Subject: PE-308 Muhammad Fawwad Obaida Roll No: PE-14041

LAB # 6
QUESTION:
Define the following with diagram:
(1) CDP (2) CMP (3) Field procedure of VSP

Common depth point (CDP gather)

The set of traces that have a common depth point. Each trace is from
different source and receiver. It is used where there are horizontal
reflectors.
Common mid-point (CMP gather)
It is the set of traces that have a common midpoint, each from a
different source and receiver. It is used where there are dipping
reflectors.
Subject: PE-308 Muhammad Fawwad Obaida Roll No: PE-14041

Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP)

The VSP concept is rather simple. A geophone is lowered to the bottom
of a borehole. A seismic signal is generated at, or near, the surface. The
signal received by the borehole geophone is recorded. The borehole
geophone is raised by a predetermined amount and the process is
repeated until the shallowest depth of interest is reached. The result is
a VSP record comprised of “traces” recorded at various depths in the
well. “Figure” shows the basic VSP setup and concept. (Note: The
distance between the source and the borehole is small enough for
raypaths to be nearly vertical, smaller than it appears in “Figure”) In
surface seismic profiling the source and the receivers are on the
surface, aligned more or less horizontally. In VSP the geophone is
aligned more or less vertically.
Subject: PE-308 Muhammad Fawwad Obaida Roll No: PE-14041

As shown in the figure, the borehole geophone responds to both

upgoing and down going seismic events. In conventional seismic
surveys only upgoing seismic signals reflected from subsurface
reflectors can be recorded by geophones at the surface. There is a
superficial resemblance between VSP and a velocity survey because the
source and receiver geometry is the same for both techniques.
However, VSP and velocity surveys differ in two ways: 1. Depth
increments between geophone recording depths in VSP are 15–40 m,
while in the velocity surveys depth intervals may be a few hundreds of
meters. 2. Only first break times are of real interest in a velocity survey,
while the upgoing and down going events as well as first breaks are
significant in a VSP survey.