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Problema
dy
Se cunoaște o ecua\ie diferen\ial` de forma: = f ( x, y ) și o valoare y0 = y ( x0 ) .
dx
Se calculeaz` integrala y (x) sub forma unui ]ir de valori discrete ( xi , y i ) pentru
domeniul de defini\ie al integralei [x0, K x n ].
Principiul metodei
h = xi +1 − xi
xi +1 = xi + h
1
yi +1 = y i + ⋅ (k i +1 / 1 + 2 ⋅ k i +1 / 2 + 2 ⋅ k i +1 / 3 + k i +1 / 4 ) ⋅ h
6
în care:
k i +1 / 1 = f ( xi , y i )
1 1
k i +1 / 2 = f xi + ⋅ h, y i + ⋅ k1 ⋅ h
2 2
1 1
k i +1 / 3 = f xi + ⋅ h, y i + ⋅ k 2 ⋅ h
2 2
k i +1 / 4 = f (xi + h, y i + k 3 ⋅ h )
1
REZOLVAREA ECUAȚIILOR DIFERENȚIALE ORDINARE
Exemplu de calcul
Problemă:
dy
dx
(
= y ⋅ x2 −1 )
pe domeniul [0L 2] și folosind pasul de discretizare de 0,5. Se cunoaște valoarea
inițială y (0) = 1 .
Date problemă:
dy
dx
(
= y ⋅ x2 −1 )
Domeniul de calcul: x = 0L 2
Condiția inițială: x 0 = 0
y0= 1
Cerință:
y(x ) = ?
Rezolvare:
xi +1 = xi + h
2
REZOLVAREA ECUAȚIILOR DIFERENȚIALE ORDINARE
(
k i +1 / 1 = y i ⋅ xi − 1
2
)
2
1 1
k i +1 / 2 = y i + ⋅ k i +1 / 1 ⋅ h ⋅ xi + ⋅ h − 1
2 2
2
1 1
k i +1 / 3 = y i + ⋅ k i +1 / 2 ⋅ h ⋅ xi + ⋅ h − 1
2 2
[
k i +1 / 4 = ( y i + k i +1 / 3 ⋅ h ) ⋅ ( xi + h ) − 1
2
]
1
yi +1 = y i + ⋅ (k i +1 / 1 + 2 ⋅ k i +1 / 2 + 2 ⋅ k i +1 / 3 + k i +1 / 4 ) ⋅ h
6
Calcul iterativ:
o Iterația 1.
x1 = x 0 + h = 0 + 0,5 = 0,5
( 2
)
k 1 / 1 = y 0 ⋅ x 0 − 1 = 1 ⋅ 0 2 − 1 = −1( )
2
1 1
k1 / 2 = y 0 + ⋅ k1 / 1 ⋅ h ⋅ x0 + ⋅ h − 1 =
2 2
2
1 1
= 1 + ⋅ (−1) ⋅ 0,5 ⋅ 0 + ⋅ 0,5 − 1 = −0,7031
2 2
2
1 1
k1 / 3 = y 0 + ⋅ k1 / 2 ⋅ h ⋅ x0 + ⋅ h − 1 =
2 2
2
1 1
= 1 + ⋅ (−0,7031) ⋅ 0,5 ⋅ 0 + ⋅ 0,5 − 1 = −0,7727
2 2
[
k1 / 4 = ( y 0 + k1 / 3 ⋅ h ) ⋅ ( x0 + h ) − 1 =
2
]
[
= (1 − 0,7727 ⋅ 0,5) ⋅ (0 + 0,5) − 1 = −0,4602
2
]
1
y1 = y 0 + ⋅ (k1 / 1 + 2 ⋅ k1 / 2 + 2 ⋅ k1 / 3 + k1 / 4 ) ⋅ h =
6
1
= 1 + ⋅ (− 1 − 2 ⋅ 0,7031 − 2 ⋅ 0,7727 − 0,4602 ) ⋅ 0,5 = 0,6323
6
3
REZOLVAREA ECUAȚIILOR DIFERENȚIALE ORDINARE
o Iterația 2.
x 2 = x1 + h = 0,5 + 0,5 = 1
( 2
) ( )
k 2 / 1 = y1 ⋅ x1 − 1 = 1 ⋅ 0,5 2 − 1 = −0,4743
2
1 1
k 2 / 2 = y1 + ⋅ k 2 / 1 ⋅ h ⋅ x1 + ⋅ h − 1 = −0,2248
2 2
2
1 1
k 2 / 3 = y1 + ⋅ k 2 / 2 ⋅ h ⋅ x1 + ⋅ h − 1 = −0,2521
2 2
[ 2
]
k 2 / 4 = ( y1 + k 2 / 3 ⋅ h ) ⋅ ( x1 + h ) − 1 = 0
1
y 2 = y1 + ⋅ (k 2 / 1 + 2 ⋅ k 2 / 2 + 2 ⋅ k 2 / 3 + k 2 / 4 ) ⋅ h = 0,5133
6
o Iterația 3.
x3 = x 2 + h = 1 + 0,5 = 1,5
( 2
) ( )
k 3 / 1 = y 2 ⋅ x 2 − 1 = 1 ⋅ 12 − 1 = 0
2
1 1
k3 / 2 = y 2 + ⋅ k 3 / 1 ⋅ h ⋅ x 2 + ⋅ h − 1 = 0,2888
2 2
2
1 1
k3 / 3 = y 2 + ⋅ k 3 / 2 ⋅ h ⋅ x 2 + ⋅ h − 1 = 0,3294
2 2
[ 2
]
k 3 / 4 = ( y 2 + k 3 / 3 ⋅ h ) ⋅ ( x 2 + h ) − 1 = 0,8475
1
y3 = y 2 + ⋅ (k 3 / 1 + 2 ⋅ k 3 / 2 + 2 ⋅ k 3 / 3 + k 3 / 4 ) ⋅ h = 0,6870
6
o Iterația 4.
x 4 = x3 + h = 1,5 + 0,5 = 2
( 2
) ( )
k 4 / 1 = y 3 ⋅ x3 − 1 = 1 ⋅ 1,5 2 − 1 = 0,8587
4
REZOLVAREA ECUAȚIILOR DIFERENȚIALE ORDINARE
2
1 1
k4 / 2 = y 3 + ⋅ k 4 / 1 ⋅ h ⋅ x3 + ⋅ h − 1 = 1,8597
2 2
2
1 1
k 4 / 3 = y 3 + ⋅ k 4 / 2 ⋅ h ⋅ x3 + ⋅ h − 1 = 2,3758
2 2
[ 2
]
k 4 / 4 = ( y 3 + k 4 / 3 ⋅ h ) ⋅ ( x3 + h ) − 1 = 5,6248
1
y 4 = y 3 + ⋅ (k 4 / 1 + 2 ⋅ k 4 / 2 + 2 ⋅ k 4 / 3 + k 4 / 4 ) ⋅ h = 1,9332
6
Soluția problemei:
i 0 1 2 3 4
xi 0 0,5 1 1,5 2
yi 1 0,6323 0,5133 0,6870 1,9332