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POWER SYSTEM S TOPiCS 10 3
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POWER SYSTEM S TOPiCS 10 3
Line Circuit
Start
Start steps occurs.
2 2
P - n n – Part-winding
Run Run
starters are used with motors that have two
Time Time
identical windings intended to be connected
f u 4: c t n n v .op n t n ns in parallel. These windings can be energized
Source: Kohler Power Systems
in sequence to provide reduced starting
torque than the motor can develop at
current and torque. Since part-winding
reduced voltage, which prevents the
starters are inherently closed-transition
motor from reaching full speed. Additional
starters, the maximum inrush current occurs
consequences could include tripping of
at the moment the rst winding is energized,
breakers or overheating of the motor. To
and the maximum inrush KVA load on a
ensure proper motor starting in these
genset set will be reduced to 60–70 percent
applications, it is necessary to compare the
of normal.
torque curves of the pump and the motor at
See Figure 5.
reduced voltage.
au n – This type
of starter provides reduced voltage at
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POWER SYSTEM S TOPiCS 10 3
the motor terminals from a tapped 3-phase 33 percent of the delta connected values. Use
autotransformer and generally gives the best only with closed-transition starters, however.
results with gensets. See Figure 6. Taps on See Figure 7.
the transformer provide selection of 80, 65 or
50 percent of initial line voltage to the motor f a c t o r s a f f ec t iNg r ea l -w o r l d
mo t o r s t a r t iNg
terminals. Starting torque is reduced by the
voltage squared to give 64, 42 or 25 percent g n qu n p – The genset’s engine
of the full-voltage value, respectively. To avoid cannot be ignored in motor starting due to
reducing starting torque to unacceptable levels, the high horsepower demanded when a large
use either the 80 or 65 percent taps. motor is started. When the engine slows under
load, frequency dips; this, in turn, increases
s - ( - ) – This
the alternator voltage dip. The amount of
type of starter is most popular and provides
impact on engine RPM during motor starting is
exceptional operating exibility. It is a form
dependent on the performance characteristics
of reduced-voltage starter that utilizes silicon
of a given con guration of engine and alternator.
controlled recti ers (SCRs) to increase voltage
These factors are taken into consideration
at a predetermined rate. Limits on the starting
when running the sizing software based on a
current can also be adjusted to increase system
maximum allowable voltage and frequency dip.
performance. A note of caution: any performance
prediction made at a speci c value will change V u n x n
when the settings are changed in the eld. Also, p n – Thorough testing has revealed
since solid-state starters utilize nonlinear SCRs, that in addition to the transient reactance of the
they can cause voltage distortion during motor
starting that must be considered. 600
LINE CURRENT - % OF FULL LOAD
100
Full Load Current
Part-Winding Starting
0
100
MOTOR SPEED Full Load
Speed
f u 6: a u n s n
Source: Kohler Power Systems
Full Load Current
alternator, voltage regulators and exciters affect
0 voltage dip and recovery. A fast-responding
MOTOR SPEED Full Load
Speed excitation system can limit the initial voltage dip
f u
Figure
5: P
5. Part-Winding
-w n n s n
Starting as shown in Figure 8.
Source: Kohler Power Systems
wye or delta con gurations. By connecting the On voltage dips of 35 percent or less, a fast-
motor winding in the wye con guration and using responding system will start the motor faster.
a voltage source corresponding to the delta
rating, starting current and torque are reduced to
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POWER SYSTEM S TOPiCS 10 3
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POWER SYSTEM S TOPiCS 10 3
V2 +%
100
-%
Regardless of what sizing method is used or
V3 how manufacturers specify motor-starting
95
performance, the following fundamental criteria
V1 for motor starting must be accomplished – and
90
in the following sequence – to successfully
85 start a motor:
T0 T1 T2 1. s u n l r KVa n n n u
80
TIME (SECONDS)
v p n u u n –
The required LRKVA at the maximum
V1 = Voltage dip T0 = Point at which load is applied
V2 = Maximum transient voltage overshoot T1 = Time to recover to a specified band permissible instantaneous voltage dip is
V3 = Recovery voltage T2 = Time to recover to and remain considered to be the rst step for motor starting
V4 = Steady-state regulator within the specified band
by most genset and alternator manufacturers.
f u 9g n t n n V v .t su nl c n Typical motors are designed to sustain a 30 to
Source: 2006 NEMA MG1 Part 32
35 percent instantaneous voltage dip before
as the primary driver for genset sizing, which the motor-starting contacts drop out. Many
can lead to confusing speci cations. However, specifying engineers prefer a maximum 20
extensive eld experience indicates that voltage percent instantaneous voltage dip limit to
recovery is more a function of exciter size ensure the motor will start and hold in the
than of main alternator size, and not a true starting contacts.
representation of the genset’s ability to start
2. s u n n qu n p –
the motor.
Next, the torque available from the genset must
While it is necessary to account for the extended exceed the torque required by the motor load,
acceleration time of motors starting under or the motor will stall or never start.
a loaded condition, addressing the required
3. s u n n x n
LRKVA at the maximum instantaneous voltage
n – The genset must have suf cient
dip experienced by all the connected loads
excitation system strength and adequate
should remain the primary criteria. In lab testing
response to accelerate the motor and return it
with actual motors and very high inertia loads,
to operational voltage and speed. This third and
researchers ha e found that because of the
nal step addresses voltage recovery.
or inrush current and power
actual motor-starting capability
iNs t a Nt a Neo Us Ver s Us s Us t a iNed
orrelated with instantaneous Vo l t a g e d iP
with voltage recovery. Both
While most genset manufacturers focus
tandards have recognized that
on instantaneous voltage dip as a primary
dip is the primary criteria to be
criterion for genset sizing, at least one genset
zing.
manufacturer writes speci cations with a
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POWER SYSTEM S TOPiCS 10 3
40.0%
ensure performance of the entire system in
35.0% The entire red shaded area is not
30.0% available if the motor starting
contacts drop out at a 35% voltage
its speci c application.
25.0% dip. At a 20% voltage dip
requirement, the area of available
20.0% LRKVA is further reduced.
15.0% QuickSize™ s Koh er’s genset-s z ng software;
10.0% t nc udes ndustry- ead ng features, such as
5.0% Nameplate
LRKVA
the ab ty to se ect gensets based on vo tage
0 0%
3500
d p, frequency d p and tota harmon c d stort on.
These features a ow the user to se ect the genset
set that best ts h s or her power requ rements.
The user can se ect d fferent types of near and
non near oads, nc ud ng motors, VFDs, UPS
systems, battery chargers, of ce equ pment, a r
stained cond t on ng, m sce aneous oads, ght ng and
med ca - mag ng equ pment.
oes
ge dip QuickSpec ™ s an ndustry- ead ng system
LRKVA spec cat on wr t ng too from Koh er that can
n be output a comp ete power system spec cat on
once for gensets and transfer sw tches. Qu ckSpec
outputs the spec cat on nto a r ch text e that
us can be saved n M crosoft Word for easy ed t ng
tor. and custom zat on, a ow ng the user to ntegrate
the power system spec cat on nto a comp ete
bu d ng spec cat on. To request access to the
Qu ckS ze and Qu ckSpec programs, contact the
Koh er Power Systems d str butor nearest you.
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POWER SYSTEM S TOPiCS 10 3