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Contents :
Introduction --------------- Page 3
The Objectives --------------Page 4
Materials and Instruments --------------Page 4
Procedure ----------------Page 6
Calculations and Results -------------Page 8
Discussion ------------ Page 11
Theory ------------------ Page 13
Conclusion -------------Page 13
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Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to understand the meaning
and significance of the density of a substance. Density is a basic
physical property of a homogeneous substance; it is an
intensive property, which means it depends only on the
substance's composition and does not vary with size or
amount. The determination of density is a nondestructive
physical process for distinguishing one substance from another.
Density is the ratio of a substance's mass to its own volume.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑣
𝜌= =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚
In the metric system the unit of density for a liquid or solid is
measured in g/mL or g/cm3.l
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The Objectives :
The objectives of this experiment is :
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3. Hydrometer ( 0.7 – 0.8) and (0.8 – 0.9) : is an instrument
used to measure the specific gravity (or relative density)
of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to
the density of water.(fig3)
4. Two samples of (Kerosin) and (Gas Oil)
5. Scientific Balance : Used for determining the weight or
mass of a sample.(fig4)
Fig1 Fig2
Fig3 Fig4 5
Procedure:
In our experiment we have not adjust the temperature of the
sample (Just for this time because it was the first lab &Exp.)
Method 1 : Hydrometer
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Method 2 : Pycnometer
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Calculation and Result
Method 1 : Hydrometer
Givens :
RD = SGk = 0.786
RD = SGD = 0.827
Solution :
141.5
API K = − 131.5
𝑅𝐷
141.5
= 0.786 − 131.5 = 180.03 − 131.5
= 48.53
141.5
API D = − 131.5
𝑅𝐷
141.5
= 0.827 − 131.5 = 171.10 – 131.5
=39.60
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Method 2 : Pycnometer
Volume of Pycnometer = 50 mL
Requireds :
SG K = ? API K = ?
Solution :
𝜌
SG K = 𝜌𝑘
𝑤
𝜌𝑘 = 𝑀𝑉 𝑘
→ Mk = M1 - M2 = 61.5 g – 19.2 g = 42.3 g
42.3 𝑔
𝜌𝑘 = 50 𝑚𝐿
= 0.846 g/mL
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Givens : For Gas Oil
Volume of Pycnometer = 50 mL
M0 = 18 g M1 = 60 g T = 21.5oC
Required :
SG D = ? API D= ?
Solution :
𝜌
SG D = 𝜌𝐷
𝑤
𝜌𝐷 = 𝑀𝑉 𝐷
→ MD = M1 - M2 = 60 g – 18 g = 42 g
𝜌𝐷 = 5042𝑚𝐿
𝑔
= 0.840 g/mL
Note : How I Got the Temperature at 21.5 while it is not included at the Table
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Discussion
In this experiment , there are a lot of questions we should know
there answers , first of all is our results that we got
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4. Other errors should taking the read from non-parallel site
to the eye , that could make the calculations and results
not accurate.
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Theory
When greater accuracy is required or when only small
quantities are available, liquid densities are best obtained from
the mass required to fill a vessel of accurately defined volume,
e.g., a specific gravity bottle(p.217) or a pycnometer. With
careful technique, the densities measured with pycnometers
are precise to five significant figures. For not too viscous liquids
available in sufficient amounts, density is more conveniently
determined by buoyancy devices namely Westphal balance or a
Hydrometer. These devices are based on Archimedes principle
according to which the buoyant effect(the upthrust acting on
an object immersed in a liquid) is directly proportional to the
weight of the liquid displaced.
Conclusion
In this Experiment we learn how to measure the density of
sample and how to calculate the API gravity by density , and
the other thing is how to use the hydrometer and
pyconmeter to determine the density of samples , and we
learn what does the API gravity different values mean , and
the error s sources that can make the measurements not
accurate.
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