Final Review

Biology Topics
● Cells
● DNA/ RNA
● Photosynthesis
● Cellular Respiration
● Cell division/ Cell life
● Evolution
● Anatomy
What are cells?
● The building blocks of living things
● Makes up all parts of the body
● Has many parts, each with a different function
What is DNA?
● Deoxyribonucleic acid
● Stores biological information
● Hereditary material
● Double Stranded (double helix)
● In the nucleus and mitochondria
What is RNA?
● Ribonucleic Acid
● Single stranded
● C + G, A + U
Photosynthesis
○ Occurs in the chloroplasts
○ Chlorophyll = pigment in leaves that grab light in
energy
○ Carbon Dioxide + Water + light = ENERGY
(glucose) & oxygen
○ Light dependent reaction = Light makes the cells
excited
○ Then they release energy
Cellular Respiration
○ Happens in the mitochondria
○ Converts glucose into ATP
○ Works by breaking apart the high energy bonds of
glucose*
○ ENERGY (glucose) + oxygen=Carbon Dioxide &
Water
Cell Division
What is Evolution?
● Theory
○ Species (not individual organisms) adapt and change through a
natural process to survive
○ All living organisms have developed and diversified from an earlier
form or ancestor
● Adaptations
● Natural Selection
Darwin’s Theory
● Theory of Evolution
○ All life is related and has
descended from a common
ancestor
○ Descent w/ modification

● Theory of Natural Selection

○ Mutations → Genetic variation → Beneficial OR Harmful
○ Adaptations: changes over time to increase survival in an environment
○ “Survival of the Fittest”
■ Organisms that are best suited for the environment and are most likely to
survive and reproduce = “fit”
Darwin’s Theory
● 14 Different Species of Finches
○ Similar to those on the
mainland, but with slightly
different beaks
● Different types of food →
○ Different beaks → New species
ANATOMY!!!!!!
Chemistry Topics
● Matter
● Atoms, Molecules
● Reactions
● Solutions
What is matter?
Any substance that has mass and takes up space
 Valence electrons?
Structure of an atom
● Protons, neutrons, electrons
● Protons- + charge
○ Inside the nucleus
● Neutrons- neutral charge
○ Inside the nucleus
● Electrons- - charge
○ Surrounds the nucleus
● # of protons = # of electrons
Periodic Table
Metals
Nonmetals
Metalloids
Building atoms
Every atom from an element has the same number of rings and
valence electrons
Periods

Determines how many rings of electrons an element has

Groups

Determines how many valence electrons an element has

 Electron Dot Diagrams
● Dot diagrams represent
how many valence
electrons an element has
● Makes bonding elements
a lot easier
 Chemical Reactions
● 2 or more molecules interact and the molecules change
● Chemical change is required
● Activation energy
● Reactants to Products
● Law of conservation of mass
Electron dot diagram

2 5

6 1

Element
7 4 symbol
Ionic bonding (metal to nonmetal)
Electrons are given up or taken to create an outer shell of 8
valence electrons
Covalent Bonding (metalloid/nonmetal to nonmetal)
One or more pairs of valence electrons are shared between
atoms so the atoms will have 8 valence electrons
 Types of Chemical Reactions
● Synthesis
● Decomposition
● Single Replacement
● Double Replacement
● Combustion
 Combustion
● Always involve molecular oxygen (O2)
● Always exothermic
● When organic molecules combust, the reaction products are
carbon dioxide and water
Types of Mixtures
Solution

- transparent, light passes through

with no scattering;Homogenous

Suspension

- cloudy and heterogeneous

Colloid

- between a solution and a

suspension
Components of Solutions
Solute

- Dissolved in another
substance
- Ex. Salt

Solvent

- Substance with solute

dissolved inside
- Ex. Water