals respective points in the power circuit, ammeter
and voltmeters as shown in the circuit diagram to observe the respective
current and voltage waveforms.
4. Check the connections and conform the connections made are correct
switching on power supply.
5. Switch on the four quadrant chopper unit, Display shows –sda 85.
6. Now press GO 4B00 EXEC keys. (the monitor program for closed loop
control of DC motor using four quadrant chopper is stored from the
memory location 4B00H)
7. Display shows 4Qd CH indicates four quadrant chopper.
8. Press NEXT key.
9. Display shows SEL CH indicates select chopper to start with 1 st or 3rd
quadrant chopper.
10. Press key 1 or 3 (if key 1 is pressed then chopper operates in 1 st& 2nd
quadrant-forward rotation. If key 3 is pressed then chopper operates in
3rd& 4th quadrant-reverse rotation).
11. Display shows rP indicates select rpm you would like to run motor.
12. Now enter rpm through keyboard
Example for rpm 1000

90
 Press keys 1, 0, 0, 0.
13. Switch on the power supply keeping supply voltage at minimum then
switch on the power circuit.
14. Press key EXEC from keyboard of the firing unit.
15. Slowly set the DC supply voltage to suitable value (15 V approximately)
Now motor starts rotating slowly it reaches its set rpm within certain
delay time.
16. Note down the motor voltage, motor current.
17. Observe the load voltage & load current waveforms using CRO.
18. Load the motor in steps of 50 grms. Study the performance of the motor
for the closed loop by loading motor up to 250 grms.
19. Reduce the power supply voltage; switch off the power circuit and DC
power supply.
20. Press RESET key to stop firing pulses, chopper unit mains & remove the
connections.

TABULAR COLUMN:

FORWARD ROTATION

Set rpm =1000rpm

SL. Weight Load Load Running speed

NO. In KGs Voltage Current In rpm

1.

2.

3.

91
REVERSE ROTATION:

Set rpm = 1000rpm

SL. Weight Load Load Running speed

NO. In KGs Voltage Current In rpm

1.

2.

3.

Result:

92
 EXPERIMENT- 4

THREE PHASE INPUT THYRISTORISED DRIVE FOR DC MOTOR

WITH CLOSED LOOP CONTROL

AIM: To construct a three phase fully controlled full wave bridge rectifier and
to control speed of the DC motor.

APPARATUS: 415 V input, 185V output or any suitable isolation transformer,

controlled rectifier module, firing unit, DC shunt motor, patch cards etc.,

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

93
THEORY:

In the bridge rectifier all the three arms of SCR’s are connected as control
switches. This is called fully controlled bridge converter. Depending on the
delay angle, the output current can be either continuous or discontinuous. In
fully controlled rectifier the load voltage may be positive or negative for
inductive loads. The power circuit & the control circuits are provided with the
manual.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect motor terminals (field & armature) to respective points in the power
circuit & speed sensor to feedback socket.
2. Circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Connect 3 pin power cards from power unit (rectifier) to the mains supply.
4. Switch on the field supply of the motor.
5. Switch on the three phase power input.
6. Switch on the power circuit through MCB.
7. Keeping PID OFF now switch on the firing unit.
8. Set the rpm through the knob.
9. Switch on P, I, D switches, adjust the gains.
10.Load the motor up to 3 to 4A load. Note down the speed for different loads.
11.Switch off power circuit by MCB, switch off firing circuit, switch off field
supply & remove the connections.

94
TABULAR COLUMN:

Set RPM =
SL. Load Load Running
NO. Current Voltage rpm

1. 0.5A

2. 1A

3. 2A

4. 3A

Note: Field supply must be switched on before applying voltage to armature.

RESULT:

95
 EXPERIMENT- 5
CLOSED LOOP OF DC MOTOR USING THREE PHASE FED FOUR
QUADRANT CHOPPER DRIVE
AIM: To construct three phase fed closed loop chopper drive circuit and to control
the speed of the separately-excited dc motor.

APPARATUS:Chopper power module, chopper firing unit, three phase isolation

transformer, CRO, patch cards, etc.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

96
THEORY:

This speed control unit is based on PID controller. This unit generates four
triggering pulses. RPM can be set through knob provided on the unit. The unit is
programmed to adjust its duty cycle. The unit generates four chopper triggering
pulses CH1, CH2, CH3 & CH4. RPM can set through knob of the unit. Triggering
pulses are generated to operate the chopper in all for quadrants. The unit
programmed to adjust its firing pulse width keeping frequency constant.

The feedback sensor (proximity detector) attached to the shaft of the motor is
magnetic sensor. The sensor output goes high whenever metal screw comes near
the switch. The sensor output is connected to the voltage to frequency converts.
The output voltage of the F/V converter is proportional to running rpm. Then the
system compares the running RPM with the set RPM. If running speed is less than
the set speed then the duty cycle is increased& if the running speeds more than the
set speed then the duty is decreased. The system is keeps on comparing the set
speed and running speed. In the forward rotation of the motor chopper drive is
operated in 1 and 2 quadrant. In the reverse rotation of the motor chopper operates
in the 3 and 4 quadrant.

During forward rotation of the motor the chopper operates in forward

motoring (1quadrant) &forward regenerative breaking (2quadrant) mode. During
reverse rotation of the motor the chopper operates in reverse motoring (3quadrant)
&reverse regenerative breaking (4quadrant) mode.

chopper converts fixed DC voltage to variable DC voltage through the use of

semiconductor devices. The DC to DC converters have gained popularity in the
modern industry. Some practical applications of DC to DC converter include
armature voltage control of DC motors converting one DC voltage level to another
level, and controlling DC power for wide variety of industrial processes. The time
ratio controller (TRC) is a form of control for DC to DC conversion.

In four quadrant dc chopper drives, a motor can be made to work in

forward-motoring mode (1quadrant), forward regenerative breaking mode
(2quadrant), reverse motoring mode (3quadrant) and reverse regenerative breaking

97
mode (4quadranet).the circuit shown offers four quadrant operation of a separately-
excited dc motor. This circuit consists of 3 phase fed diode rectifier, four choppers,
four diodes and a separately-excited dc motor. Its operation in the four quadrants
can be explained as under.

Forward motoring mode (1quadrant): during this mode or first-quadrant

operation, chopper CH2, CH3 are kept off, CH4 is kept on whereas CH1 is
operated. When CH1, CH4 are on, motor voltage is positive and positive armature
current rises. When CH1 is turned off, positive armature current free-wheels and
decreases as it flows through CH4, D2.In this manner controlled operation in 1 st
quadrant is obtained.

Forward regenerative breaking mode (II quadrant): a dc motor can work in the
regenerative-breaking mode only if motor generated emf is made to exceed the dc
source voltage. For obtaining this mode CH1, CH3 and CH4 are kept off whereas
CH2 is operated. When CH2 is turned on, negative armature current rises through
CH2, D4, Ea, La, Ra. When CH2 is turned off, diodes D1, D4 are turned on and
the motor acting as a generator returning energy to dc source. This results in
forward regenerative-breaking mode in the second-quadrant.

Reverse motoring mode (III quadrant): This operating mode is opposite to forward
motoring mode. Chopper CH1, CH4 are kept off, CH2 is kept on where as CH3 is
operated. When CH3 and CH2 are on, armature gets connected to source voltage
Vs so that both armature and voltage armature current Ia is negative. As armature
current is reverse, motor torque reversed and consequently motoring mode In third
quadrant is obtained. When CH3 is turned off, negative armature current free
wheels through CH2 , D4, Ea, La, Ra, armature current decreases and thus sped
controlling obtained in 3rd quadrant. Note that during this mode polarity of Ea is
opposite to that shown in figure.

Reverse regenerative –braking mode:As in forward braking mode, reverse

regenerative-braking mode is feasible only if motor generated emf is made to
exceed the source voltage. For this operating mode, CH1, CH2 and CH3 are kept
off where as CH4 operator is operated. When CH4 is turn on, positive armature
current Ia rises through CH4, D2 Ra, La, Ea. When CH4 is turn off, diodes D2, D3
begin to conduct and motor acting as generator return energy to dc source. The

98
leads to reverse regenerative – braking operation of the DC separately exited motor
in 4Th quadrant.

99
100
101
102
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect motor terminals (field &armature) to respective points in the power

circuit &speed sensor to feedback terminals socket.
2. Circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Connect 3 pin power cord from power unit (rectifier) to the mains supply.
4. Switch on the field supply of the motor.
5. Switch on the three phase power input.
6. Switch on the power circuit through MCB.
7. Keeping PID ON now switch on firing unit.
8. Set the rpm through the knob.
9. Switch ON P, I, D switches adjust the gains.
10.Load the motor
11.Switch off power circuit by MCB, switch off firing circuit, switch off field
supply & remove the connections.

TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl. No Load Current Load Voltage Running Rmp

1.

2.

3.

4.

Note: Field supply must be switched on before applying voltage to armature.

RESULT:

103
 EXPERIMENT- 14
SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE WOUND INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM: To control speed of three phase wound rotor induction motor

APPARATUS: Chopper module, rheostat 100 ohm/0.4A, CRO, Tachometer,

three phase wound rotor induction motor, patch cards, etc

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

104
THEORY:

Three phase Diode Bridge rectifies rotor voltage to DC. Chopper converts fixed
DC voltage to variable voltage through the use of semiconductor devices. The
DC to DC converters have gained popularity in modern industry. Some
practical applications of DC to DC converter include armature voltage control
of DC motors converting one DC voltage level to another level, and controlling
DC power for wide variety of industrial processes. The time ratio controller
(TRC) is a form of control for DC to DC conversion

Time ratio controller (TRC) or chopper is basically a semiconductor switch as

shown in fig. Connected between the source and load. The switch is closed and
opened periodically such that the load is connected to, and disconnected from,
the supply alternatively. Thus the average voltage on the load is controlled by
controlling the ratio of ON state interval to one cycle duration

The most important factor that governs the performance of the chopper is the
duty ratio. The duty ratio can be controlled in many ways, such as by changing
the on period duration by keeping frequency constant or by changing frequency

105
 keepping on period constant. The third alternative method is to change both ON
period and frequency. Changing the frequency of the chopper introduces
different harmonics at different frequencies. At some frequency of operation the
harmonic contents are larger than the tolerable limits. Therefore fixed frequency
choppers with a variable on period technique are generally used.

Chopper control method is more convenient. The rotor circuit with the chopper
functions as a resistance modulator. The inductance in series helps to maintain
the rotor current.

The minimum speed of the motor occurs at maximum duty cycle.

PROCEDURE:

1. Power circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. Connect
three phase input to the three phase auto transformer. The output of the
autotransformer terminals are connected to the respective R,Y,B stator
terminals of three phase wound rotor induction motor. The rotor terminals of
the three phase wound rotor induction motor is connected to the 3 phase
input of respective R,Y,B terminals of three phase wound rotor induction
motor control unit
2. Connect the rheostat load & CRO probe across the load. Adjust the rheostat
at suitable value
3. Keeping duty cycle knob at minimum position switch on the chopper firing
circuit,
4. Keeping auto transformer at minimum position switch on the three phase
mains. Switch on the chopper power circuit using three phase MCB.
5. Check all the connections and confirm connections made are correct before
switching on the equipments.
6. Increase the autotransformer voltage slowly for suitable value such that
motor rotates
7. Vary duty cycle of the chopper firing circuit in steps and note down
corresponding rpm.
8. The output waveforms are seen on a CRO
9. Plot a graph of duty cycle against speed.
106
 TABULAR COLUMN:
SI.No Duty cycle in% Speed in RPM

1. 20

2. 30

3. 40

4. 50

5. 60

6. 70

7. 80

RESULT:

107
 Experiment No 4
DC Jones Chopper with R& RL Loads
AIM: -

To study the operation of Jones Chopper and to observe the output waveforms.

APPARATUS: -

S.no Quantity
Description
1 Jones Chopper Kit 1

2 Unearthed C.R.O 1

3 RPS (0-30)V,2A 1

4 Connecting probes 1

Citcuit Diagram:

108
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the inter connections of the power circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the trigger pulses to the gate and cathode terminals of SCR’s
from G & K terminals of the firing circuit module.

3. Before switching ON the supply ensure that switching sequence is followed.

4. Connect CRO across the load.

1. Apply 10V DC input voltage by using 30V/2A RPS.

2. Switching on the toggle switch provided in the firing circuit module
triggers Thyristors.
3. Keeping duty cycle knob constant and by varying the frequency knob of
firing circuit module , observe and plot the voltage across load, current
waveforms with the help of CRO.
4. Repeat step 7 by varying frequency knob constant and by varying duty
cycle.
5. Repeat step 7 and step 8 for RL loads.

Model Waveforms:

109
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Identify the terminals of the SCR carefully before connecting the circuit
2. Use and unearthed CRO.
3. Before switching ON the supply see that the firing angle knob and the auto transformer are in
minimum position.
OUTPUT WAVE FORMS:

110
Result:

111
 Experiment No 8
Single Phase Dual Converter with R & RL Loads
AIM:

To study the operation of a single phase dual converter in circulating and non – circulating
current modes for various types of loads.

APPARATUS:

S.no Quantity
Description
1 Dual Converter Kit 1

2 Unearthed C.R.O 1

1
3 Connecting probes

4 Loading resistor 50Ω/8A 1

Inductor with mid point

5 1
100 – 0 - mH

6 Inductor 25mH 1

PROCEDURE

DUAL CONVERTER WITH NON - CIRCULATING CURRENT MODE

(I) P – Converter is ON & N converter is OFF:

1) Make the connections as per the power circuit shown in the circuit diagram.
2) Connect the trigger pulses to the gate and cathode terminals of SCR’s from G
& K terminals of the firing circuit module.
3) Before switching on the supply ensure that switching sequence is followed.
4) Connect CRO across the load.
5) Apply 10V AC input voltage using isolation transformer.
6) Make P – Converter ON & OFF the N Converter in the firing angle circuit
module.
7) Observe and plot the variation in the output voltage waveform across the load
terminals with the help of CRO.
8) Repeat step 7 by varying firing angle pulses in sequence.

112
Circuit Diagram:

113
 (II) N – Converter is ON & P converter is OFF:

1) Make the connections as per the power circuit shown in the circuit diagram.
2) Connect the trigger pulses to the gate and cathode terminals of SCR’s from G
& K terminals of the firing circuit module.
3) Before switching on the supply ensure that switching sequence is followed.
4) Connect CRO across the load.
5) Apply 10V AC input voltage using isolation transformer.
6) Make N – Converter ON & OFF the P Converter in the firing angle circuit
module.
7) Observe and plot the variation in the output voltage waveform across the load
terminals with the help of CRO.
8) Repeat step 7 by varying firing angle pulses in sequence.

DUAL CONVERTER WITH CIRCULATING CURRENT MODE

1) Make the connections as per the power circuit shown in the circuit diagram
2) Connect the trigger pulses to the gate and cathode terminals of SCR’s from G
& K terminals of the firing circuit module.
3) Before switching on the supply ensure that switching sequence is followed.
4) Connect CRO across the load.
5) Apply 10V AC input voltage using isolation transformer.
6) Make N – Converter ON & OFF the P Converter in the firing angle circuit
module.
7) Observe and plot the variation in the output voltage waveform across the load
terminals with the help of CRO.
8) Repeat step 7 by varying firing angle pulses in sequence.

PRECAUTUIONS:

1. Identify the terminals of the SCR carefully before connecting the circuit.
2. Use an unearthed CRO.
3. Before switching ON the supply see that the firing angle knob and auto
transformer are in minimum position.
4. With outcentre tapped inductor between the two converters don’t operate in
circulating current mode.

114
OBSERVATIONS:

Dual Converter with Non - Circulating Current Mode

P – ON & N - OFF N – ON & P - OFF

Firing
SNo
Angle Vo Vo Vo
Vo
(Theoretical) (Practical) (Theoretical) (Practical)

MODEL GRAPHS:

115
116
OUTPUT WAVE FORMS:

Result:

117
 Experiment No 9
Single Phase Series Inverter with R & RL Loads.
AIM: -

To study the operation of a series inverter for various types of load and observe the
output waveforms.

APPARATUS: -

S.no Quantity
Description
1 Series inverter Kit 1

2 Unearthed C.R.O 1

3 Connecting probes 1

Circuit Diagram:

118
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the inter connections of the power circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the trigger pulses to the gate and cathode terminals of SCR’s
from G & K terminals of the firing circuit module.

3. Before switching ON the supply ensure that switching sequence is followed.

4. Connect CRO across the load.

5.Apply 10V DC input voltage by using 30V/2A RPS.

1. Thyristors are triggered by switching on the toggle switch provided in the

firing circuit module.
2. Observe and plot the voltage waveforms across the load T 1 & T2 with the
help of CRO.
3. Repeat step 7 by varying the firing angle in sequence of 30o.
4. Repeat step 7 and step 8 for RL loads ( L = 25mH).

MODEL GRAPHS:

Voltage and Current waveforms for Series Inverter.

119
PRECAUTIONS: -

1. Identify the terminals of the SCR carefully before connecting the circuit

2. Use and unearthed CRO

3. Disconnect all the circuit before going for next experiment.

4. Before switching on the supply see that the firing angle knob & the auto transformer
are in minimum position.

Result:

120
Output Waveforms:

121
 EXPERIMENT NO: 10

SINGLE PHASE PARALLEL INVERTER WITH

R & RL LOADS

AIM:

To study the operation of a single-phase Parallel inverter and to observe the output
waveforms.

APPARATUS: -

S.no Quantity
Description
1 Parallel inverter Kit 1

2 Unearthed C.R.O 1

3 Connecting probes 1

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the inter connections of the power circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the trigger pulses to the gate and cathode terminals of SCR’s from G &
K terminals of the firing circuit module.

3. Before switching ON the supply ensure that switching sequence is followed.

4. Connect CRO across the load.

5. Apply 10V DC input voltage by using 30V/2A RPS.

6. Switching on the toggle switch provided in the firing circuit module triggers
Thyristors.

122
 7.Observe and plot the voltage across load, current waveforms with the help of
CRO.
8.Repeat step 7 by varying the firing angle in sequence of 30o.
Repeat step 7 and step 8 for RL loads.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL
GRAPHS:

Load voltage and current Waveforms

Precautions: -
1. Identify the terminals of SCR carefully before connecting the circuit.
2. Use an unearthed CRO.
3. Before switching ON the supply see that the firing angle knob and the auto transformer are in
minimum position.

123
4. When the inverter frequency increases above the resonant frequency commutation failure
occurs. Switch OFF the DC supply and reduce the inverter frequency to continue the
experiment.

Viva Questions:

1. What is the main difference between series inverter and parallel inverter?

2. what are the commutating elements in parallel inverter.

124
 OUTPUT WAVE FORMS:

RESULT: -

125
 Experiment No: 11

SINGLE PHASE CYCLO CONVERTER

AIM:To construct a single phase cycloconverter circuit and study its performance.

APPARATUS:

230V input 150V-0-15V output AC step down transformer (provided within

the unit), cycloconverter power circuit with firing circuit, loading rheostat 100
ohms/2A. Digital multimeter, CRO,Path cards etc.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

A cycloconverter converts input power at one frequency to output power at a

different frequency with one stage conversion. cycloconverter is used in speed
control of high power AC drives ,induction heating etc.

126
 The circuit shown is for obtaining single phase frequency divided output
from a single phase AC input. One group of SCR’s produces positive polarity load
voltage and other group produces negative half cycle of the output. SCR’s T 1 and
T3 of the positive group are gated together depending on the polarity of the input,
only one of them will conduct, when upper AC terminal is positive with respect to
O, SCR T1will conduct and when upper AC terminal is negative, SCR T3will
conduct thus in both half cycles of input, the load voltage polarity will be positive
by changing firing angle, the duration of conducting of each SCR (and there by the
magnitude of the output voltage) can be varied. For the sake of simplicity it is
assumed that the load is positive. Then each SCR will have a conduction angle of
(π –α) and turn off by natural commutation at the end of every half cycle of the
input. At the end of each half period of the output, the firing pulses to the SCR’s
of the positive group will be stopped and SCR’s T2 and T4 of the negative group
will be fired.

PROCEDURE:
SINGLE PHASE CYCLOCONVERTER

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit of single phase

cycloconverter with Motor Load with divided by 2 frequency.
2. The gate cathode terminals of the thyristors are connected to the
respective points on the firing module.
3. Check all the connections and confirm connections made are correct
before switching on the equipments.
4. Switch ON unit.
5. The output wave forms are seen on a CRO.
6. The firing angle is varied and AC output voltage across the load is noted.
7. A graph of Vacverses load voltage is plotted.
8. Repeat the above procedure for divided by four frequency.

127
128
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS:

Frequency divided by 2
Sl.No Firing angle α(in degrees) Load voltage in volts using RPM
AC voltmeter in volts

1. 180o

2. 150o

3. 120o

4. 90o

5 60o

6 30o

7 0o

129
Output waveforms

RESULT:

130