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Greek philosophers
Democritus
Aristotle

1 2

• Elements are composed of atoms.

• Atoms of the same element are alike (mass and
size).
• Atoms of different elements are different in mass
and size.
• Compounds form by the union of two or more
atoms of different elements.
• Atoms form compounds in simple numerical
ratios.
• Atoms of two elements may combine in different
ratios to form different compounds.

3 4
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1. Charge may be of two types, positive and

negative.
2. Unlike charges attract (positive attracts
negative), and like charges repel (negative
repels negative and positive repels positive).
3. Charge may be transferred from one object
to another, by contact or induction. Where q1 and q2 are the charges, r is the distance between the
charges, and k is a constant.
4. The less the distance between two charges,
the greater the force of attraction between
unlike charges (or repulsion between identical
charges). 5 6

A cathode ray tube with an electric eld

perpendicular to the direction of the cathode
Michael Faraday rays and an external magnetic eld. The
Svante Arrhenius symbols N and S denote the north and south
G. J. Stoney poles of the magnet. The cathode rays will
strike the end of the tube at A in the presence
of a magnetic eld, at C in the presence of an
electric eld, and at B when there are no
Subatomic Parts of the Atom external elds present or when the effects of
CATHODE RAYS – THE DISCOVERY OF ELECTRON the electric eld and magnetic eld cancel
each other.

7 8
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travel in straight lines

k e r- s o ft w a k e r- s o ft w a
1.
2. produce sharp shadows
3. are capable of moving a small paddle wheel
4. Cathode rays produce X-rays when they
strike a metallic target.
5. Cathode rays are deflected by the electric as
well as the magnetic field in a way indicating
that they are streams of minute particles
carrying negative charge.

9 10

Thomson model of the atom, the electrons

are negatively charged particles embedded in
the positively charged atomic sphere.
A neutral atom could become an ion by
gaining or losing electrons.
The third major subatomic particle was
discovered in 1932 by James Chadwick
has neither a positive nor a negative charge
and has an actual mass slightly greater than
that of a proton.
What else ????

11 12