International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 6 (2016) pp 4264-4269

© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Erupsion Center Determination of Ancient Volcano Based

on Geomagnetic Method around Gunungkidul Area,
Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Agus Santoso
Ph. D. Student, Physics Department, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia.
Geophysical Engineering, UPN "Veteran" University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Sismanto
Physics Department, FMIPA Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia.

Ary Setiawan
Physics Department, FMIPA Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia.

Subagyo Pramumijoyo
Geology engineering Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia.

Abstract
The center eruption of an ancient volcano eruption in
Gunungkidul can be known from the field data like material
products of ancient volcanic produced in the past, it is
important to understand the ancient volcanic material
elements by studying the geology of the region concerned, to
prove the existence the center eruption of ancient volcano by
using geomagnetic method.
Field data that are found are as follows: there are existence of
1. Rocks of Pyroclastic flow
2. Pyroclastic fallout ("Pyroclastic Fall") like Tuff and
lapilli tuff
3. breccia, tuffaceous sandstone and tuff breccia.
4. Pillow Lava in Berbah area the area that shows the lava
sedimentation in the sea.
5. igneous rocks with scoria structure which is an volcanic
extrusion in Parang Kusumo.
6. Lava which is the result of the eruption / volcanic
eruptions.
7. Parangwedang hot springs near Parangtritis.
Geomagnetic method mapped local disturbances in the Earth's
magnetic field caused by variations in rock magnetism. This
method is the oldest geophysical method. This method is often
used for monitoring (monitoring) volcano
The Results of this research is come from the interpretation of
"Magblock" program, it can be concluded that in the past
there is an ancient volcano eruption in the waterfront that has
several tectonic processes of under Miocene. The eruption
shape caldera with magma chamber’s depth of 1 4. 3 km
below the surface.
Introduction
Geomagnetic method [1] is one of the methods in geophysics
that utilize magnetic properties of the earth. By using this
method the suceptibility distribution of rock will be obtained
in the contour map with horizontal direction. From the
susceptibiliti’s value then it can be further localized /
separated rocks which containing magnetic properties and not.
The equipment that used in this method is Precission Proton
Magnetometer (PPM) to measure the total magnetic field
strength value. Other equipment that supporting the magnetic
survey is Global Positioning System (GPS). This equipment
used to measure the position of the measurement point which
includes the longitude, latitude, altitude, and time. In
determining the position of a point location it is use satellite
assistance. There are 1600 Numbers of measurement data in
this research.
Geomagnetic data interpretation [2] by using the magblox
program is based on data and magnetic field anomali’s pattern
contours that originating from the distribution of objects
magnetized or geological structures below the earth's surface.
From the interpretation of research there is found the caldera
surrounding the center of the eruption of an ancient volcano
that had been active under Miocene. The magma chamber’s
depth is 14. 3 Km [3].

Keywords: Ancient volcanik, central eruption, geomagnetic,

magblock, magma chamber’s depth of 14. 7 km Research area

Figure 1: Location of research areas in Indonesia

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© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

General Geology M = p l r1 = M r13 3

Southern Mountain zone [4] can be divided into three
subzona, namely Subzona Baturagung, Subzona Wonosari
and Subzona Gunung Sewu [4]. Subzona Baturagung mainly
located in the northern part, but it stretches from the west
(heights of G. Sudimoro, ± 507 m, between Imogiri and
Patuk), in the north (G. Baturagung, ± 828 m), to the east (G.
Gajahmungkur, ± 737 m). In the east, Subzona Baturagung
formed altitude slightly apart, namely G. Panggung (± 706 m)
and G. Gajahmungkur (± 737 m). Baturagung Subzona form
crudest relief with slope angles between 10-30 and
difference heitght from 200 till 700 m and is almost entirely
composed of rocks of volcanic origin.
Subzona Wonosari is a plateau (± 190 m) located in the
middle of South Mountains Zone, namely in Wonosari and the
surrounding area. This plateau is restricted by Subzona
Baturagung in west and north, while in the south and east
restricted by Subzona Mount Sewu [5]. The major river flow
in this area is Kali Oyo which is flow to the west and fused
with Kali Opak. The surface sediment in this area is the black
clay and ancient lake, while the bed rock is a limestone.
Subzona Mount Sewu is a hils with karts landscape, that is
landscape with limestones hills forming many cones with
several tens of meters height. Among these hills lake and sink
holes are found and in the subsurface there are limestone
caves and underground streams. These karts landscape
stretches from Parangtritis beach in the west to Pacitan in the
east [6].
Basic Theory
M is a unit vector in the direction of the vector r 1 from
negative to positive pole.
The Magnetism Intensity
Magnetic objects can be seen as a set of magnetic moments.
When the magnetic objects are placed in the external field, the
object becomes magnetized due to induction.
Therefore, the magnetization intensity (I) is the ability of
magnetic moment to have the same direction an external
magnetic field, or defined as magnetic moment per unit
volume:
I=M/V 4
Practically induced magnetization is mostly straighten dipole-
dipole magnetic material, so it is often referred to as a
magnetic polarization. If the magnitude is constant with the
same direction, then it is said to be uniform magnetized
objects.
Suceptibility of Magnetism
The ability of a magnetic object [9] to be magnetized is
determined by magnetic susceptibility or k, it is can be written
as:
I  kH 5
It is dimensionless quantity and basic parameters used in the
magnetic method. K value in the rock is bigger when the rock
has many magnetic minerals.
Factors affecting k value of the rock are :
1. lithology
2. The mineral content of rocks
.

Magnetic Force Start

In magnetism [7] there are two types of cargo, namely a
positive charge and a negative magnetic pols. Both of them Geology Design survey
answer the Coloumb law. Magnetic poles which is different information
type will pull each others while similar will repel with force F.
Data Acquisition
The basis of the method is the magnetic force between the two
magnetic poles represented by Coloumb Law between two
magnetic poles m 1 and m 2 that are separated by a distance Daily and IGRF Correction
the distance r (meters).
m1m2
F  rˆ
Total Magnetic Anomaly map

r 2 1
Description : μ is the magnetic permeability. The magnetic
Magblox (3D)
permeability in a vacuum is 4  x 10-7 w / Am, F is the force
no
Program
of Coloumb (N), m 1 and m 2 are strong magnetic poles (A /
m) and r is the distance between the two poles (m). yes
Reduction to Pole
Magnetic Field
Magnetic field [8] is the magnitude of the magnetic field at a Interpretation
point in space becase the existance of the magnetic poles with
a certain distance from the point. Magnetic field H is defined Finish
as the force per unit time and can be written as .

F m
H   12 rˆ Figure 2. Flow diagram of data processing
m2 r 2
Magnetic Moment
When two opposite magnetic poles have strong magnetic Interpretation
poles + p and-p, and both of them separated with the distance In general, the geomagnetic data interpretation is divided into
l, the magnetic moment M can be written as: two, namely the qualitative and quantitative interpretation.

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© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Qualitative interpretation is based on the pattern of the

magnetic field anomaly contour derived from the distribution
of magnetized objects or geological structures below in the
subsurface. Quantitative Interpretation aims to determine the
form or model and experience anomalous object height or
geological structure through mathematical modeling. To
perform quantitative interpretation, there are several ways in
which between one and another may be different, depend on
the shape anomaly obtained, purpose achieved and the
accuracy of measurement results.

Quantitative Interpretation

Figure 4a: The depth of 0. 3 Km

2. At a depth of 1. 8 km, the intrusion and differentiation of

igneous continues generate andesite, and susceptibility
from 10000 to 30000 SI. Ocean depth is about 2-2. 5 km
located in the southern coastal area stretching from west to
east (Parangtritis-Baron-Sadeng).

Figure 2: Magnetic intensity image map in Gunungkidul area

Figure 4: 3D magblox programming result in

Gunungkidul area Figure 4b: The depth of 1. 8 Km

Magblox programming result is as follows [10] ; process that 3. At a depth of 3. 5 km, intrusion and continued
occurs in the base of magma chamber to the surface is: differentiation produce basaltic andesite, and susceptibility
1. At the depth of 0 to 0. 2 km, the morphology of this 20000-30000 SI.
intrusion is the central circular area in Wonosari, the edge
of this intrusion is Sudimoro mount, Nglanggran mount,
Baturagung mount, Ponjong mount and Wediombo Beach,
patterned circle.

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Figure 4c: The depth of 3. 5 Km Figure 4e: The depth of 9, 7 Km

4. At a depth of 5. 6 km, intrusion and differentiation 6. The maximum depth of the magma chamber is in 14. 1
continued produce basaltic andesite, and suseptibility from km. It was apparent in the location indicated by
30000 to 40000 SI. suceptibility > SI 50000

Figure 4d: The depth of 5, 6 Km

Figure 4f:The depth of 14. 1 Km

5. There was a process of differentiation of magma at the

depth of 9. 7 km, resulting in crystallization and magma Qualitative Interpretation
starts to rise to break through the surrounding rock, 1. At the under Miocene to Middle Miocene there was great
basaltic magma differentiation initial yield andesitic basalt eruption of the volcano which is located on the edge of the
rocks, and susceptibility from 40000 to 50000 SI ocean [11]

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4. Upper Miocene-Pliocene: Growing coral reefs forming

Wonosari Formation

Figure 5a: Early-Middle Meocene : Large Eruption volcano

in Gunungkidul Figure 5d: Upper Meocene-Pleocene : Coral reef (limestone)
was growing up formed Wonosari Formation

2. In the Middle Miocene: [12] eruption resulted subsidence

and formed the caldera with circular pattern 5. Pliocene-Pleistocene: Occurs Regression or shrinkage of
the sea so that the area of Gunungkidul outcrop

Figure 5e: Pliocene-Pleistocene : regression followed by

intrusion around the edges of the caldera

Figure 5b: Middle Meocene : Caldera formed by the eruption

6. Holocene-now: Erosion and denudation resulted in the
formation of the present Wonosari Formation rocks or
3. In the Upper Miocene: tectonics occurred which resulted coral reef.
transgression which produce sea water flood so that the
area of Gunungkidul was sink.

Explanation
Limestone/Reef (Wonosari Formation) Volcanic bedrock
Pyroclastic rocks : Breccia, Sandstone, Tuff Oceanic floor
(Semilir Formation & Nglanggran Formation)
Magma

Figure 5c: Upper Meocene; Transgression down Figure 5f: Holocene-Erossion and denudation the formation
bellow sea level of current karst topography now

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Conclusion
1. Morphology caldera circular formed with a radius of 1 3-1
8 km, with plains Wonosari which is a graben with
limestone surrounded by igneous intrusions on the edge of
the caldera.
2 Gunung Sudimoro, Mount Nglanggran is the edge of the
caldera, form a circular until Baturagung and the mountain
areas in the eastern part of the region of Ponjong and
Wediombo.
3 From 3D programs successfully found ancient magma in
the middle of the caldera with t depth of 14. 3 km
4. The existence of an ancient volcano which is an igneous
intrusion of andesite which form straightness (lineament)
between G. Sudimoro and G Nglanggeran intrusion
interconnected to form an air gap direction northwest-
southeast, forming High morphology.
5. The low Susceptibility in the central area is limestone and
estimated to be above of the Volcanic Breccia

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