Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I Scientific method
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t a) Compiete the tabie above.
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I b) Plot a graph of T2 against 1. Use the graph paper on the page orposite.
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Scientific method (cont.)
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() Oanlel n ants to determine the oensie- itee1.lIe measured the mass of ten steel
I marbles. He measured the volun:: cl t iei nart'ies br placing them in a measuring
cylinder filled u'ith 50 crn: oi- rraie:"
I His findings are listeri b€'[i]rt:
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e) Calculate the relative density of steel, assutning thrrt the density of water is
1000 kgm-3.
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! n*n students are measuring the acceleration due to gravityg using a simple pendulurn.
2-
Student A rneasures the rralue as 8.9 ms-2 and Student I] measures the value as 5 ms
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b) It is known that the exact r.alue of g = 9.81 rns Suggest l-rorv studetlt A can improve
the accnracy of his experiment.
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Vectors
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I b) Give one exampie of a scalar quantity and one example of a vecttir quantityi
scaiar.quantitv
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vector ciuantitv
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c) The diagram belou. strorvs a force of 5 N acting on an object P at an angle of 30" to
I the horizontai:
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B,v drar,ving appropriate lines on the diagram, use a ruler to determine:
I i) the horizontal component of the 5 N torce.
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d) A heavy object of rveight W is being held ionary by two ropes A and B.
The tension in each rope is T.
B
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ii) Calculate the u'eiglrt !\r of the hear.r' object if tne rension T in each rope is 500 N.
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9
I Vectors (cont.)
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forces is 60'.
a) Draw a scale diagrarn sholving the forces acting orr object O ancl d.etermine the
resultant force.
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b) I)eterrnine the angle betrt'een the resultant tbrce and the 6 N force
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Total Marks I 19
10
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Symbol
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Mass
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metre
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b) Work and power are defined as foilorvs:
work=fcrrcexdistance
lvork
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i; Use the principle of moments tc calculate the force X exerted by the bicep
muscles.
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A Form Four student is lnvestigating Hookels law She attaches yarious masses to a
spring of length 80 cm and measures the extension produced. She obtains the following
data: :
"'1", "
/1 T1
:' :'. i, ,1,,.,ii ,1
\J',-X r.2 2-0 3.2 ,. 4.0 ('.0 ',.L E.ii
b) Plot a graph of extension (y-axis) againsr weight (r-axis). Use the graph paper
on the next page.
13
I Statics (cont.)
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e) By rlrawing suitable liues on;.our gfaph, estirnate:
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the mass that rvas attached to t\e spring to produce a TOTAL length of 85.2 cm.
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t fu{arks
I 14
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Dynamics
measured:
O Defi.ne EACH of the fotlowing and state the SI unit in rr"hich EACH is
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i) velocity.
ii) accelera:ion. !
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I ilSynmnmfims {e*mt.}
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I iv) Calculate the magnitude of the fo]'ce acting on the ship as it slorvs down.
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& A.iurotle and Newton had different views about the relationship bet*'een iorce
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and motion.
b) Describe Aristotle's idea about the relationship between torce and rnotion.
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c) State what Aristotle and Newton would say about the forces acting on'& car in EACH
of the following scenarios:
Aristotle
Newton
Aristotle
Ner,vton
Aristotle
Newton
.
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id Calculate the average speed for the enlire journey.
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d) State ttre nature of the unbalanced force uttirrg in E,{CH sceaario below:
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Telecommunicatior: satellites orbit the earth. They a1low for voice, data aad video
sigaals to be transmitted across the globe.r
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b) Calculate the time taken for the ba1lto reach a maximum height.
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c) The boy catches the hall. Sketch a velocity*tirne graph to illustrate the motion
of the bai1.
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di State how you would find the maximum ireight reached by the ball from the
r.elocity-time graph.
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Q a bal is thrown horizontally from a table at a speed of 2 ms-l. ?he ball fails for
3 seconds. [Acceleration.due to gravityg = 10 ms-r]
Determine
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b) The vertical component of the ballt velocity at time 3 second"s.
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*I fn eagineer at NASA is investigating the impact of meteorites on planets.
lle performs experiments in a vacuum byidroppiag metal spheres of different
sizes and ditferent heighrs above a horizo{rtal bed of sand.. Ia one experiment, a
metai sphere of mass 0.1 kg is dropped frdm a height of l,,Zm. The sphere makes a
depression in the sand. of 2 cm. ,
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ii) Calculate the vel:city of the sphere jugt before hitting the surlace of the sand..
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iii) Calculate the average retarding force acting on the sphere as it comes to rest in
the sand.
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(} nua"aon is load-ing boxes onto the tray of a flatbed truck. He uses a ramp of length g m
a+ assist him. He pushes a box of mass r20 kg up the ramp with a force of
200 N.
The box moves through a vertical distance of 0.8 m.
gravitational field strength,g= 10 Nkt,
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*ra*rg.y {c*rx&, }
b)
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Total Marks
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Hydrostatics
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d) A eyclist and his bicycle have a combined mass of 55 kg. The total area of the tyres ia
contact wiih the road is 22 x 1A'3 m2. Calculate the pressure exerted on the grcund.
gravitational field strength, S = 10 Nkg-r
f) -l scr:ba diver is at a depth of 45 m below the surface of the sea. The density of seawater
throughout the rvater column above the scuba diver is 1150 kg*-'.
atmospheric pressure = 100 kPa
Celculate:
a! the pressure acting on the scuba diver due to the seawater only.
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{} .l State Archimedes'principle.
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ii) Calculate the mass of the water dlsplacJd.
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iii) Calculate the upthrust acting c:r the oil drum.
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{ calcuiate pressure at a depth of 0.75 m berow the
surface .f the water. -i
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t * block
has a lengrh of 0.18 m, a uniform cross-sectionai
"*i,rdrical area of
F$ x 10-a rn2 and a density oi tzso kgina. The block
is suspended from a spring
'ratance and fully immersed in a liquid with a density of zio kg**.
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ffiydr*staties {xwm*.}
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b) Caiculate ihe ri-eight of the bloc(.
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c.i Caicuiate the upthrust on the block u,'hen it is fully i:nmersed in the liqticl.
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,** a driser pushes the brake A, in the
peda)., a force F, is exerted over an area
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the pressure exerted in cylinder B.
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c: Calculate the force Fr.
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I I "l Briefly outliae the cair:ric theory about the nature ot heat.
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I c) Rumford conducted an experiment that provided er"idence against the caloric theory-.
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I I)escribe the main conclusion ancl erplain rt&y it does not suppart the calcric theory
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( Total Marks
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ili Defiae the lower fixed point and the uppdr fixed
point on the celsius scale of
iemperature, and state their values il deg[ees
Celsius.
il lcwer fixed point
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ii) Llpper fixed point
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d*A thermocoupie is another type of thermometer. State Two ad.vaatages,of this type
thermometer over a mercr:ry-in-glass thermometer.
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I Macroscopic properties and phenomena
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I !} -l State
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TltrO rnain assumptions of phe kinetic theory cf gases.
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ii) the pre ssure of a gas inside a rnetal container increases as the temperature of the
t container increases.
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tffit*etallic strip consisting of copper and iJon k found inside an electric iron.
{i,me a sketch to explain how it can be usecl ta }egulate the temperature of an electric iron.
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I ffi&mcrmx{spXe pr&tper&&ws eeld p &xeex **r* na
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I Using a d"iagram, explain how the student coutrd perfcrm this experiment in
physics laboratory"
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I ci Plot a graph of the volume of the gas in b) (y-axis) against its temperature (x-axis)"
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..':.,,€:F=om the graph, determine the temperaturd when the volume is zerc.
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rgg!.Iletermine the gradient of your straight lind and state its units.
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ffimcrmsempxe pr*p#r&&es msxd p&xmmmm*na
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c) A car tlre is infiated n'ith air. Thq initiai tempe:ature of the air and the pressure
inside the tr:re *re 2? oC and 190 kPa respectiveiy. The car traveis from point A to
point B and t]:e temperature of thp air inside the q,ys increases to 67 "C.
Assuming that the tyre does not elpand, calculate the ner.s pressure insid.e the tyre.
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d) The driver of the car in c) gets a flat tyre at poi*t B. He replaces the tyre.
The initial temperature of the air aad the pressure inside the tr.'re *re 27'C and
19{} kPa respectively, The car travels from pnint B to point A and the temperature of
the air increases to 67'C. Assurning that the tyre expands br 5cb, calculate the new
prcssure inside the tyre.
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Marks
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Thermal'measurements l
'Xks*roda prepares some lime juice on a hot [ay, She adds 80 g of lce at a temperature
'€E e -C fi A.32kg of iime juice. The temperdture of the lime juice decreases from 29 "C
re
. latent heat of fusion cf ice = 3.4 x 105 lkg-], specific heat capacity of
'' lr:atsr = 4Q, x 103 Jkg*toc-t
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i-l $ :=e energy required to melt 80 g of ice.
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s$ Un engineer demonstrates how a solpr cocker can be usecl to cook food in a rural area
of Trinidad. It consists of a paraboiiiireflector of sur{!.ce area4-A m2. ?he solar power
incident cn il is 850 Wm{. 657o of the energy incident on the reflector is absorbed
by the pot containing the fcod. After 40 minutes, the temperature of the pct and its
contents increases by 75 "C. The heat capacity of the pot ar:d its contents is 8200 I"C-'.
Calculate:
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b) the energy absorbed by the pot a*ti its contents in 40 minutes. :i
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c) the ene:gy required tc raise ttrre te:r"perature of the pot and its contents by 75 'C.
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',.ti| lfhen a volatile liquid evaporates, the temperature of tle remaining liquid
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iecreases. Explain this trsing the kjneric tlieory.
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ci Define the term 'latent heat of fusion'"
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I Y*t *rsmm * m'aeasux Y*rx?*re€s { emr**.}
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fiiled with 150 g of crushed
O An elecrric hear*r is placed into ariinsulated contaiaer
I ice at -10
*C. The heater is switchqd on for 693 seconds. All the ice is coaverted into
rr.ater at 15 "C. I
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T speciiic heat capacity of ice 2'i0 ig
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z1'2
specific heat capacity of watef ]g-r'rg-t
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Calculate:
*10 "C
i) the energy required to increase the ternperature t:f 150 g cf the ice from
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to 0 oC.
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! iii) the eneigy required to increase the temperature of the H'&ter fram 0 "C to 25 "C'
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iv) tbe pol{:er rating of the heater, assuming heating at a constant rate'
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are required to r::easure the specific hea{ capacity of a c1'lindrical block of copper
an electricalmethod, ',
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ijs: the apparatus required to perform thi[ experiment.
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,,t,,'& **rl'a diagram of the circr-rit you wouid t[se in this experinrent.
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,e* Briefly expiain the measurements required aad shorv horv the specific heat capacity
is calculated.
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d"$ State TWO precautions taken in order to imprave the accuracy of the results.
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t ft! :o" are re*-iied to measurr the speci{ic latent heat of fusion of ice using an electrical
n:etlc,d
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c) Briefly explain the measurements required and show how the specific latent heat af ,
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r'" 1&l&' vacuum fiask to store his htt soup for lunch. Choose THREE design
F;funn1et uses a
;.', .'ear'=res of a vacuum ilask and explain hoi they minimise thermal energy losses by
.r ==;xethods
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Q'* Soiiar rvater heaters are us*d extensiyel). in Barba<los, The diagram belorc shows the
' -. ;{rastruction of a particular solar water heater:
Ctld water
Blackened surface
Copper tubes
---r' lb home
l'bl
'!ater
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I Yrmms$mr mf t*x*rmm$ emarglr {emmt.}
I Erplain rhe reason for usiag fadF{ of the follo:a.ing:
T copper tubes.
t blackeaed surface.
g1ass. I
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(') Explail why there is gron-ing concern among scientists and policymakers to reduce
T the amnunt of carbon dioxide emission from industries.
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T f,xplain what is meant by EACH of the following terms:
a) conducticn.
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*;} ?hermal energy reaches the earih from ttie sun by one of the three methods of
,',. ettermal energy transfer. State the method aad explain why the other two are not
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i, &,,-: Sketch a simple diagram to explain hon, the direction of sea breezes is determiaed.
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I c) fir.o similar metal containers A anicl B are filled with water and placed side by side {
in sunlight, Container A is painted si.lver on the outside and c*ntainer B is painted .
b}ack.:ntheoutside.After}hour1th.t**p*ratureoft}:ewaterincneofthe
I coatai-ners is higher than the other. ,:
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d) Two similar metal containers A arld B are filied with boiiing *'ater and placed side i
by side on a table. Contai:rer A is painted silver on the outside and container B lS,
I painted black on the outside. After I hour the temperature <lf rhe water in oae of thej
containers is iower than the other.
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I e) Complete the statement.
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&d'The diagram below shows ihe displacement-time graph r:f a traasverse lrra,:e:
0'6 I 0.8
Determine:
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Wmxre m****n {ewrs&.}
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ii) the t'req:^renct" of the l{aye.
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I ti:e speed of the \4rave if its wdvelength is
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1.5 cm.
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(} O Explain what is meant by rhe foiloiving terms:
T 0 a progressive wave.
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b) A loudspeaker produces a souad rrith frequency 250 Hz. Assurning the speed
of sound is 340 ms-r, deterrnin.e ihe u'avelength of the sound waYes"
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c) A trapical storm approaches ]amaica. Ingrid rleasures the tirne between seeing a I
flash of lightning aa.d hearing the sound of thunder. She estimates it to be 9 secc:rds
Calculate the distanie between the tropical storm aad Ingrid
5x
1*ioh ardlolldr:ess of a sound is reia{ed to certain wave parameters.
;t,,,l$*rc r*irat EACH oae is related to.
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TIiREE differences beiween sound waves and light wayes.
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, a has a radio playing in her living room. The room has one door of rvidth
i!;,&&,=n; She is cooking in her ki.tchen. Explain why 56. is able to hear the sound of
..,frfue,radio in the kitchen even though she cannot see the radio.
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i) Stare rr'hat he hears as he walfcs along the
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stated in b) ri)'
iii) Explain. the observatiorx ori],rtr the wave phenomenon I
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*,@ fOUR properties of electromagnetic lttaYe$.
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allge thern in ascending a r
order of wavelength.
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e{'i*"-uut", traveliing at 3 x 108 ms-r have a frequency af Z x1010 Hz. Determine the
,fi$fl{F
,..',..' roanelength of thes* wayes in cm.
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lete the following table:
Total Marks I 16
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I L$96$"at qer&w*s
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S -: In the 17th century there w*r* two]conflicting aheories about the na:ure of light.
T Huygens proposed one of these thdories and lrlewton supported the other.
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Briefly or.rtiirr. these T\{tO theorie{.
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Huygens
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I b) Young provided experimental evidpnce that supported one
Which one did it s::pport?
o,f the theories in a).
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I c) Einstein userl one of the theories in a) to explain the cbsen'atiots et experimeats ln
which light was interacting with matter. Which one was ir?
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c) Draw two diagrams to show the diffr4ction of waves through a rarrow gap and a
wide gap.
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d) What can be said about the waveleng:|r of a waye before and after it passes through
a gap?
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blffhe diag:am below shows an object O in front of a plane mirror. Two rays of light R
and R, are shown. Complete the path taken by the two rays aad locate the image O.
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b) In terms of the Yrave theorp explain iqvhy the refraction of light occurs.
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-tr A ray of light strikes a glass block at {n angle of 60' as shown below.'l'he refractive
index of glass is 1.50. l
t Calculate the angle of refraction as:he liglrt enters the glass block.
ii) Calcuiate the critical angle for the glass in this biock.
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iii) On the diagram, complete the path of the ray of iight until it leaves the glass
block, and indicate the angle of incidence each time the ray strikes a glass-air
boundary.
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i) refractive index.
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ii) critical angle.
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iii) totai internal reflection.
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b) The critical angle for glass is 42". Fibre optic cables make use of total internal
reflection and are used to transmit data at the speed of light" Use a diagram to
iilustrate how very thin giass fibres are able to transmit light pulses.
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&j*i ai,t Thomas Young performed an experiment to demonstrate that light can produce an
T interference pattern. Using a diagra*,n, outline Young's double siit experiment.
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T b) State r,r,hat was obseryed in this experiment.
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c) Explain the observations as ful1y as you can.
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d) Explain the role of diffraction in this expe:iment,
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(} The velocity of light in air is 3.0 x 10s msir. The velocitT of light in gLass is
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"l 1"9 x 10s ms-t. Calculate the refractive index of glass.
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b) Light haiia wavelength of l.Z x 10-5 m in 5ir. Calculate the frequency of light in air.
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d) A ray of light is travelliag from glass into air. The angle of incidence is 30o.
Calculate the angle of refraction.
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e) Explain why refractir:n occurs when light travels frnrn air to glass.
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:
Sketch a diagram to show how a triarlgular glass prism can b'e used to produce a
spectrum. Indicate the position of th4 red and violet colours.
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The refractive index of rvater is 1.33. A lpmp is ir:stalled at the bottom of a swimming
I pool. The diagram below shows THREE rays leaving the iarnp:
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! a) Catrculate
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T c) Cornplete the pa:h of rays 1,2 rn& 3 on the diagram.
I Total tularks ,-
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0 O Eddy uses a converging lens as a magni{,ing glass to vie:*, fine print cl1 an
instruction manual. sketch a diagram to show the image f<rrmed.
Label the principal axis and the focal point of the convergiag leas.
r*1
fi} Un object of height 2'5 crn is placed 12 cm in front of a converging lens. An image is
produced 4 cm behind the lens. using the lens formula, calculate:
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S i-;r. a diagram to explain what is meant btr, the following terms whe r to a
T converging lens:
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(} O Aconverginglenshasafocallengthof S.0cm.Anobjbctof heighr**cs:rlspiaced
I 12.0 cm in froat cf the 1ens. Using the graph paper on the rext$lage, Ceremine by
scale drawing:
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i0 the height of the image.
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,:
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b) State ONE use of this type of iens.
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1{hen a polythene rod is rubbed with * 5ry cloth it becomes negativell'charged.
Explain, in terms of electron flow, why thjs occurs.
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Explain, ia terms of electron flow, why this cccurs.
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then uses
a'trick'to her friends. She rubs a pen against herhair and
it to pick up small pieces of paper. Explain how the pea is able to pick up
the uncharged pieces of paper,
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I cl) A positil,eiy charged raetal sphere A rests on an insulated stand. A negatively
charged metal sphere B rests on an insulated stand" A tliick piece of copper wire is
used ao connect both spheres. A current of 4 ptA flo:l's for 2 ms'
ct]
ff.-
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i) State the direction of eiectron flow between the two spheres.
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ii) Calculate the arnount of charge thaf flows between the two spheres.
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iii) Calculate the number o(electrons tlrat were transferred between the two spheres.
&-d
I ffi Xwe*x"mstmt$xs {e*m&" }
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I iii) a positive charge adjacent to a negatlve charge . .*
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I v) two parallel metal plates.
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I c) State oNE harard and oNE *sefui application of electrostatics.
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{ Currenl electricity
conductors
ilsulators
c) Draw a simple
circuit'diagram to show how you can rlistinguish betu'een the
conductors and insulators in b).
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c) State the charge carriers in EACF1 of tlre following:
I a copper wire.
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b) The charge on an electron is -1.6 x 10 C. Calculate the number cf electrcrns
Ie
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I (} Explain the difference between alternating currents (AC) ald direct currents
(DC)"
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T tr) F*lr EACH of the {011owing current-time graphs, state the type of current
shown:
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c) The current flowing through a heating eiement is g.0 A when connected to a 220 Y
supply. Calculate the power rating of this eiement.
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() electric motor is connected to a 6.0 V suppty. It draws a current of 0'+ A and
lifts a
^"
0.6 kg rnass through a distance of 1'5 m ir120 seconds'
gravitational field strength, S= 10 Nkg-t
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ffi $em&r&sx$ qaxmr"x&$&Xem {cmmK.}
$ e filarnent lamp is conaected to a power supply. A current of 0.1 A flows through it for
a period of 20 seconds. The energy rlissipaied in the lamp is 240 I.
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Circuit components
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$ C*i.tmas tree li.ghts are connected in a sdries and a parallel arrargement. Four lights
T are connected in series and are caiied strirrrg A. Another friur lights are connected ia
series and are called string i3. String A and string B are connected in parallel.
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t &' If string A'alone is connected to a power supply, explain rvl:at would happen if
bulb were to biow.
one
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() U.Utsa is asked. to investigate the relationship between the potential differelce across
a conductor and the curreat flowing thro[gh it. She sets up a circuit in the Form Five
physics laboratory and obtains the foilowing data:
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3.5t1 4.50 15.54 6.50 7.50 8.50 9.50
5.0 a.) 9.4 11.1 12.0 15.* fi.a 19.1
b) )etermine the slope S of the line and he[ce siale t]re resistance of the conductcr.
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Using a circuit diagra:1, explain how Mi:iissa would have cbtained the data in a).
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(! rnr". resistors are coxected to a 4.5 v DC supply as shown below:
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e) The current flowing through EACH 5iCI resistor is the safile. Calculate this current.
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b) A refrigerator has a three-pil plug attached to it. State the
names of the wires
connected to EACH pin.
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.-.i A refrigerator plug has a fuse inside of it. Explain the plrpose of
the fuse an4 state
which wire it is usually connected tc.
12I
e) An electric iron is rated at 11001{. A television is
rated at 120 W. These two
electrical appliances are connected in parallel with
the 120 v AC eiectricity supply.
f,ach device has its own f,use.
. {81
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(&re*x$q ffisffilpsmxxx*w {cmmt.}
iii) You are provided with the follc1ring fuses: 1 A;2 A; 3 A; 9 A; 10 A'
diode.
{} O Sketch the I-V characteristics for a filament iamp and a semiconductor
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0 "l Draw a circuit symbol for EACH of the fcllowing logic gates:
ji;tiiii,: :,:!";.:'
-r illr:r'r:
}IOT
AND
NOR
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,71.ri,..',-::r,' ,i: -.
ir.i.-iiiii.iLri}E r'. 'F'..T-"--
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...,
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t (} rt . circuit belowis used to sound an alarn when a particular set of conditions occurs
inside a chemical Plant:
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A, B and C are connected to the followiaj
sersors:
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Temnorathrre
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serr$or
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!f.u!grb
= :
-1
:i='_".'.,-.;:lt:, = FIow rate sensor
The Iogic is assigned as foilows:
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I S * Differentiate between a magnetic and +on-magnetic material.
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t permanent magnet.
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temporary magnet.
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c) A transformer ccnsists of two coils wrapped around an iron core" The two coils are
- not electrically linked.
Explaia how a transformer works.
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d) A step-up traasformer i,s connected to a 120 v mains supply. The step-up
transformer is assumed to be 10070 efficient and has an output voltage af LelN.
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i) The number of turns in the primaiy coil is 200. Calculate the number of turns in
the secondarvs coil.
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ii) A load is connected to the secondaly coil and the current drawn is 0.4 A.
Calculate the current flowing ia thp primary ccil.
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iii) Expiain why electricity is rJistributed over long distances as AC at high voltage.
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Electromagnetism {cont.}
,
a
iji,
clockwise direction. Draw an arrotv on the dlagram on the previous page tc indicate
the direction of the current flowing through the resistor.
ii.
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d) The peak output voltage from this AC generator is 15.\{, Calcuiate the peak current
flowing thror:gh the resistor.
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e) P is rotating at a rate of 20 revoiutians ger seccnd. Sketch a graph showing the
variation with time of the ccrent flowing through the resistor.
f) State TWO ways of increasing the maghitude of the current flowing in the::esistor.
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iii) the switch S is opened.
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I conductor.
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I iii) the cond"uctor is mr:ved up and down at a faster rate than in ii).
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c) Draw an arrow on the diagram to indicate the direction of the current flowiag
through the coil.
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Exfilain the operation of the DC motor anrl state the direction of rotaticn of the coil"
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State T1{O chaages that can be made to the DC motor to iscrease its speed of
rotation, I
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Identify the components A, B' C' D anrliE'
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O Un electromagnet can be rnade by using a coil of copper wire and d.c. power suppiy.
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c) Describe the Geiger-Marsden experirnent. State the results of this experime:rt aad
or:tline what the results suggested about the structu.re of atoms.
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Relative Mass ,
:!;ikaintiir€. arge
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-c) Desc:ibe the:elatir:nship between the shell modei of the atom a::d the periodic table.
l $trmql*uxr* m$ tk* m-t;*r* i*xpraK")
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d) Carbon-l4 is an isotope of carbon' Thelmass number is 14 and the atomic number is 6'
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electrons
:'
I pr*tons ra'i
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I neutrons
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e) Sodium -23 andsodium-24 are isotopes. The atomic number of sodium is 11.
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ffimd*mmeffi&xr$*y
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b) Compare the tracks produced by alpha particles and beta particles in
a cloud chamber,
{5}
c) A radioactive source emits all three types of radiation in a). Complete
and labei the
path takeabyEACFI type cf radiation in a magnetic fie1d and
an eleciric field.
i} magnetic field
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I Radioastive
solrce
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ii) electric field
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Radioactive
source
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d) Briefly describe an experiment io rneasure the range of alpha and beta particles.
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ii) halllife.
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i, Determine the elapsed tirne when lhe activity is reduced to s*o Bq.
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iii) Asample of iodine-l3l has an activity of 5000 Bq. A Fcrm For,rr student suggested
I that the activity of the sample cac be iacreased by heating it strongly. State
whether this staternent is correct, and p:ovide an explanation for your atswer.
I I
I
I $} * Abert Einstein's famous equatioa E = rlrc2 is used to determine the amount of energy
released in nuclear reactions. State what EACII of the symbols in the equation means.
I E
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b) The Caribbean is heavily dependent on oil and gas to meet its energy demands.
One island is deciding whether to build a nuclear
?ower glant to meet its energy
needs. Briefly discuss TWO argumerts FoR, and TWo arguments AGAINST,
such a decision.
For
Against
uranium-235 n5.a$9
krypton-90 89.9i9s
barium-144 T43.9230
t:entrsi: 1.0087
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t &md **me*$xr$Xy {a*xxt.}
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Yashoda has twa radioactive samples, A qnrl B. She lneasures the count rate (s-1) cf
bolh sampfes oYer a period of 60 miaut.ri Sh. plots the variation of count rate with
time for sample A and sample B:
Ccunt
rate/s-1
Samnle A
s0
40
t
30
I
't0
0 1S 20 3tl 4a 50 60 tlmin
a) State THREE precauiians that shoilld he taken tylten haadling radioa:tive samples.
c) The graph for sanrple B does not pass through all the points. State what this
indicates aborit the nature of radioactive decay.
I
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I
I
d) Comment on the half-life of s+gylpieL'
II]
e) Another sample of B * sarne arE$r:-mi :-s -:: parts h) and c) - is heated stroagly aad
the count rate is measured oi/er a +eri*d of 50 minutes. What effect will this have on
the shape of the graph, if anv? Expiai;r luur anslver.
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41:-,it:i A nucleus of uranicm-238 (::u j decaysito form a nucleus of thorium {Th) by the
emission of an alpha particle" l1rite a n$.clear equation fo: this reaction.
,
: I2l
b) Radium -228 isa radioactle isc,t*pe. Its atomic number is 88 and it decar.s as follows:
" Radiurn-228 decaTsby enu$i.nE;one alpha particie to form an isotope of radon (Rn). '
. Radon decays b1'emini::s onc aipha particle to form an isotope of polonium {Po).
. Pr:lonium decays by emittiag two alpha particles to forrn an lsotope of lead (Pb).
. Ihe lead isotope ernits a Seta particle to form an isotope of i:ismuih (Bi).
Write ONE nuclear equation for EACH of the FOUR steps above.