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Internet of Things
Principles and Paradigms
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Internet of Things
Principles and Paradigms
Edited by
Rajkumar Buyya
Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory
Department of Computing and Information Systems
The University of Melbourne, Australia
Manjrasoft Pty Ltd, Australia
Amir Vahid Dastjerdi
Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory
Department of Computing and Information Systems
The University of Melbourne, Australia
!-34%2$!- s "/34/. s (%)$%,"%2' s ,/.$/.
.%7 9/2+ s /8&/2$ s 0!2)3 s 3!. $)%'/
3!. &2!.#)3#/ s 3).'!0/2% s 39$.%9 s 4/+9/
-ORGAN +AUFMANN IS AN IMPRINT OF %LSEVIER
-ORGAN +AUFMANN IS AN IMPRINT OF %LSEVIER
(AMPSHIRE 3TREET TH &LOOR #AMBRIDGE -! 53!
#OPYRIGHT © %LSEVIER )NC !LL RIGHTS RESERVED
.O PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS ELECTRONIC OR MECHANI-
CAL INCLUDING PHOTOCOPYING RECORDING OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM WITHOUT PERMISSION IN
WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER $ETAILS ON HOW TO SEEK PERMISSION FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THE 0UBLISHERS PERMIS-
SIONS POLICIES AND OUR ARRANGEMENTS WITH ORGANIZATIONS SUCH AS THE #OPYRIGHT #LEARANCE #ENTER AND THE #OPYRIGHT
,ICENSING !GENCY CAN BE FOUND AT OUR WEBSITE WWWELSEVIERCOMPERMISSIONS
4HIS BOOK AND THE INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTIONS CONTAINED IN IT ARE PROTECTED UNDER COPYRIGHT BY THE 0UBLISHER OTHER
THAN AS MAY BE NOTED HEREIN
Notices
+NOWLEDGE AND BEST PRACTICE IN THIS lELD ARE CONSTANTLY CHANGING !S NEW RESEARCH AND EXPERIENCE BROADEN OUR
UNDERSTANDING CHANGES IN RESEARCH METHODS PROFESSIONAL PRACTICES OR MEDICAL TREATMENT MAY BECOME NECESSARY
0RACTITIONERS AND RESEARCHERS MUST ALWAYS RELY ON THEIR OWN EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE IN EVALUATING AND USING ANY
INFORMATION METHODS COMPOUNDS OR EXPERIMENTS DESCRIBED HEREIN )N USING SUCH INFORMATION OR METHODS THEY
SHOULD BE MINDFUL OF THEIR OWN SAFETY AND THE SAFETY OF OTHERS INCLUDING PARTIES FOR WHOM THEY HAVE A PROFESSIONAL
RESPONSIBILITY
4O THE FULLEST EXTENT OF THE LAW NEITHER THE 0UBLISHER NOR THE AUTHORS CONTRIBUTORS OR EDITORS ASSUME ANY LIABILITY
FOR ANY INJURY ANDOR DAMAGE TO PERSONS OR PROPERTY AS A MATTER OF PRODUCTS LIABILITY NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE OR
FROM ANY USE OR OPERATION OF ANY METHODS PRODUCTS INSTRUCTIONS OR IDEAS CONTAINED IN THE MATERIAL HEREIN
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
! CATALOGUE RECORD FOR THIS BOOK IS AVAILABLE FROM THE "RITISH ,IBRARY
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
! CATALOG RECORD FOR THIS BOOK IS AVAILABLE FROM THE ,IBRARY OF #ONGRESS
)3".
&OR INFORMATION ON ALL -ORGAN +AUFMANN PUBLICATIONS
VISIT OUR WEBSITE AT HTTPSWWWELSEVIERCOM
Publisher: 4ODD 'REEN
Acquisition Editor: "RIAN 2OMER
Editorial Project Manager: !MY )NVERNIZZI
Project Manager: 0RIYA +UMARAGURUPARAN
Designer: -ARIA )NÐS #RUZ
4YPESET BY 4HOMSON $IGITAL
Contents
,IST OF #ONTRIBUTORS XV
!BOUT THE %DITORS XIX
0REFACE XXI
!CKNOWLEDGMENTS XXIII
PART I IoT ECOSYSTEM CONCEPTS AND ARCHITECTURES
CHAPTER 1 Internet of Things: An Overview 3
F. Khodadadi, A.V. Dastjerdi, R. Buyya
1.1 )NTRODUCTION
1.2 )NTERNET OF 4HINGS $ElNITION %VOLUTION 5
)O4 %MERGENCE 5
)NTERNET OF %VERYTHING 5
)NDUSTRIAL )O4 5
3MARTNESS IN )O4 5
-ARKET 3HARE
(UMAN IN THE ,OOP
)MPROVING THE 1UALITY OF ,IFE
1.3 )O4 !RCHITECTURES
3/! "ASED !RCHITECTURE
!0) /RIENTED !RCHITECTURE
1.4 2ESOURCE -ANAGEMENT
2ESOURCE 0ARTITIONING
#OMPUTATION /FmOADING
)DENTIlCATION AND 2ESOURCE3ERVICE $ISCOVERY
1.5 )O4 $ATA -ANAGEMENT AND !NALYTICS
)O4 AND THE #LOUD
2EAL 4IME !NALYTICS IN )O4 AND &OG #OMPUTING
1.6 #OMMUNICATION 0ROTOCOLS
.ETWORK ,AYER
4RANSPORT AND !PPLICATION ,AYER
1.7 )NTERNET OF 4HINGS !PPLICATIONS
-ONITORING AND !CTUATING
"USINESS 0ROCESS AND $ATA !NALYSIS
)NFORMATION 'ATHERING AND #OLLABORATIVE #ONSUMPTION
1.8 3ECURITY
1.9 )DENTITY -ANAGEMENT AND !UTHENTICATION
v
vi Contents
1.10 0RIVACY
1.11 3TANDARDIZATION AND 2EGULATORY ,IMITATIONS
1.12 #ONCLUSIONS
2EFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 Open Source Semantic Web Infrastructure for Managing IoT
Resources in the Cloud 29
N. Kefalakis, S. Petris, C. Georgoulis, J. Soldatos
2.1 )NTRODUCTION
2.2 "ACKGROUND2ELATED 7ORK
2.3 /PEN)O4 !RCHITECTURE FOR )O4#LOUD #ONVERGENCE
2.4 3CHEDULING 0ROCESS AND )O4 3ERVICES ,IFECYCLE
2.5 3CHEDULING AND 2ESOURCE -ANAGEMENT
2.6 6ALIDATING !PPLICATIONS AND 5SE #ASES
2.7 &UTURE 2ESEARCH $IRECTIONS
2.8 #ONCLUSIONS
2EFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 Device/Cloud Collaboration Framework
for Intelligence Applications 49
Y. Yoon, D. Ban, S. Han, D. An, E. Heo
3.1 )NTRODUCTION
3.2 "ACKGROUND AND 2ELATED 7ORK
3.3 $EVICE#LOUD #OLLABORATION &RAMEWORK 50
0OWERFUL 3MART -OBILE $EVICES 50
2UNTIME !DAPTATION %NGINE
0RIVACY 0ROTECTION 3OLUTION
3.4 !PPLICATIONS OF $EVICE#LOUD #OLLABORATION
#ONTEXT !WARE 0ROACTIVE 3UGGESTION
3EMANTIC 1! #ACHE
)MAGE AND 3PEECH 2ECOGNITION
3.5 &UTURE 7ORK
3.6 #ONCLUSIONS
2EFERENCES
CHAPTER 4 Fog Computing: Principles, Architectures, and Applications 61
A.V. Dastjerdi, H. Gupta, R.N. Calheiros, S.K. Ghosh, R. Buyya
4.1 )NTRODUCTION
4.2 -OTIVATING 3CENARIO
4.3 $ElNITIONS AND #HARACTERISTICS
Contents vii
4.4 2EFERENCE !RCHITECTURE
4.5 !PPLICATIONS
(EALTHCARE
!UGMENTED 2EALITY
#ACHING AND 0REPROCESSING
4.6 2ESEARCH $IRECTIONS AND %NABLERS
0ROGRAMMING -ODELS
3ECURITY AND 2ELIABILITY
2ESOURCE -ANAGEMENT
%NERGY -INIMIZATION
4.7 #OMMERCIAL 0RODUCTS
#ISCO )/X
$ATA IN -OTION
,OCAL'RID
0AR3TREAM
0RISMTECH 6ORTEX
4.8 #ASE 3TUDY
%XPERIMENT 3ETUP
0ERFORMANCE %VALUATION
4.9 #ONCLUSIONS
2EFERENCES
PART II IoT ENABLERS AND SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER 5 Programming Frameworks for Internet of Things 79
J. Krishnamurthy, M. Maheswaran
5.1 )NTRODUCTION
5.2 "ACKGROUND
/VERVIEW
%MBEDDED $EVICE 0ROGRAMMING ,ANGUAGES
-ESSAGE 0ASSING IN $EVICES
#OORDINATION ,ANGUAGES
0OLYGLOT 0ROGRAMMING
5.3 3URVEY OF )O4 0ROGRAMMING &RAMEWORKS
/VERVIEW
)O4 0ROGRAMMING !PPROACHES
%XISTING )O4 &RAMEWORKS
3UMMARY
5.4 &UTURE 2ESEARCH $IRECTIONS
5.5 #ONCLUSIONS
2EFERENCES
viii Contents
CHAPTER 6 Virtualization on Embedded Boards as Enabling
Technology for the Cloud of Things 103
B. Bardhi, A. Claudi, L. Spalazzi, G. Taccari, L. Taccari
6.1 )NTRODUCTION
6.2 "ACKGROUND
!2- 6IRTUALIZATION %XTENSIONS
8%. !2- 6IRTUALIZATION
+6- !2- 6IRTUALIZATION
#ONTAINER "ASED 6IRTUALIZATION
6.3 6IRTUALIZATION AND 2EAL 4IME
6.4 %XPERIMENTAL 2ESULTS
2EFERENCE !RCHITECTURE
"ENCHMARKING 4OOLS
$ISCUSSION
6.5 &UTURE 2ESEARCH $IRECTIONS
6.6 #ONCLUSIONS
2EFERENCES
CHAPTER 7 Micro Virtual Machines (MicroVMs) for Cloud-Assisted
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) 125
J.V. Pradilla, C.E. Palau
7.1 )NTRODUCTION
7.2 2ELATED 7ORK
6IRTUAL -ACHINES AND -ICRO 6IRTUAL -ACHINES
/THER !RCHITECTURES
7.3 !RCHITECTURE FOR $EPLOYING #03 IN THE #LOUD AND THE %XPANSION OF THE )O4
7.4 %XTENDING THE 0OSSIBILITIES OF THE )O4 BY #LOUD #OMPUTING
7.5 -ICRO 6IRTUAL -ACHINES WITH THE 3ENSOR /BSERVATION 3ERVICE
THE 0ATH "ETWEEN 3MART /BJECTS AND #03
6IRTUAL -ACHINES AND 3ENSOR /BSERVATION 3ERVICE
)MPLEMENTATION
7.6 )O4 !RCHITECTURE FOR 3ELECTED 5SE #ASES
E(EALTH
0RECISION !GRICULTURE
$OMOTIC
7.7 &UTURE 2ESEARCH $IRECTIONS
7.8 #ONCLUSIONS
2EFERENCES
Contents ix
PART III IoT DATA AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 8 Stream Processing in IoT: Foundations, State-of-the-Art,
and Future Directions 145
X. Liu, A.V. Dastjerdi, R. Buyya
8.1 )NTRODUCTION
8.2 4HE &OUNDATIONS OF 3TREAM 0ROCESSING IN )O4
3TREAM
3TREAM 0ROCESSING
4HE #HARACTERISTICS OF 3TREAM $ATA IN )O4
4HE 'ENERAL !RCHITECTURE OF A 3TREAM 0ROCESSING
3YSTEM IN )O4
8.3 #ONTINUOUS ,OGIC 0ROCESSING 3YSTEM
8.4 #HALLENGES AND &UTURE $IRECTIONS
3CALABILITY
2OBUSTNESS
3,! #OMPLIANCE
,OAD "ALANCING
8.5 #ONCLUSIONS
2EFERENCES
CHAPTER 9 A Framework for Distributed Data Analysis
for IoT 163
M. Moshtaghi, C. Leckie, S. Karunasekera
9.1 )NTRODUCTION
9.2 0RELIMINARIES
9.3 !NOMALY $ETECTION
9.4 0ROBLEM 3TATEMENT AND $ElNITIONS
(YPERELLIPSOIDAL !NOMALY $ETECTION
9.5 $ISTRIBUTED !NOMALY $ETECTION
#LUSTERING %LLIPSOIDS
%XPERIMENTAL 2ESULTS
9.6 %FlCIENT )NCREMENTAL ,OCAL -ODELING
)NCREMENTAL 5PDATES
)MPLEMENTATION OF )NCREMENTAL 5PDATES
%XPERIMENTAL 2ESULTS
9.7 3UMMARY
2EFERENCES
x Contents
PART IV IoT RELIABILITY, SECURITY, AND PRIVACY
CHAPTER 10 Security and Privacy in the Internet of Things 183
V. Chellappan, K.M. Sivalingam
10.1 #ONCEPTS
)O4 2EFERENCE -ODEL
)O4 3ECURITY 4HREATS
)O4 3ECURITY 2EQUIREMENTS
10.2 )O4 3ECURITY /VERVIEW
)O4 0ROTOCOLS
.ETWORK AND 4RANSPORT ,AYER #HALLENGES
)O4 'ATEWAYS AND 3ECURITY
)O4 2OUTING !TTACKS
"OOTSTRAPPING AND !UTHENTICATION
!UTHORIZATION -ECHANISMS
)O4 /!3
10.3 3ECURITY &RAMEWORKS FOR )O4
,IGHT 7EIGHT #RYPTOGRAPHY
!SYMMETRIC ,7# !LGORITHMS
+EY !GREEMENT $ISTRIBUTION AND "OOTSTRAPPING
10.4 0RIVACY IN )O4 .ETWORKS
3ECURE $ATA !GGREGATION
%NIGMA
:ERO +NOWLEDGE 0ROTOCOLS
0RIVACY IN "EACONS
10.5 3UMMARY AND #ONCLUSIONS
2EFERENCES
CHAPTER 11 Internet of Things—Robustness and Reliability 201
S. Sarkar
11.1 )NTRODUCTION
11.2 )O4 #HARACTERISTICS AND 2ELIABILITY )SSUES
)O4 !RCHITECTURE IN "RIEF
&AILURE 3CENARIOS
2ELIABILITY #HALLENGES
0RIVACY AND 2ELIABILITY
)NTEROPERABILITY OF $EVICES
2ELIABILITY )SSUES $UE TO %NERGY #ONSTRAINT
11.3 !DDRESSING 2ELIABILITY
.ULLIFYING )MPACT OF &AULT
Contents xi
%RROR $ETECTION
&AULT 0REVENTION
2EFERENCES
CHAPTER 12 Governing Internet of Things: Issues, Approaches,
and New Paradigms 219
M. Maheswaran, S. Misra
12.1 )NTRODUCTION
12.2 "ACKGROUND AND 2ELATED 7ORK
/VERVIEW
"ACKGROUND
2ELATED 7ORK
12.3 )O4 'OVERNANCE
/VERVIEW
!N )NTEGRATED 'OVERNANCE )DEA
'OVERNANCE -ODELS
)MPORTANT 'OVERNANCE )SSUES
%XISTING !PPROACHES
.EW 0ARADIGMS
12.4 &UTURE 2ESEARCH $IRECTIONS
12.5 #ONCLUSIONS
2EFERENCES
CHAPTER 13 TinyTO: Two-Way Authentication for Constrained
Devices in the Internet of Things 239
C. Schmitt, M. Noack, B. Stiller
13.1 )NTRODUCTION
13.2 3ECURITY !SPECTS AND 3OLUTIONS
13.3 $ESIGN $ECISIONS
13.4 4INY4/ 0ROTOCOL
0OSSIBLE (ANDSHAKE 0ROTOCOL #ANDIDATES
"#+ WITH 0RESHARED +EYS FOR 4INY4/
(ANDSHAKE )MPLEMENTATION
13.5 %VALUATION
-EMORY #ONSUMPTION
2UNTIME 0ERFORMANCE
%NERGY #ONSUMPTION
13.6 3UMMARY
2EFERENCES
xii Contents
CHAPTER 14 Obfuscation and Diversification for Securing
the Internet of Things (IoT)259
S. Hosseinzadeh, S. Hyrynsalmi, V. Leppänen
14.1 )NTRODUCTION
14.2 $ISTINGUISHING #HARACTERISTICS OF )O4
/PERATING 3YSTEMS AND 3OFTWARE IN )O4
)O4 .ETWORK 3TACK AND !CCESS 0ROTOCOLS
3ECURITY AND 0RIVACY IN )O4
14.3 /BFUSCATION AND $IVERSIlCATION 4ECHNIQUES
14.4 %NHANCING THE 3ECURITY IN )O4 5SING /BFUSCATION
AND $IVERSIlCATION 4ECHNIQUES
-OTIVATIONS AND ,IMITATIONS OF THE 0ROPOSED )DEAS
14.5 $IFFERENT 5SE #ASE 3CENARIOS ON 3OFTWARE $IVERSIlCATION AND /BFUSCATION
14.6 #ONCLUSIONS AND &UTURE 7ORK
2EFERENCES
PART V IoT APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 15 Applied Internet of Things 277
S.J. Johnston, M. Apetroaie-Cristea, M. Scott, S.J. Cox
15.1 )NTRODUCTION
15.2 3CENARIO
15.3 !RCHITECTURE /VERVIEW
3ENSOR TO 'ATEWAY #OMMUNICATION
15.4 3ENSORS
15.5 4HE 'ATEWAY
'ATEWAY (ARDWARE
'ATEWAY 3OFTWARE
3UMMARY
15.6 $ATA 4RANSMISSION
!DVANCED -ESSAGE 1UEUING 0ROTOCOL
"ACKEND 0ROCESSING
4O #LOUD OR NOT TO #LOUD
15.7 #ONCLUSIONS
2EFERENCES
CHAPTER 16 Internet of Vehicles and Applications 299
W. Wu, Z. Yang, K. Li
16.1 "ASICS OF )O6
"ACKGROUND AND #ONCEPT
.ETWORK !RCHITECTURE
Contents xiii
16.2 #HARACTERISTICS AND #HALLENGES
#HARACTERISTICS OF )O6
#HALLENGES IN )O6
16.3 %NABLING 4ECHNOLOGIES
-!# 0ROTOCOLS AND 3TANDARDS
2OUTING 0ROTOCOLS
"ROADCASTING AND )NFORMATION $ISSEMINATION
16.4 !PPLICATIONS
$RIVING 3AFETY 2ELATED
4RANSPORTATION %FlCIENCY 2ELATED
)NFOTAINMENT 3ERVICES
16.5 3UMMARY AND &UTURE $IRECTIONS
2EFERENCES
CHAPTER 17 Cloud-Based Smart-Facilities Management319
S. Majumdar
17.1 )NTRODUCTION
17.2 "ACKGROUND AND 2ELATED 7ORK
17.3 ! #LOUD "ASED !RCHITECTURE FOR 3MART &ACILITY -ANAGEMENT
17.4 -IDDLEWARE 3ERVICES
17.5 2ESOURCE -ANAGEMENT 4ECHNIQUES FOR 7IRELESS 3ENSOR .ETWORKS
3ENSOR !LLOCATION
2EQUEST 3CHEDULING
17.6 2ESOURCE -ANAGEMENT 4ECHNIQUES FOR 3UPPORTING $ATA !NALYTICS
3TREAMING $ATA !NALYTICS
17.7 #ASE 3TUDY -ANAGEMENT OF 3ENSOR "ASED "RIDGES
17.8 #ASE 3TUDY 2ESEARCH #OLLABORATION 0LATFORM FOR -ANAGEMENT
OF 3MART -ACHINERY
17.9 #ONCLUSIONS
&UTURE 2ESEARCH $IRECTIONS
2EFERENCES
)NDEX
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List of Contributors
D. An
Keimyung University, Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, South Korea
M. Apetroaie-Cristea
Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Kingdom
D. Ban
Samsung Electronics, South Korea
B. Bardhi
Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
R. Buyya
Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory, Department of Computing and
Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Manjrasoft Pty Ltd, Australia
R.N. Calheiros
Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory, Department of Computing and
Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia
V. Chellappan
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai, India
A. Claudi
ADB Broadband S.p.A., Viale Sarca, Milano, Italy
S.J. Cox
Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Kingdom
A.V. Dastjerdi
Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory, Department of Computing
and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia
C. Georgoulis
Athens Information Technology, Marousi, Greece
S.K. Ghosh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur,
India
H. Gupta
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur,
India
S. Han
Samsung Electronics, South Korea
xv
xvi List of Contributors
E. Heo
Samsung Electronics, South Korea
S. Hosseinzadeh
Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Finland
S. Hyrynsalmi
Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Finland
S.J. Johnston
Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Kingdom
S. Karunasekera
Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia
N. Kefalakis
Athens Information Technology, Marousi, Greece
F. Khodadadi
Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory, Department of Computing and
Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia
J. Krishnamurthy
School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
C. Leckie
Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia
V. Leppänen
Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, Finland
K. Li
Department of Computer Science, State University of New York, NY, United States of America
X. Liu
Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory, Department of Computing and
Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia
M. Maheswaran
School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
S. Majumdar
Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
S. Misra
Ericsson Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
M. Moshtaghi
Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia
M. Noack
Communication Systems Group CSG, Department of Informatics IFI, University of Zurich, Zürich,
Switzerland
C.E. Palau
Distributed Real-Time Systems Research Group, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros de
Telecomunicación at the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain
List of Contributors xvii
S. Petris
Athens Information Technology, Marousi, Greece
J.V. Pradilla
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación at the Universitat Politècnica de
Valencia, Spain
S. Sarkar
Department of CSIS, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K.K.Birla Goa Campus,
Goa, India
C. Schmitt
Communication Systems Group CSG, Department of Informatics IFI, University of Zurich, Zürich,
Switzerland
M. Scott
Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United
Kingdom
K.M. Sivalingam
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras,
Chennai, India
J. Soldatos
Athens Information Technology, Marousi, Greece
L. Spalazzi
Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
B. Stiller
Communication Systems Group CSG, Department of Informatics IFI, University of Zurich, Zürich,
Switzerland
G. Taccari
Par-Tec S.p.A., Milano, Italy
L. Taccari
Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
W. Wu
Department of Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Z. Yang
Department of Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Y. Yoon
Hongik University, Wausan-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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About the Editors
Rajkumar Buyya IS A &ELLOW OF )%%% 0ROFESSOR OF #OMPUTER 3CIENCE AND
3OFTWARE %NGINEERING AND $IRECTOR OF THE #LOUD #OMPUTING AND $IS-
TRIBUTED 3YSTEMS #,/5$3 LABORATORY AT THE 5NIVERSITY OF -ELBOURNE
!USTRALIA (E IS ALSO SERVING AS THE FOUNDING #%/ OF -ANJRASOFT A SPIN
OFF COMPANY OF THE 5NIVERSITY COMMERCIALIZING ITS INNOVATIONS IN #LOUD
#OMPUTING (E HAS AUTHORED OVER PUBLICATIONS AND TEXTBOOKS INCLUD-
ING h-ASTERING #LOUD #OMPUTINGv PUBLISHED BY -C'RAW (ILL #HINA -A-
CHINE 0RESS AND -ORGAN +AUFMANN FOR )NDIAN #HINESE AND INTERNATIONAL
MARKETS RESPECTIVELY (E IS CURRENTLY SERVING AS THE #O %DITOR IN #HIEF OF
Journal of Software: Practice and Experience &OR FURTHER INFORMATION
PLEASE VISIT WWWBUYYACOM
Amir Vahid Dastjerdi IS A RESEARCH FELLOW WITH THE #LOUD #OMPUTING
AND $ISTRIBUTED 3YSTEMS #,/5$3 LABORATORY AT THE 5NIVERSITY OF
-ELBOURNE !USTRALIA (E RECEIVED HIS 0H$ IN #OMPUTER 3CIENCE FROM
THE 5NIVERSITY OF -ELBOURNE AND HIS AREAS OF INTEREST INCLUDE )NTERNET OF
4HINGS "IG $ATA AND #LOUD #OMPUTING
xix
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Preface
4HE )NTERNET OF 4HINGS )O4 PARADIGM PROMISES TO MAKE hTHINGSv INCLUDING CONSUMER ELECTRONIC DE-
VICES OR HOME APPLIANCES SUCH AS MEDICAL DEVICES FRIDGE CAMERAS AND SENSORS PART OF THE )NTERNET
ENVIRONMENT 4HIS PARADIGM OPENS THE DOORS TO NEW INNOVATIONS THAT WILL BUILD NOVEL TYPE OF INTERAC-
TIONS AMONG THINGS AND HUMANS AND ENABLES THE REALIZATION OF SMART CITIES INFRASTRUCTURES AND SERVICES
FOR ENHANCING THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES
)O4 AS AN EMERGING PARADIGM SUPPORTS INTEGRATION TRANSFER AND ANALYTICS OF DATA GENERATED BY
SMART DEVICES EG SENSORS )O4 ENVISIONS A NEW WORLD OF CONNECTED DEVICES AND HUMANS IN WHICH THE
QUALITY OF LIFE IS ENHANCED BECAUSE MANAGEMENT OF CITY AND ITS INFRASTRUCTURE IS LESS CUMBERSOME HEALTH
SERVICES ARE CONVENIENTLY ACCESSIBLE AND DISASTER RECOVERY IS MORE EFlCIENT "ASED ON BOTTOM
UP ANAL-
YSIS FOR )O4 APPLICATIONS -C+INSEY ESTIMATES THAT THE )O4 WILL HAVE A POTENTIAL ECONOMIC IMPACT OF
TRILLION PER YEAR BY WHICH WOULD BE EQUIVALENT TO ABOUT OF THE WORLD ECONOMY 4HEY
ALSO EXPECT THAT ONE TRILLION )O4 DEVICES WILL BE DEPLOYED BY )N MAJORITY OF THE )O4 DOMAINS SUCH
AS INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT AND HEALTHCARE THE MAJOR ROLE OF )O4 IS THE DELIVERY OF HIGHLY COMPLEX
KNOWLEDGE
BASED AND ACTION
ORIENTED APPLICATIONS IN REAL
TIME
4O REALIZE THE FULL POTENTIAL OF THE )O4 PARADIGM IT IS NECESSARY TO ADDRESS SEVERAL CHALLENGES AND
DEVELOP SUITABLE CONCEPTUAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR TACKLING THEM 4HESE INCLUDE DEVELOPMENT OF
SCALABLE ARCHITECTURE MOVING FROM CLOSED SYSTEMS TO OPEN SYSTEMS DEALING WITH PRIVACY AND ETHICAL IS-
SUES INVOLVED IN DATA SENSING STORAGE PROCESSING AND ACTIONS DESIGNING INTERACTION PROTOCOLS AUTONOM-
IC MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL SMART OBJECTS AND SERVICE DISCOVERY PROGRAMMING FRAMEWORK
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT DATA AND NETWORK MANAGEMENT POWER AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE
4HE PRIMARY PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK IS TO CAPTURE THE STATE
OF
THE
ART IN )O4 ITS APPLICATIONS ARCHI-
TECTURES AND TECHNOLOGIES THAT ADDRESS THE ABOVEMENTIONED CHALLENGES 4HE BOOK ALSO AIMS TO IDENTIFY
POTENTIAL RESEARCH DIRECTIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES THAT WILL FACILITATE INSIGHT GENERATION IN VARIOUS DOMAINS
FROM SCIENCE INDUSTRY BUSINESS AND CONSUMER APPLICATIONS 7E EXPECT THE BOOK TO SERVE AS A REFERENCE
FOR SYSTEMS ARCHITECTS PRACTITIONERS DEVELOPERS RESEARCHERS AND GRADUATE
LEVEL STUDENTS
ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK
4HIS BOOK CONTAINS CHAPTERS AUTHORED BY SEVERAL LEADING EXPERTS IN THE lELD OF )O4 4HE BOOK IS PRE-
SENTED IN A COORDINATED AND INTEGRATED MANNER STARTING WITH THE FUNDAMENTALS AND FOLLOWED BY THE
TECHNOLOGIES THAT IMPLEMENT THEM 4HE CONTENT OF THE BOOK IS ORGANIZED INTO lVE PARTS
1. )O4 %COSYSTEM #ONCEPTS AND !RCHITECTURES
2. )O4 %NABLERS AND 3OLUTIONS
3. )O4 $ATA AND +NOWLEDGE -ANAGEMENT
4. )O4 2ELIABILITY 3ECURITY AND 0RIVACY
5. )O4 !PPLICATIONS
0ART ) PRESENTS AN OVERVIEW OF )O4 AND ITS RELATED CONCEPTS AND EVOLUTION THROUGH TIME )T THROWS
LIGHT UPON DIFFERENT )O4 ARCHITECTURES AND THEIR COMPONENTS AND DISCUSSES EMERGING PARADIGMS SUCH AS
xxi
xxii Preface
&OG COMPUTING )N ADDITION THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF A CLOUD COMPUTING INFRASTRUCTURE FOR )O4 SERVICES
IS DISCUSSED AND A NOVEL FRAMEWORK FOR COLLABORATIVE COMPUTING BETWEEN )O4 DEVICES AND CLOUD IS
PRESENTED
0ART )) IS DEDICATED TO PLATFORMS AND SOLUTIONS SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT OF )O4 AP-
PLICATIONS )T COVERS EMBEDDED SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AS THEY PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF )O4 -OREOVER THIS PART PROVIDES AN ELABORATE INTRODUCTION TO MESSAGE PASSING MECHA-
NISMS SUCH AS 20# 2%34 AND #O!0 THAT ARE INDISPENSABLE FOR DISTRIBUTED PROGRAMMING IN )O4 &UR-
THERMORE TECHNIQUES FOR RESOURCE SHARING AND PARTITIONING TO ENABLE MULTITENANCY ARE EXPLORED 4HREE
BASIC VIRTUALIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS ARE CONSIDERED FULL VIRTUALIZATION PARAVIRTUALIZA-
TION AS INSTANCES OF HARDWARE
LEVEL VIRTUALIZATION AND CONTAINERS AS INSTANCES OF OPERATING
SYSTEM
LEVEL VIRTUALIZATION "ESIDES IT INTRODUCES AN ARCHITECTURE WHICH UTILIZES BOTH CLOUD AND VIRTUALIZATION
FOR EFFECTIVE DEPLOYMENT OF #YBER 0HYSICAL 3YSTEMS
0ART ))) FOCUSES ON DATA AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT WHICH HAVE ALWAYS BEEN AN INTEGRAL PART OF )O4
APPLICATIONS )T EXPLAINS HOW STREAM PROCESSING TOOLKITS OFFER SCALABLE AND RELIABLE SOLUTIONS TO HANDLE
A LARGE VOLUME OF DATA IN MOTION AND HOW THEY CAN BE UTILIZED IN )O4 ENVIRONMENTS &URTHERMORE THIS
PART INTRODUCES A FRAMEWORK FOR DISTRIBUTED DATA ANALYSIS MACHINE LEARNING MECHANISM BASED ON THE
CORE IDEA OF &OG COMPUTING TO USE LOCAL RESOURCES TO REDUCE THE OVERHEAD OF CENTRALIZED DATA COLLECTION
AND PROCESSING )T WILL EXPLAIN HOW THIS CAN BE ACHIEVED BY LEARNING LOCAL MODELS OF THE DATA AT THE
NODES WHICH ARE THEN AGGREGATED TO CONSTRUCT A GLOBAL MODEL AT A CENTRAL NODE
0ART )6 PRESENTS AN ARGUMENT FOR DEVELOPING A GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK FOR TACKLING THE DATA CON-
lDENTIALITY DATA INTEGRITY AND OPERATION CONTROL ISSUES FACED BY )O4 )T OUTLINES THE ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURAL REGULATORY AND LEGAL ISSUES THAT ARE COMMONLY ENCOUNTERED IN THE )O4 ENVIRONMENT )N
ADDITION IT PROVIDES A DETAILED OVERVIEW OF THE SECURITY CHALLENGES RELATED TO THE DEPLOYMENT OF SMART
OBJECTS 3ECURITY PROTOCOLS AT THE NETWORK TRANSPORT AND APPLICATION LAYERS ARE DISCUSSED TOGETHER WITH
LIGHTWEIGHT CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS TO BE USED INSTEAD OF CONVENTIONAL AND DEMANDING ONES IN TERMS
OF COMPUTATIONAL RESOURCES -ANY OF )O4 APPLICATIONS ARE BUSINESS CRITICAL AND REQUIRE THE UNDERLY-
ING TECHNOLOGY TO BE DEPENDABLE THAT IS IT MUST DELIVER ITS SERVICE EVEN IN THE PRESENCE OF FAILURES
4HEREFORE THIS PART DISCUSSES THE NOTION OF RELIABILITY AND RECOVERY ORIENTED SYSTEMS IN GENERAL AND
THEN EXPLAINS WHY THIS IS IMPORTANT FOR AN )O4
BASED SYSTEM ! RANGE OF FAILURE SCENARIOS AND RELIABILITY
CHALLENGES ARE NARRATED AND TACKLED BY FAILURE
PREVENTION AND FAULT
TOLERANCE APPROACHES TO MAKE AN
)O4
BASED SYSTEM ROBUST
0ART 6 INTRODUCES A NUMBER OF APPLICATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN MADE FEASIBLE BY THE EMERGENCE OF )O4
"EST PRACTICES FOR ARCHITECTING )O4 APPLICATIONS ARE COVERED DESCRIBING HOW TO HARNESS THE POWER OF
CUTTING
EDGE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DESIGNING AND BUILDING A WEATHER STATION WITH OVER SENSORS USING A
VARIETY OF ELECTRONIC INTERFACES CONNECTED TO AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM GATEWAY RUNNING ,INUX 4HIS PART
ALSO INTRODUCES )NTERNET OF 6EHICLES )O6 AND ITS APPLICATIONS )T STARTS BY PRESENTING THE BACKGROUND
CONCEPT AND NETWORK ARCHITECTURE OF )O6 AND THEN ANALYZES THE CHARACTERISTICS OF )O6 AND CORRESPOND-
INGLY NEW CHALLENGES IN )O6 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT &INALLY THIS PART DISCUSSES THE ROLE OF )O4 IN
ENABLING EFlCIENT MANAGEMENT OF SMART FACILITIES AND PRESENTS ARCHITECTURE FOR A CLOUD
BASED PLATFORM
FOR MANAGING SMART FACILITIES AND THE UNDERLYING MIDDLEWARE SERVICES 4ECHNIQUES FOR EFFECTIVE MAN-
AGEMENT OF RESOURCES IN SENSOR NETWORKS AND IN PARALLEL SYSTEMS PERFORMING DATA ANALYTICS ON DATA
COLLECTED ON A FACILITY ARE DISCUSSED
Acknowledgments
&IRST AND FOREMOST WE ARE GRATEFUL TO ALL THE CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS FOR THEIR TIME EFFORT AND UNDERSTAND-
ING DURING THE PREPARATION OF THE BOOK
2AJ WOULD LIKE TO THANK HIS FAMILY MEMBERS ESPECIALLY HIS WIFE 3MRITHI AND DAUGHTERS 3OUMYA
AND 2ADHA "UYYA FOR THEIR LOVE UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT DURING THE PREPARATION OF THE BOOK !MIR
WOULD LIKE TO THANK HIS WIFE %LLY AND DAUGHTER $IANA
&INALLY WE WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE STAFF AT -ORGAN +AUFFMAN PARTICULARLY !MY )NVERNIZZI 0RIYA
+UMARAGURUPARAN "RIAN 2OMER AND 4ODD 'REEN 4HEY WERE WONDERFUL TO WORK WITH
Rajkumar Buyya
The University of Melbourne and Manjrasoft Pty Ltd, Australia
Amir Vahid Dastjerdi
The University of Melbourne, Australia
xxiii
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PART
IoT ECOSYSTEM
CONCEPTS AND
ARCHITECTURES )
1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 OPEN SOURCE SEMANTIC WEB INFRASTRUCTURE FOR MANAGING IoT RESOURCES IN THE CLOUD. . . . . . . . 29
3 DEVICE/CLOUD COLLABORATION FRAMEWORK FOR INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4 FOG COMPUTING: PRINCIPLES, ARCHITECTURES, AND APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
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CHAPTER
INTERNET OF THINGS:
AN OVERVIEW
F. Khodadadi*, A.V. Dastjerdi*, R. Buyya*,**
*Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory, Department of Computing
and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Australia**Manjrasoft Pty Ltd, Australia
1.1 INTRODUCTION
!FTER FOUR DECADES FROM THE ADVENT OF )NTERNET BY !20!.%4 ;= THE TERM h)NTERNETv REFERS TO THE
VAST CATEGORY OF APPLICATIONS AND PROTOCOLS BUILT ON TOP OF SOPHISTICATED AND INTERCONNECTED COMPUTER
NETWORKS SERVING BILLIONS OF USERS AROUND THE WORLD IN FASHION )NDEED WE ARE AT THE BEGINNING OF
AN EMERGING ERA WHERE UBIQUITOUS COMMUNICATION AND CONNECTIVITY IS NEITHER A DREAM NOR A CHALLENGE
ANYMORE 3UBSEQUENTLY THE FOCUS HAS SHIFTED TOWARD A SEAMLESS INTEGRATION OF PEOPLE AND DEVICES TO
CONVERGE THE PHYSICAL REALM WITH HUMAN
MADE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS CREATING THE SO
CALLED )NTERNET OF
4HINGS )O4 UTOPIA
! CLOSER LOOK AT THIS PHENOMENON REVEALS TWO IMPORTANT PILLARS OF )O4 h)NTERNETv AND h4HINGSv THAT
REQUIRE MORE CLARIlCATION !LTHOUGH IT SEEMS THAT EVERY OBJECT CAPABLE OF CONNECTING TO THE )NTERNET
WILL FALL INTO THE h4HINGSv CATEGORY THIS NOTATION IS USED TO ENCOMPASS A MORE GENERIC SET OF ENTITIES
INCLUDING SMART DEVICES SENSORS HUMAN BEINGS AND ANY OTHER OBJECT THAT IS AWARE OF ITS CONTEXT AND IS
ABLE TO COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER ENTITIES MAKING IT ACCESSIBLE AT ANY TIME ANYWHERE 4HIS IMPLIES THAT
OBJECTS ARE REQUIRED TO BE ACCESSIBLE WITHOUT ANY TIME OR PLACE RESTRICTIONS
5BIQUITOUS CONNECTIVITY IS A CRUCIAL REQUIREMENT OF )O4 AND TO FULlLL IT APPLICATIONS NEED TO SUP-
PORT A DIVERSE SET OF DEVICES AND COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS FROM TINY SENSORS CAPABLE OF SENSING AND
REPORTING A DESIRED FACTOR TO POWERFUL BACK
END SERVERS THAT ARE UTILIZED FOR DATA ANALYSIS AND KNOWL-
EDGE EXTRACTION 4HIS ALSO REQUIRES INTEGRATION OF MOBILE DEVICES EDGE DEVICES LIKE ROUTERS AND SMART
HUBS AND HUMANS IN THE LOOP AS CONTROLLERS
)NITIALLY 2ADIO
&REQUENCY )DENTIlCATION 2&)$ USED TO BE THE DOMINANT TECHNOLOGY BEHIND )O4
DEVELOPMENT BUT WITH FURTHER TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 73. AND
"LUETOOTH
ENABLED DEVICES AUGMENTED THE MAINSTREAM ADOPTION OF THE )O4 TREND 4HESE TECHNOLOGIES
AND )O4 APPLICATIONS HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY SURVEYED PREVIOUSLY ;n= HOWEVER LESS ATTENTION HAS BEEN
GIVEN TO UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS AND REQUIREMENTS OF )O4 SUCH AS SCALABILITY HETEROGENEITY SUPPORT TOTAL
INTEGRATION AND REAL
TIME QUERY PROCESSING 4O UNDERSCORE THESE REQUIRED ADVANCES THIS CHAPTER LISTS
)O4 CHALLENGES AND PROMISING APPROACHES BY CONSIDERING RECENT RESEARCH AND ADVANCES MADE IN THE )O4
ECOSYSTEM AS SHOWN IN &IG )N ADDITION IT DISCUSSES EMERGING SOLUTIONS BASED ON CLOUD
FOG
AND
MOBILE
COMPUTING FACILITIES &URTHERMORE THE APPLICABILITY AND INTEGRATION OF CUTTING
EDGE APPROACHES
LIKE 3OFTWARE $ElNED .ETWORKING 3$. AND CONTAINERS FOR EMBEDDED AND CONSTRAINED DEVICES WITH
)O4 ARE INVESTIGATED
3
4 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW
FIGURE 1.1 IoT Ecosystem
1.2 INTERNET OF THINGS DEFINITION EVOLUTION 5
1.2 INTERNET OF THINGS DEFINITION EVOLUTION
1.2.1 IoT EMERGENCE
+EVIN !SHTON IS ACCREDITED FOR USING THE TERM h)NTERNET OF 4HINGSv FOR THE lRST TIME DURING A PRESENTA-
TION IN ON SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT ;= (E BELIEVES THE hTHINGSv ASPECT OF THE WAY WE INTERACT
AND LIVE WITHIN THE PHYSICAL WORLD THAT SURROUNDS US NEEDS SERIOUS RECONSIDERATION DUE TO ADVANCES IN
COMPUTING )NTERNET AND DATA GENERATION RATE BY SMART DEVICES !T THE TIME HE WAS AN EXECUTIVE DIREC-
TOR AT -)4S !UTO )$ #ENTER WHERE HE CONTRIBUTED TO THE EXTENSION OF 2&)$ APPLICATIONS INTO BROADER
DOMAINS WHICH BUILT THE FOUNDATION FOR THE CURRENT )O4 VISION
1.2.2 INTERNET OF EVERYTHING
3INCE THEN MANY DElNITIONS FOR )O4 HAVE BEEN PRESENTED INCLUDING THE DElNITION ;= THAT FOCUSES
MOSTLY ON CONNECTIVITY AND SENSORY REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTITIES INVOLVED IN TYPICAL )O4 ENVIRONMENTS
7HEREAS THOSE DElNITIONS REmECT )O4S BASIC REQUIREMENTS NEW )O4 DElNITIONS GIVE MORE VALUE TO THE
NEED FOR UBIQUITOUS AND AUTONOMOUS NETWORKS OF OBJECTS WHERE IDENTIlCATION AND SERVICE INTEGRATION
HAVE AN IMPORTANT AND INEVITABLE ROLE &OR EXAMPLE )NTERNET OF %VERYTHING )O% IS USED BY #ISCO TO
REFER TO PEOPLE THINGS AND PLACES THAT CAN EXPOSE THEIR SERVICES TO OTHER ENTITIES ;=
1.2.3 INDUSTRIAL IoT
!LSO REFERRED TO AS )NDUSTRIAL )NTERNET ;= )NDUSTRIAL )O4 ))O4 IS ANOTHER FORM OF )O4 APPLICATIONS
FAVORED BY BIG HIGH TECH COMPANIES 4HE FACT THAT MACHINES CAN PERFORM SPECIlC TASKS SUCH AS DATA
ACQUISITION AND COMMUNICATION MORE ACCURATELY THAN HUMANS HAS BOOSTED ))O4S ADOPTION -ACHINE TO
MACHINE -- COMMUNICATION "IG $ATA ANALYSIS AND MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES ARE MAJOR BUILD-
ING BLOCKS WHEN IT COMES TO THE DElNITION OF ))O4 4HESE DATA ENABLE COMPANIES TO DETECT AND RESOLVE
PROBLEMS FASTER THUS RESULTING IN OVERALL MONEY AND TIME SAVINGS &OR INSTANCE IN A MANUFACTURING
COMPANY ))O4 CAN BE USED TO EFlCIENTLY TRACK AND MANAGE THE SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORM QUALITY CONTROL
AND ASSURANCE AND LOWER THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
1.2.4 SMARTNESS IN IoT
!NOTHER CHARACTERISTIC OF )O4 WHICH IS HIGHLIGHTED IN RECENT DElNITIONS IS hSMARTNESSv 4HIS DISTIN-
GUISHES )O4 FROM SIMILAR CONCEPTS SUCH AS SENSOR NETWORKS AND IT CAN BE FURTHER CATEGORIZED INTO
hOBJECT SMARTNESSv AND hNETWORK SMARTNESSv ! SMART NETWORK IS A COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE CHAR-
ACTERIZED BY THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONALITIES
s STANDARDIZATION AND OPENNESS OF THE COMMUNICATION STANDARDS USED FROM LAYERS INTERFACING WITH
THE PHYSICAL WORLD IE TAGS AND SENSORS TO THE COMMUNICATION LAYERS BETWEEN NODES AND WITH THE
)NTERNET
s OBJECT ADDRESSABILITY DIRECT )0 ADDRESS AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY IE THE POSSIBILITY THAT A NETWORK
BUILT FOR ONE APPLICATION EG ROAD TRAFlC MONITORING WOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR OTHER PURPOSES EG
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MONITORING OR TRAFlC SAFETY ;=
6 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW
1.2.5 MARKET SHARE
)N ADDITION DElNITIONS DRAW SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THE POTENTIAL MARKET OF )O4 WITH A FAST GROWING RATE BY
HAVING A MARKET VALUE OF BILLION IN ;= !CCORDING TO A COMPREHENSIVE MARKET RESEARCH CON-
DUCTED BY 2N2-ARKET2ESEARCH ;= THAT INCLUDES CURRENT MARKET SIZE AND FUTURE PREDICTIONS THE )O4 AND
-- MARKET WILL BE WORTH APPROXIMATELY BILLION BY 1UOTING FROM THE SAME RESEARCH THE
VALUE OF THE )O4 MARKET IS EXPECTED TO HIT BILLION BY WITH )NTERNET OF .ANO 4HINGS )O.4
PLAYING A KEY ROLE IN THE FUTURE MARKET AND HOLDING A VALUE OF APPROXIMATELY BILLION BY
"ESIDES ALL THESE FANTASTIC AND OPTIMISTIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR CURRENT )O4 TO REACH THE FORESEEN MAR-
KET VARIOUS INNOVATIONS AND PROGRESS IN DIFFERENT AREAS ARE REQUIRED &URTHERMORE COOPERATION AND
INFORMATION SHARING BETWEEN LEADING COMPANIES IN )O4 SUCH AS -ICROSOFT )"- 'OOGLE 3AMSUNG
#ISCO )NTEL !2- &UJITSU %COBEE )NC IN ADDITION TO SMALLER BUSINESSES AND START UPS WILL BOOST )O4
ADOPTION AND MARKET GROWTH
)O4 GROWTH RATE WITH AN ESTIMATED NUMBER OF ACTIVE DEVICES UNTIL IS DEPICTED IN &IG ;= 4HE
INCREASE OF INVESTMENT IN )O4 BY DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HINTS AT THE GRADUAL CHANGE IN STRATE-
GY OF GOVERNMENTS BY RECOGNIZING )O4S IMPACTS AND TRYING TO KEEP THEMSELVES UPDATED AS )O4 GAINS MO-
MENTUM &OR EXAMPLE THE )O4 %UROPEAN 2ESEARCH #LUSTER )%2# HTTPWWWRlD IN ACTIONEUCERP
HAS CONDUCTED AND SUPPORTED SEVERAL PROJECTS ABOUT FUNDAMENTAL )O4 RESEARCH BY CONSIDERING SPECIAL
REQUIREMENTS FROM END USERS AND APPLICATIONS !S AN EXAMPLE THE PROJECT NAMED )NTERNET OF 4HINGS !R-
CHITECTURE )O4 ! HTTPWWWIOT AEU AIMS AT DEVELOPING A REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE FOR SPECIlC TYPES OF
APPLICATIONS IN )O4 AND IS DISCUSSED IN MORE DETAIL IN 3ECTION 4HE 5+ GOVERNMENT HAS ALSO INITIATED
A MILLION PROJECT ON INNOVATIONS AND RECENT TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN )O4 ;= 3IMILARLY )"- IN THE
53! ;= HAS PLANS TO SPEND BILLIONS OF DOLLARS ON )O4 RESEARCH AND ITS INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 3INGAPORE
HAS ALSO ANNOUNCED ITS INTENTION TO BE THE lRST SMART NATION BY INVESTING IN SMART TRANSPORT SYSTEMS DE-
VELOPING THE E GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE AND USING SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS AND OTHER SENSORY DEVICES TO OBTAIN
DATA AND EXTRACT INFORMATION FROM THEM ;=
FIGURE 1.2 IoT Trend Forecast [13]
1.3 IoT ARCHITECTURES 7
1.2.6 HUMAN IN THE LOOP
)O4 IS ALSO IDENTIlED AS AN ENABLER FOR MACHINE TO MACHINE HUMAN TO MACHINE AND HUMAN WITH
ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS 7ITH THE INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF SMART DEVICES AND THE ADOPTION OF NEW
PROTOCOLS SUCH AS )0V THE TREND OF )O4 IS EXPECTED TO SHIFT TOWARD THE FUSION OF SMART AND AUTONOMOUS
NETWORKS OF )NTERNET CAPABLE OBJECTS EQUIPPED WITH THE UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING PARADIGM )NVOLVING
HUMAN IN THE LOOP ;= OF )O4 OFFERS NUMEROUS ADVANTAGES TO A WIDE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS INCLUDING
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT HEALTHCARE ETC 4HEREFORE ANOTHER ESSENTIAL ROLE OF )O4 IS TO BUILD A COLLAB-
ORATIVE SYSTEM THAT IS CAPABLE OF EFFECTIVELY RESPONDING TO AN EVENT CAPTURED VIA SENSORS BY EFFECTIVE
DISCOVERY OF CROWDS AND ALSO SUCCESSFUL COMMUNICATION OF INFORMATION ACROSS DISCOVERED CROWDS OF
DIFFERENT DOMAINS
1.2.7 IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE
)O4 IS ALSO RECOGNIZED BY THE IMPACT ON QUALITY OF LIFE AND BUSINESSES ;= WHICH CAN REVOLUTIONIZE
THE WAY OUR MEDICAL SYSTEMS AND BUSINESSES OPERATE BY EXPANDING THE COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
BETWEEN OBJECTS BY PROVIDING A MORE INTEGRATED COMMUNICATION ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH DIFFERENT SEN-
SOR DATA SUCH AS LOCATION HEARTBEAT ETC CAN BE MEASURED AND SHARED MORE EASILY &ACILITATING THE
AUTOMATION AND CONTROL PROCESS WHEREBY ADMINISTRATORS CAN MANAGE EACH OBJECTS STATUS VIA REMOTE
CONSOLES AND SAVING IN THE OVERALL COST OF IMPLEMENTATION DEPLOYMENT AND MAINTENANCE BY PRO-
VIDING DETAILED MEASUREMENTS AND THE ABILITY TO CHECK THE STATUS OF DEVICES REMOTELY
!CCORDING TO 'OOGLE 4RENDS THE WORD h)O4v IS USED MORE OFTEN THAN h)NTERNET OF 4HINGSv SINCE
FOLLOWED BY h7EB OF 4HINGSv AND h)NTERNET OF %VERYTHINGv AS THE MOST FREQUENTLY USED WORDS
1UOTING THE SAME REFERENCE 3INGAPORE AND )NDIA ARE THE COUNTRIES WITH THE MOST REGIONAL INTEREST IN
)O4 4HIS IS ALIGNED WITH THE FACT THAT )NDIA IS ESTIMATED TO BE THE WORLDS LARGEST CONSUMER OF )O4 DE-
VICES BY ;=
1.3 IoT ARCHITECTURES
4HE BUILDING BLOCKS OF )O4 ARE SENSORY DEVICES REMOTE SERVICE INVOCATION COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
AND CONTEXT AWARE PROCESSING OF EVENTS THESE HAVE BEEN AROUND FOR MANY YEARS (OWEVER WHAT )O4
TRIES TO PICTURE IS A UNIlED NETWORK OF SMART OBJECTS AND HUMAN BEINGS RESPONSIBLE FOR OPERATING THEM
IF NEEDED WHO ARE CAPABLE OF UNIVERSALLY AND UBIQUITOUSLY COMMUNICATING WITH EACH OTHER
7HEN TALKING ABOUT A DISTRIBUTED ENVIRONMENT INTERCONNECTIVITY AMONG ENTITIES IS A CRITICAL REQUIRE-
MENT AND )O4 IS A GOOD EXAMPLE ! HOLISTIC SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FOR )O4 NEEDS TO GUARANTEE mAWLESS
OPERATION OF ITS COMPONENTS RELIABILITY IS CONSIDERED AS THE MOST IMPORT DESIGN FACTOR IN )O4 AND LINK
THE PHYSICAL AND VIRTUAL REALMS TOGETHER 4O ACHIEVE THIS CAREFUL CONSIDERATION IS NEEDED IN DESIGN-
ING FAILURE RECOVERY AND SCALABILITY !DDITIONALLY SINCE MOBILITY AND DYNAMIC CHANGE OF LOCATION HAS
BECOME AN INTEGRAL PART OF )O4 SYSTEMS WITH THE WIDESPREAD USE OF SMARTPHONES STATE OF THE ART ARCHI-
TECTURES NEED TO HAVE A CERTAIN LEVEL OF ADAPTABILITY TO PROPERLY HANDLE DYNAMIC INTERACTIONS WITHIN THE
WHOLE ECOSYSTEM
2EFERENCE ARCHITECTURES AND MODELS GIVE A BIRDS EYE VIEW OF THE WHOLE UNDERLYING SYSTEM HENCE
THEIR ADVANTAGE OVER OTHER ARCHITECTURES RELIES ON PROVIDING A BETTER AND GREATER LEVEL OF ABSTRACTION
WHICH CONSEQUENTLY HIDES SPECIlC CONSTRAINTS AND IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
8 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW
FIGURE 1.3 A Reference Architecture for IoT
3EVERAL RESEARCH GROUPS HAVE PROPOSED REFERENCE ARCHITECTURES FOR )O4 ; = 4HE )O4
! ;=
FOCUSES ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AN INTEGRATED )O4 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE AND SUPPORTING
BUILDING BLOCKS WITH THE OBJECTIVE TO BE hTHE %UROPEAN ,IGHTHOUSE )NTEGRATED 0ROJECT ADDRESSING THE
)NTERNET
OF
4HINGS !RCHITECTUREv )O4
I PROJECT RELATED TO THE PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED )O4
! PROJECT
FOCUSES ON THE PROMOTION OF )O4 SOLUTIONS CATCHING REQUIREMENTS AND INTERESTS )O4
I AIMS TO ACHIEVE
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES SUCH AS CREATING A JOINT STRATEGIC AND TECHNICAL VISION FOR THE )O4 IN %UROPE THAT
ENCOMPASSES THE CURRENTLY FRAGMENTED SECTORS OF THE )O4 DOMAIN HOLISTICALLY AND CONTRIBUTING TO THE
CREATION OF AN ECONOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE AND SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE ENVIRONMENT IN %UROPE FOR )O4 TECH-
NOLOGIES AND RESPECTIVE 2$ ACTIVITIES
&IG DEPICTS AN OUTLINE OF OUR EXTENDED VERSION OF A REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE FOR )O4 ;= $IFFERENT
SERVICE AND PRESENTATION LAYERS ARE SHOWN IN THIS ARCHITECTURE 3ERVICE LAYERS INCLUDE EVENT PROCESSING
AND ANALYTICS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND SERVICE DISCOVERY AS WELL AS MESSAGE AGGREGATION AND %NTER-
PRISE 3ERVICE "US %3" SERVICES BUILT ON TOP OF COMMUNICATION AND PHYSICAL LAYERS !0) MANAGEMENT
WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR DElNING AND SHARING SYSTEM SERVICES AND WEB
BASED DASHBOARDS OR EQUIVALENT
SMARTPHONE APPLICATIONS FOR MANAGING AND ACCESSING THESE !0)S ARE ALSO INCLUDED IN THE ARCHITECTURE
$UE TO THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVICE MANAGEMENT SECURITY AND PRIVACY ENFORCEMENT IN DIFFERENT LAYERS AND
THE ABILITY TO UNIQUELY IDENTIFY OBJECTS AND CONTROL THEIR ACCESS LEVEL THESE COMPONENTS ARE PRESTRESSED
INDEPENDENTLY IN THIS ARCHITECTURE 4HESE COMPONENTS AND THEIR RELATED RESEARCH PROJECTS ARE DESCRIBED
IN MORE DETAIL THROUGHOUT THIS CHAPTER
1.3.1 SOA-BASED ARCHITECTURE
)N )O4 SERVICE ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE 3/! MIGHT BE IMPERATIVE FOR THE SERVICE PROVIDERS AND USERS
; = 3/! ENSURES THE INTEROPERABILITY AMONG THE HETEROGENEOUS DEVICES ; = 4O CLARIFY THIS
LET US CONSIDER A GENERIC 3/! CONSISTING OF FOUR LAYERS WITH DISTINGUISHED FUNCTIONALITIES AS FOLLOWS
s 3ENSING LAYER IS INTEGRATED WITH AVAILABLE HARDWARE OBJECTS TO SENSE THE STATUS OF THINGS
s .ETWORK LAYER IS THE INFRASTRUCTURE TO SUPPORT OVER WIRELESS OR WIRED CONNECTIONS AMONG THINGS
1.3 IoT ARCHITECTURES 9
s 3ERVICE LAYER IS TO CREATE AND MANAGE SERVICES REQUIRED BY USERS OR APPLICATIONS
s )NTERFACES LAYER CONSISTS OF THE INTERACTION METHODS WITH USERS OR APPLICATIONS
'ENERALLY IN SUCH ARCHITECTURE A COMPLEX SYSTEM IS DIVIDED INTO SUBSYSTEMS THAT ARE LOOSELY COU-
PLED AND CAN BE REUSED LATER MODULAR DECOMPOSABILITY FEATURE HENCE PROVIDING AN EASY WAY TO MAIN-
TAIN THE WHOLE SYSTEM BY TAKING CARE OF ITS INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS ;= 4HIS CAN ENSURE THAT IN THE
CASE OF A COMPONENT FAILURE THE REST OF THE SYSTEM COMPONENTS CAN STILL OPERATE NORMALLY 4HIS IS OF
IMMENSE VALUE FOR EFFECTIVE DESIGN OF AN )O4 APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE WHERE RELIABILITY IS THE MOST
SIGNIlCANT PARAMETER
3/! HAS BEEN INTENSIVELY USED IN 73. DUE TO ITS APPROPRIATE LEVEL OF ABSTRACTION AND ADVANTAGES
PERTAINING TO ITS MODULAR DESIGN ; = "RINGING THESE BENElTS TO )O4 3/! HAS THE POTENTIAL TO AUG-
MENT THE LEVEL OF INTEROPERABILITY AND SCALABILITY AMONG THE OBJECTS IN )O4 -OREOVER FROM THE USERS
PERSPECTIVE ALL SERVICES ARE ABSTRACTED INTO COMMON SETS REMOVING EXTRA COMPLEXITY FOR THE USER TO
DEAL WITH DIFFERENT LAYERS AND PROTOCOLS ;= !DDITIONALLY THE ABILITY TO BUILD DIVERSE AND COMPLEX
SERVICES BY COMPOSING DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS OF THE SYSTEM IE MODULAR COMPOSABILITY THROUGH SERVICE
COMPOSITION SUITS THE HETEROGENEOUS NATURE OF )O4 WHERE ACCOMPLISHING EACH TASK REQUIRES A SERIES OF
SERVICE CALLS ON ALL DIFFERENT ENTITIES SPREAD ACROSS MULTIPLE LOCATIONS ;=
1.3.2 API-ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE
#ONVENTIONAL APPROACHES FOR DEVELOPING SERVICE ORIENTED SOLUTIONS USE 3/!0 AND 2EMOTE -ETHOD )N-
VOCATION 2-) AS A MEANS FOR DESCRIBING DISCOVERING AND CALLING SERVICES HOWEVER DUE TO OVERHEAD
AND COMPLEXITY IMPOSED BY THESE TECHNIQUES 7EB !0)S AND 2EPRESENTATIONAL 3TATE 4RANSFER 2%34
BASED METHODS WERE INTRODUCED AS PROMISING ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS 4HE REQUIRED RESOURCES RANGE FROM
NETWORK BANDWIDTH TO COMPUTATIONAL AND STORAGE CAPACITY AND ARE TRIGGERED BY REQUESTnRESPONSE
DATA CONVERSIONS HAPPENING REGULARLY DURING SERVICE CALLS ,IGHTWEIGHT DATA EXCHANGE FORMATS LIKE
*3/. CAN REDUCE THE AFOREMENTIONED OVERHEAD ESPECIALLY FOR SMART DEVICES AND SENSORS WITH A LIMITED
AMOUNT OF RESOURCES BY REPLACING LARGE 8-, lLES USED TO DESCRIBE SERVICES 4HIS HELPS IN USING THE
COMMUNICATION CHANNEL AND PROCESSING THE POWER OF DEVICES MORE EFlCIENTLY
,IKEWISE BUILDING !0)S FOR )O4 APPLICATIONS HELPS THE SERVICE PROVIDER ATTRACT MORE CUSTOMERS
WHILE FOCUSING ON THE FUNCTIONALITY OF THEIR PRODUCTS RATHER THAN ON PRESENTATION )N ADDITION IT IS EASIER
TO ENABLE MULTITENANCY BY THE SECURITY FEATURES OF MODERN 7EB !0)S SUCH AS /!UTH !0)S WHICH INDEED
ARE CAPABLE OF BOOSTING AN ORGANIZATIONS SERVICE EXPOSITION AND COMMERCIALIZATION )T ALSO PROVIDES
MORE EFlCIENT SERVICE MONITORING AND PRICING TOOLS THAN PREVIOUS SERVICE ORIENTED APPROACHES ;=
4O THIS END IN OUR PREVIOUS RESEARCH WE HAVE PROPOSED 3IMURGH ;= WHICH DESCRIBES DEVICES SEN-
SORS HUMANS AND THEIR AVAILABLE SERVICES USING WEB !0) NOTATION AND !0) DElNITION LANGUAGES &UR-
THERMORE A TWO PHASE DISCOVERY APPROACH WAS PROPOSED IN THE FRAMEWORK TO lND SENSORS THAT PROVIDE
DESIRABLE SERVICES AND MATCH CERTAIN FEATURES LIKE BEING IN A SPECIlC LOCATION 3IMILARLY %LMANGOUSH
ET AL ;= PROPOSED A SERVICE BROKER LAYER NAMED &/+53 THAT EXPOSES A SET OF !0)S FOR ENABLING
SHARED ACCESS TO THE /PEN-4# CORE .OVEL APPROACHES FOR DElNING AND SHARING SERVICES IN DISTRIBUTED
AND MULTIAGENT ENVIRONMENTS LIKE )O4 CAN REDUCE THE SOPHISTICATION OF SERVICE DISCOVERY IN THE APPLICA-
TION DEVELOPMENT CYCLE AND DIMINISH SERVICE CALL OVERHEAD IN RUNTIME
3HIFTING FROM SERVICE DELIVERY PLATFORMS 3$0S TOWARD WEB BASED PLATFORMS AND THE BENElTS OF
DOING SO ARE DISCUSSED BY -ANZALINI ET AL ;= $EVELOPERS AND BUSINESS MANAGERS ARE ADVISED TO FOCUS
10 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW
ON DEVELOPING AND SHARING !0)S FROM THE EARLY STAGE OF THEIR APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT LIFECYCLE SO THAT
EVENTUALLY BY PROPERLY EXPOSING DATA TO OTHER DEVELOPERS AND END USERS AN OPEN
DATA ENVIRONMENT IS
CREATED THAT FACILITATES COLLABORATIVE INFORMATION GATHERING SHARING AND UPDATING
1.4 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
0ICTURING )O4 AS A BIG GRAPH WITH NUMEROUS NODES WITH DIFFERENT RESOURCE CAPACITY SELECTING AND PRO-
VISIONING THE RESOURCES GREATLY IMPACTS 1UALITY OF 3ERVICE 1O3 OF THE )O4 APPLICATIONS 2ESOURCE
MANAGEMENT IS VERY IMPORTANT IN DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS AND HAS BEEN A SUBJECT OF RESEARCH FOR YEARS
7HAT MAKES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MORE CHALLENGING FOR )O4 RELIES ON THE HETEROGENEOUS AND DYNAMIC
NATURE OF RESOURCES IN )O4 #ONSIDERING LARGE SCALE DEPLOYMENT OF SENSORS FOR A SMART CITY USE CASE IT IS
OBVIOUS THAT AN EFlCIENT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MODULE NEEDS CONSIDERABLE ROBUSTNESS FAULT TOLERANCE
SCALABILITY ENERGY EFlCIENCY 1O3 AND 3,!
2ESOURCE MANAGEMENT INVOLVES DISCOVERING AND IDENTIFYING ALL AVAILABLE RESOURCES PARTITIONING
THEM TO MAXIMIZE A UTILITY FUNCTIONWHICH CAN BE IN TERMS OF COST ENERGY PERFORMANCE ETC AND
lNALLY SCHEDULING THE TASKS ON AVAILABLE PHYSICAL RESOURCES &IG DEPICTS THE TAXONOMY OF RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN )O4
1.4.1 RESOURCE PARTITIONING
4HE lRST STEP FOR SATISFYING RESOURCE PROVISIONING REQUIREMENTS IN )O4 IS TO EFlCIENTLY PARTITION THE
RESOURCES AND GAIN A HIGHER UTILIZATION RATE 4HIS IDEA IS VASTLY USED IN CLOUD COMPUTING VIA VIRTUALIZA-
TION TECHNIQUES AND COMMODITY INFRASTRUCTURES HOWEVER VIRTUAL MACHINES ARE NOT THE ONLY METHOD FOR
ACHIEVING THE AFOREMENTIONED GOAL 3INCE THE HYPERVISOR THAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MANAGING INTERACTIONS
BETWEEN HOST AND GUEST 6-S REQUIRES A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF MEMORY AND COMPUTATIONAL CAPACITY
THIS CONlGURATION IS NOT SUITABLE FOR )O4 WHERE DEVICES OFTEN HAVE CONSTRAINED MEMORY AND PROCESSING
POWER 4O ADDRESS THESE CHALLENGES THE CONCEPT OF Containers HAS EMERGED AS A NEW FORM OF VIRTUAL-
IZATION TECHNOLOGY THAT CAN MATCH THE DEMAND OF DEVICES WITH LIMITED RESOURCES $OCKER HTTPSWWW
DOCKERCOM AND 2OCKET HTTPSGITHUBCOMCOREOSRKT ARE THE TWO MOST FAMOUS CONTAINER SOLUTIONS
#ONTAINERS ARE ABLE TO PROVIDE PORTABLE AND PLATFORM INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTS FOR HOSTING THE
APPLICATIONS AND ALL THEIR DEPENDENCIES CONlGURATIONS AND INPUTOUTPUT SETTINGS 4HIS SIGNIlCANTLY
REDUCES THE BURDEN OF HANDLING DIFFERENT PLATFORM SPECIlC REQUIREMENTS WHEN DESIGNING AND DEVELOP-
ING APPLICATIONS HENCE PROVIDING A CONVENIENT LEVEL OF TRANSPARENCY FOR APPLICATIONS ARCHITECTS AND
DEVELOPERS )N ADDITION CONTAINERS ARE LIGHTWEIGHT VIRTUALIZATION SOLUTIONS THAT ENABLE INFRASTRUCTURE
PROVIDERS TO EFlCIENTLY UTILIZE THEIR HARDWARE RESOURCES BY ELIMINATING THE NEED FOR PURCHASING EX-
PENSIVE HARDWARE AND VIRTUALIZATION SOFTWARE PACKAGES 3INCE CONTAINERS COMPARED TO 6-S REQUIRE
CONSIDERABLY LESS SPIN UP TIME THEY ARE IDEAL FOR DISTRIBUTED APPLICATIONS IN )O4 THAT NEED TO SCALE UP
WITHIN A SHORT AMOUNT OF TIME
!N EXTENSIVE SURVEY BY 'U ET AL ;= FOCUSES ON VIRTUALIZATION TECHNIQUES PROPOSED FOR EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS AND THEIR EFlCIENCY FOR SATISFYING REAL TIME APPLICATION DEMANDS !FTER EXPLAINING NUMEROUS
8EN BASED +6- BASED AND MICROKERNEL BASED SOLUTIONS THAT UTILIZE PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES SUCH AS
!2- AUTHORS ARGUE THAT OPERATING SYSTEM VIRTUALIZATION TECHNIQUES KNOWN AS CONTAINER BASED VIRTUAL-
IZATION CAN BRING ADVANTAGES IN TERMS OF PERFORMANCE AND SECURITY BY SANDBOXING APPLICATIONS ON TOP
1.4 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 11
FIGURE 1.4 Taxonomy of Resource Management in IoT
OF A SHARED /3 LAYER ,INUX 63ERVER ;= ,INUX #ONTAINERS ,8# AND /PEN6: ARE EXAMPLES OF USING
/3 VIRTUALIZATION IN AN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS DOMAIN
4HE CONCEPT OF VIRTUALIZED OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR CONSTRAINED DEVICES HAS BEEN FURTHER EXTENDED
TO SMARTPHONES BY PROVIDING THE MEANS TO RUN MULTIPLE !NDROID OPERATING SYSTEMS ON A SINGLE PHYSI-
CAL SMARTPHONE ;= 7ITH RESPECT TO HETEROGENEITY OF DEVICES IN )O4 AND THE FACT THAT MANY OF THEM
CAN LEVERAGE VIRTUALIZATION TO BOOST THEIR UTILIZATION RATE TASK GRAIN SCHEDULING WHICH CONSIDERS INDI-
VIDUAL TASKS WITHIN DIFFERENT CONTAINERS AND VIRTUALIZED ENVIRONMENTS CAN POTENTIALLY CHALLENGE CURRENT
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ALGORITHMS THAT VIEW THESE LAYERS AS BLACK BOX ;=
1.4.2 COMPUTATION OFFLOADING
#ODE OFmOADING COMPUTATION OFmOADING ;= IS ANOTHER SOLUTION FOR ADDRESSING THE LIMITATION OF
AVAILABLE RESOURCES IN MOBILE AND SMART DEVICES 4HE ADVANTAGES OF USING CODE OFmOADING TRANSLATE TO
12 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW
MORE EFlCIENT POWER MANAGEMENT FEWER STORAGE REQUIREMENTS AND HIGHER APPLICATION PERFORMANCE
3EVERAL SURVEYS ABOUT COMPUTATION OFmOADING HAVE CAREFULLY STUDIED ITS COMMUNICATION AND EXECUTION
REQUIREMENTS AS WELL AS ITS ADAPTATION CRITERIA ;n= HENCE HERE WE MENTION SOME OF THE APPROACHES
THAT FOCUS ON EFlCIENT CODE SEGMENTATION AND CLOUD COMPUTING
-AJORITY OF CODE OFmOADING TECHNIQUES REQUIRE THE DEVELOPERS TO MANUALLY ANNOTATE THE FUNCTIONS
REQUIRED TO EXECUTE ON ANOTHER DEVICE ;= (OWEVER USING STATIC CODE ANALYZERS AND DYNAMIC CODE
PARSERS IS AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH THAT RESULTS IN BETTER ADAPTIVITY IN CASE OF NETWORK mUCTUATIONS AND
INCREASED LATENCY ;= )NSTEAD OF USING PHYSICAL INSTANCES 4HINK!IR ;= AND #/-%4 ;= LEVERAGE
VIRTUAL MACHINES OFFERED BY )AA3 CLOUD PROVIDERS AS OFmOADING TARGETS TO BOOST BOTH SCALABILITY AND
ELASTICITY 4HE PROPOSED COMBINATION OF 6-S AND MOBILE CLOUDS CAN CREATE A POWERFUL ENVIRONMENT FOR
SHARING SYNCHRONIZING AND EXECUTING CODES IN DIFFERENT PLATFORMS
1.4.3 IDENTIFICATION AND RESOURCE/SERVICE DISCOVERY
)O4 HAS EMERGED AS A GREAT OPPORTUNITY FOR INDUSTRIAL INVESTIGATIONS AND IS SIMILARLY PURSUED BY RESEARCH
COMMUNITIES BUT CURRENT ARCHITECTURES PROPOSED FOR CREATION OF )O4 ENVIRONMENTS LACK SUPPORT FOR AN EFl-
CIENT AND STANDARD WAY OF SERVICE DISCOVERY COMPOSITION AND THEIR INTEGRATION IN A SCALABLE MANNER ;=
4HE DISCOVERY MODULE IN )O4 IS TWOFOLD 4HE lRST OBJECTIVE IS TO IDENTIFY AND LOCATE THE ACTUAL DE-
VICE WHICH CAN BE ACHIEVED BY STORING AND INDEXING METADATA INFORMATION ABOUT EACH OBJECT 4HE lNAL
STEP IS TO DISCOVER THE TARGET SERVICE THAT NEEDS TO BE INVOKED
,ACK OF AN EFFECTIVE DISCOVERY ALGORITHM CAN RESULT IN EXECUTION DELAYS POOR USER EXPERIENCE AND
RUNTIME FAILURES !S DISCUSSED IN 2EF ;= EFlCIENT ALGORITHMS THAT DYNAMICALLY CHOOSE CENTRALIZED
OR mOODING STRATEGIES CAN HELP MINIMIZE THE CONSUMED ENERGY ALTHOUGH OTHER PARAMETERS SUCH AS
MOBILITY AND LATENCY SHOULD BE FACTORED IN TO OFFER A SUITABLE SOLUTION FOR )O4 CONSIDERING ITS DYNAMIC
NATURE )N ANOTHER APPROACH WITHIN THE FOG COMPUTING CONTEXT ;= AVAILABLE RESOURCES LIKE NETWORK
BANDWIDTH AND COMPUTATIONAL AND STORAGE CAPACITY METRICS ARE CONVERTED TO TIME RESOURCES FORMING A
FRAMEWORK THAT FACILITATES RESOURCE SHARING $IFFERENT PARAMETERS LIKE ENERGY CONSUMPTION LEVEL PRICE
AND AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES NEED TO BE INCLUDED IN PROPOSING SOLUTIONS THAT AIM TO OPTIMIZE RESOURCE
SHARING WITHIN A HETEROGENEOUS POOL OF RESOURCES
4HE 3EMANTIC 7EB OF 4HINGS 37O4 ENVISIONS ADVANCED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND SERVICE DIS-
COVERY FOR )O4 BY EXTENDING 3EMANTIC 7EB NOTATION AND BLENDING IT WITH )O4 AND 7EB OF 4HINGS 4O
ACHIEVE THIS RESOURCES AND THEIR METADATA ARE DElNED AND ANNOTATED USING STANDARD ONTOLOGY DElNITION
LANGUAGES SUCH AS 2$& AND /7, !DDITIONALLY SEARCH AND MANIPULATION OF THESE METADATA CAN BE
DONE THROUGH QUERY LANGUAGES LIKE 30!21, 2UTA ET AL ;= HAVE ADOPTED THE 33. 8' 7# ONTOLOGY
TO COLLECT AND ANNOTATE DATA FROM 3EMANTIC 3ENSOR .ETWORKS 33. MOREOVER BY EXTENDING THE #O!0
PROTOCOL DISCUSSED IN 3ECTION AND #O2% ,INK &ORMAT THAT IS USED FOR RESOURCE DISCOVERY THEIR
PROPOSED SOLUTION RANKS RESOURCES BASED ON PARTIAL OR FULL REQUEST MATCHING SITUATIONS
1.5 IoT DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYTICS
!LTHOUGH )O4 IS GETTING MOMENTUM TO ENABLE TECHNOLOGY FOR CREATING A UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING ENVI-
RONMENT SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS ARE REQUIRED TO PROCESS HUGE AMOUNTS OF DATA ORIGINATING FROM AND
CIRCULATING IN SUCH A DISTRIBUTED AND HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENT 4O THIS EXTENT "IG $ATA RELATED
1.5 IoT DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYTICS 13
PROCEDURES SUCH AS DATA ACQUISITION lLTERING TRANSMISSION AND ANALYSIS HAVE TO BE UPDATED TO MATCH
THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE )O4 DATA DELUGE
'ENERALLY "IG $ATA IS CHARACTERIZED BY 6S NAMELY VELOCITY VOLUME AND VARIETY &OCUSING ON
EITHER AN INDIVIDUAL OR A COMBINATION OF THESE THREE "IG $ATA DIMENSIONS HAS LED TO THE INTRODUCTION OF
DIFFERENT DATA PROCESSING APPROACHES "ATCH 0ROCESSING AND 3TREAM 0ROCESSING ARE TWO MAJOR METHODS
USED FOR DATA ANALYSIS ,AMBDA !RCHITECTURE ;= IS AN EXEMPLARY FRAMEWORK PROPOSED BY .ATHAN -ARZ
TO HANDLE "IG $ATA PROCESSING BY FOCUSING ON MULTIAPPLICATION SUPPORT RATHER THAN ON DATA PROCESSING
TECHNIQUES )T HAS THREE MAIN LAYERS THAT ENABLE THE FRAMEWORK TO SUPPORT EASY EXTENSIBILITY THROUGH
EXTENSION POINTS SCALE OUT CAPABILITIES LOW LATENCY QUERY PROCESSING AND THE ABILITY TO TOLERATE HUMAN
AND SYSTEM FAULTS &ROM A TOP DOWN VIEW THE lRST LAYER IS CALLED h"ATCH ,AYERv AND HOSTS THE MASTER
DATASET AND BATCH VIEWS WHERE PRECOMPUTED QUERIES ARE STORED .EXT IS THE h3ERVING ,AYER v WHICH
ADDS DYNAMIC QUERY CREATION AND EXECUTION TO THE BATCH VIEWS BY INDEXING AND STORING THEM &INALLY
THE h3PEED ,AYERv CAPTURES AND PROCESSES RECENT DATA FOR DELAY SENSITIVE QUERIES
#OLLECTING AND ANALYZING THE DATA CIRCULATING IN THE )O4 ENVIRONMENT IS WHERE THE REAL POWER OF )O4
RESIDES ;= 4O THIS END APPLICATIONS UTILIZE PATTERN DETECTION AND DATA MINING TECHNIQUES TO EXTRACT
KNOWLEDGE AND MAKE SMARTER DECISIONS /NE OF THE KEY LIMITATIONS IN USING CURRENTLY DEVELOPED DATA
MINING ALGORITHMS LIES IN THE INHERENT CENTRALIZED NATURE OF THESE ALGORITHMS WHICH DRASTICALLY AFFECTS
THEIR PERFORMANCE AND MAKES THEM UNSUITABLE FOR )O4 ENVIRONMENTS THAT ARE MEANT TO BE GEOGRAPHICAL-
LY DISTRIBUTED AND HETEROGENEOUS $ISTRIBUTED ANOMALY DETECTION TECHNIQUES THAT CONCURRENTLY PROCESS
MULTIPLE STREAMS OF DATA TO DETECT OUTLIERS HAVE BEEN WELL STUDIED IN THE LITERATURE ;= ! COMPREHEN-
SIVE SURVEY OF DATA MINING RESEARCH IN )O4 HAS BEEN CONDUCTED BY 4SAI ET AL ;= AND INCLUDES DETAILS
ABOUT VARIOUS CLASSIlCATIONS CLUSTERING KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY IN DATABASES +$$ AND PATTERN MINING
TECHNIQUES .EVERTHELESS NEW APPROACHES LIKE ELLIPSOIDAL NEIGHBORHOOD FACTOR OUTLIER ;= THAT CAN
BE EFlCIENTLY IMPLEMENTED ON CONSTRAINED DEVICES ARE NOT FULLY BENCHMARKED WITH RESPECT TO DIFFERENT
CONlGURATIONS OF THEIR HOST DEVICES
1.5.1 IoT AND THE CLOUD
#LOUD COMPUTING DUE TO ITS ON DEMAND PROCESSING AND STORAGE CAPABILITIES CAN BE USED TO ANALYZE
DATA GENERATED BY )O4 OBJECTS IN BATCH OR STREAM FORMAT ! PAY AS YOU GO MODEL ADOPTED BY ALL CLOUD
PROVIDERS HAS REDUCED THE PRICE OF COMPUTING DATA STORAGE AND DATA ANALYSIS CREATING A STREAMLINED
PROCESS FOR BUILDING )O4 APPLICATIONS 7ITH CLOUDS ELASTICITY DISTRIBUTED 3TREAM 0ROCESSING %NGINES
30%S CAN IMPLEMENT IMPORTANT FEATURES SUCH AS FAULT TOLERANCE AND AUTOSCALING FOR BURSTY WORKLOADS
)O4 APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT IN CLOUDS HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED IN A BODY OF RESEARCH !LAM ET AL ;=
PROPOSED A FRAMEWORK THAT SUPPORTS SENSOR DATA AGGREGATION IN CLOUD BASED )O4 CONTEXT 4HE FRAME-
WORK IS 3/! BASED AND EVENT DRIVEN AND DElNES BENElTS FROM A SEMANTIC LAYER THAT IS RESPONSIBLE
FOR EVENT PROCESSING AND REASONING 3IMILARLY ,I ET AL ;= PROPOSED A 0LATFORM AS A 3ERVICE 0AA3
SOLUTION FOR DEPLOYMENT OF )O4 APPLICATIONS 4HE SOLUTION IS MULTITENANT AND USERS ARE PROVIDED WITH
A VIRTUALLY ISOLATED SERVICE THAT CAN BE CUSTOMIZED TO THEIR )O4 DEVICES WHILE THEY SHARE THE UNDERLYING
CLOUD RESOURCES WITH OTHER TENANTS
.ASTIC ET AL ;= PROPOSED 0AT2)#)! A FRAMEWORK THAT PROVIDES A PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR DEVEL-
OPMENT OF )O4 APPLICATIONS IN THE CLOUD 0AT2)#)! PROPOSES A NEW ABSTRACTION LAYER THAT IS BASED ON
THE CONCEPT OF INTENT BASED PROGRAMMING 0ARWEKAR ;= DISCUSSED THE IMPORTANCE OF IDENTITY DETECTION
DEVICES IN )O4 AND PROPOSED A SERVICE LAYER TO DEMONSTRATE HOW A SAMPLE TAG BASED ACQUISITION SERVICE
14 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW
CAN BE DElNED IN THE CLOUD ! SIMPLE ARCHITECTURE FOR INTEGRATING -- PLATFORM NETWORK AND DATA LAY-
ERS HAS ALSO BEEN PROPOSED &OCUSING ON THE DATA ASPECT OF )O4 IN OUR PREVIOUS RESEARCH WE PROPOSED
AN ARCHITECTURE BASED ON !NEKA BY ADDING SUPPORT FOR DATA lLTERING MULTIPLE SIMULTANEOUS DATA SOURCE
SELECTION LOAD BALANCING AND SCHEDULING ;=
)O4 APPLICATIONS CAN HARNESS CLOUD SERVICES AND USE THE AVAILABLE STORAGE AND COMPUTING RESOURCES
TO MEET THEIR SCALABILITY AND COMPUTE INTENSIVE PROCESSING DEMANDS -OST OF THE CURRENT DESIGN AP-
PROACHES FOR INTEGRATING CLOUD WITH )O4 ARE BASED ON A THREE TIER ARCHITECTURE WHERE THE BOTTOM LAYER
CONSISTS OF )O4 DEVICES MIDDLE LAYER IS THE CLOUD PROVIDER AND TOP LAYER HOSTS DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS
AND HIGH LEVEL PROTOCOLS (OWEVER USING THIS APPROACH TO DESIGN AND INTEGRATE CLOUD COMPUTING WITH
AN )O4 MIDDLEWARE LIMITS THE PRACTICALITY AND FULL UTILIZATION OF CLOUD COMPUTING IN SCENARIOS WHERE
MINIMIZING END TO END DELAY IS THE GOAL &OR EXAMPLE IN ONLINE GAME STREAMING WHERE PERCEIVED DELAY
IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR FOR USER SATISFACTION A LIGHT AND CONTEXT AWARE )O4 MIDDLEWARE ;= THAT SMARTLY
SELECTS THE NEAREST #ONTENT $ISTRIBUTION .ETWORK #$. CAN SIGNIlCANTLY REDUCE THE OVERALL JITTER
1.5.2 REAL-TIME ANALYTICS IN IoT AND FOG COMPUTING
#URRENT DATA ANALYTICS APPROACHES MAINLY FOCUS ON DEALING WITH "IG $ATA HOWEVER PROCESSING DATA
GENERATED FROM MILLIONS OF SENSORS AND DEVICES IN REAL TIME IS MORE CHALLENGING ;= 0ROPOSED SOLU-
TIONS THAT ONLY UTILIZE CLOUD COMPUTING AS A PROCESSING OR STORAGE BACKBONE ARE NOT SCALABLE AND CANNOT
ADDRESS THE LATENCY CONSTRAINTS OF REAL TIME APPLICATIONS 2EAL TIME PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS AND THE
INCREASE IN COMPUTATIONAL POWER OF EDGE DEVICES SUCH AS ROUTERS SWITCHES AND ACCESS POINTS LEAD TO
THE EMERGENCE OF THE %DGE #OMPUTING PARADIGM
4HE %DGE LAYER CONTAINS THE DEVICES THAT ARE IN CLOSER VICINITY TO THE END USER THAN THE APPLICATION
SERVERS AND CAN INCLUDE SMARTPHONES SMART 46S NETWORK ROUTERS AND SO FORTH 0ROCESSING AND STORAGE
CAPABILITY OF THESE DEVICES CAN BE UTILIZED TO EXTEND THE ADVANTAGES OF USING CLOUD COMPUTING BY CREAT-
ING ANOTHER CLOUD KNOWN AS %DGE #LOUD NEAR APPLICATION CONSUMERS IN ORDER TO DECREASE NETWORK-
ING DELAYS SAVE PROCESSING OR STORAGE COST PERFORM DATA AGGREGATION AND PREVENT SENSITIVE DATA FROM
LEAVING THE LOCAL NETWORK ;=
3IMILARLY &OG #OMPUTING IS A TERM COINED BY 3ALVATORE 3TOLFO ;= AND APPLIES TO AN EXTENSION OF
CLOUD COMPUTING THAT AIMS TO KEEP THE SAME FEATURES OF #LOUD SUCH AS NETWORKING COMPUTATION VIRTU-
ALIZATION AND STORAGE BUT ALSO MEETS THE REQUIREMENTS OF APPLICATIONS THAT DEMAND LOW LATENCY SPECIlC
1O3 REQUIREMENTS 3ERVICE ,EVEL !GREEMENT 3,! CONSIDERATIONS OR ANY COMBINATION OF THESE ;=
-OREOVER THESE EXTENSIONS CAN EASE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS 'EO DISTRIBUTED
APPLICATIONS SUCH AS 73. AND LARGE SCALE SYSTEMS USED FOR MONITORING AND CONTROLLING OTHER SYSTEMS
SUCH AS SURVEILLANCE CAMERA NETWORKS ; = ! COMPARISON OF #LOUD AND &OG FEATURES IS PRESENTED IN
4ABLE AND &IG SHOWS A GENERAL ARCHITECTURE FOR USING CLOUD AND FOG COMPUTING TOGETHER
3TONEBRAKER ET AL ;= POINTED OUT THAT THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS SHOULD BE FULlLLED IN AN EFlCIENT
REAL TIME STREAM PROCESSING ENGINE 30%
s $ATA mUIDITY WHICH REFERS TO PROCESSING DATA ON THE mY WITHOUT THE NEED FOR COSTLY DATA STORAGE
s (ANDLING OUT OF ORDER MISSING AND DELAYED STREAMS
s (AVING A REPEATABLE AND DETERMINISTIC OUTCOME AFTER PROCESSING A SERIES OR BAG OF STREAMS
s +EEPING STREAMING AND STORED DATA INTEGRATED BY USING EMBEDDED DATABASE SYSTEMS
s !SSURING HIGH AVAILABILITY USING REAL TIME FAILOVER AND HOT BACKUP MECHANISMS
s 3UPPORTING AUTOSCALING AND APPLICATION PARTITIONING
1.6 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS 15
Table 1.1 Cloud Versus Fog
Fog Cloud
2ESPONSE TIME ,OW (IGH
!VAILABILITY ,OW (IGH
3ECURITY LEVEL -EDIUM TO HARD %ASY TO MEDIUM
3ERVICE FOCUS %DGE DEVICES .ETWORKENTERPRISE CORE SERVICES
#OST FOR EACH DEVICE ,OW (IGH
$OMINANT ARCHITECTURE $ISTRIBUTED #ENTRALDISTRIBUTED
-AIN CONTENT GENERATORCONSUMER 3MART DEVICESHUMANS AND DEVICES (UMANSEND DEVICES
FIGURE 1.5 Typical Fog Computing Architecture
4O HARNESS THE FULL POTENTIAL OF &OG COMPUTING FOR APPLICATIONS DEMANDING REAL
TIME PROCESSING
RESEARCHERS CAN LOOK INTO NECESSARY APPROACHES AND ARCHITECTURES TO FULlLL THE AFOREMENTIONED REQUIRE-
MENTS
1.6 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
&ROM THE NETWORK AND COMMUNICATION PERSPECTIVE )O4 CAN BE VIEWED AS AN AGGREGATION OF DIFFERENT
NETWORKS INCLUDING MOBILE NETWORKS ' ' #$-! ETC 7,!.S 73. AND -OBILE !DHOC .ET-
WORKS -!.%4 ;=
3EAMLESS CONNECTIVITY IS A KEY REQUIREMENT FOR )O4 .ETWORK COMMUNICATION SPEED RELIABILITY AND
CONNECTION DURABILITY WILL IMPACT THE OVERALL )O4 EXPERIENCE 7ITH THE EMERGENCE OF HIGH SPEED MOBILE
NETWORKS LIKE ' AND THE HIGHER AVAILABILITY OF LOCAL AND URBAN NETWORK COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS SUCH
16 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW
FIGURE 1.6 Use of Various Protocols in IoT Communication Layers
AS 7I &I "LUETOOTH AND 7I-AX CREATING AN INTERCONNECTED NETWORK OF OBJECTS SEEMS FEASIBLE HOW-
EVER DEALING WITH DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS THAT LINK THESE ENVIRONMENTS IS STILL CHALLENGING
1.6.1 NETWORK LAYER
"ASED ON THE DEVICES SPECIlCATION MEMORY #05 STORAGE BATTERY LIFE THE COMMUNICATION MEANS AND
PROTOCOLS VARY (OWEVER THE COMMONLY USED COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS ARE LISTED BELOW
s 2&)$ EG )3/ SERIES THAT COMES WITH lVE CLASSES AND TWO GENERATIONS AND COVERS BOTH
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE 2&)$ TAGS
s )%%% 7,!. )%%% :IG"EE .EAR &IELD #OMMUNICATION .&# )%%%
"LUETOOTH
s ,OW POWER 7IRELESS 0ERSONAL !REA .ETWORKS ,O70!. STANDARDS BY )%&4
s -- PROTOCOLS SUCH AS -144 AND #O!0
s )0 LAYER TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS )0V )0V ETC
-ORE ELABORATION ON THE AFOREMENTIONED NETWORK LAYER COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS IS AVAILABLE IN
2EF ;= AND A BREAKDOWN OF LAYERS IN THE )O4 COMMUNICATION STACK THAT THESE PROTOCOLS WILL OPERATE
IS SHOWN IN &IG
1.6.2 TRANSPORT AND APPLICATION LAYER
3EGMENTATION AND POOR COHERENCY LEVEL WHICH ARE RESULTS OF PUSHES FROM INDIVIDUAL COMPANIES TO
MAXIMIZE THEIR MARKET SHARE AND REVENUE HAS MADE DEVELOPING )O4 APPLICATIONS CUMBERSOME 5NI-
VERSAL APPLICATIONS THAT REQUIRE ONE TIME CODING AND CAN BE EXECUTED ON MULTIPLE DEVICES ARE THE MOST
EFlCIENT
0ROTOCOLS IN )O4 CAN BE CLASSIlED INTO THREE CATEGORIES
1. GENERAL PURPOSE PROTOCOLS LIKE )0 AND 3.-0 THAT HAVE BEEN AROUND FOR MANY YEARS AND ARE VASTLY
USED TO MANAGE MONITOR CONlGURE NETWORK DEVICES AND ESTABLISH COMMUNICATION LINKS
1.6 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS 17
2. LIGHTWEIGHT PROTOCOLS SUCH AS #O!0 THAT HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF
CONSTRAINED DEVICES WITH TINY HARDWARE AND LIMITED RESOURCES
3. DEVICE
OR VENDOR
SPECIlC PROTOCOLS AND !0)S THAT USUALLY REQUIRE A CERTAIN BUILD ENVIRONMENT AND
TOOLSET
3ELECTING THE RIGHT PROTOCOLS AT THE DEVELOPMENT PHASE CAN BE CHALLENGING AND COMPLEX AS FACTORS
SUCH AS FUTURE SUPPORT EASE OF IMPLEMENTATION AND UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED
!DDITIONALLY THINKING OF OTHER ASPECTS THAT WILL AFFECT THE lNAL DEPLOYMENT AND EXECUTION LIKE
REQUIRED LEVEL OF SECURITY AND PERFORMANCE WILL ADD TO THE SOPHISTICATION OF THE PROTOCOL
SELECTION
STAGE ,ACK OF STANDARDIZATION FOR PARTICULAR APPLICATIONS AND PROTOCOLS IS ANOTHER FACTOR THAT INCREASES
THE RISK OF POOR PROTOCOL SELECTION AND STRATEGIC MISTAKES THAT ARE MORE EXPENSIVE TO lX IN THE FUTURE
)N ORDER TO ENHANCE THEIR ADOPTION IT IS IMPORTANT TO MAKE SURE THAT COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS ARE WELL
DOCUMENTED SENSORS AND SMART DEVICES LIMIT THEIR USAGE IN )O4
4ABLE SUMMARIZES THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS IN )O4 WHILE IT ALSO
COMPARES THEIR DEPLOYMENT TOPOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTS
-- COMMUNICATION AIMS TO ENABLE SEAMLESS INTEGRATION OF PHYSICAL AND VIRTUAL OBJECTS INTO LARGER
AND GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTRIBUTED ENTERPRISES BY ELIMINATING THE NEED FOR HUMAN INTERVENTION (OWEVER
TO ACHIEVE THIS THE ENFORCEMENT OF HARMONY AND COLLABORATION AMONG DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION LAYERS
PHYSICAL TRANSPORT PRESENTATION APPLICATION AS WELL AS THE APPROACHES USED BY DEVICES FOR MESSAGE
STORAGE AND PASSING CAN BE CHALLENGING ;=
4HE PUBLISHSUBSCRIBE MODEL IS A COMMON WAY OF EXCHANGING MESSAGES IN DISTRIBUTED ENVIRON-
MENTS AND BECAUSE OF SIMPLICITY IT HAS BEEN ADOPTED BY POPULAR -- COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
LIKE -144 )N DYNAMIC SCENARIOS WHERE NODES JOIN OR LEAVE THE NETWORK FREQUENTLY AND HANDOFFS ARE
REQUIRED TO KEEP THE CONNECTIONS ALIVE THE PUBLISHSUBSCRIBE MODEL IS EFlCIENT 4HIS IS BECAUSE OF USING
PUSH
BASED NOTIlCATIONS AND MAINTAINING QUEUES FOR DELAYED DELIVERY OF MESSAGES
Table 1.2 IoT Communication Protocols Comparison
Protocol Transport
Name Protocol Messaging Model Security Best-Use Cases Architecture
!-01 4#0 0UBLISH3UBSCRIBE (IGH /PTIONAL %NTERPRISE 00
INTEGRATION
#O!0 5$0 2EQUEST2ESPONSE -EDIUM /PTIONAL 5TILITY lELD 4REE
DDS 5$0 0UBLISH3UBSCRIBE AND (IGH /PTIONAL -ILITARY "US
2EQUEST2ESPONSE
-144 4#0 0UBLISH3UBSCRIBE AND -EDIUM /PTIONAL )O4 MESSAGING 4REE
2EQUEST2ESPONSE
50N0 0UBLISH3UBSCRIBE AND .ONE #ONSUMER 00
2EQUEST2ESPONSE
8-00 4#0 0UBLISH3UBSCRIBE AND (IGH #OMPULSORY 2EMOTE #LIENT SERVER
2EQUEST2ESPONSE MANAGEMENT
:ERO-1 5$0 0UBLISH3UBSCRIBE AND (IGH /PTIONAL #%2. 00
2EQUEST2ESPONSE
18 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW
/N THE OTHER HAND PROTOCOLS LIKE (4402%34 AND #O!0 ONLY SUPPORT THE REQUESTRESPONSE MODEL
IN WHICH A PULLING MECHANISM IS USED TO FETCH NEW MESSAGES FROM THE QUEUE #O!0 ALSO USES )0V AND
,O70!. PROTOCOLS IN ITS NETWORK LAYER TO HANDLE NODE IDENTIlCATION /NGOING EFFORTS ARE STILL BEING
MADE TO MERGE THESE PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDIZE THEM AS TO SUPPORT BOTH PUBLISHSUBSCRIBE AND REQUEST
RESPONSE MODELS ; =
1.7 INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS
)O4 PROMISES AN INTERCONNECTED NETWORK OF UNIQUELY IDENTIlABLE SMART OBJECTS 4HIS INFRASTRUCTURE CREATES
THE NECESSARY BACKBONE FOR MANY INTERESTING APPLICATIONS THAT REQUIRE SEAMLESS CONNECTIVITY AND ADDRESS-
ABILITY BETWEEN THEIR COMPONENTS 4HE RANGE OF )O4 APPLICATION DOMAIN IS WIDE AND ENCAPSULATES APPLICA-
TIONS FROM HOME AUTOMATION TO MORE SOPHISTICATED ENVIRONMENTS SUCH AS SMART CITIES AND E GOVERNMENT
)NDUSTRY FOCUSED APPLICATIONS INCLUDE LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORTATION ;= SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
;= mEET MANAGEMENT AVIATION INDUSTRY AND ENTERPRISE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS (EALTHCARE SYSTEMS
SMART CITIES AND BUILDINGS SOCIAL )O4 AND SMART SHOPPING ARE A FEW EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS THAT TRY TO
IMPROVE THE DAILY LIFE OF INDIVIDUALS AS WELL AS THE WHOLE SOCIETY $ISASTER MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING SMART WATERING AND OPTIMIZING ENERGY CONSUMPTION THROUGH SMART GRIDS AND SMART METER-
ING ARE EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS THAT FOCUS ON ENVIRONMENT
)N A BROADER MAGNITUDE 'ASCON AND !SIN ;= CLASSIlED DIFFERENT )O4 APPLICATIONS UNDER THE FOL-
LOWING CATEGORIES SMART ENVIRONMENT SMART CITIES SMART METERING SMART WATER SECURITY AND EMERGEN-
CIES RETAIL LOGISTICS INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SMART AGRICULTURE SMART ANIMAL FARMING DOMESTIC AND HOME
AUTOMATION AND E(EALTH &OR FURTHER REFERENCE +IM ET AL ;= HAVE SURVEYED AND CLASSIlED RESEARCH
ABOUT )O4 APPLICATIONS BASED ON APPLICATION DOMAIN AND TARGET USER GROUPS
)N THIS SECTION WE PRESENT CATEGORIZATION OF ENTERPRISE )O4 APPLICATIONS BASED ON THEIR USAGE DOMAIN
4HESE APPLICATIONS USUALLY FALL INTO THE FOLLOWING THREE CATEGORIES MONITORING AND ACTUATING
BUSINESS PROCESS AND DATA ANALYSIS AND INFORMATION GATHERING AND COLLABORATIVE CONSUMPTION 4HE
REST OF THIS SECTION IS DEDICATED TO CHARACTERISTICS AND REQUIREMENTS OF EACH CATEGORY
1.7.1 MONITORING AND ACTUATING
-ONITORING DEVICES VIA !0)S CAN BE HELPFUL IN MULTIPLE DOMAINS 4HE !0)S CAN REPORT POWER USAGE
EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE AND SENSOR STATUS AND THEY CAN PERFORM ACTIONS UPON SENDING PREDElNED COM-
MANDS 2EAL TIME APPLICATIONS CAN UTILIZE THESE FEATURES TO REPORT CURRENT SYSTEM STATUS WHEREAS MAN-
AGERS AND DEVELOPERS HAVE THE OPTION TO FREELY CALL THESE !0)S WITHOUT THE NEED FOR PHYSICALLY ACCESSING
THE DEVICES 3MART METERING AND IN A MORE DISTRIBUTED FORM SMART GRIDS CAN HELP IN IDENTIFYING PRO-
DUCTION OR PERFORMANCE DEFECTS VIA APPLICATION OF ANOMALY DETECTION ON THE COLLECTED DATA AND THUS IN-
CREASE THE PRODUCTIVITY ,IKEWISE INCORPORATING )O4 INTO BUILDINGS OR EVEN IN THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
;= HELPS TO MOVE TOWARD GREEN SOLUTIONS SAVE ENERGY AND CONSEQUENTLY MINIMIZE OPERATION COST
!NOTHER AREA THAT HAS BEEN UNDER FOCUS BY RESEARCHERS IS APPLICATIONS TARGETING SMART HOMES THAT
MAINLY TARGET ENERGY SAVING AND MONITORING (OME MONITORING AND CONTROL FRAMEWORKS LIKE THE ONES
DEVELOPED BY 6ERIZON ;= AND "OSS SUPPORT DIFFERENT COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS 7I &I "LUETOOTH
ETC TO CREATE AN INTERCONNECTED NETWORK OF OBJECTS THAT CAN CONTROL DESIRED PARAMETERS AND CHANGE
CONlGURATIONS BASED ON THE USERS SETTINGS
1.8 SECURITY 19
1.7.2 BUSINESS PROCESS AND DATA ANALYSIS
2IGGINS ET AL ;= CATEGORIZED THE LEVEL OF )O4 ADOPTION THROUGH "IG $ATA ANALYTICS USAGE TO THE FOL-
LOWING CATEGORIES
s Society level WHERE )O4 MAINLY INmUENCES AND IMPROVES GOVERNMENT SERVICES BY REDUCING COST
AND INCREASING GOVERNMENT TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY
s Industry level IN WHICH MANUFACTURING EMERGENCY SERVICES RETAILING AND EDUCATION HAVE BEEN
STUDIED AS EXAMPLES
s Organizational level IN WHICH )O4 CAN BRING THE SAME TYPE OF BENElTS AS THOSE MENTIONED IN
SOCIETY LEVEL
s Individual level WHERE DAILY LIFE IMPROVEMENTS INDIVIDUAL EFlCIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ARE
MARKED AS )O4 BENElTS
4HE ABILITY TO CAPTURE AND STORE VAST AMOUNTS OF INDIVIDUAL DATA HAS BROUGHT OPPORTUNITIES TO HEALTH-
CARE APPLICATIONS 0ATIENTS DATA CAN BE CAPTURED MORE FREQUENTLY USING WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS
SMART WATCHES AND CAN BE PUBLISHED OVER THE )NTERNET ,ATER DATA MINING AND MACHINE LEARNING ALGO-
RITHMS ARE USED TO EXTRACT KNOWLEDGE AND PATTERNS FROM THE RAW DATA AND ARCHIVE THESE RECORDS FOR FUTURE
REFERENCE (EALTHSENSE E.EIGHBOR DEVELOPED BY (UMANA IS AN EXAMPLE OF A REMOTE CONTROLLING SYSTEM
THAT USES SENSORS DEPLOYED IN HOUSES TO MEASURE FREQUENT DAILY ACTIVITIES AND HEATH PARAMETERS OF OC-
CUPANTS 4HE COLLECTED DATA IS THEN ANALYZED TO FORECAST PLAUSIBLE RISKS AND PRODUCE ALERTS TO PREVENT
INCIDENTS ;= 0RIVACY AND SECURITY CHALLENGES ARE TWO MAIN BARRIERS THAT REFRAIN PEOPLE AND INDUSTRIES
FROM EMBRACING )O4 IN THE HEALTHCARE DOMAIN
1.7.3 INFORMATION GATHERING AND COLLABORATIVE CONSUMPTION
3OCIAL )NTERNET OF 4HINGS 3)O4 IS WHERE )O4 MEETS SOCIAL NETWORKS AND TO BE MORE PRECISE IT PROM-
ISES TO LINK OBJECTS AROUND US WITH OUR SOCIAL MEDIA AND DAILY INTERACTION WITH OTHER PEOPLE MAKING
THEM LOOK SMARTER AND MORE INTRACTABLE 3)O4 CONCEPT MOTIVATED BY FAMOUS SOCIAL MEDIA LIKE &ACE-
BOOK AND 4WITTER HAS THE POTENTIAL TO AFFECT MANY PEOPLES LIFESTYLES &OR EXAMPLE A SOCIAL NETWORK IS
HELPFUL FOR THE EVALUATION OF TRUST OF CROWDS INVOLVED IN AN )O4 PROCESS !NOTHER ADVANTAGE IS USING THE
HUMANS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS COMMUNITIES AND INTERACTIONS FOR EFFECTIVE DISCOVERY OF )O4 SERVICES
AND OBJECTS ;=
4ABLE CONTAINS A LIST OF PAST AND PRESENT OPEN SOURCE PROJECTS REGARDING )O4 DEVELOPMENT AND
ITS APPLICATIONS
1.8 SECURITY
!S ADOPTION OF )O4 CONTINUES TO GROW ATTACKERS AND MALICIOUS USERS ARE SHIFTING THEIR TARGET FROM SERVERS
TO END DEVICES 4HERE ARE SEVERAL REASONS FOR THIS &IRST IN TERMS OF PHYSICAL ACCESSIBILITY SMART DEVICES
AND SENSORS ARE FAR LESS PROTECTED THAN SERVERS AND HAVING PHYSICAL ACCESS TO A DEVICE GIVES THE ATTACKERS
AN ADVANTAGE TO PENETRATE WITH LESS HASSLE 3ECOND THE NUMBER OF DEVICES THAT CAN BE COMPROMISED ARE FAR
MORE THAN THE NUMBER OF SERVERS -OREOVER SINCE DEVICES ARE CLOSER TO THE USERS SECURITY LEADS TO LEAKING
OF VALUABLE INFORMATION AND HAS CATASTROPHIC CONSEQUENCES &INALLY DUE TO HETEROGENEITY AND THE DISTRIB-
UTED NATURE OF )O4 THE PATCHING PROCESS IS MORE CONSUMING THUS OPENING THE DOOR FOR ATTACKERS ; =
20 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW
Table 1.3 List of IoT-Related Projects
Name of Project/Product Area of Focus
4INY /3 /PERATING 3YSTEM
#ONTIKI /PERATING 3YSTEM
-ANTIS /PERATING 3YSTEM
.ANO
2+ /PERATING 3YSTEM
,ITE/3 /PERATING 3YSTEM
&REE24/3 /PERATING 3YSTEM
2)/4 /PERATING 3YSTEM
7IT!) .ATURAL ,ANGUAGE
.ODE
2%$ 6ISUAL 0ROGRAMMING 4OOLKIT
.ET,AB 6ISUAL 0ROGRAMMING 4OOLKIT
3ENSOR-, -ODELING AND %NCODING
%XTENDED %NVIRONMENTS -ARKUP ,ANGUAGE %%-, -ODELING AND %NCODING
0RO3YST -IDDLEWARE
-UNDO#ORE -IDDLEWARE
'AIA -IDDLEWARE
5BIWARE -IDDLEWARE
3ENSOR7ARE -IDDLEWARE
3ENSOR"US -IDDLEWARE
/PEN)O4 -IDDLEWARE AND DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM
+ONEKI -- $EVELOPMENT 4OOLKIT
-)().) -- $EVELOPMENT 4OOLKIT
)N AN )O4 ENVIRONMENT RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS ARE THE KEY BARRIER FOR IMPLEMENTING STANDARD SECURITY
MECHANISMS IN EMBEDDED DEVICES &URTHERMORE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION USED BY THE MAJORITY OF SEN-
SOR NETWORKS IS MORE VULNERABLE TO EAVESDROPPING AND MAN
IN
THE
MIDDLE PROXY ATTACKS
#RYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS NEED CONSIDERABLE BANDWIDTH AND ENERGY TO PROVIDE END
TO
END PROTECTION
AGAINST ATTACKS ON CONlDENTIALITY AND AUTHENTICITY 3OLUTIONS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED IN 2&)$ ; = AND
73. ;= CONTEXT TO OVERCOME AFOREMENTIONED ISSUES BY CONSIDERING LIGHT CRYPTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
7ITH REGARD TO CONSTRAINED DEVICES SYMMETRIC CRYPTOGRAPHY IS APPLIED MORE OFTEN AS IT REQUIRES FEWER
RESOURCES HOWEVER PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY IN THE 2&)$ CONTEXT HAS ALSO BEEN INVESTIGATED ;=
73. WITH 2&)$ TAGS AND THEIR CORRESPONDING READERS WERE THE lRST INFRASTRUCTURE FOR BUILDING )O4
ENVIRONMENTS AND EVEN NOW MANY )O4 APPLICATIONS IN LOGISTICS mEET MANAGEMENT CONTROLLED FARM-
ING AND SMART CITIES RELY ON THESE TECHNOLOGIES .EVERTHELESS THESE SYSTEMS ARE NOT SECURE ENOUGH AND
ARE VULNERABLE TO VARIOUS ATTACKS FROM DIFFERENT LAYERS ! SURVEY BY "ORGOHAIN ET AL ;= INVESTIGATES
THESE ATTACKS BUT LESS ATTENTION IS GIVEN TO SOLUTIONS AND COUNTER
ATTACK PRACTICES
1.10 PRIVACY 21
1.9 IDENTITY MANAGEMENT AND AUTHENTICATION
7HEN TALKING ABOUT BILLIONS OF CONNECTED DEVICES METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING OBJECTS AND SETTING THEIR
ACCESS LEVEL PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE WHOLE ECOSYSTEM #ONSUMERS DATA SOURCES AND SERVICE PRO-
VIDERS ARE ESSENTIAL PARTS OF )O4 IDENTITY MANAGEMENT AND AUTHENTICATION METHODS APPLIED TO SECURELY
CONNECT THESE ENTITIES AFFECT BOTH THE AMOUNT OF TIME REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH TRUST AND THE DEGREE OF CONl-
DENCE ;= )O4S INHERENT FEATURES SUCH AS DYNAMISM AND HETEROGENEITY REQUIRE SPECIlC CONSIDERATION
WHEN DElNING SECURITY MECHANISMS &OR INSTANCE IN 6EHICULAR .ETWORKS 6!.%4S CARS REGULARLY
ENTER AND LEAVE THE NETWORK DUE TO THEIR MOVEMENT SPEED THUS NOT ONLY DO CARS NEED TO INTERACT AND
EXCHANGE DATA WITH ACCESS POINTS AND SENSORS ALONG THE ROAD BUT THEY ALSO NEED TO COMMUNICATE WITH
EACH OTHER AND FORM A COLLABORATIVE NETWORK
$EVICES OR OBJECTS IN )O4 HAVE TO BE UNIQUELY IDENTIlED 4HERE ARE VARIOUS MECHANISMS SUCH AS
UCODE WHICH GENERATE BIT CODES AND CAN BE USED IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE 2&)$ TAGS AND ALSO %LECTRIC
0RODUCT #ODE %0# WHICH CREATES UNIQUE IDENTIlERS USING 5NIFORM 2ESOURCE )DENTIlER 52) CODES
; = "EING ABLE TO GLOBALLY AND UNIQUELY IDENTIFY AND LOCATE OBJECTS DECREASES THE COMPLEXITY OF
EXPANDING THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT AND LINKING IT WITH THE GLOBAL MARKETS ;=
)T IS COMMON FOR )O4 SENSORS AND SMART DEVICES TO SHARE THE SAME GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES AND
EVEN FALL INTO SAME TYPE OR GROUP HENCE IDENTITY MANAGEMENT CAN BE DELEGATED TO LOCAL IDENTITY MAN-
AGEMENT SYSTEMS )N SUCH ENVIRONMENTS LOCAL IDENTITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS CAN ENFORCE AND MONITOR
ACCESS CONTROL POLICIES AND ESTABLISH TRUST NEGOTIATIONS WITH EXTERNAL PARTNERS :HOU ET AL ;= INVES-
TIGATED SECURITY REQUIREMENTS FOR MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS IN )O4 AND PROPOSED AN ARCHITECTURE THAT
SUPPORTS TRAFlC ANALYSIS AND SCHEDULING KEY MANAGEMENT WATERMARKING AND AUTHENTICATION #ONTEXT
AWARE PAIRING OF DEVICES AND AUTOMATIC AUTHENTICATION IS ANOTHER IMPORTANT REQUIREMENT FOR DYNAMIC
ENVIRONMENTS LIKE )O4 3OLUTIONS THAT IMPLEMENT A ZERO INTERACTION APPROACH ;= TO CREATE SIMPLER
YET MORE SECURE PROCEDURES FOR CREATING A UBIQUITOUS NETWORK OF CONNECTED DEVICES CAN CONSIDERABLY
IMPACT )O4 AND ITS ADOPTION
1.10 PRIVACY
!CCORDING TO THE REPORT PUBLISHED BY )$# AND %-# ON $EC ;= THE SIZE OF THE DIGITAL UNIVERSE
CONTAINING ALL CREATED REPLICATED AND CONSUMED DIGITAL DATA WILL BE ROUGHLY DOUBLED EVERY YEARS
HENCE FORECASTING ITS SIZE TO BE EXABYTES BY COMPARED TO EXABYTES FOR !D-
DITIONALLY SOURCED FROM STATISTICBRAINCOM THE AVERAGE COST OF STORAGE FOR HARD DISKS HAS DROPPED FROM
PER GIGABYTE IN TO PER GIGABYTE IN 4HESE STATISTICS SHOW THE IMPORTANCE OF
DATA AND THE FACT THAT IT IS EASY AND CHEAP TO KEEP THE USERS DATA FOR A LONG TIME AND FOLLOW THE GUIDE-
LINES FOR HARVESTING AS MUCH DATA AS POSSIBLE AND USING IT WHEN REQUIRED
$ATA GENERATION RATE HAS DRASTICALLY INCREASED IN RECENT YEARS AND CONSEQUENTLY CONCERNS ABOUT
SECURE DATA STORAGE AND ACCESS MECHANISMS HAS BE TAKEN MORE SERIOUSLY 7ITH SENSORS CAPABLE OF SENS-
ING DIFFERENT PARAMETERS SUCH AS USERS LOCATION HEARTBEAT AND MOTION DATA PRIVACY WILL REMAIN A HOT
TOPIC TO ENSURE USERS HAVE CONTROL OVER THE DATA THEY SHARE AND THE PEOPLE WHO HAVE ACCESS TO THESE DATA
)N DISTRIBUTED ENVIRONMENTS LIKE )O4 PRESERVING PRIVACY CAN BE ACHIEVED BY EITHER FOLLOWING A CEN-
TRALIZED APPROACH OR BY HAVING EACH ENTITY MANAGE ITS OWN INBOUNDOUTBOUND DATA A TECHNIQUE KNOWN
AS PRIVACY
BY
DESIGN ;= #ONSIDERING THE LATTER APPROACH SINCE EACH ENTITY CAN ACCESS ONLY CHUNKS
22 CHAPTER 1 INTERNET OF THINGS: AN OVERVIEW
Table 1.4 IoT Standards
Organization Name Outcome
)NTERNET OF 4HINGS 'LOBAL 3TANDARDS )NITIATIVE )O4 '3) *#! )O4
/PEN 3OURCE )NTERNET OF 4HINGS /3)O4 /PEN (ORIZONTAL 0LATFORM
)%%% STANDARDS DEVELOPING A REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE
)NTERNET %NGINEERING 4ASK &ORCE )%4& #ONSTRAINED 2%34FUL %NVIRONMENTS #O2%
,/70!. 2OUTING /VER ,OW POWER AND ,OSSY
NETWORKS 2/,, )0V
4HE 7ORLD 7IDE 7EB #ONSORTIUM 7# 3EMANTIC 3ENSOR .ET /NTOLOGY 7EB 3OCKET 7EB OF
4HINGS
8-00 3TANDARDS &OUNDATION 8-00
%CLIPSE &OUNDATION 0AHO PROJECT 0ONTE PROJECT +URA -IHINI-$!
#ONCIERGE
/RGANIZATION FOR THE !DVANCEMENT OF 3TRUCTURED -144 !-01
)NFORMATION 3TANDARDS
OF DATA DISTRIBUTED PRIVACY PRESERVING ALGORITHMS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO HANDLE DATA SCATTERING AND
THEIR CORRESPONDING PRIVACY TAGS ;= 0RIVACY ENHANCING TECHNOLOGIES ; = ARE GOOD CANDIDATES FOR
PROTECTING COLLABORATIVE PROTOCOLS )N ADDITION TO PROTECT SENSITIVE DATA RAPID DEPLOYABLE ENTERPRISE
SOLUTIONS THAT LEVERAGE CONTAINERS ON TOP OF VIRTUAL MACHINES CAN BE USED ;=
1.11 STANDARDIZATION AND REGULATORY LIMITATIONS
3TANDARDIZATION AND THE LIMITATION CAUSED BY REGULATORY POLICIES HAVE CHALLENGED THE GROWTH AND ADOP-
TION RATE OF )O4 AND CAN BE POTENTIAL BARRIERS IN EMBRACING THE TECHNOLOGY $ElNING AND BROADCASTING
STANDARDS WILL EASE THE BURDEN OF JOINING )O4 ENVIRONMENTS FOR NEW USERS AND PROVIDERS !DDITIONALLY
INTEROPERABILITY AMONG DIFFERENT COMPONENTS SERVICE PROVIDERS AND EVEN END USERS WILL BE GREATLY
INmUENCED IN A POSITIVE WAY IF PERVASIVE STANDARDS ARE INTRODUCED AND EMPLOYED IN )O4 ;=
%VEN THOUGH MORE ORGANIZATIONS AND INDUSTRIES MAKE THEMSELVES READY TO EMBRACE AND INCORPORATE
)O4 INCREASE IN )O4 GROWTH RATE WILL CAUSE DIFlCULTIES FOR STANDARDIZATION 3TRICT REGULATIONS ABOUT AC-
CESSING RADIO FREQUENCY LEVELS CREATING A SUFlCIENT LEVEL OF INTEROPERABILITY AMONG DIFFERENT DEVICES
AUTHENTICATION IDENTIlCATION AUTHORIZATION AND COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS ARE ALL OPEN CHALLENGES FAC-
ING )O4 STANDARDIZATION 4ABLE CONTAINS A LIST OF ORGANIZATIONS THAT HAVE WORKED TOWARD STANDARD-
IZING TECHNOLOGIES EITHER USED WITHIN )O4 CONTEXT OR THOSE SPECIlCALLY CREATED FOR )O4
1.12 CONCLUSIONS
)O4 HAS EMERGED AS A NEW PARADIGM AIMED AT PROVIDING SOLUTIONS FOR INTEGRATION COMMUNICATION DATA
CONSUMPTION AND ANALYSIS OF SMART DEVICES 4O THIS END CONNECTIVITY INTEROPERABILITY AND INTEGRATION
ARE INEVITABLE PARTS OF )O4 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 7HEREAS )O4 DUE TO ITS HIGHLY DISTRIBUTED AND
REFERENCES 23
HETEROGENEOUS NATURE IS COMPRISED OF MANY DIFFERENT COMPONENTS AND ASPECTS PROVIDING SOLUTIONS TO
INTEGRATE THIS ENVIRONMENT AND HIDE ITS COMPLEXITY FROM THE USER SIDE IS INEVITABLE .OVEL APPROACHES
THAT UTILIZE 3/! ARCHITECTURE AND !0) DElNITION LANGUAGES TO SERVICE EXPOSITION DISCOVERY AND COM-
POSITION WILL HAVE A HUGE IMPACT IN ADOPTION AND PROLIFERATION OF THE FUTURE )O4 VISION
)N THIS CHAPTER DIFFERENT BUILDING BLOCKS OF )O4 SUCH AS SENSORS AND SMART DEVICES -- COMMU-
NICATION AND THE ROLE OF HUMANS IN FUTURE )O4 SCENARIOS ARE ELABORATED UPON AND INVESTIGATED -ANY
CHALLENGES RANGING FROM COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENTS TO MIDDLEWARE DEVELOPMENT STILL REMAIN OPEN
AND NEED FURTHER INVESTIGATION 7E HAVE HIGHLIGHTED THESE SHORTCOMINGS HAVE PROVIDED TYPICAL SOLU-
TIONS AND HAVE DRAWN GUIDELINES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IN THIS AREA
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