Transformerless, 9-Levels DC/AC Hybrid Topology Based on
Single DC Source, for Renewable Power Applications
J.R. Rodríguez*, V. Venegas R*, E. L. Moreno-Goytia*, J.L. Monroy-Morales*, M. Hernández-Ángeles*, F.H.
†
Villa-Vargas*, N.M. Salgado-Herrera
*Department of Electrical Engineering, Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia, Morelia, Mexico (email: jr_386@hotmail.com
vvenegasr@yahoo.com, elmg@ieee.org, jlmonroy_m@hotmail.com, mhernand_it@yahoo.com.mx,).
†
UMSNH Facultad de Ingeniería Eléctrica, División de Estudios de Posgrado, Morelia, CP 58030.
Keywords: Multilevel converters, Buck converter,
transformerless, micro-grids.
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel transformerless
multilevel hybrid conversion topology, presents as most
important contribution the generation of two isolated DC
voltage sources without transformers, for applications in
DC/CA cascade hybrid multilevel converters. This is
achieved by modifying the traditional DC/DC Buck converter
topology; a suitable switching strategy is employed to
regulate the isolated DC voltages Vc1 and Vc2 sources at the
flying capacitors C1 and C2.
The simulation, mathematical model of the converter and
the experimental results obtained from the laboratory-scale
version of shows the performance of the proposal and its
relative advantages.
1 Introduction
Modernization on transmission and distribution grids
require of the new systems based on power electronic
converters, with favorable characteristics such as, high
efficiency, high power density, and low harmonic distortion,
to suitable into the distributed generation and smart-grids
concepts. Due to its characteristics, Grid-connected
photovoltaic or wind generation, systems represent the most
widespread solution for residential renewable energy
generation, complied whit the new tendencies in electrical
networks.
Multilevel converters have gained widespread
acceptance for applications in power grids of medium and
high voltage [1], [2]. Some advantages of these converters
are: i) low harmonic distortion in the output voltage, ii) low
voltage stress on devices, iii) low switching frequency, which
leads to better efficiency and iv) it can operate without
magnetic elements [1]-[3]. Given these advantages, the
multilevel converter is a power electronics area under
intensive investigation.
Multilevel converters were initially employed in
high voltage grids and power train applications. After time,
this was introduced in renewable energy converters inside
utility-scale plants, in which they are still largely employed
[4]-[5].
1
C1 C1
V
2 C3
Z Z
Z
C2 C2
a) Clamped diode b) Flying capacitor c) Cascade cell
Fig. 1.- Main DC-AC Multilevel Topologies
Current research in multilevel converters, based on
single DC source like, clamp diode and flying capacitor, Fig 1
a) and b), have focused their attention on the balance of
voltage capacitor, through modulation techniques or
additional circuitry on the converter, in this paradigm, two
cascaded cells topology offers some advantages in reducing
the number elements such as capacitors, diodes and switches,
and increase de number of voltage levels, but these has the
disadvantage to require two isolated DC sources.
A relevant application of the multilevel converters at
low voltage is a 9-level inverter including a DC-AC no hybrid
H-bridges connected to a single DC bus is presented in [6].
The voltage outputs of each H-bridge are combined through
transformers (same voltage ratios) producing a multilevel
voltage waveform. To construct a 9- levels voltage signal, this
structure requires the same number of transformers per cell,
which is disadvantageous for residential renewable energy
generation due of the additional number of transformers are
required.
Other multilevel inverter alternative is presented in
[7]. Such topology is a 5-level structure built with a DC-AC
hybrid converter which uses two cascaded H-bridges, one
connected to a DC bus at VDC and the other to a capacitor
continuously charged at ½ VDC. In order to keep the output
voltage steady, but well controlled by modulation, this
configuration requires continuous capacitor voltage/current
monitoring.
A motor drive using a multilevel DC-AC hybrid tri-
phase converter is shown in [8]. This structure produces 81-
levels using four H-bridges in cascade, it shows the DC-DC
converters (each one using 4 switches and a high frequency
transformer) for supplying DC power to each H-bridge are
included.
 I DC1 T1,1 LG
I DC  L1 Rp

I DC 2 D1,1 c1  Vc  H1 VH 1
T1, 2 1
VGRID
VDC IG
 m1
D1, 2
Buck 1

T2,1 
 L2 Vout
D 2 ,1 c 2  Vc H2 VH2
T2,2 2

D2,2
Buck 2
m2
Fig. 2.- Single DC 9-Levels DC/AC Hybrid Proposed Topology
To achieve the continuous high impedance states
Although the high number of level helps to between VC1 and VC2 tensions generated by the Bucks
thoroughly decrease THD, the total number of switches and converters, as detailed in the next section.
the need of various high-frequency transformers put this
option out of residential renewable energy generation. 2.1.- Isolated Bucks Converters
The topology [9] showed an interesting modification
of a 3-levels Buck converter with two DC sources in series in Using the example of converter Buck1 of Fig. 2, the
cascade with an H-bridge. This topology is based on the use proposal modification consist on add an additional power
of two DC sources in series; such condition can be seen as an switch in Buck converter (T1,2), opening the ground node of
advantage because non-isolated DC sources are no longer the circuit of VDC source. In addition, a diode D1,2, is added in
required as is the case for converters with cascaded cells. series with T1,2 in order to ensure the flow of current only in
Worth to mention that, in addition to the use of a DC direction the collector-emitter of T1,2 power switch.
source, it is necessary: 1) extra DC-DC converters; 2) As shown on Fig. 1 in Buck1 converter, the
voltage/current monitoring; and 3) it is necessary additional commutation states of the switches T1, 1 and T1, 2 are
PWM control. All together decreases reliability and increases controlled in parallel by the modulation variable m1, while
complexity and cost of the converter. If the DC sources are T2,1 and T2,2 are controlled by m2, on Buck2 converter.
replaced with capacitors, the unbalance between DC levels The PWM pulses, m1 and m2, are generated based on
can increase the harmonic distortion at the output. the magnitude comparison between D1, D2 and carry1,
In [10] the author presents the proposal of a seven carry2, variables shown in equations 1 and 2, using a
levels DC-AC converter, based on only a DC source, eight switching frequency, FCBuck
power switches and application of a high frequency
transformer, it should be noted that the number of switches is ­1 when D1 ! Carry1 (1)
lower compared to flying capacitor and clamping diode m1 ®
¯0 when D1  Carry1
topologies, for the same number of voltage levels, but the
application of a transformer increases the cost and reduces the
­1 when D2 ! Carry2 (2)
power density of the proposal. m2 ®
This paper introduces a novel multilevel hybrid ¯0 when D2  Carry2
topology conversion which integrates two basic topologies,
DC/DC Buck converter and DC/AC Multilevel hybrid From 1 and 2 we can deduce a number of topology
cascaded cell, to obtain a 9-levels DC-AC structure using a combinations between Buck2 and Buck1 converters, as shown
single DC input for a single-phase output, whit only 12 power in Table I.
switches. The actual research considering a transformerless
architectures in order to reduce costs, weight and improve the TABLE I
COMMUTATION FUNCTIONS FOR BUKS CONVERTERS
efficiency. Topological
State m1 m2 IL1 IL2 ID1 ID2
2 Operation principle i) 0 0 ΔIL1off ΔIL2off 0 0
ii) 1 0 ΔIL1on ΔIL2off ΔIL1on 0
The main objective of this proposal, is the generation iii) 0 1 ΔIL1off ΔIL2on 0 ΔIL2on
1 1 Prohibited
of two isolated DC sources, named VC1 and VC2, from a single
power supply VDC, without use of transformers , these isolated
DC sources are required for the proper performance of As seen in Table I, the Buck converters can take a
cascaded cells topology. To achieve this objective this paper series of topological combinations, considering that switching
proposes the modification in structure of conventional DC / variables m1 and m2 do not acquire state 1 at the same instant
DC Buck Converter, without producing changes in the of time, which has been termed as a prohibited state for this
operating principle. The purpose of this modification is to application.
generate time-lapse high impedance between each Buck
converter and the power supply VDC.

2
 Figures 3 and 4 shows the main topological states Parallel to this process on the current IDC2 in the
proposed for the Bucks converters, specifically Fig. 3 shows Buck2 converter, flows from the power supply VDC, followed
the topological state ii) of table I, which meets the switching by collector to emitter of T2,1 switch, then the L2 inductance
state m1 = 1, where the Buck1 converter, acquiring ΔIL1on towar the capacitor C2, closing the circuit to ground through
current state, which is dependent on the potential difference D2,2 and emitter to collector of switch T2,2.
between VDC and VC1 as shown in equation 3: It is observed that this mesh diode D2,1 is not
polarized, the topological state described (ΔIL2on ) fulfilling by
1
t1on
VDC  Vc1 VDC  Vc1  ˜ t1on  I q (3)
Equation 6:
'I L1on
T ³ L1
˜ dt  I Lq1
L1 T
L1
0
1
t2 on
VDC  Vc2 VDC  Vc2  ˜ t2on  I q (6)
'I L 2on
T ³ L2
˜ dt  I Lq 2
L2 T
L2
From Fig. 3, can be deduced that current IDC1 flows 0

from the power supply VDC, from collector-emitter of T1,1 T1,1

I DC 
L1
switch, followed by the inductor L1 to the capacitor C1,
closing the circuit to ground by D1,2 and the extra switch T1,2.  c1
T1, 2
D1,1
'I L1off H1
It is noted that for this current mesh, the diode D1,1 is not I DC 2
polarized. VDC
 D1, 2

Parallel to this process is noted in Buck2 converter, T2,1 L2

the current state ΔIL2off, where this current is only dependent 
of voltage VC1, and initial condition IL1°, as described in 4: D 2 ,1  c2 H2
T2,2 'I L 2 on
t2 off
1  Vc2 Vc2 t2off (4) D2,2
'I L 2off
T ³
0
L2
˜ dt  I Lq 2  ˜
L2 T
 I Lq 2
Fig 4.- Topological state iii), m1=0, m2=1.

In Fig. 3, referring to Buck2 converter, it can be seen
that the T2,1 and T2,2 switches are on open condition, due to
m2 = 0, in this way, a high impedance state is generated
between the positive and negative source terminals VDC and
the level of voltage VC2, where the current IL2, flows from the
positive terminal of the inductance to the cathode of the diode
D1,1 to the negative terminal of the capacitor C2.
T1,1
I DC I DC1
T1, 2
D1,1
VDC
 D1, 2
T2,1
D2,1
T2,2
D2,2
Fig. 3.- topological state ii), m1=1, m2=0.
Note that in this commutation state, the VDC power
supply is directly connected to the voltage VC1, but in a high
impedance state with VC2 voltage, we concluded that there is
no direct connection between VC1 and VC2.
Moreover, Fig. 4 shows the next commutation stage
iii), of the Table I, which shows that the converter Buck1 is in
state ΔIL1off current, where this current is dependent only of
voltage VC1, and the initial condition IL1°, as described in 5:
t2 off
1  Vc2
'I L 2off ³ ˜ dt  I Lq 2
T L2
0
Note that this switching state is complementary to
state ii) in Table I. The VDC power supply is directly
connected to the voltage VC2, but in a state of high impedance
voltage VC1, we concludes again there is no direct connection
between VC1 and VC2.
Finally the topological state i), of the switching table
I, can be defined as dead time and total disconnection of the
power supply VDC with the VC1 and VC2 voltage where the
Buck1 and Buck2 converters acquired a complementary
 L1 behavior, as Indicated in the equations 4 and 5.
 c1 Figure 5 shows the main waveforms involved in the
' I L1on
H1 process of DC-DC conversion, to generate two voltage
sources isolated from one.
The carry1 and carry2 variables are displayed by Fig.
L2 5 a) and d) respectively, in which is seen a 180° of constant
 phase shift, the control pulses coming from the comparison in
 c2 H2 magnitude between the carry1 and carry2 signals and m1 and
'I L2off m2 variable modulation are shown in Fig. 1 b) and e), which
can be seen complementary behavior, and dead time between
the rising and falling edges, where the generation of m1 and
m2 is based on equations 1 and 2. These pulses are applied
directly to control circuit breakers, being T1,1 and T1,2
controlled by m1 and T2,1 and T2,2 controlled by m2, as
previously indicated.
Currents IL1 and IL2 inductances are shown in red
color on Fig. 5 c) and f), which can be observed continuous
conduction mode behavior, at the same figure, in blue color
are shown the waveforms of current IDC1 and IDC2 generated in
each Buck converter, which are depend on the product of the
inductance current , and control drive variable m1 and m2, as
is stated in the equations 7 and 8.
Vc2 t2off (5)
 ˜  I Lq 2 I DC1 I L1 ˜ m1 (7)
L2 T
I DC 2 I L 2 ˜ m2 (8)

3
 In addition the hybrid topology has no need of
Carry 1 capacitors or transformers for its basic operation. As
a) D1 consequence, using the latter configuration an arbitrary
waveform can be reproduced with lower harmonics distortion
T t1on t than with other multilevel topologies.
m1 The generation of different voltage levels in Vout of
b)
I L1 the cascade cell converter are shown on Fig. 7, this voltages
t
are obtained based on the algebraic sum of voltages VC1 and
c) I DC1 VC2 as shown in Table II, where H1 and H2 bridges generate
t combinations independent of voltage versus time, being VH1 є
Carry2
{+ VC1, 0, - VC1}; and VH2, є {+ VC2, 0,- VC2}; respectively.
d) D2 The generations of these voltage levels are
t2on t performed based on switching states in Table II.
T
m2
e) TABLE II
SWITCHING STATES AND RESPECTIVE VOLTAGE LEVELS
I L2 t Vout H1 H2
Level S1,1 S1,2 S1,3 S1,4 S2,1 S2,2 S2,3 S2,4
I DC 2
f) Vc1+Vc2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
t Vc1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
m1 1

I DC Vc2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
g) Vc1-Vc2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
m1 1 m1 0 m1 0
t -Vc1+Vc2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
m2 0 m2 0 m2 1 -Vc2 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
-Vc1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
Fig.- 5 Principal waveforms for Buck1 and Buck2 converters
-Vc1-Vc2 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0

Finally the instantaneous sum of the IDC1 and IDC2

Figure 7 shows the cells cascaded topology AC /
currents is shown through the IDC variable in Fig. 1 g), which
AC, Hybrid 9 levels implemented in this research.
represents the total current supplied by the voltage source
VDC, which is governed by the equation 9.
I DC I DC1  I DC 2 (9) S1,1 S1,3
After analyzing the topological states of Bucks Vc 1
converters, checking the connection and disconnection of
S1, 2 S1,4
alternating voltages VC1 and VC2 with VDC voltage source, and
checking a state of continuous high impedance between C1
Z
and C2, we conclude that it is possible to feed the DC / AC
multilevel cascaded hybrid cells from a single power supply, S2,1 S2,3
where the process of multilevel conversion is discussed in the Vc2
next section.
S2,2 S2,4
2.2.- DC/AC Nine Levels cascaded cell Topology
Fig 7.- Multilevel Cascade cell topology.
A hybrid, two-bridges, multilevel structure with
asymmetrical sources have a key advantage over VSC-NPC It should be mentioned that the topology specifically
and flying capacitor VSC, it can provide a higher number of employed here, the voltage levels VC1 and VC2 have to satisfy
voltage levels with fewer switches the following ratio:
Va Vb
1 p.u. 3 (10)
Va Vc1 Vc 2
0.5 p.u.
Vb 2
Va Vb Based on equation 10 is possible calculate the duty
0 cycle D1 and D2, applied in Buck1 and Buck2 converters
Va Vb

Vb
respectively.
-0.5 p.u.
 Va
To obtain the correct control pulses applied to the
inverter power switches in cascade, is necessary to implement
-1 p.u.
Va Vb a multilevel modulation SPWM process, which is discussed
in the next section.
Fig 6.- Multilevel Vout for cascaded hybrid converter.

4
 2.3.- Nine Levels SPWM Modulation TABLE III
PARAMETER VALUES FOR THE SIMULATION OF THE PROPOSED CONVERTER
The multilevel modulation process employed for the Switching frequency Bucks 16kHz
topology in Fig. 8, is obtained based on the magnitude L1=L2 6mH
comparison between eight modulating waves carry-j and C1=C2 2200uF
carry+j where j є (1,2,3,4) with a modulating signal mi. VDC 200v

mi C4 Figure 1 a) exposes the switching states of Buck1 and

C3  Buck2 converters, showing the alternate duty cycles m1 and
1
m2, thus ensuring the effect of instant insulation between VC1
C2
Magnitude (p.u.)

2
5

5
and VC2 voltages, IL1 and IL2 current waveforms are shown by
C1
1
5 Fig. 1 b) and c) respectively, and checking the performance of
 15 t C1 these variables on the basis of equations 3,4,5 and 6.
 25
C2 
 35
C3
1
a)
C4

Fig 8.- Nine levels SPWM Scheme

The behavior of the control pulses is described by

b)
equations 11 and 12.

­1 when carryi  mi (11)
°
ci ®
°̄0 when carry  ! mi c)
i


­1 when carryi ! mi (12)
 °
ci ®
°̄0 when carry  mi
i

In order to obtain the necessary topological stages, Fig 10.- IL1 and IL2 currents for Bucks converters.
described by the table II, the combinational logic stage are
necessary to obtain the necessary pulses for the cascaded The waveforms of current IDC1 and IDC2 generated by
multilevel converter, The logical diagram implemented are each Bucks converters, are shown in Fig 11 a) and b),
shown in the figure 9. respectively, which can be checked again alternating
switching times between each converter.
C1 C2
C1 C1
Finally the total current IDC supplied by the voltage
C1 C2 source VDC, is shown by Fig. 11 c), which is dependent on the
C2 Out 1 C3 Out 3 instantaneous sum of IDC1 and IDC2, fulfilling in equation 9.
C3 C4
C1 C2 Voltage levels output on stable state of the converters Bucks,
C1 C2
VC1 and VC2, are shown in Fig. 12 a), in this figure the relative
C1 C1
voltage for proper operation of the hybrid converter cascaded
C2 C3
Out 2 Out 4
cells is observed, as indicated by equation 10.
C3 C4

Fig 9.- Combinational logic for IGBT pulses, on cascaded cell topology

a)
In order to verify the full operation of the converter
stages, Buck converters and cascaded cells with their
respective modulations, a series of simulations have been
developed and presented in the next section. b)

3 Simulation
c)
The proposed converter is analyzed through the Saber
simulation platform, showing the main variables of voltage,
current and pulses control involved in the conversion process
of DC-DC through the Buck converters, and DC-AC through
hybrid cascade converter cells. Fig 11.- Current Waveform: a) IDC1 b) IDC2 c) IDC

5
 The voltage waveforms generated by the H-Bridge
converters, VH1 and VH2 are shown in graphs 12 b) and c)
respectively, which can be seen, the topological combinations
versus time dependent modulation process, meeting the states
switching table II.
Finally the stepped waveform voltage Vout, is
shown by Figure 12 d), which is dependent on the algebraic
sum of the instantaneous VH1 and VH2 voltages.

a)

Fig. 14. IDC and m1 waveforms.

b) By obtaining these waveforms is possible to

corroborate the different switching states of Buck1 and Buck2
converters, shown in Table I and analyzed with equations 7, 8
c) and 9, finally, the same waveforms exposed can corroborated
in graph 5.
Under the principle of operation exposed
d) corresponding to modulation converter cascade Figures 15 a)
and b) experimentally show the voltages generated by each
converter bridge H, where it can be seen that VH1 є {+VC1, 0,
Fig 12.- Voltage Waveform: a) VC1 and VC2, b) VH1, c) VH2, d)Vout. -VC1}; and VH2, є {+ VC2, 0,-VC2}; respectively.

Based on the simulations performed it is possible to

corroborate the proposal of this research, achieving so get
nine voltage levels from a single power supply, and only 12
power switches, without transformers.
Additionally it has been shown analytically and
simulation waveforms that satisfy the main equations
obtained involved in the conversion process, DC-DC and DC-
AC.

4 Experimental Test
In Figures 13 a) and b) can be corroborated experimentally
modulation process of Buck1 and Buck2 converters
respectively, showing the variables modulation m1 and m2,
compared to current inductance IL1 and IL2, ending in the
currents supplied by the source IDC1 and ICD2.
a) VH1 b) VH2
Fig. 15.- Independent H-Bridge voltajes.
Based on the voltages shown by Figures 15 a) and
b), it is possible to corroborate the ratio of voltages between
VC1 and VC2 1:1.5, as stated by equation 10.
The algebraic sum of the VH1 and VH2, corresponding
to the output voltage Vout is shown by Figure 16, where 16 a)
shows an experimental validation of staggered signal and Fig.
16 b) shows the same output signal SPWM modulation
applied.

a) m1, IL1 and IDC1 for Buck1 b) m2, IL2 and IDC2 for Buck2
Fig. 13. Principal wave forms for bucks converters.

Under the same case study, Fig 14 shows current IDC, which
corresponds to the sum of the currents IDC1 and IDC2 with a) Multilevel Vout b) SPWM Multilevel Vout
Fig. 16. Vout.
respect to the control pulse m1.

6
 The multilevel voltage output Vout of the proposed
converter still requires filtering to reduce THD and bring the
signal closer to the ideal sinusoidal waveform. As the
frequency spectrum of the 3 and 5-level converter is wider
than the one of the 9-level, the filtering requirement of the
latter are less demanding.
4.1.- Discussion
The Table IV shows the number of elements required for
9-level DC/AC converters of different topologies. As can be
notice, the 9-level converter presented in this work needs
fewer elements than the clamped diode and flying capacitor
configurations.
Comparatively to the cascaded-cells topology, the novel
9-levels converter is less complex in construction because it
uses only one power source instead of 2.
A general advantage of the proposed 9-levels converter
over the other configurations is its relative simpler control
algorithm, without the need of a transformer. These enhanced
features make the 9-levels converter introduced in this paper
very suitable to application in micro-grids.
TABLE III
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS FOR 9 LEVELS CD/CA
CONVERTERS
No. No. No.
IGBTs Capacitors Diodes
Proposed Topology 12 2 6
Clamped Diode 16 8 32
Flying Capacitor 16 32 0 Photovoltaic Inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
The solutions and capabilities proposed can be further
enhanced. Additional future advances from this work focus
on: i) Minimizing the voltage and current harmonic distortion
by means of a suitable modulation scheme, ii) Obtaining a
mathematical model of the dynamic behavior of the 9-level
converter and its interaction with distribution grid and a
microgrids, iii) Evaluating the benefits of using various types
of LC and LCL filter for the interconnection of the 9-level
converter with the grid, iv) Incorporating the converter to the
Smart Grid concept, v) Analyzing the transient behavior of
the converter.
5 Conclusions
This work presents a new CD-CA, 9-level topology which
combines a modified DC-DC Buck Converter and hybrid
Cascade converter based on two H-bridge, in single phase
structure. The important advantages of the 9-level topology
proposed: i) Single DC source without need of transformer
ii) Reduction of power switches.
This topology is a competitive option suitable for
efficiently integrating and controlling renewable power
sources (such as PV, fuel cells and low-voltage wind) into
low-medium voltage power grids and microgrids. For
instance, a household application is the interconnection of PV
modules, while in isolated microgrids the applications may be
PV and fuel cells. In other contexts, an ambitious goal is to
explore the application possibilities related to the integration
of large photovoltaic fields.
The authors expect that the step-up multilevel converter
introduced in this paper will become a useful alternative for
research and development in the area of DC-AC converters.
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