PHYSIOLOGY

NERVE PHYSIO

3 PARTS OF A NEURON

 Cell body - soma

 Axon
 Dendrites

Insert pic of neuron

What is the normal nerve resting membrane potential? -70mv

What neurotransmitter is found in the pre ganglionic and neuromuscular junction?

 Keyword is preganglionic and neuromuscular junctiopls take note

 This is where u will encounter ach
 Autoimmune rxn attacking ach receptor leads to myasthenia gravis -decreased ach

What part of the brain produces ach?

 Nucleus basalis of meynert (found in basal ganglia)

What neurotransmitter is produced by locus cereus?

 Norepinephrine
 There are also different parts that produce (abundant amt) NE -chromaffin cells produces Ne
and epinephrine (some amt)

Phenylalanine and tyrosine would yield which neurotransmitter? (These are the amino acid precursor)

 Cathecholamines:
 Dopamine
 Epinephrine
 Norepinephrine

Toxin that blocks sodium channels of neuron?

 Tetradotoxin (puffer fish)

Toxin that blocks acetylcholine – botulinum toxin

Toxin that blocks GABA & glycine – tetanospasmin

Algae causing red tide & algal blooms – preisteria

Type of amnesia that hippocampal lesion cause – anterograde amnesia

Type of amnesia a thalamic lesion cause – retrograde amnesia

Bilateral temporal lesion, temporal lobectomy – loss of social inhibition, hypersexuality (kluver bucy
syndrome)

Part of the vestibular system responsible for linear acceleration - utricle and saccule

Part of the vestibular system responsible for angular acceleration - semicircular canals

Important in arousal and wakefulness – orexin neurons (hypocretin) is produced by neurons in the
hypothalamus

Loss or destruction of orexin producing neurons narcolepsy

Nuclei in the brain responsible for ADH secretion/vasopressin/AVP (Arginine vasopressin)-->: supraoptic
nuclei

Which nuclei is responsible for oxytocin secretion? 

 posterior pitutary
 responsible for uterine contraction and milk let down
 Nuclei: Paraventricular nuclei

What is GHRELIN?

 Gutom
 Hunger hormone
 Obesity, metabolic syndrome

LEPTIN

 Satiety hormone

Surfactant

 Complex phospholipid secreted by type II epithelial cells

 Decreases alveolar surface tension to decrease the work of breathing
 Increased surface tension tends to collapse the lungs

What type of alveolar cells produces the surfactant?

 Type II pneumocytes

When does surfactant mature?

 Week 35 aog
 May develop rds (premature)

What do we give to those less than 35 weeks AOG?

 Dexamethasone

What are the diseases assoc with def of surfactant?

 RDS of newborn  pathogenesis type 2 pneumocytes (aduls RDS: DIFFUSE ALVEOLAR DAMAGE)
  Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

PHOSPHATIDYGLYCEROL = CARDIOLIPIN
(marker for VORL)

What is the normal FEV1/FVC ratio? 80%

What do you call the phenomenon associated w/ unloading of O2 secondary to increased H+?
BOHR EFFECT
What do you call the phenomenon associated w/ unloading of carbon dioxide secondary to increased
O2?
HALDANE EFFECT
*BOHR EFFECT - ↑ O2 delivery to tissues
when CO2 & Hydrogen ions shift the
oxygen – hemoglobin dissociation curve
*HALDANE EFFECT – release of CO2 when O2 binds w/ hemoglobin.
- CO2 is an acid & acids have hydrogen ions

Where is erythropoietin produced?

- Peritubular capillaries of the kidney

What enzyme is present in the kidney to convert vit.D to its Active form? 1 – Alpha Hydroxylase

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Active form of vitamin D

 1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol (calcitriol)

Vitamin D deficiency

 Rickets (children)
 Osteomalacia (adults)

Functional unit of the kidney – nephron

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

 JG cell – secrete renin

 Macula densa – senses changes in volume & decrease in NaCl concentration
 Mesangial cells

Normal protein content of the urine: zero

What is the normal glucose content or urine? Zero

Micturation reflex

 The 1st urge to void if felt at a bladder volume of about 150ml

 Marked fullness at about 400ml

What substance would be secreted in response to changes in BP by the JG cells of the afferent afferiole?
Renin

Action of renin: converts angiotensinogen (from the liver) to angiotensin I

Descending limb

 Highly permeable to water

 No active sodium transport

Ascending limb

 Actively pumps sodium out of tubule to surrounding interstitial fluid

 Impermeable to water

Urea handling by the kidneys

 Thick ascending limb, DCT & cortical collecting duct are impermeable to urea

Aldosterone is produced specifically: zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

What is the specific action of ADH on the kidney?

 Causes insertion of aquaporin

Water channels on the distal tubules

What is the renal threshold for glucose? 150mg/dl

Strongest stimulus for erythropoietin secretion? Hypoxia

Arteriole

 Smallest branches of the arteries

 The site of highest resistance in the CVS

Veins

 Contain the highest proportion of blood in the CVS

Preload

 The muscle length prior to contractility & it is dependent of ventricular filling ( or end diastolic
volume)
  This value is related to right atrial pressure
 The most important determining factor for preload is venous return

Afterload

 The tension (or the arterial pressure) against which the ventricle must contract
 If the arterial pressure increases, afterload also increases
 End systolic wall stress or resistance

Cardiac output

 Is the volume of blood pumped each minute, and is expressed by the following equation: CO=
SV X HR
 SV  stroke volume per beat
 HR  number of beats per minute

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF GI SMOOTH MUSCLE

 Resting membrane potential: -40 to -80mv

 Slow waves produced by interstitial cells of cajal
 ACH – predominant excitatory neurotransmitter
 VIP & NO – inhibitory neurotransmitter

GASTRIC SECRETIONS

 Stomach secretes about 2L of gastric juice

 Most important of the pancreatic enzymes for digesting proteins are:
o Trypsin
o Chymotrypsin
o Carboxypeptidase
 CCK = I cells
 Effect of CCK on the GB & sphincter of oddi?
o GB contraction
o Relaxation of sphincter of oddi
 The maximum volume that thw GB can hold is only 30 to 60 ml

2 important actions of bile salts in the intestinal tract:

1. Emulsifying

Detergent function of bile salts

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