Arduino Programming

(C) 2014 James Lewis

james@baldengineer.com

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 Arduino Langauge
C++ C++ C++
“Arduino”
Libs Libs Libs

C / C++
(Readable Code)

Assembly
(Readable Code)

Machine Language
(Binary Code)

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 Arduino Langauge
C++ C++ C++
“Arduino”
Libs Libs Libs

C / C++
(Readable Code)

Assembly
(Readable Code)

Machine Language
(Binary Code)

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Hello World (Blink)

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Hello World (Blink)

Variable

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Hello World (Blink)

Comments

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Hello World (Blink)

Comments

Good Comment:
// Blue LED for Activity Indicator

Bad Comment:
// Pin 13
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Hello World (Blink)

Functions

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Hello World (Blink)

Functions

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Hello World (Blink)

Instruction

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Hello World (Blink)

Instruction

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 Hello World (Blink)
Function Call

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Hello World (Blink)
Arguments

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Hello World (Blink)

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IDE Tools Menu

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IDE Tools Menu

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IDE Tools Menu

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IDE Tools Menu

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Arduino IDE

Type Stuff Here

Compiler Output

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Arduino IDE
Serial Monitor

Type Stuff Here

Compiler Output

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Arduino IDE
Verify & Upload Serial Monitor

Type Stuff Here

Compiler Output

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 Arduino IDE
Verify & Upload Serial Monitor

Type Stuff Here

Compiler Output

Board & Serial Port

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 Blink Exercise

• Load the Blink Example and

program it to your board


• Change the values of delay()

to see how it affects the
behavior

Check the correct board and serial port are selected in the tools menu!
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Hello World
Serial Example

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Serial objects

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Serial objects

Enables Serial

Baud
Rate

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Serial objects

Print
and Println

Variables
Strings
Control Characters

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 Serial objects

Print
and Println

Variables
Strings
Control Characters

NOTE: Strings and Variables28Can’t be used on the same line

 Hello World (Serial)
• Load up the serial code to the
right


• Exercise:

• Change the 2000 in delay

into a variable.

• Print value of variable on

same line as “Hello World”

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Variables
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How Much Memory is
in your Arduino?

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 Variable Types
Bits Unsigned Range Signed Range

byte 8 0 to 255 N/A

0 to 255
char 8 ‘A’..’b’..’X’
N/A

int 16 0 to 65535 -32,767 to 32,766

-2,147,483,648 to
long 32 0 to 4,294,967,295
2,147,483,647

float 32 ±3.4028235E+38 n/a

double 32 n/a n/a

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 Variable Do and Don’t
• DO Use Descriptive Names

• “BlueLED”, “ActivityIndicator”

• DON’T Use Bad Names

• “Integer”, “Pin13”

• DO Stick to a naming convention

• Variables are Case Sensitive!

• DON’T use same name for Local and Global Variables

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Variable Scope

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Variable Scope
Global

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Variable Scope
Global

Local to loop()

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Variable Don’t!

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Variable Don’t!

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Variable Don’t!

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 arrays
0 1 2 3 4 5

analogReadings[]

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 arrays
0 1 2 3 4 5

analogReadings[]

Size

Elements

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 arrays
0 1 2 3 4 5

analogReadings[]

Size arrays are 


0-index based. 

So last element

is always 

“1 less”

than the size!
Elements

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Pin Functions
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 pinMode()
Analog Digital
(A0..A5) (0..13)

Digital Input, Digital Input,

INPUT
Pull-Up Off Pull-Up Off

Digital Input, Digital Input,

INPUT_PULLUP
Pull-Up On Pull-Up On

OUTPUT Digital Output Digital Output

Analog Pins can be used as Digital Pins

pinMode(INPUT, Ax) isn’t necessary for analogRead()
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digitalRead() & digitalWrite()

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 Pull-Up Resistor

INPUTs almost always need a Pull-Up or Pull-Down

pinMode(INPUT_PULLUP) Turns on the Internal Pull-Up Resistor

http://www.baldengineer.com/tutorials/arduino-pull-ups/
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 I/O Exercise

• Objective: Understand Inputs

and Outputs


• Exercise: “Fix” the random

LED

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 analogRead()
Analog Digital
Convert
Signal Value

Voltage 10-bits, stored as 8-bits

0v to 5v Values 0 to 1023

5 volts
= 4.887mV per Step
1023 Steps

Calling analogRead() on an Analog Pin,

automatically converts to Input
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 analogWrite()

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Actual Analog

analogWrite() isn’t Analog (Except on the Due)

Uno Pins: 493, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11
 Analog Exercise

• Connect Pin 6 to Analog 0


Run this code


• Then, disconnect from Pin 6 


While Running the Code

Remember to open the Serial Monitor! 50

 Analog Exercise

• Connect Pin 6 to Analog 0


Run this code


• Then, disconnect from Pin 6 


While Running the Code

Remember to open the Serial Monitor! 51

A0, A1, A2..A5 are integers!
functions()
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 Functions
Getting Data Back
 Functions
Getting Data Back

Tip: The Arduino IDE, doesn’t require “prototyping”

 Functions
Getting Data Back

Arguments
Function Name
Return Type

“Return”
 Functions
Returning Nothing

Return Type

If the function doesn’t return anything, declare it as void

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 Function Exercise

• “Re-Write” the built-in Blink

Example to use a Function

• Exercise: add a “argument” to

adjust the delay time

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Control Structures
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if-statements

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if-statements

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if-statements

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if-statements

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 control operators
== Equal to || OR

>
 Greater than

&& AND
>= (or equal)

< Less Than

| Bitwise OR
<= (or equal)

!= Not Equal to & Bitwise AND

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#1 if-statement mistake

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#1 if-statement mistake

= != ==
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for() loop example

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for() loop

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for() loop

Control Variable

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for() loop

Control Variable

Condition

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for() loop
Increment

Control Variable

Condition

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 Array and For Exercise

• Use an Array and two for-

loops to read analog inputs,
then display then


• Notice the difference in

brackets between the two
loops

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while() loop

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while() loop
Condition

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 while() loop
Condition

Loop conditions are same as “if conditions”

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 while() and Serial

• This program echoes

whatever is on the serial buffer
back out

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More information?


Visit


baldengineer.com

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