SPE

SocIety of Petroleum Engineers

SPE 21444

Petrophysical Approach to Description of a Producing Fractured

Basement Reservoir
M.M. Khalil and J. Pigaht, Suez Oil CO.
SPE Members

Copyright 1991, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

This peper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Middle East Oil Show held in Bahrain, 16-19 November 1991.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper,
as presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect
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of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment
of where and by whom the paper is presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836 U.S.A., Telex, 730989 SPEDAL.

It is es"tima"ted "tha"t the basemen"t reserVOir

ABSTRACT con"tains up "to one "third of "total Zei"t Bay Oil
in-place. In all 26 wells were deepened into the
A s"tudy was ini"tia"ted wi"th "the objec"tive "to basemen"t. 14 of them were completed as producers from
provide a be"t"ter es"tima"te of pe"trophysical "thiS forma"tion (Figure 1).
parame"ters in a producing frac"tured basemen"t
reserVOir. EmphaSiS was pu"t on frac"ture and The speCifiC Objec"tive of the s"tudy as described in
ma"triX porosi"ty de"termina"tion and i"tS ver"tical and "thiS paper was to prOVide pe"trophysical parame"ters
areal dis"tribu"tion. ThiS was essen"tial in order "to which can be used as a basiS for STOIIP calcula"tions
accura"tely define STOIIP as well as "to improve "the and reserVOir modelling. Derivation of any
reserVOir descrip"tion and prOVide a da"ta base for quan"ti"tative pe"trophysical values is known "to be
modelling s"tudies. ThiS paper gives an insigh"t in"to problema"tic in' any basemen"t reserVoir. The approach
"the "techniques applied "to classify differen"t rock used "to in"tegra"te "the majOri"ty of available da"ta and
"types and "the approach "taken "to compu"te "the obtain "the results wi"th highes"t POSSible degree of
mineralogical model as baSiS for "the porOSity confidence is explained in thiS paper.
evaluation wi"th minimum available core da"ta "to
calibrate "the resul"ts.

With "the help of a program "to iden"tify DATA USE

elec"tro-facies a minaralogical model was aSSigned "to
each faCies and the petrophysical constan"ts were "then Due "to "the frac"tured nature of the basemen"t rock very
compu"ted. Whenever possible "tes"t and product ion limi"ted amoun"t of core ma"terial is available. mos"tly
from "the "tigh"ter par"ts of "the basemen"t. Pe"trophysical
logging da"ta and Forma"tion MicrO Scanner da"ta were
u"tllized to confirm the s"tudy reSUlts. reserVoir description has "therefore "to be based on
the follOWing sources:
Based on the analySiS it was pOSSible "to subdiVide - PetrographiC reports
the frac"tured basement body in"tO segmen"ts. Problems
- Mud log information
in de"termining poroSi"ty as well as wa"ter sa"turation
in "thiS "type of reserVOir are highligh"ted and "the - Cuttings description
- Open- hole logs
need "to initia"te a world-Wide da"ta base for grani"tic
rocks is stressed. - Formation Micro Scanner log results (FMS)

INTRODUCTION PETROGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION OF BASEMENT ROCK

Zeit bay field is a NW-SE "trending s"truc"ture PetrographiC s"tudies of "thin sec"tions inden"tified
compriSing of a series of clastiCS. carbona"tes. differen"t rock "types Wi"th "the associa"ted minerals as
listed below:
shales and evaporites overlying a tilted basement
block. I"t measures abou"t 2.5 x 4.5 km and is
si"tua"ted a"t "the SW corner of "the Gulf of Suez. The a - GRANITIC ROCK
field was discovered in 1ge1 by well QQ 89-1 WhiCh Granites cover "the larges"t area of "the Zeit Bay field
in the east and south. They conSist mainly of
found gas in "the crestal par"t of "the structure. In feldspar. quartz and mixed clays.
October 1981 the appraisal well QQ 89-2 drilled
downdip found. some 2 km'to the sou"th. the Oil leg b - METAVOLCANICS
830 ft thiCk. The field commenced produc"tion in 1984 Presen"t in the northern and western area of the
and to date produced about 65 " of the estimated field conSist mainly of meta-andesite and
ultimate recovery. A Significant portion of "the "to"tal amphiboles. Me"ta-andesi"te consis"ts of serici"tized
produc"tion was from basemen"t wells (52 x 10- bbll plagioclase. green hornblende, magne"tite. apatite
With ini"tial flowra"tes up to 10.000 bbl/D per well. and chlorite.
Basement reserVOir rock is commonly very thiCk.
c - DYKES
porosity is mainly secondary. the dis"tribution of
porOSity and permeability Traversing the granite With a large and changing
Is irregular and variety of minerals such as quartz, calCite,
produc"tivity varieS greatly.
feldpars. pyroxenes. amphiboles and clays.

903
2
PETROPHYSICAL APPROACH TO DESCRIPTION OF A PRODUCING FRACTURfD BASEMENT RESERVOIR SPE 21444
d - BASEMENT WASH DYKES FACIES
Overlying the. basement in par.ticular at the crest.
Created by tectonic movements in connection with Two faCies were- identified in the dykes:.
longtime exposure to temperature changes, chemical
reactions and mechanical deformation and transport. Electro-faCies 21: 'Kajor _dykes faCies.
Mostly composed of quartz, feldspars, chlorite and
clays. Electro-faCies 26. CharaCterized by a larger
separa-t!on between the neutron· and den3ity curve3.
ThiS could be due to the al.teration of pyroxenes and
amphiboles intO chlorite. increasing the chlorite
PETROPHYSICAL ANALYSIS content of thiS facie3.
Identification of Well Interyals
BASEHENT WASH FACIES
For the purpose of qualitative and quantitative log
interpretation basement was diVided into intervals in Altogether eight faCies were identified in the
indiVidual wells. ThiS was done in two different basement wash, reflecting the heterogeneity of thiS
ways: format ion. On ly 2. are present in more than one ·we 11.
The first method depends mainly on the qualitative Electro-faCies 32. Characterized by high neutron
Neutron and DenSity log response, mud loss data, value.
production logs and drilling data. Four intervals
have been identified and Simply named A, B, C and D. Electro-faCies 33. Kost common faCies -in the
It was observed, that low granite. denSities are basement wash. Neutron values. vary from 14 to 21
assOCiated With mud losses, fast drilling rates and P.U.
high Oil production rates. T.hese intervals are
conSidered as highly fractured. confirmed by FMS METAVOLCANICS FACIES
data. Intervals A (structurally highest) and C have
these characteristics, whereas Intervals Band Dare Ketavolcanics are -.present in only two wells' L-land
less fractured and produce With low rates and only L-5.
when completed separately.
Electro-faCies 41 + 44. Present in well L-lonly,
The Objective of the second ~pproach is to apply high neutron values.
different log evaluation models to the variOUS rock
types identified. It was carried out With the help of Electro-faCies 42 + 43: Present in both wells; low
a program which identifies "electro-facies' neutron values.
(Ref 1,2).

In order to analyze the data. the correlation

coeffiCients between all pairs of log measurements Model and Parueter Selec'tion .
are first computed. These are displayed in Table 1.
A strong correlation between logs (greater than 0.5)
indicates that the logs are responding to the same The .mineral models to be used for log analySiS vere
underlying petrophySical parameter. For instance selected based on the limited information from cores,
SoniC and Neutron, which both respond mostly to petrographical studies on cores and cuttings as well
porOSity. are correlated (0.74). A consequence of as 'regional experience and literature studies.
these high correlations is that although we may have Hulti-well crossplots 'using all available logging
n different log measurements, we Will not be able ~ools were invaluable in substituting the sparse
to solve for n different petrophYSical parameters. mineralogical _information. The follOWing general
comments apply to the final 3election of the model
In a second step the program groups paints of parameters and are a re3ult of_ petrographiC analysiS:
similar log response in the n-dimensional log space ..
The order in which the initial clusters are Minerals present in rock3 3uch as feldspar and
aggregated into larger (and fewer) clusters is mica are not unique, but-made up of several feldspars
illustrated in the 'dendrogram" shown in Figure 2. and micas.
The end-result is a small number of clusters
(referred to as electro~facies). WhiCh can then be - Feldspars encountered in granites are predominantly
assOCiated With variOUS rock types. alkaline or potaSSium feldspars, whereas ..t.hose
encount-ered in dykes tend to be more baSiC or
plagioclase.
Log Ayeraging and Electro-FaCies GrOUping The only minerals of t.hiS study for WhiCh the log
responses are very well defined are quartz and
A useful method of controlling the results of the calCite. Consequently t.he values corresponding to
clustering conSists in computing the average value these minerals were 3et once, and never modified.
of each log for each electro-faCieS. The average logs For other minerals the st.arting pOint was mineral
can then be displayed together With the input logs. logging paramet.er tables (Ref. 3,41. These pOints
ThiS allows to verify if the average log values for were then adjusted to obtain results consi3tent.
each electro-faCies are. representative of the actual wit.h ot.her data.
log values.
The feldspar pOint in t.he granite model for
The randomly numbered final electro-faCies and their instance was moved to obtain an overall feldspar to
averaged values are tabulated in Table 2. quart.z ratio of approXimately 60 to 40, and the
mica pOint. was' shifted to l1.mit the volumetriC
The faCies represent the follOWing claSSification: fractiOn of t.hiS mineral t.o about. 10 %.

The indiVidual models and comput.at.ion parameters are

GRANITE-FACIES discussed in t.he follOWing section.
Granite Kodel
Electro-facies 11: Less productive granite
ThiS model· is made ·up of quartz, orthoclase and
Electro-facies 12. Medium-porOSity granite mica· (muscovi te). The -presence of clay was also
debated,· but it was decided not to include it. in
Electro-faCies 13: High-porOSity granite, highly the-.model. as the amounts would be very low. Chosing
fractured, rubblized the values of t.he clay paramet.er3 would have been
difficult.
Electro-faCies 16: As 13. but With higher thoriUm
and potaSSium readings. A3an example t.he denSity-neutron crossplot for the
granitefacie3 i3 displayed in Figure 3. The: den3ity
value of mineral Feldspar-l for example was chosen
as 2.54 g/cW- With the follOWing jU3tification:

904
 SPE 21444 MOSLEH KHALIL , GOERG PIGAHT 3
The corresponding porOSity cut-off aay therefore be
1. The density .·vsneutron crossplot .shows ·a lot of extreaely low. ThiS has been confiraed in the Zeit
pOints .north of the' quartz-water line. As the Bay field by spinner surveys. In order to aSSist
density of .ica is rather high (2.95 g/c."). there
in~he select-ion- of cut-off values ·cut-off
.ust be a .ineral lighter than quartz to account for
all .these pOints. A denSity of 2.54 g/c." for optiaization" plots were drawn _ shOWing thickness.
feldspar -is. therefore conSistent with the data. pore voluae and 'hydrocarbonvoluae as 'a function of
la) -porosity and (b) .water saturation IF.igure 81.
2. All -data· bases we consulted give denSity values
for orthoclase·between 2.5 and 2.6 g/c.... Given that After exaaining these plots and taking into account
the average granite .feldspar is .ade up of .2/3 the geological and production experience in. the
orthoclase 12.52) and 1/3 albite 12.59). the denSity reserVOir. the set of cut-off values as
of the .ixture is about 2.54 g/c.... displayed in Table 4 was selected. Net pay-l and
net pay-2 were selected in order to carry out a
3. USing a value of 2.54 g/c." for.feldspar in the senSitiVity analySiS on cut-off paraaeters.
interpretat ion gives· a-better reconstruct ion of the
denSity log rather than using a higher value.

FORKATION KICRO' SCANNER INTERPRETATION

Dykes Kodel
Foraation -Kicro Scanner' (FKSI tools ·were run in SiX
Careful 'analysu ·of .. histogra.s and _. crossplots Ze it Bay we lls to 'date in order to detect
IFigure-4) reveals-that dykes can .be.odeled With fractures and evaluate porOSity. fracture 'type.
only ·three· "ainerals· if .several of the. initial intenSity. dip and direction.
_'inerals are ·groupedtogether. Quartz and calCite
can be pooled With feldspars-2 Iplagioclase). .icas The FKS gives an 'electrical ,iaage of the foraation
can be pooled With pyroxenes and aaphiboles. and all and responds to conductive ,ainerals and water in
clay .ineral.s can be .odeled by chlorite ITable_ 3). theforaation. Two different aethods of .est iaat ion
of fracture porosity were used :
Ketavolcanics Kodel- al a voluaetric aethod after Reference 5. based on
the .easureaent of "fracture Width. length. and
After studying crossplots as shown in Figure 5 • we height -froa a couloured display.
opted for three co.ponents: Kineral-l co.bining
orthoclase. quartz and calCite. Kineral-2 b) a aethod USing iaage conductiVity thresholds
co.bining heavy .inerals. .icas and pyroxenes. (Ref 81
.and Kineral-3 lu,ping all clay 'inerals. Log values
for .etavolcanics (Table 3) are very si.ilar to those Since -the FKS iaages are in fact a conductiVity' aap
used for the three ·'inerals" in the dykes .odel. of the we 11 bore wall. . they represent the
distribution of conductive water Iporosity) in front
Base.ent Wash Kodel of each pad. On the iaage exaainerworks:tation a
threshold can be applied to the iaage conductiVity,
Like the dykes. the baseaent wash is a aixture of redUCing it to a black and white iaage With no grey
ainerals originally in place and alteration tones. A percentage· of -the black Iwater filled
products. The crossplots IFigure 6) show that porosityl 'is then calculated and can ·be coapared
three 'inerals cannot adequately describe thiS to porOSity froa 'other logging tools or froa
co.plex foraation. and a four-aineral aodel was core ana.lysis.. ThiS "1'KS porOSity· has a fairly good
therefore' chosen : quartz. feldspar-I, chlorite and correlation to log porOSity if'
clay (Table 3).
1 - Mater saturation in the flushed zone ISxo) does
not change With porOSity.
HYDROCARBON SATURATION COKPUTATION 2 -ceaentationexponent lal of the foraation does
not change.
Hydrocarbon saturation reaains one of the aain
uncertainties in the evaluation of the baseaent. By calibrating the iaages in a zone of known
because in the absence of any calibration pOints the porOSity, With aceaentation exponent close to two
Archie equation. WhiCh is usually applied .for (a 21. fractured zones la II should show
sediaentary rocks With intergranular porOSity is relatively higher FKS .porosity than log porOSity.
used. In order to account for thiS uncertainty the In other words, fractures will be aore conductive
sensitiVity of hydrocarbon saturation coaputation to for their pore voluae.
different petrophySical constants was extenSively Since in the Zeit 'Bay Baseaent no zone ,could be said
investigated. to have a constant ceaentation exponent la = 2) for
cali bration. an arbitrar.y cutoff was selected so that
low porosity zones on the logs gave values of 'zero
to one percent porOSity on the iaages and high
Deteraination of PetrophySical Constants porOSity zones were aatched·as near as pOSSible. In
general, the FKS porosity so calculated Will be
An EPT log was run in only one of the baseaent optiaistic in high porosities in order to show so_e
wells (ZB-D2c). Hence the value of the ce.entation variation in low porOSity zones. The threshold
exponentIal could be coaputed at each depth-level. selected for the iaages is invalid below the Oil-
Unfortunately thiS log did only cover the highly water contact.
fractured interval A whiCh was conSidered an
insuffiCient data base for describing a A second prograa was run on the FKS data to
ceaentation exponent vs porOSity relationship for autoaatically detect irregular conductive anoaalies
the entire base.ent. An average value of .=1.9 was I fractures) on the log. The follOWing coaaents
chosen froa the histograa of a-values (Figure 7) to suaaarize observation aade froa both analyses.
be applied to all Granite and Dyke sections. IFigure 91
SensitiVity calculations were carried out USing
.=1.7 and a=2.1. In the absence of any SCAL data the Although there is considerable scatter in fracture
saturation exponent was assuaed to be n=2.0. orientation. two broad orientations for the
fractures occur. Fractures are dipping very
steeply at angles up to 80 degrees.
Cut-off Optiaization Fractures occur priaarily in the granite and not
in the volcaniC dykes.
For the deteraination of STOIIP the average values
for porOSity and hydrocarbon saturation Without cut- The high porosity zones (breCCia) appear to be·
off values were calculated. For the purpose of rubblized granite or aylonite zones created by
reserves estiaates only intervals which lal contain aove_ent along shear fractures. Lower porosity zones
hydrocarbons and (bl have suffiCient peraeability are on the logs tend to exhibit _ore distinct fractures.
relevant. In fractured rock a substantial The highest density of ·fractures, apart froa the
peraeability can exist at very low porOSities. breccia zones. is usually associated wi th._icro-

905
4 Tn nt' II nlnnllrTNC - <:Dt' ?lllll4
fractures wh ich are es'Uma'ted 'to be very saall in
aper'ture. •• Large . varia'tions 'of hydrocarbon sa'tura'tion
'val~es' for low porosi'ties wi'th changes in
I't is pos'tula'ted tha't 'the conductiVi'ty of 'the dyke petrophysical cons'tan'ts (a;n)s'tress the· need for a
rock 'is 'the resul't of conduc'tive ainerals in 'the be't'ter ··definition of these values fro. cores or logs
ma'triX and no't due 'to in'tergranular porosity of and the development Of a speCial equa'tions for
'the dykes. fractured. base.ent reserVOirs.

Where dykes occur, a breCCia or in'tensely 5. IdenU fl.cauon of high and low fractured in'tervals
frac'tured zone is usually found on one Side of 'the agrees wi'th the quanti'tative evalua'tion froa
dyke. conven'tional 'logs and FMS.
6. In View of the difficulties encoun'tered in
acqui'ring 'accura'te "mineralogical data froa cores in
RESULTS highly fractured· systeas it. would be helpful 'to
ini'tiate a'world-wide .data base for granitiC rocks.
Porosity calculations froa logs as well as FMS
results·confirm the presence of distinc't in'tervals in
wells. as defined by the qualitative approach NOMENCLATURE
(Figure 10).
Average·, poros'i''ties in 'the gran.i'tesof 'the Zeit Bay m - ceaentation exponent
reserVOir' zones range·fro.4·to 8 X for interval A, n saturation exponent
1 'to 4 % for.. interval Band 4 ·to 6 X for l.nterval C. Sxo water saturation in invaded zone
Interval D is only present ,in one well and found
porous. No dep'th liait· for .·fracturing in 'the
basement has ·beenencoun'tered. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT'
The higher 'than ·.expec'ted porosi'ty .for a frac'tured The aU'thors are also .. grateful to 'the aanageaent of
systea is due 'to the highly frac'tured nature of Suez Oil Co. ·(SUCO) and all partners (BP, DEMINEX,
'the baseaen't 'to 'the eX'tent of creating rubblized SHELL I for peral.8sionto publish 'this paper. We also
zones. I't ,does' therefore· not seea ,appropriate 'to Wish 'to thank Laurent MOinaI'd of Schluaberger, for
dis'tinguish between .aa'triX and frac'ture porosi'ty hiS coopera'tion in·pr-eparing the study.
in 'the basement, since 'the apparen't aa'trix porOSity
is si.ply crea'ted by .. a high· fracture denSity.
REFERENCES
Hydrocarbon 'sa'tur'a'tion calcul.a'tions show large
varia'tions,'but'average values in zones A andC range ( 1) Askary S., ;Layering of. Baseaent in Zeit Bay
aainly froa 50 to 70 %, wi'th .considerably lower Field, E.G.P.C. 8th Explora'tion Conference, Cairo,
values in. 't'he ·-low 'porOSity zoneB. The effect of the ·Noveaber 1986
senSitiVity 'to a variation of 0.2 in 'the ceaentation
exponent reveals a +/- 5 to 10 % change in (2) Wolff M., and Pelissier-Combescure, J., Faciolog
hydrocarbon 'sa'turation for high ·porosity .and high Autoaatic Elec'tro-facies Deteraination,
Oil. satura'tion' intervals, and up 'to 30 X for low Transactions of 'the SPWLA 23rd Annual Syaposiua,
porosi·ty· and ·lowsa'tura'tion .l.ntervals. June 6-9 1882.

Basement Wash' porOSity averages to 5 12 X, (31 Edaundson H. and Rayaer L.L., Radioactive logging
·hYdrooarbon.sa'turations.are,be'tween 60 and 80 %. .Paraaeters for CoaaonMinerals, Transactions of 'the
SPWLA .20'th Annual Logging Syaposiua. Tulsa, June 3-6,
The 'two' wells' i'ncorporating aetavOlc.anic sections 1879, paper O.
encountered the .baseaen't in 'the. wa'ter leg and
exhibit porOSities be'tween 7 and 10 X. (41 ElliS D.; Howard J •• Flaua C., McKeon D., Scot't
H. , Serra O. • and . Simmons G., Hineral Logging
The .. interpre'ta'tion of dykes can certainly be Paraaeter; Nuclear and Acoustio, The Technical
questioned due to the coaplexity of 'the aineral ReView. Schlua;\>erger, January 1888.
.cO.position and 'the FHSin'terpretation sugges'ting
conduotive ainerals rather than open frac'tures. (5) Nurai R., ·Charara M., ..and· Va'terhouse M.,
Calcula'ted average porOSities for all .dykes in a He'terogeneity in ,Carbonate ReserVOirs Detec'tion
well range ~roa 2 'to 6 %. and Allalysis USing Borehole Iab.ges, .Geological
Application of Vireline logs, Geological SOCiety of
Applying a cutoff. value. of 1% on porosity in 'the London, June 1988
grani'te has a negligible effect on porOSity
averages and .ne't pay thickness in in'tervals A or C. (6) Ekstroa M.P., Dahan C.A., Chen H.Y., Lloyd P.M.,
For interval B a reduction in net pay is eViden't only and ROSSi D.J., 'Foraation Imaging wUh Hicro-
in wells where the average porosi'ty is around 2% or Elec'trical Scannl.ng Arrays, SPWLA 27th Annual Logging
lower. Syaposium, Houston, June 11-12, 1986.

Figure 10 shows a compariSon of log, FHS and the

only available core analYSiS in the .baseaent. The
plot disp.lays good agreeaent between .log . and core
he li ua or xenon flood -poros i ties. FMS paras uy is
higher, but Shows 'good correla'tion. Produc'tion
logging results plo'tted in 'the "same figure confira
oil and gas flow froa 'in-'tervals With log porosi't.ies
froa 'thiS' study below 2%.
STOIIP es'tiaates based on porOSity values froa thiS
study.i·ndicate that about, 25% of the esUaated STOIIP
in the baseaent have been produced during 'the past
SiX years.

CONCLUSION
1. A coaprehensive .·pe'trophysical analySiS was
possible· wi'th. a ainimum of calibration oore data.

2. Mineralogical aode Is were de'termined wi'th

'the help· of electro-faCies zona'tion and crossplot
techniques.

3. ·Porosi ty in the analyzed fractured baseaen't rock

seeas' higher than expec'ted ,in na'turally fractured
reservoirs' due to ·the highly fractured .nature infora
of rubblized intervals.

906
 SPE 21 444-

TI\RLE : 1

CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS BETWEEN WELL LOGS-EXAMPLE WELL

Log Name RI-IOB NPHI PEF DT URAN POTA

-
THOR
RI-IOB 1.000 -0.442 0.258 -0.263 -0.247 0.2fJ4 0.144
NPHI -0.442 1.000 0.129 0.743 -0.144 -0.602 -0.662
PEF 0.258 0.129 1.000 0.013 0.090 -0.069 -0.192
DT -0.263 0.743 0.013 1.000 -0.277 -0.485 -0.484
URAN -0.247 -0.144 0.090 -0.277 1.000 0.352 0.409
POTA 0.264 -0.602 -0.069 -0.485 0.352 1.000 0.851
THOR 0.144 -0.662 -0.192 -0.484
' -_ _ _ _ _ _ 1---. 0.409 0.851 1.000

TABLE 2
AVERAGE LOG VALUES FOR IDENTIFIED ELECTRO- FACIES

L_' A_v_e_ra--'=ge Log Value._s _

_I!'~<:!~~~].l~ RHOB I NPH~!rURANJ POTA I THOR] G(
Granite Facies
11 14 2.56 2.0 57.0 2.40 8.30 4.10 30.0
12 8 2.50 5.5 65.0 2.40 7.50 3.90 25.0
13 5 2.51 7.0 62.0 - 6.50 2.80 18.0
16 7 2.45 8.6 76.0 2.40 9.50 3.80 28.0
Dykes Facies
21 7 2.58 14.5 67.0 3.66 7.00 2.80 11.2
26 5 2.60 24.0 68.0 - 5.00 2.00 6.00
Basement Wash Facies
32 4 2-48 31.6 76.5 2.30 6.20 2.12 30.0
33 8 2.44 18.2 75.0 2.50 5.30 3.20 23.2
Metavolcanics Facies
41 1 2.62 21.9 59.7 4.80 1.36 2.65 5.00
42 2 2.69 6.1 54.2 3.10 1.13 3.10 7.80
43 2 2.75 9.5 54.6 3.47 1.20 2.60 4.70
44 1 2.68 48.0 74.8 5.25 6.60 1.24 5.36

907
SPE 21 44 'I

TABLE: 3
MINERAL MODELS AND LOG PARAMETERS

Modell: Granite

-- U
RHOB NPHI DT POTA THOR
Quartz 2.65
----
-2 4.8
----
52 0 5
Micas 2.95 21 51 15.6 5 140
Feldspars-1 2.54 0 56 6.1 10 30
Model 2: Dykes
RHOB NPHI DT U POTA THOR
Feldspars-2 2.67 0 54. 6.4 0.1 5
Pyroxenes+Amphib. 3.00 8 60. 20.0 0.0 10
Chlorite 2.76 52 75. 17.4 0.5 5
Model 3: Metavolcanics
RHOB NPHI DT U POTA THOR
Mineral-1 2.67 0 52. 6.4 2.5 5
Mineral-2 3.00 8 51. 20.0 0.5 5
Mineral-3 2.70 45 75. 17.4 2.0 5
Model 4: Basement Wash
RHOB NPHI DT U POTA THOR
Quartz 2.65 -2. 52. 4.8 0.0 5.
Feldspar-1 2.54 O. 56. 6.1 10.0 30.
Chlorite 2.76 52.. 75. 17.4 0.5 5.
Clay1 2.53 30. 75. 4.4 3.0 15.
Clay2 2.41 37. 1l0. 4.4. 3.0 15.

TABLE 4
Lumping Cutoffs

Gross Net-1 Net-2

. . ;:_:c_-!-~~~.~~i<?n-- =<P _~w,=-l-=:.L Sw Cla~ <p_ Sw :_-=-Cl~~
Granite a
.. .. _--_ _--------- ------_
_
100 1 100
__._..- _-.. . 1 --_
--_.- 50.._._._-
Basement
....... a •. _100
Wash .. __.._ - _.._.•.__. 10 100
._. 30
._. " ._"10 50_
0._. 30 .
Dykes
---_ . . • .-.
a 100 8.... - -100
-_ ....•1---_._...._
100
- -.•.. - - " - " - ' -
8 50..... - - '..
50-
MetavolcanicS a 100 1 50 100 1 50 10

908
 Fig.1 :ZEIT BAY BASEMENT STRUCTURE CONTOUR MAP

DEPTH MOD/ FA 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.8
---------1---------1---------1---------1---------1---------1---------1---------1---------1---------1
j30S.5 11/ 51---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1
1----------------------+
1
5428.5 1/ 61---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
5408.5 3/ 31--------------------------------+
1
1---------------------------------------------------------+
1
+ 1 +
1
5417.0 2/ 41--------------------------------+
5396.0 4/ 21------------------------------+
1
1 -------+
1------+
1 1
5392.5 5/ 21--------------+ I 1
1 1 I
1---------------+ 1
5376.0 6/ 21--------------+ 1
1----------------------------------------------------+
5346.5 9/ 11-------+ 1
1 1
1-+ 1
1 1 1
,330.5 10/ 1 1-------+ I 1
1----+ 1
1 1 1
5363.5 7/ 11---------+ 1 1
1----------------------+
5358.0 8/ 11--------------+

FIGURE 2: EXAMPLE OF DENDROGRAM

909
 2.0 4----512285719193110 110 " 2 1 1 1

V
l
2
2
1
1 1

2. 2
1 ./

~
1
1

1 1 1 2 1 2 1
1 1 3 5 I 2 3 :U,
1 3 1 2 110 • '12 '7
1 1 3
"'eu 2.4
1 1 3122522242
1 - 1 3 12237Ul 14 5 3 1 2
3
2 3 1 5 •
.... 2
2 2 7 71541705 220 9 5 3 .. 1
410175779 0351411 9 ] i
'" FELDSP~'~3205.77
~ 2
375$
55.21 513 ••
105tUl71~U'
1
1
3
I 3
•
U5$$$$ $$7747431513 5 of, .2 ~ 2 1 1 1
71$$$$ $$'''5412'1611.2 '7 .. 2' 1
23$$$$$ $$$1355«32516.2 2,1 1 1
$$$$S $$$9 ....·7262.017 . . . a' 2 1 1 1
~~$ $$$$$5136221"3, '753
:z $$79423415. 5 2 1 - - 1
11 • 714 '7 t '7 .. 1
2 1 3 2 1
QUARTZ I
1
1 1

2.8

@MICA

3.0 0.05 005 0.15 025 0.35 0.45

NEutRON POROSITY IN %
Fig; 3 DENSITY - NEUTRON CROSSPLOT FOR ALL GRANITE FACIES

2.0------ 1 3 3 - 2 2 - - 1 1 Z 1 2 - 2 1 2 9 1 3 .2 3 1 1 _ 3 3 - .:z-...,....-.;;r---~----t
1

, /'

/'
,\f(.,,/
2.2l------+------+---7L--,,..f---(~.:....--+_----_+
<;,'1-,/
./

, ,
,,
"'e 2.4l------+----:;"L---r-+--;-'----+------t-------t
~
'"
~
1
1/
1 1 1
>- i 1/,'1
I- 1 1 1 ~ /5 '7 , 5 1 2

~
1 .2 1.,k .2 211 , 2:1 1 1 1

~ 2.6 +-__~4_+;... -r."..zIZ .2

1 - - .. ~~
1112

1
~-r-" ~
1:5 2
1
2 1--1--------1--------1
1 2 3
1 3 2
1 1 1

2.8 ------1------1------+------+------+

PYROXENES AMPHI80LES
3·QO.05 0.0 0.15 025 0.35 0.45
NEUTRON POROSITY IN %
Fig; 4 DENSITY - NEUTRON CROSSPLOT FOR MAJOR DYKE FACIES (21)

910
 SPE 21 444

.0

.2

"'eu 2 .4
.... 1 1
'" 1
1
i 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
2 1 1 j 1 1 I,
1 1
1 2 1 , 1
, 1 1

2 • 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2
I 1 1
1 1 1 2
2-21-1 1
1 1 1
1 1
't- 12- - _ 1
1 1
1

MINERAL 3
,
MINERAL 1 1 4 4 4 1 3 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 • 1 1 1 1
1 3111252 2 1 1 I 1 2 1 1 2 I 1 1 .1
@ 2 ] :n5l• • , 2 2 , 1
•
I ~
1 2 1 1 1
1
, U1l2n~ " , J 2 '7 1
5202011 • " " 2 3 2 :5 2 1
• 2 1
1
1 2
1
1
1
I
2 1 1 1
1 11215 , 5 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1
1 3 5 3 1 3 1 3 3 ZJ J :5 1

2. 8
, 1

.. ,
I • 2 no
24.,31 1
1 3 6i I • 2
1
•

r.. MINERAL 2
3.0
-0.05 aoS' 0.15 025 0.35 0.45
NEUTRON POROSITY IN %
Fig 5 DENSITY - NEUTRON CROSSPLOT FOR-ALL METAVOLCANIC FACIES

2.0 ]

~
:
~1-
1

1
~
o 1 1

1 1
1 1 1 '/
2.2 1-1 1

1 ,•• ,1
1
1 1
•I ••,
,,,,
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 , 1
1
1
•
1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
, 1 1 ] , 1 2 1 1
, ,• ]

I,
1 , 1 1 ] ] ] 1 4. I1S .. , 1 1
,, n. • • •
1 1 1 5 512 5 2 1 1
"'eu 1 1 •
1
2 ] ttl .. •2 1 1 1 1 1
• • •
,, , ,••• ,,
, ,
.... 2.4
, I CY CLAY
1- 1 51014 5 llDl210 5 ) 1- 1 - 1
2 '7 Uti 5 2 •3 1
3 1- ] , 1 1 1 1 1 2 -
'" 1 1
1 1 2
1
•24I ] 4 7 5 6 1 3 .. 5 4. 2 J 7 :I 2
~ 1 • 5
1 5 5 ) 1 Ii 1 ] I 5
] 1 ] 2 2 .. ) 2 2 1
, , 5 1 ,

. ·.
1 1 1 5 1 • Ii 1 1 212 1 ] 1 1 2
)0- •7 77 ,I 1 3 ]
"
f-
en
1
@FELQ
1 1 1
AR 11. 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 7
,,
I •• 1 1 2
.. 2
3
2 1 1• 1 ,
1 •
CD
CiL/.. 1 i j 1
1

z
w I 1 2
1 1
, 1 , • •• ,, 1
, 1
• , 1 1 1 ,
11
1 1
I 2
1 1 1
•1 1 3 1 1 1
, 1 ,

o , 1 11225212 1 I 1 1 1 1
2.6 ,
1 1 - - - 1- 1 1 1 1- 2 1 1- 1 2----' 1 1

~ARTZ
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1

I
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 CHLORITE
1 1 ~

2.8
I
1 1 1-1
1

1
1

3'~0_05 0.05 0.15 0.25

NEUTRON POROSITY IN %
i
0.35 0.45

Fig: 6 DENSITY - NEUTRON CROSSPLOT FOR ALL BASEMENT WASH FACIES

911
SPE 21 44~

NUMBER OF VALUES
80-.-----------------------,

80 . . .

o
1 U U U U 2 U U U U ~
CEMENTATION EXPONENT
WEll ZB-D2C

..
-- I--.

'~
-
IV

"
IX) ~ 60 40
~o
20
WATER SATURATION IN "10

""
~
\
I

4
"" ~ I---
12 16 20
POROSITY IN %

fig.': CUT-Off OffIMlZATION PLOT fOR GRANITE-WELL ZB-D3

912
 SPE 2144~

B 45 9B 135 18B 225 27B 315 368

I I I I I I I I

4828.8

BRECCIATED
ZONE

4821. 8

4822.8

4823.8
DYKE

4824.8

4825.8

FIGURE 9 EXAMP,LE OF FMS INTERPRETION

913
SPE 21 44 Y-

DEPTH PLT and CORE Results Hydrocarbon Saturation Log and FMS Porosity Lithology
ft MD

Basement Interval (A) 5274 f t

FMS Description

53001----+----1 -----==---+--...",.....:s:::::;;,:I-...j

Breccia

1
53501----+----1
Breccia

t
Irregular Micro Fretes L.=::::;::==--
575 Interval(B) Micro·
Fraes

Large Fraes

5900·

OIL 1900 BBl

WATER 100 BB /0

Small Fraes

6010t---;;:~i;,:;:;;::;+---~~~~~f--l
strong Fraes

F!GURE \0: COMPARISON OF LOG, CORE AND FMS POROSITIES

914