1. Earthquake causes Vibration (inertia force on structure), landslide, soil liquefaction, flood &fire.

But
the code only addresses inertia force on structure.
2. PGA is max acceleration of ground (PGA = ZPA), because of deformation in structure motion of ground
& vessel will be different. Hence acceleration of structure is different from PGA & it will be same if
structure is rigid (Time period is 0).
3. Base isolation increases natural period of the structure. Higher ”T” indicate lower
acceleration, and hence lower inertia force, experienced by the structure.
4. During ground shaking, one can measure ground acceleration versus time (accelerogram)
using an accelerograph. Plot of maximum response(max. acceleration , velocity or
displacement) versus natural period for a given accelerogram is called response spectrum.
Response spectrum is used for Single DOF System.
5. EPGA is defined as 0.40 times the spectral acceleration in 0.1 to 0.3 sec range (i.e
acceleration = 2.5 when T= 0.1 – 0.3 sec, hence 0.4*2.5 =1 which is PGA=ZPA.
6. As per IS1893 DBE is half of MCE. Factor 2 in denominator of eqn for A accounts for this.
h

7. Seismic weight is total weight of the building plus that part of the service load which may
reasonably be expected to be attached to the building at the time of earthquake shaking.
Ductile structures are designed for lower seismic forces than non-ductile structures
8. Ground motion can resolved in two horizontal and one vertical direction. Structure should
be able to withstand ground motion in any direction. Design load shall be 100% in X-
direction and 30% design load in Y-direction, acting simultaneously or vice versa.
9. In response spectrum a slight change in natural period can lead to large variation in
maximum acceleration as marked in red. Design spectra has smooth curve as seen in fig.2 of
IS1893 Part 1.
10. 1984 code provided slightly different design spectrum for two methods (RSM & SCM),
Present code provide same spectrum for both RSM & SCM.
11. Factor ‘Z” is same as PGA. Z=0.36g in Zone V does not mean that acceleration in zone V may
not exceed 0.36g,bhuj which is in Zone V caliberated Z=0.6g in 2001.
12. Ah= Design seismic force (Z*Sa/g*I)/2R i.e force is reduced by 2R.ratio I/R <1.
13. For any structure with T ≤ 0.1s, the value of Ah will not be taken less than Z/2 whatever be
the value of I/R.
14. Cl.6.4.4 allows the design spectrum to be one-half if the structure is at depth of 30m or
below. Interpolation is done for structures and foundations if depth is less than 30m.
15. Multiplication factor is not applied for zero period acceleration (ZPA).