Bruno Ahrends

Bruno Ahrends was born in Berlin in 1878. He ran his own business in Berlin,
but in 1936 he had to flee, initially to Italy, then to England in 1939. Without a
source of income, he and his wife barely survived and in 1948 decided to join
their two sons in South Africa. Bruno Ahrends died near Capetown that same
year.

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Alfons Anker
Alfons Anker was born in Berlin in 1872. He practiced architecture in Berlin,
first on his own, then in partnership with the Luckhardt brothers. This
successful partnership came to an abrupt end in 1933 when his partners
joined the National Socialist Party. In 1939 he managed to flee to Sweden,
but never succeeded in re-establishing his career as an architect. Anker
died in Stockholm in 1958.

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Alexander Beer
Alexander Beer, born in Hammerstein (today Czarne in Poland) in 1873, lived
and worked in Berlin. In 1943 Beer was deported to Theresienstadt
concentration camp, where he died in 1944.!
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Ella Briggs
Ella Briggs was born in Vienna in 1880. She lived and worked in New York
and Vienna before moving to Berlin. In 1936 she applied for a British work
permit, which was declined. Briggs fled back to Vienna and finally moved to
England in 1939. She died in London in 1977.!

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Georg Caro
Georg Caro lived and worked in Berlin. His family background and fate are
unknown.

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Georg Falck
Georg Falck, born in Landeck (today Ledyczek, Poland) in 1878, studied
architecture in Berlin, but from 1907 lived and worked in Cologne where he
realised some 200 architectural projects. In 1933 he and his family fled to
Holland. In Amsterdam they survived in hiding until the end of the war. Falck
died in a New York Hospital in May 1947, just six weeks after he and his
family had emigrated to the USA.

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Adolf Falke
Adolf Falke was born in Brome in 1888 and lived and worked in Hannover. In
1935 he married his Jewish wife. He was thus categorised as 'Aryan living
in a mixed marriage' and forced to stop practicing architecture. His fate
is unknown.

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Fred Forbat
Fred Forbat was born in Pécs, Hungary, in 1897 and lived and worked in
Berlin until 1933 when he returned to Pécs. In 1938 he had to flee again, this
time to Lund, Sweden, where he became a successful city planner of
international acclaim. He died in Sweden in 1972.
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Rudolf Fränkel
Rudolf Fränkel was born in Neisse (today Nysa, Poland) in 1901. He
established a successful architectural practice in Berlin. In 1933 he fled to
Bucharest, where he began a new career. In 1937 he relocated to London,
where he managed to continue practicing. Eventually he moved to the USA,
where he was appointed Professor for Architecture at Miami University in
Oxford, Ohio. He died in Ohio in 1974.

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Ernst Ludwig Freud
Ernst Ludwig Freud, the son of Sigmund Freud, was born in Vienna in 1892.
He studied architecture in Vienna, but settled in Berlin in 1919 where he began
his career as an architect. In 1933 he managed to flee to London, where he
continued working until he retired in 1966. Freud died in London in 1970.
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Marie Frommer
Marie Frommer was born in Warsaw in 1890. She lived and worked in Berlin
and fled to London in 1936. In 1940 she emigrated to New York, where she
continued working as an interior architect. She died in New York in 1976.

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Alfred Gellhorn
Alfred Gellhorn, born in 1885 in Ohlau (today Olawa, Poland) first lived and
worked in Halle, then from 1926 in Berlin. In 1933 he fled to Spain, two years
later to London, then to Latin America. He was appointed consultant to the
Colombian government in Bogotá, but later moved to Argentina. He finally
returned to Berlin in the 50s, where he was involved in architectural
projects. Gellhorn died in London in 1972.

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Erwin Anton Gutkind
Erwin Anton Gutkind was born in Berlin in 1886. He realised various housing
estates in Berlin before he fled to Paris in 1931. Two years later, he moved to
London where he worked as an architectural consultant and writer. In 1956 he
emigrated to Philadelphia, USA, to take-up a teaching position. He died in
Philadelphia in 1968.

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Moritz Hadda
Moritz Hadda was born in Cosel in 1887. He lived and practiced architecture in
Breslau. In 1941 he was deported to an unknown location.

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Wilhelm Haller
Wilhelm Haller was born in Gleiwitz (today Gliwice in Poland) in 1884 and
worked as an architect in Leipzig. In 1933 he fled to Tel Aviv, Palestine, where
he died in 1956.

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Franz Hillinger
Franz Hillinger was born in Oradea, Romania, in 1895. He later ran a
successful architectural business with Bruno Taut. He fled to Turkey in 1937,
where he rekindled his partnership with Taut. In 1951 he moved to the USA to
join his family, but was ultimately denied immigration rights. Two years later he
returned to Turkey, but in 1956 finally settled in New York, where he died in
1973.

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Hans Sigmund Jaretzki
Hans Sigmund Jaretzki was born in Berlin in 1890. There he lived and worked
before emigrating to England via Holland and France. Once settled in London,
he built villas, factories, and synagogues. He died in London in 1956.

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Eugen Karl Kaufmann
Eugen Karl Kaufmann, born in Frankfurt am Main in 1892, worked in various
cities in Germany. In 1931 he had a project-based invitation to Moscow,
and then moved to England in 1933. He renamed himself Eugene
Charles Kent and continued working in architecture until 1967. He died aged
92 in 1984.

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Alexander Klein
Alexander Klein, born in Odessa in 1879, lived and worked as an architect and
city planner in St. Petersburg and later in Berlin. He fled Germany in 1934 and
emigrated to Palestine where he became an important urban planner. In 1960
Klein and his family emigrated again, this time to New York, where he died the
same year.
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Arthur Korn
Arthur Korn was born in Breslau (today Wroclaw, Poland) in 1891. He and his
partner Siegfried Weitzmann practiced architecture in Berlin. Korn managed to
emigrate to London where he later taught architecture and headed the MARS
Group. In 1966 he moved to Austria, where he died in 1978.
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Ferdinand Kramer
Ferdinand Kramer was born in Frankfurt am Main in 1898. The Westhausen
Estate was one of his first major architecture projects. Kramer wasnʼt
Jewish, but was a partner in a mixed marriage, forcing him and his wife
to emigrate to the USA in 1938. There he managed to re-establish his
career, but in 1952 was invited back to Frankfurt. He died in his hometown in
1985.
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Walter Kretschmer
Walter Kretschmer lived and worked in Berlin where he shared a practice with
Arthur-Abraham Schragenheim. His family background and fate are
unknown.

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Fritz Landauer
Fritz Landauer, born in Augsburg in 1883, lived and worked in Munich. In 1937
he and his wife fled to London, where they joined their children. However,
Landauer never managed to re-establish his architectural career and
survived by designing and selling tombstones. He died in 1968.

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Siegfried Latté
Siegfried Latté was born in Thorn in 1884. After studying architecture in Berlin,
he worked as an architect and interior designer. In 1938 Latté died of cancer in
Berlin.

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Moritz Ernst Lesser
Moritz Ernst Lesser was born in Berlin in 1882 where he later lived and worked
as an architect. He fled to Lisbon in 1934, where he continued to practice,
albeit without having been granted a work permit. Lesser died in Lisbon in
1958.
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Leopold Lustig
Leopold Lustig, born in Kattowitz (today Katowice, Poland) in 1889, lived and
worked as an architect in Dresden. He fled to Tel Aviv, Palestine, in 1934
where he resumed his career. He died in Tel Aviv in 1980.

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Fritz Marcus
Fritz Marcus was born in Dessau in 1888. He was working as an architect in
Berlin when he and his wife had to flee first to Paris, then to Spain. In
Barcelona they ran a bar in order to keep solvent, but when they were
accused by the Spanish authorities of being Gestapo spies, they fled
back to France where they survived as gardeners and housekeepers
near Nice. In 1939 they managed to escape to London, where in 1946 Fritz
(Frederick Lucas) became Head of Furniture and Interior Design at the Central
School of Art and Craft. He died in London in 1975.

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Emanuel Josef Margold
Emanuel Josef Margold was born in Vienna in 1889 and later lived and worked
in Berlin. In 1938 he fled to Bratislava, where he died in 1962.!

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Rudolf Maté
Rudolf Maté lived and worked in Berlin. His fate is unknown.

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Leo Nachtlicht
Leo Nachtlicht, born in Bielitz (today Bielsko-Biala, Poland) in 1872, lived and
worked in Berlin. In 1938, he unsuccessfully applied for a work permit in
London. He died in Berlin in 1942.

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Fritz Nathan
Fritz Nathan, born in 1891 in Bingen on the Rhine, lived and worked in
Frankfurt am Main. He fled to Holland in 1938, but had to escape from the
Nazis again in 1940, this time to the USA where he started his second
career. He died in New York in 1960.

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Gustav Neustein
Gustav Neustein was born in Hammerstein (today Czarne, Poland) in 1880
and later worked in Berlin. In 1938 he was arrested and held at
Sachsenhausen concentration camp for five weeks. He was only
released after signing over his entire fortune to the Nazis. He and his
family emigrated to Havana, Cuba, and after 19 months were granted
entry into the USA. Living in New York, language problems prevented
Neustein from practicing architecture, so he and his wife started a
business selling hairnets, and later opened a washing parlour. Neustein died
in 1963.

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Gustav Oelsner
Gustav Oelsner, born 1879 in Posen (today Poznan, Poland), was responsible
for urban planning in Hamburg, but was fired in 1933 for being Jewish. In 1937
he fled to the USA, but was advised to emigrate to Turkey shortly before the
outbreak of WWII. There he worked as an architectural consultant to the
Turkish government. After the war in 1948, he was invited to return to
Germany by the municipality of Hamburg to help rebuild the city.
Oelsner died in Hamburg in 1956.
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Kurt Pick
Kurt Pick, born in Lissa (today Leszno, Poland) in 1890, lived and worked in
Frankfurt am Main, mainly as an interior architect. He later emigrated to
Palestine and died in Tel Aviv in 1959.

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Martin Albrecht Punitzer
Born in 1889, Martin Albrecht Punitzer lived and worked in Berlin until he
was deported to Oranienburg concentration camp in 1938. He was
released after three weeks and managed to flee to Santiago de Chile
where he died ten years later.

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Michael Rachlis
Michael Rachlis was born in Moscow in 1884. In 1913 he moved to Berlin
and set up his architectural practice. In 1935 he fled to London, where he
continued to practice architecture. Rachlis died in London in 1952.

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Adolf Rading
Adolf Rading was born in Berlin in 1888 where he later ran his architectural
practice. In 1933 he emigrated to France and from there to Haifa, Palestine, in
1935. He moved to London in 1950 where he died in 1957.

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Harry Rosenthal
Harry Rosenthal was born in Posen (today Poznan, Poland) in 1892. He lived
and worked in Berlin where he ran a successful architectural practice. In 1933
he managed to flee to Palestine, but suffered from the subtropical climate. In
1938 he emigrated to England, where despite numerous attempts, he did
not manage to re-establish his architectural career. He died in London in
1966.

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Fritz Rudemann
Fritz Ruhemann was born in Berlin in 1891. He started his own practice in
1920. In 1936 he managed to flee to London, where he was soon detained by
the British government like all German nationals, despite being Jewish. After
his liberation, he managed to eke out a living until he became a member of the
RIBA in 1950. He died in London in 1982.

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Richard Scheibner
Richard Scheibner was born in Roetgen in 1880, but later moved to Berlin
where he lived and worked. His fate is unknown.

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Robert Stern
Robert Stern was born in Cologne in 1885 and continued living and working
there until 1936. He then emigrated to London and later to New York. He
died in New York, impoverished, in 1964.

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Heinrich Tischler
Heinrich Tischler, born in Cosel in 1892, worked in Breslau as an architect,
interior designer, and painter/graphic artist. After 1933, he made a living
teaching drawing at Jewish schools. He was imprisoned by the Gestapo in
1938 and deported to Buchenwald concentration camp. He was released
after a month because he had tickets for a boat trip to Shanghai that he
had previously booked for his family and himself. Four days later, he
died from injuries inflicted on him in the concentration camp.

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Hans Norbert Wormann
Hans Norbert Wormann was born in Berlin in 1898 where he later lived and
worked as an architect. In 1933 he fled to New York, where he established
a successful architectural practice. He retired at the age of 77 and died in
Florida in 1982.

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Bruno Ahrends
Bruno Ahrends was born in Berlin in 1878. He ran his own business in Berlin,
but in 1936 he had to flee, initially to Italy, then to England in 1939.
Without a source of income, he and his wife barely survived and in 1948
decided to join their two sons in South Africa. Bruno Ahrends died near
Capetown that same year.

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