List of grammatical cases

This is a list of grammatical cases as they are used by variousinflectional languages that have declension.

Contents
Place and time
Location
Motion from
Motion to
Motion via
Time
Chart for review for the basic cases
Morphosyntactic alignment
Relation
Semantics
State
References

Place and time

Note: Most cases used for location and motion can be used for time as well.

Location
 Case Usage Example Found in

Adessive adjacent near/at/by Estonian | Finnish[1] | Hungarian | Lezgian | Lithuanian | Livonian | Tlingit |
case location the house Tsez | Quechua
Antessive anterior before the
Dravidian languages [2]
case location house

Apudessive location
next to the
next to Tsez
case[3] house
something

Inessive inside inside the Basque | Erzya | Estonian | Lithuanian | Finnish[4] | Hungarian | Ossetic |
case something house Tsez
Intrative between between the
Limbu | Quechua
case something houses
Armenian (Eastern) | Azeri | Bengali | Belarusian | Bosnian | Chuvash |
Croatian | Czech | Hungarian (only for some traditional town names) |
Inari Sami | Inuktitut | Japanese[5] | Latin (restricted) | Latvian | Lithuanian
Locative at/on/in the | Manchu | Northern Sami | Polish | Quechua | Russian | Sanskrit |
location
case house Serbian | Skolt Sami | Slovak | Slovene | Sorbian | Telugu | Tlingit |
Turkish | Ukrainian | Uzbek
(Note: the case in Slavic languages termed the "locative case" in English
is actually a prepositional case.)
in contact
Pertingent touching the
with Tlingit
case house
something
Postessive posterior behind the
Lezgian | Agul
case location house
Subessive under under/below
Tsez
case something the house
Superessive on the on (top of)
Hungarian | Ossetic | Tsez | Finnish[6]
case surface the house

Motion from

Case Usage Example Found in

Albanian | Armenian (Eastern) | Armenian (Western) | Azeri | Chuvash |
movement away
Ablative
away from from the Erzya | Estonian | Evenki | Finnish[1] | Hungarian | Inuktitut | Japanese[5] |
case Latin | Manchu | Ossetic | Quechua | Sanskrit | Tibetan | Tlingit | Tsez |
something house
Turkish | Uzbek | Yukaghir
from (the
movement
Delative top of)
from the Hungarian | Finnish[6]
case the
surface
house
marking the
beginning
Egressive beginning of
from the Udmurt
case a movement
house
or time
Elative out of out of the
Erzya | Estonian | Evenki | Finnish[4] | Hungarian
case something house
beginning
Initiative starting point
from the Manchu
case of an action
house

Motion to
 Case Usage Example Found in
in Hungarian and in
Finnish:
movement to (the
to the house
adjacency of) Erzya | Estonian | Finnish[1] | Hungarian | Inuktitut |
Allative
case
something
onto the Japanese[5] | Lithuanian | Manchu | Quechua | Tlingit | Tsez |
in Estonian and in Turkish | Tuvan | Uzbek
house
Finnish:
movement onto
something

Illative movement into Erzya | Estonian | Finnish[4] | Hungarian | Inari Sami |

into the house Lithuanian | Northern Sami | Skolt Sami | Tsez | German |
case something
Esperanto
movement to to/into the
Lative case Erzya | Finnish[6] | Tsez | Turkish | German | Esperanto
something house
movement onto the on(to) the
Sublative
case
surface or below house / under Hungarian | Tsez | Finnish[6]
something the house
Terminative marking the end of as far as the
Chuvash | Estonian | Hungarian | Japanese[5] | Manchu
case a movement or time house

Motion via

Case Usage Example Found in

movement through through/along Evenki | Tocharian A & B | Warlpiri |
Perlative case
or along the house Yankunytjatjara
Prolative case (= by way
movement using a Erzya | Estonian (rare) | Finnish (rare)[6] |
prosecutive case, vialis of/through the
surface or way Tlingit | Greenlandic | Inuktitut
case) house

Time

Case Usage Example Found in

indicating duration of time Latin | German |
Accusative E.g.: multos annos, "for many years";
known as the accusative of Esperanto;
case ducentos annos, "for 200 years."
duration of time Serbian
used for specifying days and
Essive E.g.: maanantaina, "on Monday"; Finnish |
dates when something
case kuudentena joulukuuta, "on the 6th of December". Esperanto
happens

Limitative E.g.: 午後5時半までに (Gogo go-ji han made-ni)

case
specifying a deadline Japanese[5]
"by 5:30 PM"
E.g.: hétkor "at seven" or hét órakor "at seven Hungarian |
Temporal
specifying a time o'clock"; éjfélkor "at midnight"; karácsonykor "at
case Finnish (rare)[6] |
Christmas".

Chart for review for the basic cases

 interior surface adjacency state
from Elative Delative Ablative Exessive
at/in Inessive Superessive Adessive Essive
(in)to Illative Sublative Allative Translative
via Perlative Prolative

Morphosyntactic alignment
For meanings of the termsagent, patient, experiencer, and instrument, see thematic relation.
 Case Usage Example Found in
patient,
experiencer; he pushed
Absolutive case subject of an the door
Basque | Tibetan
(1) intransitive verb and it
and direct object opened
of a transitive verb
he pushed
patient, the door
Absolutive case
involuntary and it active languages
(2)
experiencer opened;
he slipped
he pushed
patient; the door
Absolutive case
experiencer; with his Inuktitut
(3)
instrument hand and
it opened
Akkadian | Albanian | Arabic | Armenian (Eastern) | Armenian
(Western) | Azeri | Bosnian | Croatian | Czech | Erzya |
he pushed
Esperanto | Faroese | Finnish | German | Greek | Hungarian |
Accusative case the door
(1)
patient
and it Icelandic | Inari Sami | Japanese[5] | Latin | Latvian |
opened Lithuanian | Northern Sami | Polish | Romanian | Russian |
Sanskrit | Serbian | Skolt Sami | Slovak | Slovene | Ukrainian
| Georgian
direct object of a
Accusative case transitive verb;
I see her Inuktitut | Persian | Turkish | Serbo-Croatian
(2) made from; about;
for a time
agent, specifies or it was she
asks about who or who
what; specific committed
Agentive case agent that is the crime; Japanese[7]
subset of a as for him,
general topic or his head
subject hurts
he pushed
agent; subject of a the door Basque | Chechen | Dyirbal | Georgian | Samoan | Tibetan |
Ergative case
transitive verb and it Tlingit | Tsez
opened
he pushed
the door
Ergative-
agent, possession and it Classic Maya | Inuktitut
genitive case
opened;
her dog
by means
means, answers
Instructive
question how?
of the Estonian (rare) | Finnish[8]
house
Armenian (Eastern) | Armenian (Western) | Belarusian |
instrument,
Instrumental answers question
with the Bosnian | Croatian | Czech | Evenki | Georgian | Japanese[5]
house | Latvian | Lithuanian | Manchu | Polish | Russian | Sanskrit |
using which thing?
Serbian | Slovak | Slovene | Tsez | Ukrainian | Yukaghir
Instrumental- instrument, in
with the
comitative company of Chuvash | Hungarian | Tlingit
house
case something
agent,
he pushed
experiencer;
Nominative case the door nominative–accusative languagesand nominative–absolutive
subject of a
(1) and it languages
transitive or
opened
intransitive verb
Nominative case agent; voluntary he pushed active languages
(2) experiencer the door
and it
opened;
she
paused
I saw her;
Objective case direct or indirect
I gave her Bengali | Chuvash
(1) object of verb
the book.
direct or indirect
object of verb or
object of I saw her;
Objective/Oblique preposition; a I gave her
English | Swedish | Danish | Norwegian | Bulgarian
(2) catch-all case for the book;
any situation with her.
except nominative
or genitive
all-round case;
any situation concerning Anglo-Norman | Hindi | Old French | Old Provençal | Telugu |
Oblique case
except nominative the house Tibetan
or vocative
the subject of an
Intransitive case
intransitive verb or
(also called The door
the logical languages of the Caucasus| Ainu
passive or patient opened
complement of a
case)
transitive verb
agent in a clause he gave
Pegative case with a dative the book Azoyú Tlapanec
argument to him

Relation
 Case Usage Example Found in

all-round indirect concerning Albanian | Armenian (Eastern) | Armenian (Western) | Sanskrit |

Ablative case
case the house Inuktitut | Latin | Lithuanian | Finnish[1]
avoiding
Aversive case avoiding or fear Warlpiri | Yidiny
the house
for, for the
Benefactive for the
benefit of, Basque | Quechua | Telugu
case house
intended for
because, because of
Causal case Quechua | Telugu
because of the house
Causal-final efficient or final for a
Chuvash | Hungarian
case cause house

Dumi | Ingush | Estonian | Finnish (rare);[8] Inari Sami |

Comitative in company of with the
case something house Japanese[5] | Northern Sami | Skolt Sami | Ossetic (only in Iron) |
Tibetan
Albanian | Armenian (Eastern) | Armenian (Western) | Azeri |
Belarusian | Bosnian | Croatian | Czech | Erzya | Faroese |
Georgian | German | Greek | Hindi | Hungarian | Icelandic |
Inuktitut | Japanese[5] | Latin | Latvian | Lithuanian | Manchu |
shows direction for/to the Ossetic | Polish | Romanian | Russian | Sanskrit | Scottish
Dative case
or recipient house Gaelic† | Serbian | Slovak | Slovene | Tsez | Turkish | Ukrainian
^† The case classically referred to as dative in Scottish Gaelic has shifted to,
and is sometimes called, aprepositional case.

Distributive distribution by
per house Chuvash | Hungarian | Manchu | Finnish[6]
case piece
Distributive- how often
daily; on
temporal something
Sundays Hungarian; Finnish[6]
case happens
Akkadian | Albanian | Arabic | Armenian (Eastern) | Armenian
(Western) | Azeri | Bengali | Belarusian | Bosnian | Chuvash |
Croatian | Czech | Danish | Dutch | English | Erzya | Estonian |
shows generic
relationship, Faroese |Finnish | Georgian | German | Greek | Hungarian |
generally of the Icelandic | Inari Sami | Irish | Japanese[5] | Latin | Latvian |
Genitive case ownership, but house; the
Lithuanian | Manchu | Northern Sami | Norwegian | Persian[9] |
also composition, house's
reference, Polish | Romanian | Russian | Sanskrit | Scottish Gaelic | Serbian
description, etc | Skolt Sami | Slovak | Slovene | Swedish | Tibetan | Tsez |
Turkish | Ukrainian

equipped
endowment with
Ornative case with a Dumi; Hungarian
something
house
the house
Possessed possession by is owned
Tlingit
case something by
someone
Possessive direct ownership owned by
English
case of something the house
lacking without a
Privative case Chuvash | Wagiman
something house
that tree is
Semblative Similarity to
like a Wagiman
case something
house
Sociative case along with with the Hungarian | Ossetic
something, house
together with
something

Semantics
Case Usage Example Found in
three (of
Partitive used for
case amounts
the) Estonian | Finnish[10] | Inari Sami | Russian | Skolt Sami
houses

Belarusian† | Czech† | Polish† | Russian | Scottish Gaelic‡ | Slovak† |

Ukrainian†
^† This case is called lokál in Czech and Slovak, miejscownik in Polish, місцевий
when certain
Prepositional prepositions in/on/about (miscevý) in Ukrainian and месны (miesny) in Belarusian; these names imply that
case precede the the house this case also coversLocative case.
noun
^‡ The prepositional case in Scottish Gaelic is classically referred to as a dative
case.

used for
Hey, Albanian (rare) | Belarusian (rare) | Bulgarian | Bosnian | Croatian |
addressing
Vocative father! Czech | Georgian | Greek | Hindi | Irish | Itelmen | Ket | Latin | Latvian
someone, with
case O father! | Lithuanian | Macedonian | Nivkh | Polish | Romanian | Russian (rare)
or without a
Father! | Sanskrit | Scottish Gaelic | Serbian | Telugu | Ukrainian | Nahuatl
preposition

State
 Case Usage Example Found in

Abessive
the lack of something without the house Erzya | Estonian | Finnish[8] | Inari Sami | Skolt
case Sami | Quechua
Adverbial
being as something as a house Georgian | Udmurt | Finnic languages | Abkhaz
case
Comparative similarity with
similar to the house Dumi | Mari | Nivkh
case something
Equative comparison with
like the house Ossetic | Sumerian | Tlingit | Tsez
case something

temporary state of Estonian | Finnish[10] | Inari Sami | Inuktitut |

Essive case as the house Middle Egyptian | Northern Sami | Skolt Sami |
being
Tsez
Essive- marking a condition as
formal a quality (a kind of as a house Hungarian | Manchu
case shape)
Essive- marking a condition as
modal a quality (a way of as a house Hungarian
case being)
from being a house
Exessive marking a transition
(i.e., "it stops being a Estonian (rare) | Finnish (dialectal)
case from a condition
house")
marking a condition as
Formal case as a house Hungarian
a quality
Identical showing that something
being the house Manchu
case is identical
Orientative oriented towards turned towards the
Chukchi | Manchu
case something house
Revertive backwards to
against the house Manchu
case something

Translative change of a condition

(turning) into a house Erzya | Estonian | Finnish[10] | Hungarian |
case into another Khanty | Manchu

References
1. Mäkinen, Panu. "Finnish Grammar - Exterior local cases"(http://users.jyu.fi/~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/sijatulkoen.ht
ml). users.jyu.fi. University of Jyväskylä. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
2. S. Agesthialingom, Prakya Sreesaila Subrahmanyam,Dravidian Linguistics- V: (proceedings of the Seminar on
Dravidian Linguistics- V), Page 275, 1976 - 582 pages,Google book search link(https://books.google.com/books?id
=7fEOAAAAMAAJ&q=antessive&dq=antessive&ie=ISO-8859-1&pgis=1) quote: "(6) 'before' (antessive), (7) 'behind,
..."
3. Robert, Stéphane Robert (1999).Language Diversity and Cognitive Representations(https://books.google.com/book
s?id=nkkXN4NuZ9QC&pg=PP1&dq=apudessive&ie=ISO-8859-1#PPP1) . p. 229.
4. Mäkinen, Panu. "Finnish Grammar - Interior Local Cases"(http://users.jyu.fi/~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/sijatsisaen.ht
ml). users.jyu.fi. University of Jyväskylä. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
5. Cite error: The named referencetarou_takahashi was invoked but never defined (see thehelp page).
6. Mäkinen, Panu. "Finnish grammar - adverbial cases"(http://users.jyu.fi/~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/sijatadverbien.ht
ml). users.jyu.fi. University of Jyväskylä. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
7. Takahashi, Tarou; et al. (2010). A Japanese Grammar (in Japanese) (4 ed.). Japan: Hitsuji Shobou. p. 27.ISBN 978-
4-89476-244-2.
8. Mäkinen, Panu. "Finnish Grammar - Means Cases"(http://users.jyu.fi/~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/sijattapaen.html)
.
users.jyu.fi. University of Jyväskylä. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
 9. Behrang QasemiZadeh, Saeed Rahimi,Persian in MULTEXT-East Framework (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1
007%2F11816508_54), 5th International Conference on NLP
, FinTAL 2006 Turku, Finland, August 23-25, 2006
Proceedings
10. Mäkinen, Panu. "Finnish Grammar - General Local Cases"(http://users.jyu.fi/~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/sijatyleisen.
html). users.jyu.fi. University of Jyväskylä. Retrieved 6 March 2015.

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