iit

The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are a group of

16[2] autonomous engineering and technology-oriented institutes of higher
education established and declared as Institutes of National Importance by
the Parliament of India. The IITs were created to
train scientists and engineers, with the aim of developing a skilled workforce
to support the economic and socialdevelopment of India.

The first IIT was established in 1951, in Kharagpur (near Kolkata) in the state
of West Bengal.

The second IIT to be established, IIT Bombay, was founded in 1958

in Powai, Mumbai (Bombay).

The first Indian Institute of Technology was founded in May 1950 at the site of
the Hijli Detention Camp in Kharagpur. On September 15, 1956,
the Parliament of India passed the Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur)
Act, declaring it as an Institute of National Importance.Jawaharlal Nehru,
first Prime Minister of India, in the first convocation address of IIT Kharagpur
in 1956 said:[17]

Over the past few years, there have been a number of developments toward
establishing new IITs. On October 1, 2003, Prime Minister Atal Bihari
Vajpayee announced plans to create more IITs "by upgrading existing
academic institutions that have the necessary promise and potencial

IIT alumni have achieved success in a variety of professions.[2] Most of the

IITs were created in early 1950s and 1960s as theInstitutes of National
Importance through special acts of Indian Parliament. The success of the IITs
led to the creation of theIndian Institutes of Information Technology (IIIT) in
the late 1990s and in the 2000s.

Technology
Technology is the usage and knowledge of tools,
techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization. The
word technology comes from the Greek technología (τεχνολογία)
— téchnē (τέχνη), an 'art', 'skill' or 'craft' and -logía (-λογία), the study of
something, or the branch of knowledge of a discipline.[1] The term can either
be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include construction
technology, medical technology, or state-of-the-art technology or high
technology. Technologies can also be exemplified in a material product, for
example an object can be termed state of the art.

Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability

to control and adapt to their natural environments. The human species' use of
technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools.
The prehistorical discovery of the ability to controlfire increased the available
sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in
and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments,
including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened
physical barriers tocommunication and allowed humans to interact freely on a
global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful
purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power
has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.

Paleolithic (2.5 million – 10,000 BC)

the use of tools by early humans was partly a process of discovery, partly of
evolution. Early humans evolved from a species of foraginghominids which
were already bipedal,[17] with a brain mass approximately one third that of
modern humans.[18] Tool use remained relatively unchanged for most of early
human history, but approximately 50,000 years ago, a complex set of
behaviors and tool use emerged, believed by many archaeologists to be
connected to the emergence of fully modern language.[19]

Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In

many societies, technology has helped develop more
advancedeconomies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the
rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-
products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment
of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology
influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical
questions. Examples include the rise of the notion ofefficiency in terms of
human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the
challenge of traditional norms.

c.s.i.r
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) established in 1942,
is an autonomous body and India's largest Research and Development (R&D)
organization, with 39 laboratories and 50 field stations or extension centers
spread across the nation, with a collective staff of over 17,000 [1]. Although
CSIR is mainly funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, it operates
as an autonomous body registered under the Registration of Societies Act of
1860.[2]

he research and development activities of CSIR includes various fields such

as aerospace engineering, Structural engineering, ocean sciences, molecular
biology, metallurgy, chemicals, mining, food, petroleum, leather,
and environment