5/1/2018 Arduino Uno - Wikipedia

Arduino Uno
The Arduino UNO is a widely used open-source microcontroller board based
Arduino UNO
on the ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc.[2][3] The
board is equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that
may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits.[1]
The board features 14 Digital pins and 6 Analog pins. It is programmable with
the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) via a type B USB
cable.[4] It can be powered by a USB cable or by an external 9 volt battery,
though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is also similar to the
Arduino Nano and Leonardo.[5][6] The hardware reference design is distributed
under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is available
on the Arduino website (https://www.arduino.cc). Layout and production files
for some versions of the hardware are also available. "Uno" means one in
Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0.[1]
The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference
versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases.[4] The Uno board is the Arduino Uno SMD R3
first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the
Developer Arduino
Arduino platform.[3] The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes
Manufacturer Many
preprogrammed with a bootloader that allows to upload new code to it without
the use of an external hardware programmer.[3] It communicates using the Type Single-board
original STK500 protocol.[1] The Uno also differs from all preceding boards in microcontroller[1]
that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Operating None
Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial system
converter.[7] The Arduino UNO is generally considered the most user-friendly
CPU Atmel AVR (8-bit),
and popular board,[8][1] with boards being sold worldwide for less than 5$.
ARM Cortex-M0+
(32-bit),
ARM Cortex-M3
(32-bit),
Contents Intel Quark (x86)
Background (32-bit)
Technical specifications Memory SRAM
Pins Storage Flash, EEPROM
General Pin functions
Special Pin Functions
Communication
Automatic (Software) Reset
References

Background

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The Arduino project started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in
Ivrea, Italy. At that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a
cost of $100, a considerable expense for many students. In 2003 Hernando
Barragán created the development platform Wiring as a Master's thesis project
at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas, who are
known for work on the Processing language. The project goal was to create
simple, low-cost tools for creating digital projects by non-engineers. The
Wiring platform consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega168
microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library functions to easily an early production board
program the microcontroller.[9] In 2003, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis,
another IDII student, and David Cuartielles, added support for the cheaper
ATmega8 microcontroller to Wiring. But instead of continuing the work on Wiring, they forked the project and renamed it
Arduino. Early arduino boards used the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip and an ATmega168.[9] The Uno differed from all
preceding boards by featuring the ATmega328P microcontroller and an ATmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

Technical specifications
Microcontroller: ATmega328P
Operating Voltage: 5v
Input Voltage: 7-20v
Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins: 6
DC Current per I/O Pin: 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM: 2 KB
EEPROM: 1 KB
Clock Speed: 16 MHz
Length: 68.6 mm
Width: 53.4 mm
Weight: 25 g
[7]

Pins

General Pin functions

LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an
external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or
other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or,
if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The
board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), Arduino UNO
the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-20V). Supplying
voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage
the board.

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3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
GND: Ground pins.
IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with which the microcontroller
operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or
enable voltage translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.
Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.[7]

Special Pin Functions

Each of the 14 digital pins and 6 Analog pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(),digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as
recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A
maximum of 40mA is the value that must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the
microcontroller.The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024
different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their
range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.[7]

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

Serial: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to
the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or
falling edge, or a change in value.
PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 Can provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
SPI(Serial Peripheral Interface): 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication
using the SPI library.
TWI(Two Wire Interface): A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library.
AREF(Analog REFerence: Reference voltage for the analog inputs.[7]

Communication
The Arduino/Genuino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino/Genuino
board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on
digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as
a virtual com port to software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external
driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which
allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is
being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.[7]

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino/Genuino Uno board is designed
in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines
(DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this
line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip.[7]

This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets
each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is
running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it

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will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened.[7]

References
1. "Adruino UNO for beginners - Progects, Programming and Parts" (https://www.makerspaces.com/arduino-uno-tutorial
-beginners/). makerspaces.com. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
2. http://medea.se http://medea.mah.se/2013/04/arduino-faq/
3. "What is Arduino?" (https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-an-arduino). learn.sparkfun.com. Retrieved
4 February 2018.
4. "Introduction to Arduino" (http://www.princeton.edu/~ffab/media___downloads_files/IntroArduinoBook.pdf) (PDF).
priceton.edu. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
5. "Arduino" (https://store.arduino.cc/usa/arduinonano). store.arduino.cc. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
6. https://arduino.cc https://store.arduino.cc/usa/arduino-leonardo-with-headers
7. official website (https://store.arduino.cc/usa/arduino-uno-rev3,). Content was copied from this source, which
is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 (Unported) (CC-BY-SA 3.0) license (https://creati
vecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).
8. "Which Arduino Should I Buy? - Codeduino" (https://codeduino.com/tutorials/which-arduino-should-i-buy/). 26 March
2013. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
9. Hernando Barragán (2016-01-01). "The Untold History of Arduino" (https://arduinohistory.github.io).
arduinohistory.github.io. Retrieved 2016-03-06.

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