Professional Documents
Culture Documents
STUDENT NAME:
NG HUoY MIIN 0319097
LEE SHZE HWA 0320053
LEE KAILYN 0320273
LIEW POH KA 0320424
HOI WEI HAN 0323335
WORD COUNT:
0
School of Architecture, Building & Design
CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
PJ Trade Centre has been completed in the month of February 2009 and is designed
by Malaysian Developer, Tujuan Gemilang Sdn.Bhd. It is located in Petaling Jaya
which is Golden Triangle that a dynamic centre for shopping and business. The
surrounding landscape of PJ Trade Centre is designed by Seksan Design.
The design of this building getting closer to nature motives. It has 12 comfortable sky
terraces which covering with wall creepers and hanging vines. Besides that, PJ trade
center is a plaza covered with 2.5 acres of lushly landscaped that have achieved
green environment.
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Abstract
This case study will be looking into services system of the workspace in PJ trade
Center such as Air Conditioning System, Fire Protection System, Mechanical
Transportation System and Electrical Supply System. The aim of this report is to
introduce the fundamentals of the systems which are mentioned above. We are
required to do an analysis of own understandings based on the regulations of this
building from UBBL Building By Law (UBBL).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful that the staff of PJ trade Center willing giving us an opportunity to visit
the building. The staff has brought us to have a tour visit around the building through
the prominent service rooms such as lift motor rooms, fire fighting system room,
electric room and chiller room. Besides that, he also show us more information
secretly to further describe the systems throughout the buildings. We would like to
give a big thank to him for explaining the systems of each room and machines
relentlessly.
We also need to give special thanks to our lecturer Mr Tan Hee Chai for the guidance
and provide us more information for the assignment. Without involvement of his help,
this report cannot sufficiently be finished.
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
· Expose to the real life case study of the basic principles, processes and
equipment of various building services systems for a high raise building.
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PROJECT OUTCOMES
· Upon completion of the case study, students should be able to identify and
understand the functions of each system.
PROJECT REQUIREMENT
Identify estimate size of the spaces and explain the functions of the building services
components identified. The systems can be illustrated in a diagram and the case study
shall indicate the local uniform building by-laws (UBBL 1984) of the components.
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2.0
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
AND
AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
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Heating, ventilation and cooling (HVAC) is the innovation of indoor and vehicular
natural solace. Its objective is to provide a sustainable thermal comfort and adequate
indoor air quality. HVAC framework configuration is a mechanical engineering’s
subdiscipline, in view of the standards of thermodynamics, heat energy exchange and
also the fluid mechanics. Refrigeration is added to the field's condensing as HVAC or
HVAC & R in some cases.
HVAC is a critical piece of private structures, for example, single family homes, flat
structures, lodgings and soho, medium to substantial mechanical and office structures,
for example, high rises and clinics, locally available vessels, and in marine situations,
where sheltered and sound building conditions are directed regarding temperature
and moistness, utilizing outside air from outside.
Mechanical ventilation system is the system of circulating fresh air by using the
fans and ducts rather than depending on airflow through a cracks or tiny holes of the
wall in a room, roofs or openings. Furthermore, this has been widely utilized since the
earlier of twentieth century, the fan has mostly outmoded the unstable natural system
for the assisting of air movement. There are some of the main components of
mechanical ventilation system:
2.2.1 Fan
It impacts the static pressure or energy and velocity or kinetic energy to
provide the movement of air with the motive power. A fan's ability for air development
relies on upon its qualities, for example, sort, estimate, shape, number of sharp edges
and speed. Other than that, there are four classifications of fan reasonable for air
development in ventilation frameworks, which are cross-stream, propeller, hub stream
and radial.
2.2.2 Filters
Filters are utilized to evacuate suspended particles, smells and contaminants.
Installation of the filters are normally took place at the inlet grille.
2.2.3 Ductworks
The ductworks are responsible for the channeling of the air outside towards
indoors or the indoor air towards outside. It is typically delivered in circular,
rectangular or square cross-sections in a few distinct materials.
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The function of fire damper is to prevent the spreading of fire from a room to
another room when there is a fire accident occurred in a sudden. It is normally
installed in the compartment wall.
2.2.5 Diffusers
The diffusers extend from straightforward punctured plated and grilles to the
air distribution which is more mind boggling and productive coned. The diffuser and
grille are situated at the ductwork edge where the air can discharged into the room
without much of a stretch .
http://www.daikin.com/products/ac/lineup/ahu_fcu/images/pic_lineup_ahu.jpg
Air Handling Unit unit (AHU) it may be used to circularize and condition air as and only
a HVAC system. An air handler typically holds a blower, cooling or heating elements,
chambers or filter racks, dampers and sound attenuators. Air handlers normally link to
the ductwork that convey the molded air through those building and also come back it
to AHU. Little air handlers need aid called terminal units, and might best incorporate
an air blower, filter and coil. These littler units would also known as blower coils or fan
loop units.
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http://www.gibbonsgroup.co.uk/uploads/assets/infographics/inside-an-ahu-zoom-in-diagram-mark-5-17052016.jpg
The components of AHU (Based on Figure 1.14) perform every duties of course
comparative with an ordinary refrigeration system. However, all of these parts are
bigger in size and have higher capacities. The compressor is about open responding
kind for various cylinders and also will be cooled by the water just in the car motor.
Those compressor and the condenser would about shell and more the tube kind. At
the same time, in the little ventilating system capillary will be utilized as the extension
valve, in the focal ventilating system thermostatic extension valve is utilized.
Those chilled may be passed through those ducts to every last one of rooms, halls
and also other spaces that would with be air molded. Hence, on the whole the rooms
there is best those conduit passim those chilled air and even more that there would
no individual cooling coils, and other parts of the refrigeration system in the rooms.
The thing that will be we get over each room is the totally quiet and also profoundly
viable air conditioning system in the spaces. What is more,, the measure for chilled air
that is required in the space might a chance to be controlled eventually by those
openings contingent upon those aggregate high temperature load inside the space.
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2.4 PROLOGUE
Both Air conditioning system and Mechanical Ventilation are alternatively be chosen
as the primary source for providing of a sustainable air circulation, air quality, air
humidity and air temperature control indoor of a building currently. PJ Trade Centre
connected the idea towards greeneries and utilizes a greater amount of natural
ventilation with a specific main goal to minimize the utilization of mechanical air
conditioning system within the building.
For the most part in PJ Trade Centre, there are two sorts of air-conditioning system
have chosen by them to utilize in the building, which are the centralized system and
the split air-conditioning system. Tower A and C utilized the centralized
air-conditioning system while the Tower B (Bata) utilize the Split Air-Conditioning
System. The reason for the choice of air-conditioning system in Tower A and C is both
towers are under a single owner, Gamuda dissimilar with Tower B which is owned by
another holder. Thus, different types of air-conditioning system in PJ Trade Centre has
its own particular point of view in approaching. There will be more focusing on the
Split air-conditioning system in this report as our team are doing Tower B.
The components in the building are mostly covered in the syllabus we had learned in
lecture class with respect to Mechanical Ventilation System. It is truly imperative
aspect by installing the mechanical ventilation mainly in the kitchen, toilet and
basement room. The main objectives of the mechanical ventilation are providing the
fireproof property, cooling of individual room and filtering of tiny substances.
Furthermore, it can also conserve the sustainable amount of oxygen needed (
maintain at 21% volume of air) and eliminate the carbon dioxide. A portion of data are
needed to assemble in order to provide us the advices in accomplishing the
foundation of the building services and also leading it in greeneries way since we are
doing research on Tower B.
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In PJ Trade Centre, the air conditioning system and mechanical ventilation are
the sources which alternatively vital for providing the sustainable air humidity, air
circulation, air quality and also managing the temperature of air inside the building.
The installation of the mechanical ventilation and air conditioning system should be ‘
reasonably efficient ’ regarding the Building Regulations enforce requirements. Other
than that, the utilization of the mechanical air conditioning system for the buildings is
minimal since the PJ Trade Centre Building is more focusing on the greeneries
concept and maximize the uses of natural ventilation.
Ducting System
In the PJ Trade Centre Building, all the ducting system utilized are normally
insulated in order to minimize the installation cost and the heat loss. Besides, the
ductworks extend from Air Handling Unit (AHU) to the allotted space mainly basement
parking in PJTC. In addition, when the operator been switched on, a loud sound could
be produced and heard. A rectangular shaped ducts with a size range of 1m x 1.5m are
utilized in the ducting system in the building.
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There are couples of Axial Fan behind the Air Handling Unit (AHU) for the
purpose of exhausting air from AHU through the ducting system. It consists of a
number of aerofoil cross sections blades assembled on a motor driven central shaft.
https://continentalfan.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/AID_DWG.jpg
The axial fan in the ductwork can develop a high pressure and provide the moving of
air throughout the long section of ductwork.
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Extract Ventilation
In PJ Trade Centre, setting up of the extract ventilation in a fire pump chamber
provided with the ductworks that linked to the extract fan can furnish the room with
fresher air. Moreover, preventing of the cross-flow of odours, noise and smoke is also
one of the main function of the extract fan.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WTnbzo5dLW4/UUBwYcoZynI/AAAAAAAAAHI/1xFTdhlPMsU/s1600/Heat+recovery+unit.
png
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The centrifugal fan, fire damper and circular ductwork location in PJ Trade Centre.
The prevention of leaking smoke flowing through enclosed doors into the stairs
area by feeding clean air into the enclosure of stair is the main function of the system
provided that the pressure at the adjacent fire compartment is lower than the pressure
in the stairs area. Hence, the airflow will be maintained by the system via the open
doorway if the stair door is opened. This also helps in the prevention of contamination
of the stair enclosure and the opposition of the flowing of smoke. The system is widely
applied to enhance the protection of the stairways area for the safety of the owners in
the PJ Trade Centre.
There are three components that include in this system. The first component is
the Supply Air which is to transport the air to a specific space. Secondly, there is the
Pressure Relief which is to avoid the pressure from exceeding the limits. Next is the
Air Release which the smokes and air are discharged from adjacent fire area. It
develops a positive pressure difference because of having these components and the
prevention of smokes from entering the lobbies and staircase area in the building is
then established.
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Other than that, the distance of the separation from the edge of the exhaust
louvres housing to the supply air fan should be at least 5 metres. So, it provides a
prevention of the smoke from having a potential to shift into the supply air shaft. A
motor fans which can suck the air into the stair are installed as well. The motor fans
are positioned in the basement in the PJ Trade Centre. A cover up with has the
particle filter is available to captured the outside air.
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In the PJ Trade Centre building, there are consisting of four different blocks of
building which is Tower A, Tower B, Tower C and Tower D. They are utilizing the
centralized unit air conditioning system except for the Tower B due to there are less
occupants own the building units. This also leads to the less assumption of air
conditioning system compared to the other three blocks. To resolve the problem of
paying the high cost of electrical bills for the low usage of the air conditioning system
in Tower B, the split air conditioning system is then installed in the building. This
decreases the electrical bills that needed to pay by the few occupants in the building.
Whereas, the other 3 blocks are using the centralized air conditioning system.
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http://www.thermospace.com/ductless_split/installation_pic.gif
There are consisting two parts of components for the split unit air conditioner
which is the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit will be located at the
outside of the room or space. It is like a chamber that containing the condenser,
expansion valve and compressor. In the other hand, the indoor unit includes the
cooling coil and evaporator. The split unit air conditioner has the ability to cool the air
condition within one or two rooms. One of the advantage of this system is to prevent
making any slot in the walling system of the room.
The operation is to re-circulate and recycle the existing indoor air instead of
renewing or supplying the fresh air to the room or space since it is a ductless split unit
system. It is usually utilized for small space or room area. They are utilizing the indoor
unit types in Tower B.
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There are two separate components that available in the split air conditioning system
which is the indoor and outdoor units. Initiation of the cooling process will be carried
out by the compressor in the outdoor unit whereas the components that house in the
indoor unit are fan and evaporator. There are a connection between the two units by a
set of electrical wiring and tubing system which transfers electricity and the air. It is a
very energy efficient cooling system and preferred by the people nowadays with the
elimination the needs of the ducts property. For the mean of saving energy, the
energy will loss up to thirty percent from the transferring of air through the duct. There
are some components consist in the split unit air conditioning system,;-
The components that are housed inside the indoor unit are the cooling or evaporator
coil, filter and long blower. The chilled Freon fluid will enter the cooling coil after going
through from the expansion coil. The filtered, hot and humid air is then sucked out
from the room by the blower and blows it through the cooling coil. The temperature of
air will reduce drastically and the excess moisture of air will also lose after it passed
over the cooling coil.
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The main source of noise produced is from the compressor. Since it is located at the
outside of the room, the noise produced by it can be easily eliminated from the
occupants inside the room. There is a compressed Freon gas in the condenser and
requires a fan to blow air over it and cool the gas. The gas are passing through the
expansion coil and converted into low temperature partial gas, low pressure and
partial liquid Freon fluid.
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(3) Compressor
Compressor represent the main spirit of any air conditioning system. Before it is sent
to the condenser by the external power, it is used for the compressing of refrigerant
which is in low temperature and the increasing it to a high pressure. The boiling point
will be raised to a higher levels by the conversion and the heat brought in by the
outdoor air can be also eliminated by the facilitation.
(4) Condenser
The gas at high temperature and pressure is received by the condenser from the
compressor. The gas is also cooled to change its status and turn into the liquid form
by the metallic surfaces in the air-cooled condensers. Production of the same cooling
effect by the water circulation will be carried out in the case of water-cooled
condensers. Since the rate of conduction of it is considered high, the material to make
the tubing will be copper. Besides that, aluminium fins is also covered the condenser
so that the removal of the heat from the refrigerant can be established at a faster rate.
(5) Evaporator
Absorption of the heat from surrounding and replacing it with the cooled air will be
carried out by evaporator for this system.
The expansion valve is generally considered as a capillary tubing made from copper
with a number circular coils. The greater capacities thermostatic property of the
expansion valve in the split air conditioners is utilized which is run electronically
automatically. The medium temperature and high pressure refrigerant discharge from
the condenser and moves into the expansion valve, where there is a sudden dropping
of its pressure and temperature.
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http://www.central-air-conditioner-and-refrigeration.com/images/Refigeration_Cycle_Diagram1.jpg
The missions of the split unit air conditioner are the pumping the heat outside the
room or space and transferring it to cooling when it runs through the cycle of
refrigeration. The refrigerant will experience the changes of the phase, changes of
temperature and the changes of pressure when the refrigeration cycle is took placed.
On the other hand, a cooling system eliminates heat from the high pressure gas and
the gas transforms into liquid in the condenser. The indoor tubing pushes the chilled
liquid until it arrives to the evaporator system.
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The warm air is collected by the evaporator fan inside the building and is passed
through a chamber that contains the chilled liquid refrigerant. Moreover, the blowing
process of the now-cooled air returns into the room by the fan system and decreasing
of the overall temperature of the room will be served. The process will be
continuously repeated if there is a detection of the warmer air compared to the
desired air by the thermostat. Besides that, if there is any excess heat or the
refrigerant remains in the system, the flowing back process will begin to the
compressor outdoor so that a new cycle can be begun.
2. Whatever provision for the waiver of the pertinent by-laws should be a chance
to be considered if What's more of the permanency air-conditioning framework
there is given elective affirmed method for ventilating those ventilated
enclosure, such-and-such inside half an hour of the air-conditioning framework
failing, not under those stipulated volume from claiming new air specified
hereinafter should be acquainted under those nook Throughout those time At
the air-conditioning framework is not working.
3. Those procurements of The 3rd Schedule to all these By-laws might apply to
edifices which are air-conditioned or mechanically ventilated.
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3.1 PROLOGUE
In Malaysia, the fire problem has become getting serious and important issue. We
must always aware to the hazard of fires to ourselves to prevent this situation
happens. This is because it may cause a serious consequence to all of us such as it
will cause damages to people, vehicles and properties. For example, fire in buildings
is a major risk to kill our lives, it will destroy the buildings and also causes loss of lives.
Fire protection shall be fully equipped in every building or shopping mall. It shall be
installed, operated and maintained in a functioning condition at all times. The fire
protection in every building and shopping malls are required and apply to the design
of the building.Fire protection systems is the basic requirement in a building. The
system is used to ensure the building fully capable to withstand for the fire to be
controlled The fire protection systems consist of two components which are active fire
system and passive fire system. Both active fire system and passive fire system have
different function in the fire protection system. It is important that both fire system to
work together in an event of fire because they are playing different roles to prevent
and minimize the risk of fire.
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The PJ trade centre fitted with “Fire-Break Glass Alarm”. It allow occupants to activate
the fire alarm and the Fire Brigade is alerted easily. The red panel on the wall houses
a small button. When the small button depressed, it will contact the Fire Brigade and
Fire Brigade will respond instantly to the building.The glass of the red panel is easy to
break and sometimes smashing the glass will activate the button automatically.
Can quickly detect the small amount of Respond faster to afire in its early,
smoke product by fast flaming smoldering stage before the fire burst into
fires.(cooking fires, flammable liquids, fire flames. (large combustion particles)
fueled by paper)
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Telephone
During the fire outbreak,it used to communicate to the
Command Centre or nearby fire station directly by the
telephone provided. It is located at staircases of each floor in
PJ Trade Centre.
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Speaker
Fireman Switch
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The commercial buildings need to have protection in case of fire or smoke. Sprinkler
system installation is good preventative measure to take and water represents the
ideal extinguishing agent. Sprinkler systems are most effective during fire’s initial
flame growth stage while the fire is easy to control. The sprinkler head has a liquid
filled glass bulb breaks due to the fire and as a result the sprinkler will release water
to spray over the fire.
There are various types of sprinkler head can be found in PJ Trade Centre. In different
places, each sprinkler head has their different function.It can be found in the entire PJ
Trade Centre easily.It is a component of fire sprinkler system that discharging water
when detect the effect of a fire
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Fire Pump
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Hose reel system can be found most around the stairways and electrical room of PJ
Trade Centre. It consists of pumps, pipes, water supply and hose reel which ensuring
proper coverage of water to combat a fire.
Fire Hose Reel with between 18 and 36 metre hose which has
`13mm ,19mm, 25mm internal dia are fitted on the wall. It is
supplied with a fast fit mounting bracket, an inlet pipe with
thread and stop valve.
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Jockey Pump
Pressure Gauge
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Alarm Valves
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CO2 storage
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How it operation?
It can described by the acronym “PASS”
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Fire extinguishers are classified by the type of fire that they will extinguish.
Ordinary Combustibles:
It is used for ordinary combustibles (such as paper, wood, plastics and textiles) and it
requires the heat-absorbing effects of water or the coating effects of certain dry
chemicals.
Flammable liquids:
It is used for flammable liquid and gas fires (such as oil, gasoline, etc. ) It deprive the
fire of oxygen and interrupt the fire chain by inhibiting the release of combustible
vapors.
Electrical Equipment:
It is used on fires that involve live electrical equipment that require the use of
electrically nonconductive extinguishing agents. Once the electrical equipment is
de-energized, extinguishers for Class A or B fires may be used.
Combustible Metals
It is used on combustible metals (such as magnesium, titanium, sodium, etc.), that
require an extinguishing medium that does not react with the burning metal.
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Passive fire protection is the use of fire protection systems that are applied into the
structure of a building. Their purpose is to contain fires and slow the rate at which they
spread efficiently for people to escape immediately in the event of fire. They also used
to protect load bearing columns and other critical structures through fire-resistance
walls, floors and doors to prevent the building collapsing during fires.
By making a fire resistant compartment between rooms and floors, passive fire
protection greatly slows down the spread of the fire from the room where it originated.
This is to reduce the amount of damage to the building. In addition, this will provide
more time to the building’s occupants to leave the building and arrive a more safety
place.
The passive fire protection is different from active fire protection which it does not
require any action or motion or to be activated by electronics. There are few example
for passive fire protection such as fire door closers, means of escape, fire curtain and
fire dampers.
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Fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) door can be found at the external opening of the
building. It can be perform well in high corrosive area. A FRP door consists of fire
resistance composite that can be used in the opening rated up to one and half hours.
It is also protected by fire curtain.
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Fire exit signs with arrows is used to guide people to the emergency exits and
staircase. It is usually placed at points around the PJ Trade Centre to provide
information to tell people where should they go during in an event of fire and
emergency situation. It is usually green and white in colour. This combination of colour
is to tell people that it is a safe condition. It will also shows a pictogram of “ running to
the door” on the sign.
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Fire indicator light can be found at PJ Trade Centre. It is usually placed above the
entrance of every high risk room. It is used to tell people the safety status of a room
before entering to the room. It will provide a notification to people by using different
colour light, to tell people when they are in any emergencies. A fire indicator light
contains of a green and red light bulb. A green light bulb is light up is to tell the users
it is safe to enter the room while a red light bulb is light up is to tell the users that the
room is in a dangerous situation. It is used to prevent people to enter into the room
when it is in the dangerous situation.
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A fire curtain can be found at the entrance of PJ Trade Centre. A fire curtains require
side guides to provide a cover between the fabric and the structure of the building.
The main purpose of fire curtain contains of smoke and it is used for 1 hour fire rated
curtains is generally used for smoke curtains. This system is placed at every generator
room in PJ Trade Centre.
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UBBL By Laws -Section 231- Installation and testing of wet rising system
- Topmost floor of every building must provide wet rising systems when
exceeding 30.5 meters above fire appliance access level.
2) To ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence, the double door shall be
provided with the coordinating device.
3) Fire doors might be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat
actuated device to release the doors protecting openings to protected corridors or
protected staircases.
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2) The exits should be sited and the leave get to might be arranged to the point that
the ways out are with the breaking points of travel separation as determined in the
Seventh Schedule to these By-laws are promptly available at all circumstances.
2)Staircases should be of to such an extent that in case of any one staircase no being
accessible for escape purposes the rest of the staircases might suit the most
important occupancy load of any one story releasing into it figured as per
arrangements in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws
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4.0
MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS
4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
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Mechanical transportation systems are the vertical transportation system which allows
goods or people to move efficiently from floor to floor or between decks and levels of
a building. These mechanical transportation systems are classified as escalators,
travelators and elevators which are known as lifts. In PJ trade centre, they are using
elevators only throughout the whole building. They do not require escalators as this is
an office building which consists of 21 floors.
In PJ Trade Centre, there are 21 floors and traction elevators are used throughout the
building. They are allowed to transport goods or people by using traction elevators. It
can carry high loads compared to other type of elevators. Hoist mechanism is used in
traction elevators. Hence, there are some types of hoist mechanism elevators:
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PJ Trade Centre is a high rise building which consists of 21 storeys. Hence, the speed
of and efficiency of the elevator are very important. Electric traction elevators are used
throughout the whole building. In more specific term, it is using geared traction
elevators. Electric traction elevators have the ability to carry higher load which due to
the height of the building. It provides efficiency and speedy properties to the
occupants.
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4.3 COMPONENTS
There are some important components can be found in the lift motor room which is
located at the highest floor. There are control valves, drive motor, controller and
counterweight.
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Lift Car
This is known as car of the lift. It is made of fire resistance material. The car is
supported on a structural frame to which the lifting cables are attached to a top
member. The car is guided by the guide shoes on its side member guide during
vertical travel in the shaft. This car is equipped with ventilation, operating control
system, safety doors, emergency exit, illumination and floor level indicators. The
capacity of this car is 1365 kg and maximum passengers occupied are 20 persons.
When the lift is broken down, the ventilation and light are still functioning. It can
withstand for two hours in order to wait for technician to arrive.
Cables
There are lifting ropes or cables in the lift in order to function the lift. There are groups
of steel wires that are designed to carry and support the weight of the car and allowed
to move from floor to floor. The cables are attached to the crosshead which is known
as the top beam of the elevator. The cables are depending on the car speed and the
capacity of the car. If there is an emergency happened in the lift, for example, the one
of the lifting ropes in the lift has broken, the car will not fall to the lowest floor because
there are emergency brakes that will brakes the car immediately. There will be other
lifting ropes in the lift as well to support the car, so that there will be no accident
happened to the lift and the occupants are safe. There are about four to eight cables
in each lift to support the weight of the car with occupants.
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Counterweight
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Shaft
Shaft can be known as hoistway as well. It is basically the vertical passageway for the
car and counterweights of the lift. There are guide rails on the walls of the shaft for
counterweight. There are car and counterweight buffer at the bottom of the shaft
which can be known as pit as well. The top of the shaft is designed as structural
platform to support the machines of the elevator. The elevator machine room usually
required one or two levels and it is located directly top of the shaft. Traction machine
and some control system are located in the elevator machine room in order to activate
the elevator. Hence, they are designed for vibration-free operation and quiet.
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Key switch panel is located at the control room of the building. It can control the car of
the lift when there is an emergency or lift breakdown occurs. Also, when lift
breakdown, the passengers are able to contact or ask for help from the control
through the help button. When emergency or lift breakdown occurs, technicians are
able to know clearly where the elevator has stopped through the key switch panel.
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So, how TNB generate, transmit and distribute the electricity to all the consumer? The
four main components that make up the electricity grid are generation plants,
transmission lines, distribution substation and consumer use.
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There have varies type of power plant are used to generate electricity. For example,
coal and nuclear power plants have less flexibility to adjust their electricity output
which means it consume more time to step up or step down the electricity.
Natural-gas fired plants can be ramped up faster and it often used to cope with the
high demand. However, in Malaysia, we heavily use natural gas and coal to generate
electricity because our country is rich on both resources. Next, transmission system is
essential as it transmit the electricity from the generators to the distribution substation.
Transformers are required to convert the low voltage electricity which generate by the
power plants to high voltage electricity in order to reduce the loss of electricity during
the transmission process over the long distance. Transmission lines are made by
aluminium alloy and reinforced with steel and it can be overhead power lines or
underground power cables. Typically, the transmission level voltages are at or above
138kV and the transmission system and carry up to 765kV. Besides, the distribution
substation is where the transmission lines end and pick up by the distribution network.
The distribution network start at the transformers which step-down the voltage of
electricity from transmission lines and distribute the electricity to all the consumer
from the area of heavy and light industry, commercial and residential.
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The diagram above has shown the electric supply system from the generators plants
which generate 25 kV electricity and then step-up the voltage to 230/138kV and
transmits through the transmission lines until the distribution substation. The
transformers from the distribution substation step-down the voltage to 33Kv. After
that, the electricity transmits through the sub-transmission lines and reach the TNB
room which located at the basement of PJ Trade Centre and step-down the voltage to
11Kv which consider as medium voltage. If for residential area, it only required
400/230 volts which consider as low voltage.
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In this section, we will introduce and explain the function of every electrical room such
as TNB Room, Main Switch Room, Low Voltage Switch Room and Gen Set Room
which located at the Basement 7 in Tower B of PJ Trade Centre. All the electrical room
are located at the same area to reduce the loss of voltage over the distance travel.
Moreover, we also will discuss about the process on how the electrical generate from
the generator plants distribute throughout the building.
Besides, we will also explain about the design consideration through our observation
when we having the site visit there. For example, for safety reason, each electrical
room has an alternative emergency exit door and also carbon dioxide fire extinguisher
to reduce fire losses especially human life. Lastly, we will discuss about the UBBL 1984
law that the PJ Trade Centre included in their design of all the electrical room.
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The diagram shows the location of TNB Substation (orange colour) on the plan view.
The types of substation can be classified in several ways which shows as following:
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The diagram shows the location of Main Switch Room (yellow colour) on the plan view.
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The electrical source for PJ Trade Centre comes from Kepong and Klang. In PJ Trade
Centre, the main switch room is basically used to receive the electrical supply from
TNB room and distribute it to every level of the building. Switchboard is a combination
of several electrical panels. Each electric panel consists of switches that used to
control the electric circuit and other power control equipment. The main function of
switchboards is to receive, control and protect the electrical source, then divide the
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electrical source to smaller chunks and distribute it throughout the building. The
electrical source distribute from switchboard will pass through transformer, panels and
any other equipment to prevent the loss of electric sources over the distance
travelled. Besides, the switchboard mounted several load sharing controls and gauges
to control and monitor the electrical supply process. This can make sure the total
amount of electrical source received by switchboard is equal to the total amount of
electrical distributed.
Circuit breaker is used at the equipment and machine that received the high volume
of voltage. Circuit breaker as one of the important component in switchboard because
it provides protection for high current incomers and feeders electrical supply. Besides,
the circuit breaker must remain closed connection when short-circuits happened. This
is to allow the downstream circuit breaker break down the faults. The circuit breaker
functioning by using the time delayed basis. It using the two common method which
are Electro Dynamic Withstand (EDW) and high thermal withstand characterised by a
short time.
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Fuses
Bus bars
Step-down transformers
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For large building such as PJ Trade Centre, more than one transformer is required to
step-down the high voltage from the TNB substation. The transformers lower the
voltage from 11Kv to 480/277 volts which is the usable level of power supply for the
building. After the transformers have step-down the voltage of electric supply, the
electric supply will then transmit to the switchboard and distribute to every level of the
building.
Voltage light indication is used to show the voltage of the switchboards. For the blue
light indicate the voltage of the switchboards is maintaining the desired level. While
for the yellow light indicate that the voltage level is slightly higher. In this stage, the
authority should take action in order to control the voltage and prevent the
switchboards from burning. If the red light brightens up, it means the voltage level is
very high. In this stage, immediately action is required to find out the problem and
solve it as soon as possible.
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The main switch room door is open outward and it is always locked. This is to prevent
unauthorised person enter the room due to the hazards of high voltage electricity.
Besides, the room of electrical room must be designed to open outward to prevent
obstacle fall and block the door from opening when the electrical room in fire.
Sprinkler Systems
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The diagram shows the location of Low Voltage Switch Room (blue colour)
The diagram shows the location of Low Voltage Switch Room (blue colour).
In PJ Trade Centre, the low voltage switch room is located between the TNB
substation and the main switch room. Low voltage switch room is the optimal solution
to provide a higher functional low voltage distribution equipment which means it able
to protect, control and monitor the electrical distribution systems in a more safety,
efficiently and efficiency way.
The low voltage switchgear is used to provide centralized control and protection to
the low voltage power equipment and circuits in the building. It capable to provide
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electrical protection against the overload currents, short circuit currents and also
insulation failure. Besides, the switchgear is allowed to control through the functional
switching, emergency switching, emergency stopping and the off switch for
maintenance or service purposes.
There are total five main switchboards that used to separate the power distribution
system into five different zones. One switchboard will distribute the electrical supply to
the first zone which is from the ground floor level to basement 7. While another four
switchboards will separately distribute the electrical supply to from floor level of 1st to
5th floor, 6th to 10th floor, 11th to 15th floor and 16th to 20th floor. The electrical disconnect
switch and circuit breaker are used to protect and control each of the switchboards.
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Low voltage drawout power circuit breakers connect to the primary and secondary
connections without nuts, bolts or connector kits. The main function of low voltage
drawout power circuit is to provide automatic protection to electrical circuit from
damage due to the overload circuit, short circuit currents and insulation failure.
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Busbars Couple
Busbars couple is made by silver or tin-plated copper. Vertical busbars couple are
connected to horizontal busbars couple and it used to distribute the power from
circuit breakers. The horizontal busbars couple are then distribute the power from one
switchboard to another switchboard.
The overhead current transmission cables are used to distribute the power from
switchboards to every level of the building.
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All the electrical room must fulfil the same requirement. Hence, the low voltage switch
room is designed in the same way as main switch room. The low voltage room is air
conditioned, have total 4 sprinkle heads, the door is open outward and located sign
board to prevent unauthorised and create awareness among people.
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Temperature Sensor
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Electrical riser room is located at every floor of the building which means at PJ Trade
Centre there have total 21 electrical rise room in each tower. The electrical riser room
is where the electrical distribution equipment such as switchgears and panels installed
to distribute the electrical supply to every load point. The electrical conduits feed the
various electrical equipment, switch, and AC units. Most of the electrical supply are
distribute to AC units as it requires a lot of electricity to provide a cool indoor
environment to the offices at every floor at PJ Trade Centre. Each office needed
around 240V of electricity. Riser is a rectangular hollow metal box which used to
protect the transmission cable from the electrical room at basement 7 and goes
vertically up to 21th floor of the building.
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The diagram shows the meter of Tujuan Gemilang Sdn. Bhd (Menara Bata) in block A
All the floor mounted metering cubicle placed a sticker which written the information
of the organization such as the name of the organization, address, C.T ratio, P.T ratio
and more. This is to allow the authority to know the meter is from which organization
in the building when conducting the electrical bill.
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Battery Bank
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the battery. Replacement is necessary if the battery capacity is less than 80% of the
manufacturer’s nameplate. The replacement of the battery should be made with one
year.
The diagram shows the location of Gun Set Room (red colour) on the plan view.
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Control panel that shows the amount of electrical power generated by the generator.
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This diagram shows the pipe that allow the smoke produced by generator transfer
outside the gun set room.
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When there is no power supply to the building, the generator in gun set room is useful
to provide power supply in the event of failure of power supply automatically. Different
electrical and physical configurations of generators are use depends on different
applications. An electrical generator is a device that convey mechanical energy into
electrical energy (output). The generator uses the mechanical energy to force the
movement of electric charges that present in the wire of its windings through the
external electrical circuit. The movement of electrical charges are the main key to
produce the output electric current. The electric current supply will transmit through
the transmission cable which connect from the generator to the common area and
also emergency system such as fire alarm systems and also fire lifts. The common
area include lobby, staircase and basement.
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Total power supply to emergency lighting and emergency power must last at least 1 ½
hours.
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Through this case study report, we have learnt a lot and gain the knowledge of the
mechanical ventilation air conditioning system, fire protection system, mechanical
transportation system and also electrical supply system. It is a great opportunity for us
to conduct a case study on PJ Trade Centre. We have learnt extra knowledge while
having the site visit and more understand about the theories that we learnt from the
lecture classes by applying it to the case study. Overall, it was a memorable
experience to all of us together to complete this case study report.
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References
3) I Dig Hardware » Survey Q2: “What is the purpose of a fire door?”. (2016).
Idighardware.com. Retrieved 9 December 2016, from
http://idighardware.com/2010/01/survey-q2-what-is-the-purpose-of-a-fire-door/
6) "The Role Of An Electric Switchboard In Power Flow". East Coast Power Services.
N.p.,2016.Web9Dec.2016.Website:http://www.ecpowersystems.com/resources/switch
boards/the-role-of-an-electric-switchboard-in-power-flow/
8) "What Is The Function Of A Fuse?". Reference. N.p., 2016. Web. 9 Dec. 2016.
Website:https://www.reference.com/home-garden/function-fuse-7be22f90717cef59
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9) Stein, Andrea and Andrea Stein. "What Is The Function Of A Switchboard? | Ehow".
eHow.N.p.,2016.Web.9Dec.2016.
Website:http://www.ehow.com/facts_7682798_function-switchboard.html
10) "Cite A Website - Cite This For Me". Fs.illinois.edu. N.p., 2016. Web. 9 Dec. 2016.
Website:http://www.fs.illinois.edu/docs/default-source/facility-standards/general-guidel
ines/building-elements-and-spaces/equipment-rooms-electricalB616D43F6933.pdf?sfv
rsn=2.docx?sfvrsn=2
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