Samuel Perlman

sjp17c@my.fsu.edu

ENC 2135-21

Spring 2018

Annotated Bibliography

Arruda A. An ethical obligation to use artificial intelligence? an examination of the use of

artificial intelligence in law and the model rules of professional responsibility. American

Journal of Trial Advocacy. 2017;40(3):443-458.

http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=124647905&site=ehos

t-live.

This source is about using artificial intelligence to move the legal profession

forward through the use of legal research tools. The author of this article is the

cofounder of ROSS Intelligence, a company that provides an online advanced

legal research tool that harnesses the power of artificial intelligence. This article

was written in the American Journal of Trial Advocacy, which is a law review

that has been in circulation since 1977. This source provides information on

machine learning, some current uses of artificial intelligence, and an effect of

artificial intelligence may have on the minimum standards for lawyers on

competent representation. It also provides the key words artificial intelligence and

machine learning.

ETZIONI A, ETZIONI O. Should artificial intelligence be regulated? Issues in Science &

Technology. 2017;33(4):32-36.
 http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=124181372&site=ehos

t-live.

This article discusses whether or not artificial intelligence should be regulated. It

was written in the policy journal Issues in Science & Technology, which has

been in circulation since 1996. One of its authors, Oren Etzioni, is the chief

executive officer of the Allen Institute for Artificial Institute as well as a professor

of computer science at the University of Washington. This article introduces the

keywords autonomy and oversight. I have found a great amount of useful

information in this article, including: an example on how there are multiple

contradictory definitions for artificial intelligence, some information on a couple

of ways that artificial intelligence could harm humanity (technologically and

economically), and some current regulations for artificial intelligence (such as the

ban on the creation of “killing machines.”

Garrido �. Brain and artificial intelligence. BRAIN: Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence &

Neuroscience. 2017;8(4):85-90.

http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=127504376&site=ehos

t-live.

This article introduces readers to the concept of fuzzy logic and its use in the

design of artificial intelligences. Its author, Ángel Garrido, is a permanent

professor doctor at the National University of Distance Education in Madrid,

Spain. This article was written in BRAIN (Broad Research in Artificial

Intelligence and Neuroscience), which has been in circulation since 2010. From

this, I have taken the keyword, fuzzy logic, which is about how true statements
 are (such as how cold it is outside or how pretty a person is). The use of fuzzy

logic will help me with differentiating between types of artificial intelligence

because artificial intelligence can be a bit of an umbrella term and I will be

dividing it into categories within my paper.

Guihot M, Matthew AF, Suzor NP. Nudging robots: Innovative solutions to regulate artificial

intelligence. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law. 2017;20(2):385-

456.

http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=127634787&site=ehos

t-live.

This article talks about how artificial intelligence regulation has not kept up with

advances in the field and why. It then provides solutions to these regulation

issues. The authors of this article all work at the Queensland University of

Technology Faculty of Law, one of the most highly regarded law faculties in

Australia. It was published in the Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment &

Technology Law, which has been in circulation since 1999. From this article, I

can, at the very least, add information on current problems with the regulation of

artificial intelligences as well as examples of some solutions for them. This article

also gives me reason to add the key term singularity as it has been used in several

articles now.

Keating J, Nourbakhsh I. Teaching artificial intelligence and humanity. Commun ACM.

2018;61(2):29-32.

http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=127712848&site=ehos

t-live. doi: 10.1145/3104986.

 This article talks about evolving human-machine relations and ends with a

description of a course, Artificial Intelligence and Humanity, that Dietrich

College has created to assist with evolving human-machine relations. This article

is credible because it was written by an assistant dean and a professor of robotics

at Carnegie Mellon University, which is ranked as one of the top five schools for

computer science in the United States of America. This source has given me a few

key words, including: agency, self, labor and digital labor, surveillance, and

citizen. Also, it has provided me some information on a couple of topics that I

would like to address such as a historical example of personification (corporations

being created to protect specific people from being sued) as well as how the

personification of artificial intelligences could be used to protect corporations and

engineers.

Kowert W. The foreseeability of human-artificial intelligence interactions. Texas Law Review.

2017;96(1):181-204.

http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=126913534&site=ehos

t-live.

This article was written by Weston Kowert during his fourth year at the

University of Texas’ School of Law and was published in the Texas Law Review.

This article is about how artificial intelligence developers need to take steps to

protect themselves from liability. This article has given me two or three key

terms: liability, external influences, and internal influences (this is not the exact

term that I would like to use for this, so I am attempting to replace this with

something else). The article provides scenarios that could occur if people rely on
 artificial intelligences too much as well as some things that influence liability,

such as superseding cause doctrine.

Massaro TM, Norton H, Kaminski ME. SIRI-OUSLY 2.0: What artificial intelligence reveals

about the first amendment. Minnesota Law Review. 2017;101(6):2481-2525.

http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=123923963&site=ehos

t-live.

This article discusses free speech and how “the normative

and practical difficulties in extending free speech rights to

strong AI speakers may force reexamination of the contemporary

turn in free speech law and theory that makes future coverage

of AI speech plausible.” This article was written by Toni Massaro, Helen Norton,

and Margot Kaminski. Massaro and Norton are professors and chairs in

Constitutional Law (though Norton is just a junior chair) and Kaminski is an

assistant professor of law. This article was published in the Minnesota Law

Review, which has been in circulation since 1917. The article provides me with

information about free speech as well as arguments for and against giving

artificial intelligences free speech, which can be used in my essay. It has also

shown me the need for the key terms: free speech and personhood.

Nunez C. Artificial intelligence and legal ethics: Whether AI lawyers can make ethical decisions.

Tulane Journal of Technology & Intellectual Property. 2017;20:189-204.

http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=127131782&site=ehos

t-live.
 This article was written by Catherine Nunez, a J. D. candidate at Tulane

University’s law school. It was published in the Tulane Journal of Technology &

Intellectual Property, a student run and edited journal. The article talks about

ROSS and a few things that it is missing. From this article, I might gain the key

terms of professional judgement and moral judgement. The article also provides

information on some things that artificial intelligences currently lack that lawyers

need to have.

Parnas DL. The real risks of artificial intelligence: Incidents from the early days of AI research

are instructive in the current AI environment. Commun ACM. 2017;60(10):27-31.

http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=125351611&site=ehos

t-live. doi: 10.1145/3132724.

This article was written by David Lorge Parnas, the president of Middle Road

Software. The article was published in Communications of the ACM, which has

been circulated by the Association for Computing Machinery since 1957. This

article talks about problems that the use of artificial intelligences in computer

programming could possibly lead to. From this article, I acquire the key terms:

heuristic, intelligent, and think. I also get information on three types of artificial

[intelligence research as well as some problems with heuristic programming.

SEMMLER S, ROSE Z. Artificial intelligence: Application today and implications tomorrow.

Duke Law & Technology Review. 2017;16(1):85-99.

http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=127588429&site=ehos

t-live.
 This paper was article by Sean Semmler and Zeeve Rose and published in the

Duke Law & Technology Review. The paper is about how law firms need to step

into the future (which means using artificial intelligences). This article provides

the key terms hackers, ransomware, and metadata. It also gives me more

information on how artificial intelligences will change the profession of law.

Vladeck DC. Machines without principals: Liability rules and artificial intelligence. Washington

Law Rev. 2014;89(1):117-150.

http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=95292038&site=ehost

-live.

This article was written by David C. Vladeck, a professor of law at Georgetown

University Law Center. This article was published in the Washington Law

Review in 2014. It talks about liability issues concerning autonomous vehicles,

such as Google’s self-driving cars. From the article, I obtain information on

liability and how the legal system has no precedents for truly autonomous

machines. I also get a great example using the film 2001: A Space Odyssey.