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Los minerales arcillosos típicamente se forman durante largos períodos de tiempo como resultado
de la erosión química gradual de las rocas, generalmente portadoras de silicatos, por bajas
concentraciones de ácido carbónico y otros solventes diluidos. Estos solventes, generalmente
ácidos, migran a través de la roca de intemperie después de lixiviar a través de las capas superiores
intemperizadas.
Además del proceso de erosión, algunos minerales arcillosos se forman a través de la actividad
hidrotermal. Existen dos tipos de depósitos de arcilla: primarios y secundarios. Las arcillas primarias
se forman como depósitos residuales en el suelo y permanecen en el sitio de formación. Las arcillas
secundarias son arcillas que han sido transportadas desde su ubicación original por la erosión hídrica
y depositadas en un nuevo depósito sedimentario[4]. Los depósitos de arcilla están típicamente
asociados con ambientes deposicionales de muy baja energía tales como grandes lagos y cuencas
marinas.Están constituidas por silicatos hidratados de aluminio; sus impurezas por lo general son el
cuarzo o limonitas.
Las arcillas son plásticas cuando son mojadas reteniendo su forma cuando se secan. Los análisis de
propiedades técnicas depende del uso que se quiera dar a las arcillas.
ARCILLA, Corriente , refractaria, cerámica, para cemento. Los minerales de las arcillas se dividen
en Esmectitas o Montmorillonitas, Caolinitas e Illitas.
CAOLIN. El caolín es una arcilla formada por caolinitas, mayormente se produce por
descomposición de feldespatos. La eliminación completa de los álcalis y metales alcalino terrosos
requieren de una intensa lixiviación, producida por gases volcánicos, soluciones hidrotermales o
aguas superficiales.
En la Industria
En General las Arcillas constituyen gde gran valor para el mercado nacional y mundial. Para el
sector indusrial tiene muchas aplicaciones por ello se clasifican en las siguientes:
Arcillas comunes: están compuestas por una mezcla de hidrosilicatos de aluminio (halloysita, illita,
caolinita) e impurezas. Se utilizan en cerámica roja, es decir para fabricación de ladrillos, tejas,
greda, baldosines y cerámica tosca.
La bentonita sódica en suspensión aumenta la viscosidad de los líquidos y es muy importante para
la preparación de lodos de perforación
Industria farmacéutica
Catálisis
Alimentación animal
Industria Cerámica
El yacimiento de Vichayal se ubica a 200m. al NE del distrito de San Felipe, Paita. Consta de lutitas
marrones en la parte inferior, en la parte intermedia se aprecia cenizas volcánica de la formación
Chira, y en la parte superior, consta de Bentonita.
La Bentonita sódica abunda en los departamentos de Tumbes y Piura. Bentonita cálcica abunda en
Ica.
CLAYS
Clayey minerals typically form over long periods of time as a result of the gradual chemical erosion
of rocks, usually silicate-carrying rocks, by low concentrations of carbonic acid and other dilute
solvents. These solvents, usually acidic, migrate through the weathered rock after leaching
through the weathered top layers.
In addition to the erosion process, some clay minerals are formed through hydrothermal activity.
There are two types of clay deposits: primary and secondary. Primary clays form as residual
deposits in the soil and remain at the formation site. Secondary clays are clays that have been
transported from their original location by water erosion and deposited in a new sedimentary
deposit[4]. Clay deposits are typically associated with very low energy depositional environments
such as large lakes and sea basins and are composed of hydrated aluminum silicates; their
impurities are usually quartz or limonites.
Clays are plastic when they are wet and retain their shape when they dry. The analysis of technical
properties depends on the intended use of the clays.
CLAY, Current, refractory, ceramic, for cement. The clay minerals are divided into Smectites or
Montmorillonites, Kaolinites and Illitas.
As containers of fresh water: ponds and ornamental lakes, golf courses, canals....
As waste water containers: Industrial effluents (ponds).
In contaminated soils: Roofs, vertical barriers. In the sealing of contaminated groundwater
wells.
In radioactive waste repositories: underground repositories, sealing of fractures in
granites, etc.
CAOLIN. Kaolin is a clay formed by kaolinites, mostly produced by the decomposition of feldspars.
The complete removal of alkalis and alkaline earth metals requires intense leaching, produced by
volcanic gases, hydrothermal solutions or surface water.
It is mainly used as a filler in paints. It can also be used as a dry lubricant, thermal and electrical
insulator, in the paper, rubber, textile and soap industries.
In the Industry
In general, clays are of great value for the national and world market. For the industrial sector, it
has many applications, which is why it is classified into the following categories:
Refractory clays: - Kaolins and Bauxite, with a high alumina content; they are highly resistant to
high temperatures, above 1500 ºC, with no major physical-chemical alteration. The Bentonites
also include: - Montmorillonite sodium with expansion capacity and Montmorillonite calcium
without expansion capacity; and Plastic clays: kaolins and illite.
Common clays: they are composed of a mixture of hydrosilicate aluminium (halloysite, illite,
kaolinite) and impurities. They are used in red ceramics, i.e. for the manufacture of bricks, tiles,
clay, tiles and rough ceramics.
The high absorption power of calcium bentonite is used for cleaning liquids and catalysts in the oil
industry.
Sodium bentonite in suspension increases the viscosity of liquids and is very important for the
preparation of drilling muds.
In Peru, the main region in volume of clays is Lima, followed by La Libertad and Junin.
The Vichayal deposit is located 200m away. to the NE of the district of San Felipe, Paita. It consists
of brown shales in the lower part, in the intermediate part there is volcanic ash from the Chira
formation, and in the upper part there is Bentonite.
Bentonite deposits distributed along the coast and the inter-Andean strip.
In Tumbes and Piura, bentonite consists of montmorillonite (45-47 %) and cristobalite (10-30%).
Sodium bentonite is abundant in the departments of Tumbes and Piura. Calcium bentonite is
abundant in Ica.