RAIN DETECTED AND WIPER MOTOR CONTROLLER

CONTENTS
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
NOMENCLATURE
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Battery
3.2 Wiper
3.3 Sensor
3.4 Control unit
3.5 Warm gear
3.6 Microcontroller
3.7 Relay
3.8 pivot
4 Drawing
5 Working principle
6 Merits
7 applications
8 List of materials
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
Bibliography
photography
LIST OF FIGURES
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Number Title

1 Overall Diagram
 SYNOPSIS

SYNOPSIS

The aim is to design and develop a control system based an electronically

controlled automotive rain operated motor is called “AUTOMATIC RAIN OPERATED
WIPER”.
Rain operated motor is consists of conduction sensor (Tough sensor) circuit,
Control Unit, wiper motor and glass frame. The sensor is used to detect the rain or
water flow. There is any rain on the class, the sensor senses the rain or flow water
and giving the control signal to the wiper motor.
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

We have pleasure in introducing our new project “AUTOMATIC RAIN OPERATED

WIPER”, which is fully equipped by sensors circuit and wiper motor. It is a
genuine project which is fully equipped and designed for Automobile vehicles. This
forms an integral part of best quality. This product underwent strenuous test in our
Automobile vehicles and it is good.
 The Automatic rain operated wiper system is a fully automation project.

This is an era of automation where it is broadly defined as replacement of manual

effort by mechanical power in all degrees of automation. The operation remains an
essential part of the system although with changing demands on physical input as the
degree of mechanization is increased.

Degrees of automation are of two types, viz.

Full automation.
Semi automation.

In semi automation a combination of manual effort and mechanical power is

required whereas in full automation human participation is very negligible.

NEED FOR AUTOMATION:

Automation can be achieved through computers, hydraulics, pneumatics, robotics,

etc., of these sources, pneumatics form an attractive medium for low cost automation.
Automation plays an important role in automobile.

Nowadays almost all the automobile vehicle is being atomized in order to product
the human being. The automobile vehicle is being atomized for the following reasons.

 To achieve high safety

 To reduce man power
 To increase the efficiency of the vehicle
 To reduce the work load
 To reduce the vehicle accident
  To reduce the fatigue of workers
 To high responsibility
 Less Maintenance cost

The major components of the “Automatic rain operated wiper” are follows

Conductive Sensor

Class frame and Supporting Structure

Battery

Wiper Motor and its arrangement

Relay
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

CHAPTER-II

LITERATURE SURVEY

The first windshield wipers were operated manually by moving a lever inside the car

back and forth. Today, most of us take our electric windshield wipers for granted. The

wipers faithfully keep the window clear, moving back and forth across the windshield

countless times as they sweep the water away. On their highest speed, they move
impressively fast, sometimes shaking the car from side to side. Windshield wipers are

found on car windshields, some car headlights, and airplanes and even on the space

shuttle. In this article, we'll take a look inside windshield wipers, learn about the blades

and the controls and then explore a new rain-sensing wiper control system.

INSIDE THE WIPERS

The wipers combine two mechanical technologies to perform their task:

← A combination electric motor and worm gear reduction provides power to the wipers.

← A neat linkage converts the rotational output of the motor into the back-and-forth

motion of the wipers.

In the past, automakers have tried to either eliminate the wipers or to control their

speed automatically. Some of the schemes involved detecting the vibrations caused by

individual raindrops hitting the windshield, applying special coatings that did not allow

drops to form, or even ultrasonically vibrating the windshield to break up the droplets so

they don't need to be wiped at all. But these systems were plagued by problems and either

never made it to production or was quickly axed because they annoyed more drivers than

they pleased.

However, a new type of wiper system is starting to appear on a car that actually

does a good job of detecting the amount of water on the windshield and controlling the

wipers.

But we thought of a better idea of detecting the rain, which is less costly and

simple in construction. We used a pair of copper plates, to one of the plates the current is

passed while the other is connected to microcontroller.

←
CHAPTER-3
 DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

CHAPTER-III

DESCRIPTION OFEQUIPMENT

3.1 BATTERY:

Battery is use for storing the energy produced from the solar power. The battery

used is a lead-acid type and has a capacity of 12v; 2.5A.the most inexpensive secondary

cell is the lead acid cell and is widely used for commercial purposes. A lead acid cell
when ready for use contains two plates immersed in a dilute sulphuric acid (H 2SO4) of

specific gravity about 1.28.the positive plate (anode) is of

Lead –peroxide (PbO2) which has chocolate brown colour and the negative plate

(cathode) is lead (Pb) which is of grey colour.

When the cell supplies current to a load (discharging), the chemical action that takes

place forms lead sulphate (PbSO4) on both the plates with water being formed in the

electrolyte. After a certain amount of energy has been withdrawn from the cell,both

plates are

Transformed into the same material and the specific gravity of the electrolyte (H 2so4) is

lowerd.the cell is then said to be discharged.there are several methods to ascertain

whether the cell is discharged or not.

To charge the cell, direct current is passed through the cell in the reverse direction

to that in which the cell provided current. This reverses the chemical process and again

forms a lead peroxide (PbO2) positive plate and a pure lead (Pb) negative plate. At the

same time,(H2so4) is formed at the expense of water,restoring the electrolyte (H 2so4 ) to its

original condition. The chemical changes that

Occur during discharging and recharging of a lead-acid cell

3.1.1 BATTERY CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DETAILS:

In our project we are using secondary type battery. It is rechargeable Type. A

battery is one or more electrochemical cells, which store chemical energy and make it

available as electric current. There are two types of batteries, primary (disposable) and
secondary (rechargeable), both of which convert chemical energy to electrical energy.

Primary batteries can only be used once because they use up their chemicals in an

irreversible reaction. Secondary batteries can be recharged because the chemical reactions

they use are reversible; they are recharged by running a charging current through the

battery, but in the opposite direction of the discharge current. Secondary, also called

rechargeable batteries can be charged and discharged many times before wearing out.

After wearing out some batteries can be recycled.

Batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and useful for many

purposes. The use of batteries has created many environmental concerns, such as toxic

metal pollution. A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical

energy it consists of one or more voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells

connected in series by a conductive electrolyte.

One half-cell is the positive electrode, and the other is the negative electrode. The

electrodes do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte, which

can be either solid or liquid. A battery can be simply modeled as a perfect voltage source

which has its own resistance, the resulting voltage across the load depends on the ratio of

the battery's internal resistance to the resistance of the load.

When the battery is fresh, its internal resistance is low, so the voltage across the

load is almost equal to that of the battery's internal voltage source. As the battery runs

down and its internal resistance increases, the voltage drop across its internal resistance

increases, so the voltage at its terminals decreases, and the battery's ability to deliver

power to the load decreases.

3.2 DC MOTOR:

The d.c generators and d.c motors have the same general construction. When the

machine is being assembled, the workmen usually do not know whether it is a d.c

generator or motor.any d.c.generator can be run as a d.c.motor and vice versa. All

d.c.machines have five principal components viz(i)Field system (II) armature core (iii)

armature winding (iv)Commutator (v) brushes

(i) FIELD SYSTEM:

the function of the field system is to produce Uniform field within which the armature

rotates.it consists of a number of salient poles(of course, even number) bolted to the

inside of circular frame (generally called yoke).the yoke is usually made of solid cast

steel whereas the pole piece are composed of stacked laminations. Field coils are

mounted on the poles and carry the d.c exciting current. The field coils are connected in

such a way that adjacent poles have opposite polarity.The m.m.f. developed by the coils

produces a magnetic flux that passes through the pole pieces,the air gap,the armature and

the frame.practical d.c machines have air gaps ranging from 0.5mm to 1.5mm.since

armature and field systems are composed of materials that have permeability,most of the

m.m.f.of field coils is required to set up flux in the air gap.by reducing the length of air

gap,we can reduce the size of field coils(number of turns).

(ii) ARMATURE CORE:

The armature core is keyed to the machine shaft and rotates between the field poles. It

consists of slotted soft-iron laminations (about 0.4 to 0.6mm thick) that are stacked to

form a cylindrical core. The laminations are individually coated with a thin insulating

film so that they do not come in electrical contact with each other.the purpose of

laminating the core is to reduce the eddy current loss.the laminations are slotted to

accommodate and provide mechanical security to the armature winding and to give

shorter air gap for the flux to cross between the pole face and the armature “teeth”.

(iii) ARMATURE WINDING:

The slots of the armature core hold conductors that are connected in a suitable

manner.this is known as armature winding. This is the winding in which

“working”e.m.f. is induced.the

The armature conductors are connected inseries-parallel: the conductors being

connected in series so as to increase the voltage and in parallel paths so as to increase

the current. The armature winding of a d.c.machine is a closed –circuit winding: the

conductors being connected in a symmetrical manner forming a closed loop or series

of closed loops.

(iv) COMMUTATOR;

a commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the alternating voltage

generated in the armature winding into direct voltage across the brushes.the

commutator is made of copper segments insulated from each other by mica sheets and

mounted on the shaft of the machine. The armature conductors are soldered to the
 commutator segments in a suitable manner to give rise to the armature

winding.depending upon the manner in which the armature conductors are connected

to the commutator segments ,there are tow types of armature winding in a.d.c.

machine viz(a) lap winding (b) wave winding.Great care is taken in building the

commutator because any eccentricity will cause the brushes to bounce, producing

unacceptable sparking .the sparks may burn the brushes and overheat and carbonize

the commutator.

(v) BRUSHES:

The purpose of brushes is to ensure electrical connections between the rotating

commutator and stationary external load circuit. The brushes are made of carbon and rest

on the commutator, the brush pressure is adjusted by means of adjustable springs. if the

brush pressure is Very large, the friction produces heating of the commutator and the

bruches.on the other hand, if it is too weak, the imperfect contact with the commutator

may produce sparking

3.3 WIPER:

Wiper blades are like squeegees. The arms of the wiper drag a thin rubber strip

across the windshield to clear away the water. When the blade is new, the rubber is clean

and has no nicks or cracks. It wipes the water away without leaving streaks. When the

wiper blades age, nicks or cracks form, road grime builds up on the edge and it doesn't

make as tight a seal against the window, so it leaves streaks. Sometimes you can get a

little extra life out of your wiper blade by wiping the edge with a cloth soaked in window

cleaner until no more dirt comes off the blade.

 Another key to streak-free operation is even pressure over the length of the rubber

blades. Wiper blades are designed to attach in a single point in the middle, but a series of

arms branch out from the middle like a tree, so the blade is actually connected in six to

eight places. If ice or snow forms on these arms, it can make the distribution of pressure

uneven, causing streaks under part of the blade. Some wiper manufacturers make a

special winter blade with a rubber boot covering the arm assembly to keep snow and ice

out.

3.3PIVOTPOINTS:

Most cars have pretty much the same wiper design. Two blades move together to clean

the windshield. One of the blades pivots from a point close to the driver's side of the car,

and the other blade pivots from near the middle of the windshield. This is the Tandem

System in the figure below. This design clears most of the windshield that is in the

driver's field of view.

There are a couple of other designs on some cars. Mercedes uses a single wiper

arm that extends and retracts as it sweeps across the window -- Single Arm (Controlled)

in the figure above. This design also provides good coverage, but is more complicated

than the standard dual-wiper systems. Some cars use wiper blades that are mounted on

opposite sides of the windshield and move in the opposite direction, and some vehicles

have a single wiper mounted in the middle. These systems don't provide as much

coverage for the driver as the standard two-blade system.

3.4 SENSOR:
 The sensor incorporated in our project detects the rainfall and triggers the wiper

motor to activate the wiper. The sensor consists of a pair of copper plates of 1 mm thick,

separated by a distance of 1 mm. One of the copper plates is connected to a 5 V battery,

while the other copper plate is connected to a micro controller which in turn is connected

to the wiper motor.

3.5 WORM GEAR:

A worm gear is type of mechanical gear. Worm gears are used when large gear

reductions are needed. It is common for worm gears to have reductions of 20:1, and even

up to 300:1 or greater.

Many worm gears have an interesting property that no other gear set has: the

worm can easily turn the gear, but the gear cannot turn the worm. This is because the

angle on the worm is so shallow that when the gear tries to spin it, the friction between

the gear and the worm holds the worm in place. Very interesting usage of worm gears is

in the Torsion differential, which is used on some high-performance cars and trucks. A

gear consisting of a spirally threaded shaft and a wheel with marginal teeth that meshes

into it. The toothed wheel of this gear a worm wheel. Compact structure saves mounting

space. Highly accurate. Runs forward and backward. High overload capacity. Stable

transmission with reduced vibration and noise.

3.6 CONTROL UNIT:

INTRODUCTION:
 Microcontrollers are destined to play an increasingly important role in

revolutionizing various industries and influencing our day to day life more strongly than

one can imagine. Since its emergence in the early 1980's the microcontroller has been

recognized as a general purpose building block for intelligent digital systems. It is finding

using diverse area, starting from simple children's toys to highly complex spacecraft.

Because of its versatility and many advantages, the application domain has spread in all

conceivable directions, making it ubiquitous. As a consequence, it has generate a great

deal of interest and enthusiasm among students, teachers and practicing engineers,

creating an acute education need for imparting the knowledge of microcontroller based

system design and development. It identifies the vital features responsible for their

tremendous impact, the acute educational need created by them and provides a glimpse of

the major application area.

3.7 MICROCONTROLLER:

A microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system built on a single IC.

Microcontrollers were developed to meet a need for microprocessors to be put into low

cost products. Building a complete microprocessor system on a single chip substantially

reduces the cost of building simple products, which use the microprocessor's power to

implement their function, because the microprocessor is a natural way to implement

many products. This means the idea of using a microprocessor for low cost products

comes up often. But the typical 8-bit microprocessor based system, such as one using a

Z80 and 8085 is expensive. Both 8085 and Z80 system need some additional circuits to

make a microprocessor system. Each part carries costs of money. Even though a product
design may requires only very simple system, the parts needed to make this system as a

low cost product.

To solve this problem microprocessor system is implemented with a single chip

microcontroller. This could be called microcomputer, as all the major parts are in the IC.

Most frequently they are called microcontroller because they are used they are used to

perform control functions.

The microcontroller contains full implementation of a standard

MICROPROCESSOR, ROM, RAM, I/0, CLOCK, TIMERS, and also SERIAL PORTS.

Microcontroller also called "system on a chip" or "single chip microprocessor system" or

"computer on a chip".

A microcontroller is a Computer-On-A-Chip, or, if you prefer, a single-chip

computer. Micro suggests that the device is small, and controller tells you that the device'

might be used to control objects, processes, or events. Another term to describe a

microcontroller is embedded controller, because the microcontroller and its support

circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control.

Today microcontrollers are very commonly used in wide variety of intelligent

products. For example most personal computers keyboards and implemented with a

microcontroller. It replaces Scanning, Debounce, Matrix Decoding, and Serial

transmission circuits. Many low cost products, such as Toys, Electric Drills, Microwave

Ovens, VCR and a host of other consumer and industrial products are based on

microcontrollers.
3.8 RELAY:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the

relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The

coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are double

throw (changeover) switches. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which

can be completely separate from the first.

For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC

mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits;

the link is magnetic and mechanical.

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V

relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages.

Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify

the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum output

current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils

directly without amplification.

PHOTOGRAPY OF THE RELAY:

 Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch

contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available.

The figure below shows a lever on the left being attracted by magnetism when the

coil is switched on. This lever moves the switch contacts. There is one set of contacts

(SPDT) in the foreground and another behind them, making the relay DPDT.

THE RELAY'S SWITCH CONNECTIONS ARE USUALLY LABELED COM, NC

AND NO:

 COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.
 NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
 NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF REALY:

This circuit is designed to control the load. The load may be motor or any other

load. The load is turned ON and OFF through relay. The relay ON and OFF is controlled

by the pair of switching transistors (BC 547). The relay is connected in the Q2 transistor
collector terminal. A Relay is nothing but electromagnetic switching device which

consists of three pins. They are Common, Normally close (NC) and Normally open (NO).

The relay common pin is connected to supply voltage. The normally open (NO)

pin connected to load. When high pulse signal is given to base of the Q1 transistors, the

transistor is conducting and shorts the collector and emitter terminal and zero signals is

given to base of the Q2 transistor. So the relay is turned OFF state.

When low pulse is given to base of transistor Q1 transistor, the transistor is

turned OFF. Now 12v is given to base of Q2 transistor so the transistor is conducting and

relay is turned ON. Hence the common terminal and NO terminal of relay are shorted.

Now load gets the supply voltage through relay.

Voltage Signal from Transistor Q1 Transistor Q2 Relay

Microcontroller or PC

1 on off off
0 off on on
CHAPTER-4

DRAWING
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF BATTERY:

BATTERY DIAGRAM:
DRAWING FOR WORM GEAR:
DRAWING FOR AUTOMATIC RAIN OPERATED WIPER:
 Chapter-5

WORKING PRINCIPLE

CHAPTER-VI

WORKING PRINCIPLE

CONSTRUCTION:

The wipers combine three technologies to perform their task:

  A sensor on the windscreen to sense the rain

 A combination electric motor and worm gear reduction provides power to

the wipers.

 A neat linkage converts the rotational output of the motor into the back-

and-forth motion of the wipers.

Sensor is fixed in the wind screen. This sensor is used to pass the rain fall signal to the

electrical circuits.

SPEED REDUCTION:

It takes a lot of force to accelerate the wiper blades back and forth across the

windshield so quickly. In order to generate this type of force, a worm gear is used on the

output of a small electric motor.

The worm gear reduction can multiply the torque of the motor by about 50 times,

while slowing the output speed of the electric motor by 50 times as well. The output of

the gear reduction operates a linkage that moves the wipers back and forth. Inside the

motor/gear assembly is an electronic circuit that senses when the wipers are in their down

position. The circuit maintains power to the wipers until they are parked at the bottom of

the windshield, and then cuts the power to the motor. This circuit also parks the wipers

between wipes when they are on their intermittent setting.

A short cam is attached to the output shaft of the gear reduction. This cam spins

around as the wiper motor turns. The cam is connected to a long rod; as the cam spins, it
moves the rod back and forth. The long rod is connected to a short rod that actuates the

wiper blade on the driver's side. Another long rod transmits the force from the driver-side

to the passenger-side wiper blade.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF WIPER:

When the rain falls, it bridges the gap between the two copper plates. As we know

water is a good conductor of electricity, it allows the current to pass from the copper plate

which is connected to the battery to the microcontroller, which in turn activates the wiper

motor. When the rain stops, the gap between the copper plates is broken again there by

cutting of the electricity to the wiper motor.

When initially the system is under dry condition, the gap between the copper

plates is maintained.therefore the state of IC inverter is 0. So no signal is send to the

microcontroller. When the rain falls the gap is bridged and hence when the rain falls the

gap is bridged and hence the current flows to the IC inverter and the state of ic inverter is

now changed to 1. The electrical signal is passed to the microcontroller.the

microcontroller sends this electric signal to the relay coil. The relay is energized that

creates the magnetic field which attracts the lever and changes the switch contacts from

NO (normally open) to 1 normally closed (NC).now the battery circuit gets closed. So the

current from the battery flows to the motor and runs it. Thereby actuating the wiper.

When the rain stops the gap between the copper plates is broken thereby

disconnecting the circuit.

CHAPTER -7

MERITS

CHAPTER-VII

MERITS
 Simple in construction

 Low cost

 Easy to maintain
 Chapter-8

APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER-VIII

APPLICATIONS

 It is applicable for all type of four and heavy vehicle

 CHAPTER-9

LIST OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER-IX

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed below.
1. Properties:
 The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the proposed

application. The various requirements to be satisfied

Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmental attack from

chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect their

selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity, electrical

conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact

resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear

resistance and sliding properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are,

Cast ability

Weld ability

Surface properties

Shrinkage
 Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufatuing case:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface qualities

obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the use of

special materials.

3. Quality Required:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For

example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less number of components which

can be fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4.Avilability of Material:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply.it then becomes obligatory for

the designer to use some other material which though may not be a perfect substitute for

the material designed.the delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should

also be kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces involved are

high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:
 As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material plays an

important part and should not be ignored.

Some times factors like scrap utilization,appearance,and non-maintenance of the

designed part are involved in the selection of proper materials.

S.No DESCIRPTION QTY Material

1 battery 1 plastic
2 Pmdc motor 1 CI
3 Worm gear 1 -
4 sensor 1 Copper plate

5 Control unit 1 -
 Chapter-10

COST ESTIMATION

chapter-x

COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST:

Lathe, drilling, welding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost =Rs

2. OVERGHEAD CHARGES:
The overhead charges are arrived by”manufacturing cost”

Manufaturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost

=4000+1000

=5000

Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost

=1000

3.TOTAL COST:

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges

=4000+1000+1000

=6000

Total cost for this project =6000

Chapter-11

CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER-XI

CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the field of automobile.

It is very usefully for all four and heavy vehicles.

 This project has also reduced the cost involved in the concern. Project has been

designed to perform the entire requirement task which has also been provided.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIGRAPHY

1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.

2. Machine tool design handbook –Central machine tool Institute,

Bangalore.

3. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

4. Manufaturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.
PHOTOGRAPHY