IBB10403

INTRODUCTION OF ELECTRONICS

PULSE WAVEFORMS
 SIGNAL
• WHAT IS SIGNAL?

A series of electrical waves that carry sounds, pictures & messages,

for example to a radio, TV or mobile/cell phone
- Oxford Dictionary

a variable electrical parameter, like current or voltage, which employ

to convey information through an electronic circuit or system.
- Dictionary of Electronics

a variable parameter by which information is conveyed through

an electronic circuit
- Digital Signal Processing

* Pulse is a single short increase in the amount of light, sound & electricity produced by machines, etc
 SIGNAL

Example :
A recording speech
CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS

• Signals can be classified into several types :

i. dc
ii. Step
iii. Ramp
iv. Impulse
v. Square pulse
vi. Sinusoidal
vii. Triangular
viii. Exponential
I DC SIGNAL
II UNIT STEP SIGNAL
III UNIT RAMP SIGNAL
IV UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL
V SQUARE PULSE SIGNAL
VI SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL
VII TRIANGULAR SIGNAL
VIII EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL
1. PERIODIC SIGNAL (1)
A PERIODIC SIGNAL (2)
2. NON-PERIODIC (APERIODIC) SIGNAL
 PULSE WAVEFORM CHARACTERISTICS

• An ideal pulse

Ideal (Theoretical)
o Levels can change
instantaneously
oWaveforms have no harmonic
distortion
oWaveforms have unlimited
amplitude
 PULSE WAVEFORM CHARACTERISTICS

• An actual pulse: pulse width, tp is the time difference

between the 50% amplitudes of the rising and falling edges.
 PULSE CHARACTERISTICS

• Overshoot & ringing

- Overshoot occurs on rising and

falling edges when the waveform
exceeds the desired value.

- Ringing occurs on rising and falling

edges when the waveform alternates
about the desired value.
PULSE WAVEFORM CHARACTERISTICS
 PULSE FREQUENCY

• Pulse frequency is also known as pulse repetition

rate (PRR)
• PRR is period in which the pulse pattern repeats

T = Period (Seconds)

PRR = Pulse repetition rate

(Hz) or pulses/second
 PULSE SAG (DIP) & SWELL (SURGE)

• Voltage sags or dips are brief reductions in voltage, typically

lasting from a cycle to a second or so, or tens of milliseconds to
hundreds of milliseconds.
• At a typical industrial site in residential wiring, the most common
cause of voltage sags is the starting current drawn by refrigerator
and air conditioning motors.

• Voltage swells or surges are brief

increases in voltage over the same time
range. Voltage Sags are caused by
abrupt increases in loads such as short
circuits or faults, motor starting, or
electric heaters turning on.
• Typically caused by a loose connection.