Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of

Flow Systems
Eric G. Paterson
Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering
The Pennsylvania State University

Spring 2005
 Note to Instructors
These slides were developed1, during the spring semester 2005, as a teaching aid
for the undergraduate Fluid Mechanics course (ME33: Fluid Flow) in the Department of
M h i l and
Mechanical dNNuclear
l E
Engineering
i i att PPenn St
State
t U
University.
i it Thi
This course h hadd ttwo
sections, one taught by myself and one taught by Prof. John Cimbala. While we gave
common homework and exams, we independently developed lecture notes. This was
also the first semester that Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications was
used at PSU. My section had 93 students and was held in a classroom with a computer,
projector, and blackboard. While slides have been developed for each chapter of Fluid
Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications,
Applications I used a combination of blackboard and
electronic presentation. In the student evaluations of my course, there were both positive
and negative comments on the use of electronic presentation. Therefore, these slides
should onlyy be integrated
g into yyour lectures with careful consideration of yyour teachingg
style and course objectives.

Eric Paterson
Penn State, University Park
August 2005
1 These slides were originally prepared using the LaTeX typesetting system (http://www.tug.org/)
and the beamer class (http://latex-beamer
(http://latex beamer.sourceforge.net/),
sourceforge net/) but were translated to PowerPoint for
wider dissemination by McGraw-Hill.

ME33 : Fluid Flow 2 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

 Introduction
Fluid flow problems can be analyzed using one of three
b i approaches:
basic h diff
differential,
i l experimental,
i l and
d
integral (or control volume).
In Chap
Chap. 55, control volume forms of the mass and energy
equation were developed and used.
In this chapter,
p , we complete p control volume analysis
y by
y
presenting the integral momentum equation.
Review Newton's laws and conservation relations for
momentum
momentum.
Use RTT to develop linear and angular momentum equations for
control volumes.
U th
Use these equations
ti tto d
determine
t i fforces and
d ttorques acting
ti on
the CV.

ME33 : Fluid Flow 3 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

 Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should

be able to
Identify the various kinds of forces and
moments acting on a control volume.
Use control volume analysis to determine the
forces associated with fluid flow.
Use control volume analysis to determine the
moments caused by fluid flow and the torque
transmitted.

ME33 : Fluid Flow 4 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

 Newton’s Laws

Newton’s laws are relations between motions of bodies

and the forces acting on them.
First law: a body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion
remains in motion at the same velocity in a straight path when
the net force acting on it is zero.
Second law: the acceleration of a body is proportional to the net
force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.

Third law: when a body

y exerts a force on a second body,
y, the
second body exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.

ME33 : Fluid Flow 5 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

 Choosing a Control Volume
CV is arbitrarily chosen by fluid dynamicist,
however selection of CV can either simplify
however,
or complicate analysis.
Clearly define all boundaries. Analysis is often
simplified if CS is normal to flow direction
direction.
Clearly identify all fluxes crossing the CS.
Clearly identify forces and torques of interest
acting on the CV and CS. CS
Fixed, moving, and deforming control
volumes.
F moving
For i CV l ti velocity,
CV, use relative l it

For deforming CV, use relative velocity all

deforming control surfaces,

ME33 : Fluid Flow 6 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

 Forces Acting on a CV

Forces acting on CV consist of body forces that act

throughout the entire body of the CV (such as gravity,
electric, and magnetic forces) and surface forces that
actt on the
th control
t l surface
f (such
( h as pressure and d viscous
i
forces, and reaction forces at points of contact).

• Body forces act on each

volumetric portion dV of the CV.
• Surface forces act on each
portion dA of the CS.

ME33 : Fluid Flow 7 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

 Body Forces

The most common body force

is gravity, which exerts a
downward force on every
diff
differential
ti l element
l t off the
th CV
The different body force

Typical convention is that

acts in the negative z-direction,
z direction

Total body force acting on CV

ME33 : Fluid Flow 8 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

 Surface Forces
Surface forces are not as simple to
analyze
l since
i they
h iinclude
l d b bothh normall
and tangential components
Diagonal
g components
p σxx, σyy, σzz are
called normal stresses and are due to
pressure and viscous stresses
Off diagonal components σxy, σxz, etc.,
Off-diagonal etc
are called shear stresses and are due
solely to viscous stresses
Total surface force acting on CS

ME33 : Fluid Flow 9 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

 Body and Surface Forces
Surface integrals are cumbersome.
Careful selection of CV allows
expression of total force in terms of
more readily available quantities
lik weight,
like i ht pressure, andd reaction
ti
forces.
Goal is to choose CV to expose
p
only the forces to be determined
and a minimum number of other
forces.

ME33 : Fluid Flow 10 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

 Linear Momentum Equation

Newton’s second law for a system

y of mass m
subjected to a force F is expressed as

Use RTT with

U ith b = V and
d B = mV
V to
t shift
hift from
f
system formulation of the control volume
f l ti
formulation

ME33 : Fluid Flow 11 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

 Special Cases

Steady Flow
Average velocities
Approximate momentum flow rate

To account for error, use momentum-flux

correction factor β

ME33 : Fluid Flow 12 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

 Angular Momentum

Motion of a rigid body can be considered to be the

combination of
the translational motion of its center of mass (Ux, Uy, Uz)
th rotational
the t ti l motion
ti about t off mass (ωx, ωy, ωz)
b t itits center
Translational motion can be analyzed with linear
momentum equation.
equation
Rotational motion is analyzed with angular momentum
equation
equation.
Together, the body motion can be described as a 6–
degree–of–freedom
degree of freedom (6DOF) system.

ME33 : Fluid Flow 13 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

 Review of Rotational Motion

Angular
g y ω is the
velocity
angular distance θ
traveled p
per unit time,, and
angular acceleration α is
the rate of change
g of
angular velocity.

ME33 : Fluid Flow 14 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

 Review of Angular Momentum

Moment of a force:
Moment of momentum:
For a system:

Therefore, the angular momentum equation can

be written as:
To derive
T d i angular
l momentum ffor a CV
CV, use RTT
with and

ME33 : Fluid Flow 15 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems

 Angular Momentum Equation for a CV

General form

Approximate form using average

properties at inlets and outlets

Steady
y flow

ME33 : Fluid Flow 16 Chapter 6: Momentum Analysis of Flow Systems