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• Objective
• To obtain velocity profiles for laminar flow of fluids
• Requirements
• Definition of viscosity
• Molecular and convective momentum flux expressions
• Concept of momentum balance
• Problems/systems
• Steady flow
• Laminar
• Rectilinear flow
• Velocity – function of one spatial variable
• Momentum balance -
• (Rate of momentum in) – (Rate of momentum out) + (Force of gravity) = 0
• vz= vz(x) , vx = 0 ; vy = 0
• p = p(x)
• End effects are neglected
• Steady flow
• Incompressible fluid
• Viscosity and density are constant
• Isothermal flow
• Momentum flux –
• Velocity distribution
• Maximum velocity
• Average velocity
• Film thickness
• Experimental observations –
• Three flow regimes (Based on Re)
• Laminar flow with negligible rippling (Re < 20)
• Laminar flow with pronounced rippling (20 < Re < 1500)
• Turbulent flow (Re > 1500)
• Postulates
• vz= vz(r) , vr = 0 ; vθ = 0
• p = p(z)
• Boundary condition
• Boundary condition-
• At r = R, vz = 0;
• Velocity distribution
• Maximum velocity
• Average velocity
• Postulates
• vz= vz(r) , vr = 0 ; vθ = 0
• p= p(z)
• Boundary Conditions-
• At r = λR , momentum flux is zero.
• Velocity Distribution
• Boundary Conditions
• r = kR, vz = 0
• r = R, vz = 0
• Maximum Velocity
• Average Velocity
• Momentum flux –
• Boundary condition
• Velocity
• Boundary conditions
• No slip / continuity of velocity
• 2B.1
• Rederive the velocity profile and average velocity for a falling film problem
by replacing x by a coordinate x1 measured away from the wall (i.e. x1 = 0 is
the wall surface and x1=δ is the liquid gas interface.
• 2B.6