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Fig. 2. Multidrive system with the MFC and the diode rectifier.
Fig. 6. MFC rating normalized by the output power for the condition of P =
Fig. 5. Power-flow model in the multidrive system with the MFC. P .
B. Multi-Function Converter (MFC) Rating where and describe the supply current components to de-
liver the output power and , respectively. The total output
The kVA rating of the diode rectifier in the multidrive system power, which this multidrive system supplies, is given by
of Fig. 2 is not considered for the converter rating analysis, be-
cause the diode rectifier is not comparable to the MFC from (5)
cost point of view. Since the MFC should compensate the re-
active and harmonic power generated by the diode rectifier, the The real, reactive, and harmonic power of the diode rectifier are
MFC kVA rating is likely to be influenced by the distortion level given by [2]
of the diode rectifier current as well as the input filter in-
ductance, given the output power constraints. In the paper, be-
fore analyzing the MFC rating with a specific operating point of (6)
the diode rectifier, general properties of its rating related with a
diode rectifier are examined, by initially assuming the ac-side where and denote the THD and the displacement
filter to be zero. This assumption eliminates the need to factor angle of , respectively.
model the interaction of the MFC rating with the input filter The expression for the MFC rating, from (3) and (6), is given
inductor. This implies that the kVA rating of the MFC is only by
dependent on the distortion degree of the diode rectifier cur-
rent, such as the total harmonic distortion (THD) and the dis- (7)
placement power factor. It can lead to the relationship between
the MFC rating and various diode rectifier current features. The
MFC rating analysis is then extended by including the effect of Equation (7) shows that the MFC rating is influenced by sev-
the input filter inductance, using a specific diode rectifier cur- eral factors: displacement factor angle and of
rent waveform. the diode rectifier current as well as the output powers flown
1) Analysis Without the Input Filter: By neglecting the input through the MFC and the diode rectifier. It is very important to
filter inductor , a power flow model of the multidrive system note that the resultant MFC rating is dependent on the ratio of
shown in Fig. 2 can be depicted as in Fig. 5. It is shown that the the output powers through the MFC and the diode rectifier
MFC is handling the real power for its own load as well as the . In some applications, the MFC and the diode rectifier can
reactive and harmonic power generated by the diode rectifier to equally split their output powers; . In this
keep the unity power factor at the grid terminal. case, the MFC rating normalized by the total output power is
The converter rating of the MFC and the diode rectifier from given by
Fig. 5 is given by
(8)
Fig. 6 shows the plot of the MFC rating normalized by the total
(3)
output power as a function of and the displacement
factor of the diode rectifier. The curve shows that the kVA rating
The supply current in (1) can be divided into two components of the MFC increases with increasing and . This im-
for powers and which denote the output powers delivered plies that if the THD and the displacement factor angle of the
through the MFC and the diode rectifier, respectively diode rectifier rise at constant output power, the MFC should
compensate the higher reactive and harmonic power, resulting
in an increase of its rating. For the purpose of comparison, the
(4) VSR rating normalized with the total output power is displayed
420 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 1, JANUARY 2005
Fig. 8. Normalized minimum MFC rating versus operating points of the diode
Fig. 7. Optimized power split factor as a function of T HD and ' . rectifier.
(9)
(14)
(15)
(16) Fig. 10. MFC rating versus output power split factor (V = 460 V, n = 16,
and L = 0:5 mH).
The rms voltage of the MFC is also written by
(17)
(18)
Fig. 12. Optimized power split factor versus output power (V = 460 V Fig. 15. Converter ratings versus input filter inductance (V = 460 V, n =
and L = 3 mH). 16, and P = 300 kW).
Fig. 16. Input voltages of the MFC on ac side(V = 460 V, L = 0:5 mH,
Fig. 17. Peak voltages on the ac side of converters versus output power
(V = 460 V and L = 0:5 mH).
P = 100 kW, and n = 16).
if
(24)
if .
424 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 1, JANUARY 2005
Fig. 18. Switch current ratios of the MFC and the VSR versus the split factor. Fig. 19. Percent loss difference of the MFC and the VSR versus power split
factor.
VSR are related with the supply voltage and the total output
power as loss proportional to the mean switch current and conduction loss
in proportion to the rms switch current [15]. The average switch
power is given, using the assumptions, by
(29)
(25)
One important criterion is the semiconductor loss per-
Since the shape of the MFC input current varies by the power formance of the VSR versus the MFC in actual multidrive
split factor , the mean switch current of the MFC is also dif- applications. An index of the semiconductor loss difference
ferent by the split factor. The mean switch current is derived, is defined by
according to in (26), shown at the bottom of the page. The
rms switch current can be calculated as (30)
(27) Notice that the loss difference depends only on the output power
split factor , by assuming that the two converters have the
same dc-link voltage resulting in the same peak switch volt-
The peak switch current is likewise found by split factor ages. Fig. 19 shows the semiconductor loss difference
as a function of the power split factor. The MFC clearly fea-
if tures lower switching losses. This is due to only partial output
powers flown through the MFC in comparison to the whole
if . output power going through the VSR.
(28)
The peak switch current for the VSR and the MFC is impor- V. COMPARISON OF THE REACTIVE COMPONENT RATING
tant to design the dc-link capacitors, which is investigated in
Section V. Fig. 18 shows switch current ratios of the MFC and Both the VSR and the MFC require an input filter inductor on
the VSR as a function of . It is noticed that all MFC switch rat- the ac side that shapes the input currents and a dc-link capacitor
ings are lower than those of the VSR over all power split factor. on the dc side for energy storage.
Since the MFC has lower current ratings and equal voltage rat-
ings if the same dc-link voltage level is used for the VSR, it leads A. Input Filter Inductance
to better switch utilization for the MFC. From the above anal- Peak ripple current through the input inductor is chosen as a
ysis for switch currents for the two systems, approximate av- criterion to design the input filter inductor. In order to calculate
erage switch power can be found by assuming equal switching the ripple current, the no-load condition is considered and the
if
if
(26)
KWAK AND TOLIYAT: DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE COMPARISONS OF TWO MULTIDRIVE SYSTEMS 425
Fig. 20. Minimum capacitance ratio of the MFC and the VSR versus power
split factor.
Fig. 21. Minimum capacitance ratio of the two multidrive systems versus the
power split factor.
effect of inductor resistance is assumed to be negligible. Under
these conditions, the inductance value is given by [11]
Fig. 20 shows a minimum capacitance ratio, defined by (35), of
two converters as a function of output power split factor.
(31)
(35)
where is the switching frequency and the allowed
peak ripple current through the inductor. Since the same supply
Note that the ratio depends only on the power split factor as-
voltage is applied to the VSR and the MFC, it is expected that
suming that the two converters operate with the same dc-link
two converters operating with the same switching frequency re-
voltage. It can be clearly seen that the dc-link capacitor size of
quire an equal input inductor value with given identical peak
the MFC is smaller than that of the VSR because the former is
ripple current constraint.
subject to a lower peak current than the latter.
While the multidrive system based on the VSR has only one
B. DC-Link Capacitance
dc-link capacitor, the counterpart using the MFC and the diode
The minimum capacitance value can be designed to limit the rectifier requires two capacitors for each rectifier. The capacitor
dc-link voltage ripple to a specified value, typically 1 to 2%. value in the diode rectifier in Fig. 2, is given by [16]
Thus, the peak to peak ripple voltage of the dc capacitor is
adopted as a design criterion for the dc-link capacitor size. (36)
1) VSR: With the assumption of a balanced three-phase
utility system and neglecting the losses by the power switches,
The capacitor size on the diode rectifier is much larger than that
the VSR in the dc-link can be modeled as
of the VSR or the MFC, given the same ripple voltage require-
ment, since the former operates with the grid frequency while
(32) the latter with the switching frequency which is much faster
than the grid frequency. Capacitance ratio of the two multidrive
where are switching functions. By noting that systems is defined by
the first term of the right-hand in (32) is equal to one of the VSR
input currents at all times, the possible maximum ripple voltage (37)
is obtained with the negative peak value of the VSR input
current and 50% duty ratio [14]. For given allowable peak ripple Fig. 21 shows a plot of capacitance ratio of the two systems
voltage of and switching frequency, the capacitor value of with , , and , given
the VSR is dc-link ripple voltage constraint. It is shown that the ratio lin-
early increases with the increasing split factor since the capaci-
(33) tance value of the diode rectifier is a dominant factor.
VI. CONCLUSION
where is the desired level of the dc-link voltage.
2) MFC: The capacitor size of the MFC is likewise designed In obtaining unity power factor at the utility grid and indepen-
based on the peak input current of the MFC. Based on the MFC dent controls of multiple motors, two topologies are possible;
peak input current derived in (28), the capacitor value in the one using a PWM-VSR and the other combining a diode rec-
MFC is given by tifier and a MFC. A fundamental question that this paper ad-
dresses is: which one can be a better choice in certain appli-
if cations. To tackle the question, the paper presents theoretical
and systematical comparisons for the two multidrive systems
if with only terminal constraints of unity power factor and iden-
(34) tical output power delivery.
426 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 20, NO. 1, JANUARY 2005
The kVA rating of the VSR is determined by the output power [8] C. Klumpner and F. Baabjerg, “A new cost-effective multi-drive solution
and the input filter size. In contrast to that, the MFC rating de- based on a two-stage direct power electronic conversion topology,” in
Proc. IEEE Ind. Applicat. Soc., vol. 1, 2002, pp. 444–452.
pends on not only the output power and the input filter size, but [9] R. Uhrin and F. Profumo, “Stand-alone AC/DC converter for multiple
also the number of harmonics to be canceled and output power inverter applications,” in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialist Conf.,
split factor between the MFC and the diode rectifier. An opti- vol. 1, Jun. 1996, pp. 120–126.
[10] M. A. Valenzuela, J. Palma, and R. Sanchez, “DSP based intersectional
mized power split factor which can minimizes the MFC rating control in multidrive systems,” in Proc. IEEE Ind. Applicat. Soc., vol. 1,
and the corresponding minimum MFC size are uniquely found 1997, pp. 471–477.
given the specified output power, the number of harmonic com- [11] S. Bernet, S. Ponnaluri, and R. Teichmann, “Design and loss compar-
ison of matrix converters and voltage-source converters for modern AC
ponents to be compensated, and the input filter constraints. The drives,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 304–314, Apr.
minimized MFC rating connected with a typical diode recti- 2002.
fier is more than 50% lower than the VSR rating in low and [12] S. Ponnaluri, V. Krishnamurthy, and V. Kanetkar, “Generalized system
design & analysis of PWM based power electronic converters,” in Proc.
medium power applications. However, the difference in con- IEEE Ind. Applicat. Conf., vol. 3, 2000, pp. 1972–1979.
verter ratings is reduced as the output power increases, which [13] N. R. Zargari, G. Joos, and P. D. Ziogas, “A performance comparison
means that the MFC loses its attractiveness of small size con- of PWM rectifiers and synchronous link converters,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 560–562, Oct. 1994.
verter in high power applications. This situation is aggravated [14] Y. Yang, “Advances in modeling and applications of three-phase power
with a diode rectifier with more harmonic current components. converters,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elec. Comp. Eng., Univ. Waterloo,
Furthermore, the MFC rating shows higher sensitivity to the ON, Canada, 2001.
[15] J. H. Marks and T. C. Green, “Rating analysis of active power filters,”
increase of input filter size than the VSR rating. Therefore, it in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialist Conf., vol. 3, 2001, pp.
can be concluded that the multidrive system combined with the 1420–1425.
MFC and the diode rectifier cannot be a better cost-effective so- [16] M. H. Rashid, Power Electronics, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Pren-
tice-Hall, 1995.
lution in applications with a large input inductor and a diode [17] N. Mohan, T. M. Underland, and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics, 2nd
rectifier at high distortion level, especially in high power areas. ed. New York: Wiley.
The dc-link voltage levels for the MFC and the VSR are com-
parable in low and medium power areas. However, the MFC re-
quires higher dc-link voltage level, leading to high switch loss
Sangshin Kwak (S’02) received the B.S. and M.S.
and cost, due to the diode current commutation in high power degrees in electronics engineering from Kyungpook
level. This fact makes the MFC applications improper in high National University, Taegu, Korea, in 1997 and 1999,
power areas, with the increasing converter rating. The MFC re- respectively. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. de-
gree in electrical engineering at Texas A&M Univer-
sults in lower switch ratings for all conditions, leading to better sity, College Station.
switch utilization. The semiconductor loss of the MFC is also His research interests include ac/dc, dc/ac, ac/ac
much lower than that of the VSR. Equal input inductance value power converters topologies and controls, adjustable
speed drives, and DSP-based power-electronics con-
can be used for both converters to comply with a given input trol.
peak current constraint. The dc-link capacitor value of the MFC
is always smaller than that of the VSR. Notwithstanding the
small size capacitor for the MFC, the total capacitor size of the
MFC and the diode rectifier is about several times larger than the Hamid A. Toliyat (S’87–M’91–SM’96) received
dc capacitor of the VSR due to big capacitor requirement of the the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, in
diode rectifier given the same output voltage ripple constraint. 1991.
In 1994, he joined the Department of Electrical
Engineering, at Texas A&M University, College Sta-
REFERENCES
tiojn, where he is currently E.D. Brockett Professor
[1] S. Bhattacharya, T. M. Frank, D. M. Divan, and B. Banerjee, “Active of electrical engineering. Dr. Toliyat is an Editor of
filter system implementation,” IEEE Ind. Applicat. Mag., vol. 4, no. 5, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, and
pp. 47–63, Sep./Oct. 1998. was an Associate Editor of IEEE TRANSACTIONS
[2] T. Thomas, K. Haddad, G. Joos, and A. Jaafari, “Design and perfor- ON POWER ELECTRONICS. His main research interests and experience include
mance of active power filters,” IEEE Ind. Applicat. Mag., vol. 4, no. 5, analysis and design of electrical machines, variable speed drives for traction and
pp. 38–46, Sep./Oct. 1998. propulsion applications, fault diagnosis of electric machinery, and sensorless
[3] W. McGrady, M. J. Samotyj, and A. H. Noyola, “Survey of active variable speed drives. He has published many technical papers in these fields
power line conditioning methodologies,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. and has ten issued or pending US patents. He is the author of DSP-Based
PWRD-5, no. 3, pp. 1536–1542, Jul. 1990. Electromechanical Motion Control, CRC Press, 2003, and Co-Editor of
[4] M. Cichowlas, M. Malinowski, M. P. Kazmierkowski, and F. Blaab- Handbook of Electric Motors, 2nd Edition, Marcel Dekker, 2004.
jerg, “Direct power control for three-phase PWM rectifier with active Dr. Toliyat received the prestigious Cyrill Veinott Award in Electromechan-
filtering function,” in Proc. IEEE Appl. Power Electronics Conf., 2003, ical Energy Conversion from the IEEE Power Engineering Society in 2004,
pp. 913–918. TEES Fellow Award in 2004, Distinguished Teaching Award in 2003, E.D.
[5] J. W. Dixon, J. M. Contardo, and L. A. Moran, “A fuzzy-controlled ac- Brockett Professorship Award in 2002, Eugene Webb Faculty Fellow Award in
tive front-end rectifier with current harmonic filtering characteristics and 2000, and Texas A Select Young Investigator Award in 1999 from Texas A&M
minimum sensing variables,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 14, no. University. He has also received the Space Act Award from NASA in 1999,
4, pp. 724–729, Jul. 1999. and the Schlumberger Foundation Technical Awards in 2001 and 2000. He is
[6] T. Kataoka, Y. Fuse, D. Nakajima, and S. Nishikata, “A three-phase also Chairman of IEEE-IAS Electric Machines Committee, and is a member of
voltage-type PWM rectifier with the function of an active power filter,” Sigma Xi. He is a senior member of the Power Engineering, Industrial Applica-
Power Electron. Variable Speed Drives, pp. 386–391, 2000. tions, Industrial Electronics, Power Electronics Societies of the IEEE, and the
[7] F. Abrahamsen and A. David, “Adjustable speed drive with active fil- recipient of the 1996 IEEE Power Engineering Society Prize Paper Award for
tering capability for harmonic current compensation,” in Proc. IEEE his paper on the Analysis of Concentrated Winding Induction Machines for Ad-
Power Electronics Specialist Conf., Jun. 1995, pp. 1137–1143. justable Speed Drive Applications-Experimental Results.