I

I Scientific method

!t Q e"yu performs an experiment to rneasllr the acceleration

taken for 20 comllete oscillations (t) was
rvas varied. The results are showr-r in the
due to grar"itr. (g). The time
rded as the lensrh ii,t of the penCulurr
belor,v:

r
t a) Compiete the tabie above.
T
I b) Plot a graph of T2 against 1. Use the graph paper on the page orposite.

c) Determine thc slope S of the graph in b) and includc its unirs.

Iloi

T
T
I
I I4l

I d) Given that S= 2:,determine

6
the acceleration due to erari:-. ;

T
T
I
:l
I 4
12l

I
 )
I
Scientific method (cont.)
I
() Oanlel n ants to determine the oensie- itee1.lIe measured the mass of ten steel
I marbles. He measured the volun:: cl t iei nart'ies br placing them in a measuring
cylinder filled u'ith 50 crn: oi- rraie:"
I His findings are listeri b€'[i]rt:

l o ffi&sS of ten steei narbles = -j!5 g

initial r'olume of rrater ie =*:s:rinE ,= 54 cfix:

"
t . final volume of u'atel' [m mrasuriurr,g
n
-.Ja
-l

a) Explain rt-hat is meant the te.rm an*,J sfiate,lits.Str u:aits.

I
h.r,

I ,

I t3l
t

b) State the mass of the oue steel marble in kg'

I
I lrj

I c) State the volume of the one steel marble in m3.

I
I t2l

I d) Calculate the density of steel in kgm-3

I
I l3l

I 6

I
 e) Calculate the relative density of steel, assutning thrrt the density of water is
1000 kgm-3.

t3l

$ Comptete the following table.

lsI

! n*n students are measuring the acceleration due to gravityg using a simple pendulurn.
2-
Student A rneasures the rralue as 8.9 ms-2 and Student I] measures the value as 5 ms

a) State tno possjble errors in student B's experiment'

t2l
2.
b) It is known that the exact r.alue of g = 9.81 rns Suggest l-rorv studetlt A can improve
the accnracy of his experiment.

t1l

Total Marks /43

7
I
Vectors
I

E O Distinguish between a scalar and a vector ouantitr..

Li

I i

I b) Give one exampie of a scalar quantity and one example of a vecttir quantityi

scaiar.quantitv
I
vector ciuantitv
I
c) The diagram belou. strorvs a force of 5 N acting on an object P at an angle of 30" to
I the horizontai:
tt
rt
I

I
B,v drar,ving appropriate lines on the diagram, use a ruler to determine:
I i) the horizontal component of the 5 N torce.

I t1

I ii) the verticai component of the 5 N fbrce.

I l1

I
I I

I
d) A heavy object of rveight W is being held ionary by two ropes A and B.
The tension in each rope is T.
B

Draur a vector diagram shon'ing a1l THREE forces'

t3l

ii) Calculate the u'eiglrt !\r of the hear.r' object if tne rension T in each rope is 500 N.

t3I

9
I Vectors (cont.)
I
forces is 60'.

a) Draw a scale diagrarn sholving the forces acting orr object O ancl d.etermine the
resultant force.

ii ,

b) I)eterrnine the angle betrt'een the resultant tbrce and the 6 N force

t11

Total Marks I 19

10
r

h
\

O u) Complete the follorving table relating to

Symbol
.J,
trr
Mass
,,lI
metre
S

I6l
b) Work and power are defined as foilorvs:

work=fcrrcexdistance
lvork
rDOWer = =-
tlme

i) Determine the SI unit of work in term s of base units.

t2l

ii) State an alternative name for the Si unit of u'ork.

t11

iii) Determine the SI unit of pori'er in terms of base units.

121

iv) State an alternatit e name for the SI r.rnit of power.

tl l

11
I Stmt$cs {mmmt.i
\

Explain what is meant by the 'rnomdnt' of aad state its SI anit-

€ * a force,
l
I

I l3I
i

c) The diagram be-lcw shows a forearr{ holding a ball of weight 50 N horizontally.

The elbow is at point A and acts lik( a fulcrum. The weight of the forearm is 20 N
and is 14 cm away from the elbow. the bicep muscles exert an upward force X.
\\

i; Use the principle of moments tc calculate the force X exerted by the bicep
muscles.

14l
 I

A downuard force Y is exerted at poipt A. Calculate this force.

i"5 j

A Form Four student is lnvestigating Hookels law She attaches yarious masses to a
spring of length 80 cm and measures the extension produced. She obtains the following
data: :

'j:' ..:, -ll - 10 "1,(i ,!il I {i(} 150 180 2U{a}

:..t .;,, i., i . \ :

"'1", "
/1 T1
:' :'. i, ,1,,.,ii ,1
\J',-X r.2 2-0 3.2 ,. 4.0 ('.0 ',.L E.ii

a) Complete the table. (g = t0 Nkg-') l

b) Plot a graph of extension (y-axis) againsr weight (r-axis). Use the graph paper
on the next page.

c) From your graph, calculate the slope S.

d)Jhe spring constant is related to the siope of the graph as follows:

spring constant =
t
Calculate the spring constant and state its units.

13
I Statics (cont.)
T
e) By rlrawing suitable liues on;.our gfaph, estirnate:
T il
!

the mass that rvas attached to t\e spring to produce a TOTAL length of 85.2 cm.

I
i

t3l

I i

the extension of the spring whera a mass cf 60 g is attached to it.

I

r
I

I
T
I l"Il
I+{
ft1

I :],
fi
$-r
I
--i- i--ij-ff
-P-.--++r_lflr
'l----_i-

I
I
I
t
I
t fu{arks

I 14

I
 Dynamics

measured:
O Defi.ne EACH of the fotlowing and state the SI unit in rr"hich EACH is
")
i) velocity.

ii) accelera:ion. !
I

: I
t21

b) A ship of mass 3'0 x 107 kg is initially ng at a cnnstant sPeed of 12 ms-I.

and comes
As it approaches land, its engines are turn[d off. It decelerates uniformly
to rest in 30 minutes.
:

i) Sketch velocity-time graph to illustrhte the motion cf the ship'

a

l.^1r

ii) Calculate the deceleration of the ship'

I3l
I ilSynmnmfims {e*mt.}
I !

I iii) Calcr:1aie the distance travelled i:yithe ship in 30 minutes.

I
t
I iv) Calculate the magnitude of the fo]'ce acting on the ship as it slorvs down.
t31

I I

I
I
& A.iurotle and Newton had different views about the relationship bet*'een iorce
T
and motion.

a) State Newton's second law sf motion.

b) Describe Aristotle's idea about the relationship between torce and rnotion.

t31
=r
c) State what Aristotle and Newton would say about the forces acting on'& car in EACH
of the following scenarios:

i) a stationary car of mass m.

Aristotle

Newton

tlj a car of mass m travelling at a constanf speed v.

Aristotle

Ner,vton

i ii) a car of mass m travelling at a lower constant speed {.

Aristotle

Newton

O O Explain what is meant by EACH of the follorving terms:

;i linear momentum.

ii) the lalv of conservation of linear momentum.

SP

blAcarh kg" The vek:city-time graph of

its journey aiong a straight
road is r

i) calcuiate the accereration during the

iirst 120 seconcls.
i

.
t"3 l

i, calculate the force required to procruce

this accereration.

iii) Calculate the distance traveiled in

850 seconds.

r3I
id Calculate the average speed for the enlire journey.

it.j
 I

ffiymmrxx*cm {cmxx*.}

y) Calculate the linea: momentui,n of the car at 200 second.s.

ffi *l State Nert'tan's THREE laws of nrltion.

firstlaw i
l

seecld larv

, r!

,1 . l l
t.[llr(1 ia\y

b) Distinguish between a bodfs mas$ and its weight.

[2]

j.Ll
 ql Define the unit of force.

lf-,
l
;

d) State ttre nature of the unbalanced force uttirrg in E,{CH sceaario below:

i) the moon orbiting tle earth.

l'r'i
i.;1
i

ii)
I

a stone attached to a string travelling dlong a circular path.

:1I

iii) a car travelling around a bend.

:,,
l

Telecommunicatior: satellites orbit the earth. They a1low for voice, data aad video
sigaals to be transmitted across the globe.r

, Explain how this circular motion is mtintained.

,:'-'.

ii) Explain how Newtont third larv applies,

H
t\
H
['(
1.1
t.:
Ir
|1

._,r .l

|t
Ii{
i$ ""! t
,:J
'.1
;r
l't
rl
N
 ffiymmxmfies (ewrc*.3

a) Caiculate the ixitial momentum of the ball.

I

b) Calculate the time taken for the ba1lto reach a maximum height.

t:

c) The boy catches the hall. Sketch a velocity*tirne graph to illustrate the motion
of the bai1.

.g,d;
 di State how you would find the maximum ireight reached by the ball from the
r.elocity-time graph.

.11
i r.:
l

e) Determine the maximum vertical heirihtireached

si' br. the balt,

{}j
Q a bal is thrown horizontally from a table at a speed of 2 ms-l. ?he ball fails for
3 seconds. [Acceleration.due to gravityg = 10 ms-r]

Determine

a) The horizontal componeot of the ball's velocity at time 3 seconds.

{,il
b) The vertical component of the ballt velocity at time 3 second"s.

irr

Total Marks - 197

 ffimwrwv

Wn*:'l Explain what is meant by the terrp" 'energy"

L

ii) Explain r.r,hai is meant by fhe 'iarilf of conservation of energ,v''

lrl
!

b) State the main energy changes cccugring in EACH of the follcwing

pr{'cesses:

i, a lrrango falling from a branch of a tree'

iii) a gasoliae-operated car travelling along a straight raat1.

!\:

34
 *I fn eagineer at NASA is investigating the impact of meteorites on planets.
lle performs experiments in a vacuum byidroppiag metal spheres of different
sizes and ditferent heighrs above a horizo{rtal bed of sand.. Ia one experiment, a
metai sphere of mass 0.1 kg is dropped frdm a height of l,,Zm. The sphere makes a
depression in the sand. of 2 cm. ,

gravitational field strength, g= t0 Nkg-,

il calculate the potential energy of the sphere at a height of 1"2 m.

l3]
ii) Calculate the vel:city of the sphere jugt before hitting the surlace of the sand..

rll
LJI

iii) Calculate the average retarding force acting on the sphere as it comes to rest in
the sand.

tlj
(} nua"aon is load-ing boxes onto the tray of a flatbed truck. He uses a ramp of length g m
a+ assist him. He pushes a box of mass r20 kg up the ramp with a force of
200 N.
The box moves through a vertical distance of 0.8 m.
gravitational field strength,g= 10 Nkt,

?s
 *ra*rg.y {c*rx&, }

a) lYhat is meant b,v ihe term 'wcirk'?

I
I

b)

Calculate the work done by thd 200 N force.

d) Explain why the answer$ to b) and c) are different,

e) Calculate the efficiency of the ramp.

Irl

Total Marks

?f3
Eir-

Hydrostatics

€ ": Explain what is mear:t by the term 'pres$qre'.

l

{2:

b) State the St unit of press$re.

l
I11
,

c) State TWO instrumeats used to measure pressure.

t.,

t2l

d) A eyclist and his bicycle have a combined mass of 55 kg. The total area of the tyres ia
contact wiih the road is 22 x 1A'3 m2. Calculate the pressure exerted on the grcund.
gravitational field strength, S = 10 Nkg-r

f) -l scr:ba diver is at a depth of 45 m below the surface of the sea. The density of seawater
throughout the rvater column above the scuba diver is 1150 kg*-'.
atmospheric pressure = 100 kPa

Celculate:

a! the pressure acting on the scuba diver due to the seawater only.

tt
I
t
&4ydrmstmtf;cs {m*m*.}

b) the total pressure actiag on the scuba diver.

{} .l State Archimedes'principle.

b) An drum is floating vertically on ft'ater as shown below:

u-3,1 m
)

gravitational field strength, S = 10 Nkft, density of water = 1000 kg*-',

atmospheric pressure = I x 105 Pa

Calculate the volume of water displaced.

t..1 I

2 tP,
 ii) Calculate the mass of the water dlsplacJd.

r?!
i,r..l
iii) Calculate the upthrust acting c:r the oil drum.

, *l
,./J

i:.) State the weight of the oil drum.

, tll
{ calcuiate pressure at a depth of 0.75 m berow the
surface .f the water. -i

14I
t * block
has a lengrh of 0.18 m, a uniform cross-sectionai
"*i,rdrical area of
F$ x 10-a rn2 and a density oi tzso kgina. The block
is suspended from a spring
'ratance and fully immersed in a liquid with a density of zio kg**.
i,
r , eli Calculate the mass of the block.

tJ.;

t1,
 l

ffiydr*staties {xwm*.}
I
b) Caiculate ihe ri-eight of the bloc(.
t
I
I
c.i Caicuiate the upthrust on the block u,'hen it is fully i:nmersed in the liqticl.
I i

I :

I I

I d") Determine the reading on the spring balance.

T It

$ fl* diagram belox shows a simple braking system in a vehicie:

T Brake pedal

I
I ,--+F-

I Erake ilrld

I
I .} t;i

I
F
,** a driser pushes the brake A, in the
peda)., a force F, is exerted over an area
},ry:'..-

iEtsster cldnder A. The cross-sectional area gf cylinder B is Ar. A fcrrce F, is then

ry€ied to the braking mechanism in the wheels of the vehicle.
Fr = 150 N, A, =2.A Cftt2, A, = 3.0 cm'
a Calculate the pressure exerted in cylinderiA in pascals.

I5l
'h-l S:ate
the pressure exerted in cylinder B.

lll
c: Calculate the force Fr.

[5:

Total Marks /49

,,!
I ffim?urm

I
I I "l Briefly outliae the cair:ric theory about the nature ot heat.
lt

I
I l*l

T b) Briefly discuss the weakness with the caloric theory.

I
I
I c) Rumford conducted an experiment that provided er"idence against the caloric theory-.
r23

I i) Briefly cutline this experirnent.

I
t
I i0
i3l

I I)escribe the main conclusion ancl erplain rt&y it does not suppart the calcric theory

t
I
I
L
( Total Marks
- / 12
t3l

T ......'

I
t
F-
:

Macroscopi( propertieb and phenomena

:

's * State Two physical properties that can be used as a basis

for measuring temperature.
".i
l
t "3'l

ili Defiae the lower fixed point and the uppdr fixed
point on the celsius scale of
iemperature, and state their values il deg[ees
Celsius.
il lcwer fixed point

I2l
ii) Llpper fixed point

ra:

ci A liquid-in-g1ass thermometer is ccmmonry used. in

a physics laboratory.
state Two advantages of using mercury as
the liquid in iais type r:f thermometer,

t2l
d*A thermocoupie is another type of thermometer. State Two ad.vaatages,of this type
thermometer over a mercr:ry-in-glass thermometer.
':f

[*;

:., :i
I Macroscopic properties and phenomena

I {e*att.}
i

I !} -l State
tr,
TltrO rnain assumptions of phe kinetic theory cf gases.
i

I
I
;

b) L:se the kinetic theoryla: of gases to! explain the follorving:

t a gas exerts a pressure on theiwalls of tl:e container in u'hich it is stored.

I i

I
I
I
t I:
ii) the pre ssure of a gas inside a rnetal container increases as the temperature of the

t container increases.

I
I
t
T
ii

I
I
t .;.
..:i.

I
G-,
r'.'-:.::;
ri. .. ; :- ,. i

tffit*etallic strip consisting of copper and iJon k found inside an electric iron.
{i,me a sketch to explain how it can be usecl ta }egulate the temperature of an electric iron.

lr'l

@* State Charies's }aw.

,i,
t{j

bi A physics student is investigating the relationship between the volume of a fixed

mass of gas and its temperature, at a constant pres$ure of I atmosphere.

*bpd{.$rii=ffi 30 $a i lt) ;*0 2ra 264

mtudui*:H 50"6 55.6 64.4 / t.J 80,7 89.0

j,3
I ffi&mcrmx{spXe pr&tper&&ws eeld p &xeex **r* na

I {emn'x&"}

I Using a d"iagram, explain how the student coutrd perfcrm this experiment in
physics laboratory"
a

t
I
I
I
I
I
I ci Plot a graph of the volume of the gas in b) (y-axis) against its temperature (x-axis)"
t5l

I (Use a ran$e of -300 "C tc 300 "C cn the;-axis.) l9l

I
I
I
I
I
I !___*-
,-
i-
-:-.
._:
-:!
'.1

I
I
 l!.i

..':.,,€:F=om the graph, determine the temperaturd when the volume is zerc.

tnl
:

Commenl on the significance of this iempepature.

l

ill
:! I

rgg!.Iletermine the gradient of your straight lind and state its units.
l

I
i
l

t4j

B r, State Boyle's law.

., '',

b* State the pressure 1arv,

I t-:

:i ,i
 ffimcrmsempxe pr*p#r&&es msxd p&xmmmm*na

{smmt,}

c) A car tlre is infiated n'ith air. Thq initiai tempe:ature of the air and the pressure
inside the tr:re *re 2? oC and 190 kPa respectiveiy. The car traveis from point A to
point B and t]:e temperature of thp air inside the q,ys increases to 67 "C.
Assuming that the tyre does not elpand, calculate the ner.s pressure insid.e the tyre.

IT

d) The driver of the car in c) gets a flat tyre at poi*t B. He replaces the tyre.
The initial temperature of the air aad the pressure inside the tr.'re *re 27'C and
19{} kPa respectively, The car travels from pnint B to point A and the temperature of
the air increases to 67'C. Assurning that the tyre expands br 5cb, calculate the new
prcssure inside the tyre.

I6l

Marks

q :.j
r-=
i

Thermal'measurements l

'Xks*roda prepares some lime juice on a hot [ay, She adds 80 g of lce at a temperature
'€E e -C fi A.32kg of iime juice. The temperdture of the lime juice decreases from 29 "C

*.t "C and all the ice melts. r

re
. latent heat of fusion cf ice = 3.4 x 105 lkg-], specific heat capacity of
'' lr:atsr = 4Q, x 103 Jkg*toc-t
:

!
: {.ttuci:late:
:,
':,.; l
'

i-
i-l $ :=e energy required to melt 80 g of ice.
il
;;)
'i',
;
l

i:
'\:I

Ir t:1

ilhil lle energy gained by the melted ice.

OI
,g

ss the energy lost by the lime juice.

12l

,;@ thc specific heat capacity of the lime juice.

6l

Il i:

.i ':'r

t_\
 el!

Thermal memxwr*rx"amra&s {emrx&,}

s$ Un engineer demonstrates how a solpr cocker can be usecl to cook food in a rural area
of Trinidad. It consists of a paraboiiiireflector of sur{!.ce area4-A m2. ?he solar power
incident cn il is 850 Wm{. 657o of the energy incident on the reflector is absorbed
by the pot containing the fcod. After 40 minutes, the temperature of the pct and its
contents increases by 75 "C. The heat capacity of the pot ar:d its contents is 8200 I"C-'.

Calculate:

a) the energy incident on the para ic reflector eYery second.

:
b) the energy absorbed by the pot a*ti its contents in 40 minutes. :i
s
.!'

c) the ene:gy required tc raise ttrre te:r"perature of the pot and its contents by 75 'C.

;.:i j

d) the efliciency of the solar cocker,

i.$;:

/*{}
7- t.
t'- '

Q:* *stinguish be*r,een the process of evapolation and that of boiling.

[.,i
,
:::: : :i:
.,.r l:'. i
1

i:.i:

',.ti| lfhen a volatile liquid evaporates, the temperature of tle remaining liquid
i
iecreases. Explain this trsing the kjneric tlieory.

i
t4l
L IJ
t,

$ *= axpbin what ls meant by the terms'specific heat capacity'and'heat capacity'.

bi State an equation that relates these two quantities"

t:]
ci Define the term 'latent heat of fusion'"

l3l
I Y*t *rsmm * m'aeasux Y*rx?*re€s { emr**.}
I
fiiled with 150 g of crushed
O An elecrric hear*r is placed into ariinsulated contaiaer
I ice at -10
*C. The heater is switchqd on for 693 seconds. All the ice is coaverted into

rr.ater at 15 "C. I

ttc-1
T speciiic heat capacity of ice 2'i0 ig

I
z1'2
specific heat capacity of watef ]g-r'rg-t
i

Calculate:
*10 "C
i) the energy required to increase the ternperature t:f 150 g cf the ice from
T
to 0 oC.

I
I
I3I

T ii) the energy required to conrzert 150 g cf the ice at 0

oc into 150 g of waler at 0 oc'

t r?I

! iii) the eneigy required to increase the temperature of the H'&ter fram 0 "C to 25 "C'

!
t r:1

!
LJI

iv) tbe pol{:er rating of the heater, assuming heating at a constant rate'

I
T
I !i

I 4X

T
 .i L

are required to r::easure the specific hea{ capacity of a c1'lindrical block of copper
an electricalmethod, ',

.i
ijs: the apparatus required to perform thi[ experiment.
I

ist

,,t,,'& **rl'a diagram of the circr-rit you wouid t[se in this experinrent.
I

. i3l
,e* Briefly expiain the measurements required aad shorv horv the specific heat capacity
is calculated.

tr'tr
aYl

d"$ State TWO precautions taken in order to imprave the accuracy of the results.

l'- l
a-;,
I Yhermx* memsureffi*xnts
l

I ;

:
{emm&.}

t ft! :o" are re*-iied to measurr the speci{ic latent heat of fusion of ice using an electrical
n:etlc,d

a) Li;r:i,e apparatus required to perfoSm this experiment.

T
I
t ,i i

b) Drax'a diagram of the circuit you *ould use in this experiment.

I
T

T
,

..
T I3l,'
.

c) Briefly explain the measurements required and show how the specific latent heat af ,

I
t Total Marks

I 'J'1

T
r-
l-

Transfer of thermal energy

i

'i

..tl

r'" 1&l&' vacuum fiask to store his htt soup for lunch. Choose THREE design
F;funn1et uses a
;.', .'ear'=res of a vacuum ilask and explain hoi they minimise thermal energy losses by
.r ==;xethods
ir: a).
j!:;:':':

:"4
:'.;
: ,

Q'* Soiiar rvater heaters are us*d extensiyel). in Barba<los, The diagram belorc shows the
' -. ;{rastruction of a particular solar water heater:

Ctld water

Blackened surface

Copper tubes

---r' lb home

l'bl
'!ater

.! :tr
I Yrmms$mr mf t*x*rmm$ emarglr {emmt.}
I Erplain rhe reason for usiag fadF{ of the follo:a.ing:
T copper tubes.

t blackeaed surface.

g1ass. I

T -

I b) Expiain the greenhouse effect

I
! i:
(') Explail why there is gron-ing concern among scientists and policymakers to reduce
T the amnunt of carbon dioxide emission from industries.

I
!
T f,xplain what is meant by EACH of the following terms:
a) conducticn.
T

I
I Ei,i:

t
r"-_

i=}=teation.

[?]

rn l
lal

*;} ?hermal energy reaches the earih from ttie sun by one of the three methods of
,',. ettermal energy transfer. State the method aad explain why the other two are not

.f, 1'"
?r
!;
i!1
I
I I3l
t
i, &,,-: Sketch a simple diagram to explain hon, the direction of sea breezes is determiaed.
'1
....
t'.,;
l;:
s.: .
,,':.'
rli...
:r,
+

$r
i,
it'lr.;
lli::j
l:.':
i
g
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,r.
'J"'..

;'-
-{
t.,'

-?:.,
Jr,
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'*i.r,
t': ..
4'' ?'
I:ili
[.
9r

1,.
t:':j' :-
I
+

a.:
i.:,
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:':
}:' ,,
t Yrmxx$er m$ th*x'ra*m$ ev?*r#y {**Nxt.1
t
I c) fir.o similar metal containers A anicl B are filled with water and placed side by side {
in sunlight, Container A is painted si.lver on the outside and c*ntainer B is painted .
b}ack.:ntheoutside.After}hour1th.t**p*ratureoft}:ewaterincneofthe
I coatai-ners is higher than the other. ,:

t i) State rr,hich container contained the water ai t}:e higher temperature.

t ii) Explain your answer to c) i).

:
:
i

l
r1i

I [1:

I
I
.

d) Two similar metal containers A arld B are filied with boiiing *'ater and placed side i
by side on a table. Contai:rer A is painted silver on the outside and container B lS,

I painted black on the outside. After I hour the temperature <lf rhe water in oae of thej
containers is iower than the other.

0 State which container contained the water at th.e higher temperature.

T
I
I

i0 Explain your answer to d) i).

I
I e) Complete the statement.

i Cood absorbers are also

!
T
I Marks

T .-?r {r

I
w-
Wmve ryNt*t$*rx

,* i* rthat is meant by the followi:rg tqrms:

{rl
,@i' kequency"

L d.l

I'i l
&d'The diagram below shows ihe displacement-time graph r:f a traasverse lrra,:e:

0'6 I 0.8

Determine:

i) the amplitude of the wave.

, a;i
T
Wmxre m****n {ewrs&.}
I
ii) the t'req:^renct" of the l{aye.
T

I
t
iii)
I ti:e speed of the \4rave if its wdvelength is

:
1.5 cm.

T
(} O Explain what is meant by rhe foiloiving terms:
T 0 a progressive wave.

T ii) a transverse rlarre.

T iii) a longitudinal \r?ve.

I
T

T s*

I
-

1 :'
\

ilW,*n"d of a wave is 20 urs and its wavelen$th is 4 cm. Calculate

t. i3i

ffi U-:e velocity of the wave.

Total Marks " /25

.1 i
I S*urmd

! & ,) Describe a simpie expedment tolmeasure the speed of sound in air'

't-
*
';i
---**4;
5
t:

I
'i
t
:

IS
.:

i
b) A loudspeaker produces a souad rrith frequency 250 Hz. Assurning the speed
of sound is 340 ms-r, deterrnin.e ihe u'avelength of the sound waYes"

i;

c) A trapical storm approaches ]amaica. Ingrid rleasures the tirne between seeing a I

flash of lightning aa.d hearing the sound of thunder. She estimates it to be 9 secc:rds
Calculate the distanie between the tropical storm aad Ingrid

O Sound longitudinal waYe. What does this mean?

{} i.s a

5x
 1*ioh ardlolldr:ess of a sound is reia{ed to certain wave parameters.
;t,,,l$*rc r*irat EACH oae is related to.
;L:rr,'

,:-.:'.ji',j.::|

ril Li
a : :.:l _!

,$ .
TIiREE differences beiween sound waves and light wayes.
1 :-:r :

,: ,,
j',:.r' i

.:
,l$&, *,e range c{frequencies that ean beldetected by a youn.g adutrt's ear.
,,ti,r _ "
l

t't''," t't
,ttt '
, a has a radio playing in her living room. The room has one door of rvidth
i!;,&&,=n; She is cooking in her ki.tchen. Explain why 56. is able to hear the sound of
..,frfue,radio in the kitchen even though she cannot see the radio.

lil,i.;:l i ,1; ll
:t'r::.1 '';;

i.'

:ffiW,qgr="l generator is connected to two loudspeakers in a physics iaborator;'as shorvr

Lil;.t Riaz, a Form Four student, starts at point P and walks aiong the lire AB.

JJ
t . *qxmd {e*xt&-i
I line AB'
i) Stare rr'hat he hears as he walfcs along the
t !
j

IE

I e
i

phenomeno{, it being observed'

i
j

t
I
I

l7
,

stated in b) ri)'
iii) Explain. the observatiorx ori],rtr the wave phenomenon I

T I

I
I
T

! $ Sound lraves have many useful appiications. In Trinldad,

engineers use so*nd wave$

to conduct seismic surveys. Th.y are able to produce pictures

of geological formation'r
oil. Describe TWO other
below..the earth's surface. This helps them to find crude
T applications of sould waves, oae in each of the following
aleas:

T
! industry.

T
T
T I'v1ark*

T 54

T
- l

f lectroma gnetic wavesi

:-: 1':
*,@ fOUR properties of electromagnetic lttaYe$.
'

;:i' .

ai:,'l;..ilH h(korr'aves, visibie light and

i
infrared radlation
are all electromagnetic rsaves.
r4r

iiii ,
:r -."', :ir,*--^rL^--^,.-- -, r.
allge thern in ascending a r
order of wavelength.
".,:.
;ffiE'...,,.
)itiii:i1i,rr"
i.:.ii r';iii.,,1,.'
I

,,y':.i^1,.:.'
,l:J::jj .. t3]
e{'i*"-uut", traveliing at 3 x 108 ms-r have a frequency af Z x1010 Hz. Determine the
,fi$fl{F
,..',..' roanelength of thes* wayes in cm.
t r;:-,': '- " :r .

fr-1;:'"..
.?ir!'
ii;: ri:
ui
,'.ll: :-
.,'
i,-*;ii.a..." '
::!.i-i*r:lr,:::. ",
",,
:i;''=,
:-,i-r:::.i.il:l -llrl:,. : .

:i.
,+t:.; .'
,.,i:', .'

ii,',il,,t:.,',.
Itrir.ii,:::r i'f- 'j
{3}
lete the following table:

Total Marks I 16

s$
I L$96$"at qer&w*s

T
S -: In the 17th century there w*r* two]conflicting aheories about the na:ure of light.
T Huygens proposed one of these thdories and lrlewton supported the other.
I
Briefly or.rtiirr. these T\{tO theorie{.

I r! *1!' i Oil

Huygens
T
I b) Young provided experimental evidpnce that supported one
Which one did it s::pport?
o,f the theories in a).

T
I c) Einstein userl one of the theories in a) to explain the cbsen'atiots et experimeats ln
which light was interacting with matter. Which one was ir?

T fi} "l Explain what is meant by the term'cliffraction'.

T b) Light is usually thought of as travelling in straight iines beeauserii&action is r:ot

aormally observed. State why this is so a:rd state ONS obser''eaii*n firat supports this.
T

T
I
,--
c) Draw two diagrams to show the diffr4ction of waves through a rarrow gap and a
wide gap.

[,
It

d) What can be said about the waveleng:|r of a waye before and after it passes through
a gap?

e) Under what conditions dc wayes show:the most diffraction?

I

t,

i O "l State the laws of reflection.

t?

blffhe diag:am below shows an object O in front of a plane mirror. Two rays of light R
and R, are shown. Complete the path taken by the two rays aad locate the image O.

O O Explain what is meant bythe'refraction' of light.

r1

r-
:,f
 i

LBgtxe w&w&$ {emx'x&.}

:

b) In terms of the Yrave theorp explain iqvhy the refraction of light occurs.

1 I3l

-tr A ray of light strikes a glass block at {n angle of 60' as shown below.'l'he refractive
index of glass is 1.50. l

t Calculate the angle of refraction as:he liglrt enters the glass block.

ii) Calcuiate the critical angle for the glass in this biock.
-
iii) On the diagram, complete the path of the ray of iight until it leaves the glass
block, and indicate the angle of incidence each time the ray strikes a glass-air
boundary.

,.'.'

() .) Explain what is meant bythe following tqrms:

!

i) refractive index.

trl
ii) critical angle.

i::
iii) totai internal reflection.

l"s j

b) The critical angle for glass is 42". Fibre optic cables make use of total internal
reflection and are used to transmit data at the speed of light" Use a diagram to
iilustrate how very thin giass fibres are able to transmit light pulses.

c) State another application of totai internal reflection.

.l.a
T
L$gfuX wffiwffis {e*mt,i}
T
i
&n,..',
&j*i ai,t Thomas Young performed an experiment to demonstrate that light can produce an
T interference pattern. Using a diagra*,n, outline Young's double siit experiment.

!
T b) State r,r,hat was obseryed in this experiment.

T
c) Explain the observations as ful1y as you can.
T

I
T

T
I

T
d) Explain the role of diffraction in this expe:iment,

I t2j

T
I
I
I:F
)-
I
?

(} The velocity of light in air is 3.0 x 10s msir. The velocitT of light in gLass is
!,
"l 1"9 x 10s ms-t. Calculate the refractive index of glass.
I

:r'l

b) Light haiia wavelength of l.Z x 10-5 m in 5ir. Calculate the frequency of light in air.
i

I3l

c) Calculate the wavelength of light in glass.

a.

d) A ray of light is travelliag from glass into air. The angle of incidence is 30o.
Calculate the angle of refraction.

I?',ll

e) Explain why refractir:n occurs when light travels frnrn air to glass.

iil
I L&gfue wffiw&$ {c*m&.}t

I
' f)
:

Sketch a diagram to show how a triarlgular glass prism can b'e used to produce a
spectrum. Indicate the position of th4 red and violet colours.
T
I
I
I I3l
;
I ;

The refractive index of rvater is 1.33. A lpmp is ir:stalled at the bottom of a swimming

I pool. The diagram below shows THREE rays leaving the iarnp:

I
I
! a) Catrculate

F
T
It- b) Calculate the angle of refraction for ray 2.

I
T c) Cornplete the pa:h of rays 1,2 rn& 3 on the diagram.

I Total tularks ,-

I ,:.;]

I
F
0 O Eddy uses a converging lens as a magni{,ing glass to vie:*, fine print cl1 an
instruction manual. sketch a diagram to show the image f<rrmed.
Label the principal axis and the focal point of the convergiag leas.

r*1

b) State whether fhe image is virtual or real.

fi} Un object of height 2'5 crn is placed 12 cm in front of a converging lens. An image is
produced 4 cm behind the lens. using the lens formula, calculate:

a) the focal length of the lens.

13I

b) the magrification of the lens.

I [-enses {smnt.}
I
I c) the height of the image.

I srGkt
S i-;r. a diagram to explain what is meant btr, the following terms whe r to a

T converging lens:
I

I focal point; focal length; principal axis; optical centre.

T
(} O Aconverginglenshasafocallengthof S.0cm.Anobjbctof heighr**cs:rlspiaced
I 12.0 cm in froat cf the 1ens. Using the graph paper on the rext$lage, Ceremine by
scale drawing:

i) the imlge distance.

T

T
i0 the height of the image.

T
,:
T iii) the magnification of the lens.

T
b) State ONE use of this type of iens.
T

T $q

T
T b:$*e*r*stmff*xs

I
I
r'!l)r',1
1{hen a polythene rod is rubbed with * 5ry cloth it becomes negativell'charged.
Explain, in terms of electron flow, why thjs occurs.

I
I
I & d.:!

t b) When a Perspex rod is rubbed with a dr]y elcth it becomes positivel,v charged.
Explain, ia terms of electron flow, why this cccurs.

t
t
t 1t;t

t Saishma demonstrates
then uses
a'trick'to her friends. She rubs a pen against herhair and
it to pick up small pieces of paper. Explain how the pea is able to pick up
the uncharged pieces of paper,
L
t,
t
I cl) A positil,eiy charged raetal sphere A rests on an insulated stand. A negatively
charged metal sphere B rests on an insulated stand" A tliick piece of copper wire is
used ao connect both spheres. A current of 4 ptA flo:l's for 2 ms'

ct]
ff.-
I

i
i) State the direction of eiectron flow between the two spheres.
i
t l
I

ii) Calculate the arnount of charge thaf flows between the two spheres.
I

. t3l

iii) Calculate the number o(electrons tlrat were transferred between the two spheres.

charge on an electron = -J'6 x 10-re C

I

O O Explain what is meant by an'electric field'.

b) Sketch the electric field for EACH of the tollorring:

0 an isolated positive charge.

&-d
I ffi Xwe*x"mstmt$xs {e*m&" }
':
|'

t ii) an isoiated negative charge.

t
!
I iii) a positive charge adjacent to a negatlve charge . .*

I
I
i iv) a positive charge adjacent te; another positive charge.
'"i.r

i ffiffi
I v) two parallel metal plates.

T
I
I c) State oNE harard and oNE *sefui application of electrostatics.

T hazard

I tt$f

i
I ir.{

T
E
{ Currenl electricity

aa iron nail; a plastic spoon; a graphite [oa, piece of rubber.

l "
Ciassifr them as conductors and insulators.
i

conductors

ilsulators

c) Draw a simple
circuit'diagram to show how you can rlistinguish betu'een the
conductors and insulators in b).

O "l Expiaia n'hat is meant by an .electric current,.

l b) State the SI unit of current.

r', ii
I
 I
I l

ewrcsra€ e$*s&rie&*y {cwm&.}

'1

I
c) State the charge carriers in EACF1 of tlre following:
I a copper wire.

I a sodium chloride solution.

t:l
I

! An electric current of 2.5 mA flows through

i
a point P in a circuit for 2 minutes.

a) Calculale the total charge passing thrr:ilgh the point P in 2 minutes'

I i

! i

I
b) The charge on an electron is -1.6 x 10 C. Calculate the number cf electrcrns
Ie

I p*ssilg the point P in 2 minutes.

I
I (} Explain the difference between alternating currents (AC) ald direct currents
(DC)"
"l
I
! N..x,

T tr) F*lr EACH of the {011owing current-time graphs, state the type of current
shown:

I
trl
T

T 'r'{',

T
 11,1

.:.

rui)

ti
t! \
trl
l,'
_______t__ \
-___ __ ______
l,tt
| .\\ I
I\
I
|
\--.'
-' I

,f
i

Q ffr. diagram below shows an electric curgent: i

r/A

2.5

r) State the period and the peak value of the current.

b) Calculate the frequency of tlis current.

Total Marks - "" "133

'., ...i
 KXws&r&em& qwmme&e$*s i

O -l Explain what is mea* by the potentiai difference' across a conductot.

i

*-']% i

b) State the SI unit of potential difference.;

:
I

tlI
i

c) The current flowing through a heating eiement is g.0 A when connected to a 220 Y
supply. Calculate the power rating of this eiement.

I?t
t&

d) A 220 V mains supply provides 650 Ur of por.rer 1o an electrical clevice,

i) Calcr:late the current supplied by the mains to the electrical device.

l.;.:

ii) Calculate the energy supplied to the electrical device in 5 minutes,

I
l,
I
F
() electric motor is connected to a 6.0 V suppty. It draws a current of 0'+ A and
lifts a

^"
0.6 kg rnass through a distance of 1'5 m ir120 seconds'
gravitational field strength, S= 10 Nkg-t
1

a) Calculate the power supplled to the motor-

b) Calculate the work done in raislng the mass.

l

I3l

c) Calculate the power output of the motor.

d) Calculate the efficietcy sf 15. molor.

?3
 -
ffi $em&r&sx$ qaxmr"x&$&Xem {cmmK.}

$ e filarnent lamp is conaected to a power supply. A current of 0.1 A flows through it for
a period of 20 seconds. The energy rlissipaied in the lamp is 240 I.

a) Calculate the charge passing through tde larnp in2* seconds.

Calculate the potential diffcrence across the lamp.

i3:

Tota! Marks --, - /3A

{4
 Circuit components

O O Draw a labelled diagram of a dry cell.

b) Draw a labelted circuit diagrarn to show how a

car battery can be recharged.

c) compare the characteristics of azinc*carbca

primary cell with a lead-acid battery.
I ffi&rsw$t s#ffiHpemmm&s (emr*ft.3
)

T
$ C*i.tmas tree li.ghts are connected in a sdries and a parallel arrargement. Four lights
T are connected in series and are caiied strirrrg A. Another friur lights are connected ia
series and are called string i3. String A and string B are connected in parallel.

I :

a) Sketch a circuit diagram showing both rstrings of lights.

t l

I
t
T

t
t
I I3l

t &' If string A'alone is connected to a power supply, explain rvl:at would happen if
bulb were to biow.
one

I
I i 'J

c) A power supply is connected acros$ the parallel arrangement of string A and

I string B" Explain what would happen if one bulb is blown in string B.

I
t
t ,ti

I
t'

() U.Utsa is asked. to investigate the relationship between the potential differelce across
a conductor and the curreat flowing thro[gh it. She sets up a circuit in the Form Five
physics laboratory and obtains the foilowing data:
1 -*n
3.5t1 4.50 15.54 6.50 7.50 8.50 9.50
5.0 a.) 9.4 11.1 12.0 15.* fi.a 19.1

a) Plot a graph of Y against I.

 ff $reax f; & ffiere p#mmn*s {emmt.}

b) )etermine the slope S of the line and he[ce siale t]re resistance of the conductcr.
j

i.i

l,:],

Using a circuit diagra:1, explain how Mi:iissa would have cbtained the data in a).

,*
Y*
 (! rnr". resistors are coxected to a 4.5 v DC supply as shown below:
l

a) Calculate the ef{bctive resistance between B and C.

I '', .:

tr) Calculate the effective resistance between A and C.

t3.]

c) caiculate the current flowing through the 10 f) resistor.

,:f

lr
 )

d) Caiculate the potential difference across the

I
10 f) resistor.
i

:i
I

I3l

e) The current flowing through EACH 5iCI resistor is the safile. Calculate this current.
l
l

Explain the reasons for the following: ;

a) an ammeter should have a very smail resistance.

b) a r"oltmeter should have a lrery 1a:ge resistance.

Siectrical appi.iances in a home are usually connected in paraliel to the main

electricily sr:pply.

a) Give T1VO ad.vantages of connecting appliances in parallel.

li,j
 b) A refrigerator has a three-pil plug attached to it. State the
names of the wires
connected to EACH pin.

; I31
.-.i A refrigerator plug has a fuse inside of it. Explain the plrpose of
the fuse an4 state
which wire it is usually connected tc.

d) The manufacturer of the refrigerator inclicates that an

earth connebtion is
mandatcry. Explain why this is so. l

12I
e) An electric iron is rated at 11001{. A television is
rated at 120 W. These two
electrical appliances are connected in parallel with
the 120 v AC eiectricity supply.
f,ach device has its own f,use.

, calculate the current drawn by the electric iron.

. {81
l*:

ii) Calculate the current drawn by the television.

Li
 (&re*x$q ffisffilpsmxxx*w {cmmt.}

iii) You are provided with the follc1ring fuses: 1 A;2 A; 3 A; 9 A; 10 A'

Select an appropriate fuse for EACH appliaace.

electric iron ___--

television
i {21

' an advisory indicating that hon,eowners

f) The power company in Sarbados is{ues
should unplug their appliances becalrse the power supply in their area is fluctuating,

Expiain why the power company made such a s*ggestion.

diode.
{} O Sketch the I-V characteristics for a filament iamp and a semiconductor

b) State how the resistance of a filament lamp changes as current increases.

It i

irl ,:
0 "l Draw a circuit symbol for EACH of the fcllowing logic gates:
ji;tiiii,: :,:!";.:'

-r illr:r'r:

}IOT

AND

NOR

b) complete truth tabres t'show

the function ofEACH of the forowing:
AND gate \T._\D
NOR *--
gate
;:, '.,;.:'.

' t:;

the rruth table for the following

logic circuit;
1'ao,rrt.re

,71.ri,..',-::r,' ,i: -.
ir.i.-iiiii.iLri}E r'. 'F'..T-"--
..[
i] U
...,

* 1

l'
1
-{ I

*:3
I
I ffi Eectrmxx$sm {eqp$}*.}

I current using a single semiconductor

O -l A student wishes to rectify an alterna{ingsketch
diod.e. For EACH of the circuits beloW, the voltage-time graph across the

I t*rir:inaLs AE.

I
I
I
,

ii)fu=,.A
r4
I r\r

i
1|
Loaa

t----=-"u
T
t
I

vt
I L oA
i
I

:-
T I

I
! b) 1,Yhat is the similarity between ii) acd iii)?

T
t (} rt . circuit belowis used to sound an alarn when a particular set of conditions occurs
inside a chemical Plant:

!
T
i
T
 A, B and C are connected to the followiaj
sersors:
i!:,=
i iltl!1r r.ii l;
Temnorathrre
'rl ' '=,,-' ili tr==;;inr5=-1i:illl$t1!
serr$or
::-:lt'::
.,,14'--:a*-1.'E
+.,i.,-,=ll
.{:.'=
:'.:i :=:-.;!:!j
:
!f.u!grb
= :
-1
:i='_".'.,-.;:lt:, = FIow rate sensor
The Iogic is assigned as foilows:

is less than 500 "C

re is greater than 500 .C
Pressure is less than 200
Pressure is greater than 200 kpa
llqw rate is less than 10 Flow rate ls greater than tO rnh,
Anal,vse the circuit and complete the
trlrth table:
:ll(E:=.:iiriG=-.:

{i {,1

1
i
n
I

1 l
0
.L

I !
.,-
I

b) state in words trre conditioas under

which the aiarrn wilr sosnd.

$ rtitny discuss the impact of electronic and technological advances or society.

l
I ffXagm*ftXsm
I
I S * Differentiate between a magnetic and +on-magnetic material.

I l.li

I b) Explain horv a magnet is able to attraci a non-magnetic obiect like a paper ciip.

I
I
I c) state the materials used to malce EACH of the foliowing:

t permanent magnet.

T
i
I

I
temporary magnet.

t4) l
l. "{i
j

I {} O Explaia what is meant by a'magnetic field''

I
t
T b) State how the direction of a mag:retic field is defined.

t
t
I t5&

!
--'l

c) Sketch the magletic fieid arouad EACH of the following:

!,

tri

i*

I3:
iii)

t2l

Total Marks . /18

.ai:;l
 ffi&*e&v*ffiqffiSffie€*smn

0 -> Draw a labelied diagram of a step-up transformer.

t41

h) A step-up transformer is designed to be as efficient as possihle. State THREE design

features thal make a transformer efficient.

[3]

c) A transformer ccnsists of two coils wrapped around an iron core" The two coils are
- not electrically linked.
Explaia how a transformer works.

T
I
T

! i{ lftl

T
 d) A step-up traasformer i,s connected to a 120 v mains supply. The step-up
transformer is assumed to be 10070 efficient and has an output voltage af LelN.
,i
i) The number of turns in the primaiy coil is 200. Calculate the number of turns in
the secondarvs coil.

]::

ii) A load is connected to the secondaly coil and the current drawn is 0.4 A.
Calculate the current flowing ia thp primary ccil.

t'31

iii) Expiain why electricity is rJistributed over long distances as AC at high voltage.

I,!.:

$ fft* diagram below shows a simple AC generator:

5t)

$*
 :

Electromagnetism {cont.}
,

4 Ident ify the components P, Q and R.

a
iji,

b) The output of the AC generator is connQcted to a 5 C) resistor. P is rotating in a

_

clockwise direction. Draw an arrotv on the dlagram on the previous page tc indicate
the direction of the current flowing through the resistor.
ii.
I

c) Explain why a current flaws in the resisltor.

I

t3l

d) The peak output voltage from this AC generator is 15.\{, Calcuiate the peak current
flowing thror:gh the resistor.

:,.
 e) P is rotating at a rate of 20 revoiutians ger seccnd. Sketch a graph showing the
variation with time of the ccrent flowing through the resistor.

f) State TWO ways of increasing the maghitude of the current flowing in the::esistor.

S enesia performs two experiments in a Form Five physlcs laboratory.

The diagram below shows the first experiment. She wraps two coiis (A and B) arorind
an iron ring. A I)C supply and a switch S are connected to coil A. Coil B is connected
to a sensitive centre-zero galvanometer.

a) State the observation in EACH scenario below:

0 the switch S is clcsed.

ii) the switch S is kept closed.

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 ffi &ee*r*ffi esmetEsqrn {cont.}
'l
T
iii) the switch S is opened.
T I

l : l2J

I
I

b) In the second experiment, a stiff straiglrt

ul conductor is positioned
I between two
magnets. A sensitive centre-zero galvadometer is connected across the ends of the

I conductor.
I

Stiff strai0ht conduftor

I
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T
/ /
1*.
ii:i;;_"..#, ,:a:,r,,*
T

T State the obseryation in EACH scenario below:

i) the ccaductor is moved left and right horizontally.

T

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,.

I ii) the conductor is mcved up aad down.

I
I iii) the cond"uctor is mr:ved up and down at a faster rate than in ii).
: ',

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I
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Q ffr* diagram below shows a simple DC motor:

I

a) Identifii the c6mponents A and B.

1\

b) State the function of component A.

c) Draw an arrow on the diagram to indicate the direction of the current flowiag
through the coil.
II]
Exfilain the operation of the DC motor anrl state the direction of rotaticn of the coil"
_j)
 \

ffi SeatrmrsleW re*&*srxx {€sffiff . }

State T1{O chaages that can be made to the DC motor to iscrease its speed of
rotation, I

a"xj

b) An electromagnetic relay is a device used to turn on a secandary circuit carrying a

large current, rvhich can be very dangerous. TLe diagram below shows one type of
eiectromagnetic relay:

s;&
T Y\
I
Identify the components A, B' C' D anrliE'
:

E -:..
I ,

c) Describe the operation of this electromignetic relay'

O Un electromagnet can be rnade by using a coil of copper wire and d.c. power suppiy.

a) State oae advaatage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet'

i1
Lr"1
:

State one use of an electromagnet'

f)

c) State two ways of increasing the strength of an electromagnet.

Total Marks . 174

1::.1',,
I s
ll &**c{*&s m$ **r* etq}rv;
I

G O Briefly desoibe the J i Thompson modiel of the atom.

I

I I
i..: l

l)l Ilriefly describe the Rutherford mcdel bf the atom.

l

I I

I
t.:.l

c) Describe the Geiger-Marsden experirnent. State the results of this experime:rt aad
or:tline what the results suggested about the structu.re of atoms.

Total Marks . /14

$s
EER-

$*rqxe&wre *$ *&xe m&mmn

O Explain what is meant by EACH of the following terms:

"l i

i)' atomic number. i

ii) mass number,

tr1 i

iii) neutron aurtber.

ir

b) Complete the following tabie:

Relative Mass ,
:!;ikaintiir€. arge

inside ttre nucleus +l

I6l

-c) Desc:ibe the:elatir:nship between the shell modei of the atom a::d the periodic table.
l $trmql*uxr* m$ tk* m-t;*r* i*xpraK")

I i-
d) Carbon-l4 is an isotope of carbon' Thelmass number is 14 and the atomic number is 6'
i

I i) State the number of electrons, rlprotons and neutrons present in an atom of

' carbon-14.
i
L

l
I
i

electrons
:'
I pr*tons ra'i
!.nl

I neutrons
l

l'!,

I ii) Draw a diagram showing the structure of the carbon-14 atom.

l
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I
t
t
t
I
t
i
I

I dl t:

lt
I
e) Sodium -23 andsodium-24 are isotopes. The atomic number of sodium is 11.
i

0 Explain what is meant by the term:'isotope'.

i.'i;

ii) Complete the following table:

:-,-:,4

iii) Suggest another isotope of sodium in the farrn )X.

11l

Total Marks 127

,$
 -\

ffimd*mmeffi&xr$*y

O u) Compiet_e the following tabie:

: IeI
b) Compare the tracks produced by alpha particles and beta particles in
a cloud chamber,

{5}
c) A radioactive source emits all three types of radiation in a). Complete
and labei the
path takeabyEACFI type cf radiation in a magnetic fie1d and
an eleciric field.
i} magnetic field
i ,l
i ..'.:

I Radioastive
solrce

I
ii) electric field

I I.*:

I m--"-*
Radioactive
source

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 l

d) Briefly describe an experiment io rneasure the range of alpha and beta particles.

i r''a

Q toait e-131.is a radioisotope with a half-lifo of g dap.

a) Explain what is meant by the following terms:

f .r'l
li4l
ii) halllife.
i

b) State THREa uses of radioisotopes.

{ A sample of iodine-i3l has an injtial activity of g000 Bq.

i) Calculate the activity of the sample after 24days.

!.?.

r i-: i
 Y
t F,
r{A#
t4
Iq i,#{E{v tHS i s;#$}*" J
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i, Determine the elapsed tirne when lhe activity is reduced to s*o Bq.
I
t
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I

iii) Asample of iodine-l3l has an activity of 5000 Bq. A Fcrm For,rr student suggested
I that the activity of the sample cac be iacreased by heating it strongly. State
whether this staternent is correct, and p:ovide an explanation for your atswer.
I I

I
I $} * Abert Einstein's famous equatioa E = rlrc2 is used to determine the amount of energy
released in nuclear reactions. State what EACII of the symbols in the equation means.

I E

x?:j
;.*

b) The Caribbean is heavily dependent on oil and gas to meet its energy demands.
One island is deciding whether to build a nuclear
?ower glant to meet its energy
needs. Briefly discuss TWO argumerts FoR, and TWo arguments AGAINST,
such a decision.

For
 Against

c) The following nuclear equation represeits a fission reaction. The uranium-235

nuclide absorbs a neutron and splits intp krypton-90, barium-I44 aad two neutrons
with the release of energy.
i

'iltl + irz-)iiKr+ 'il\q+2in+ energy

use the data provided to calculate the epergy released in this reaction.

uranium-235 n5.a$9
krypton-90 89.9i9s
barium-144 T43.9230
t:entrsi: 1.0087

c = 3.0 x 108 ms*r, u = 1.66 x 10-2, kg

, .,1 .ri
t &md **me*$xr$Xy {a*xxt.}
t
Yashoda has twa radioactive samples, A qnrl B. She lneasures the count rate (s-1) cf
bolh sampfes oYer a period of 60 miaut.ri Sh. plots the variation of count rate with
time for sample A and sample B:
Ccunt
rate/s-1
Samnle A
s0

40
t
30
I

't0

0 1S 20 3tl 4a 50 60 tlmin

a) State THREE precauiians that shoilld he taken tylten haadling radioa:tive samples.

b) Use the graph to determine the average half-life of sample B.

c) The graph for sanrple B does not pass through all the points. State what this
indicates aborit the nature of radioactive decay.

I
.!s"&
I

I
 d) Comment on the half-life of s+gylpieL'

II]
e) Another sample of B * sarne arE$r:-mi :-s -:: parts h) and c) - is heated stroagly aad
the count rate is measured oi/er a +eri*d of 50 minutes. What effect will this have on
the shape of the graph, if anv? Expiai;r luur anslver.

i lz:
*r::!
41:-,it:i A nucleus of uranicm-238 (::u j decaysito form a nucleus of thorium {Th) by the
emission of an alpha particle" l1rite a n$.clear equation fo: this reaction.
,

: I2l
b) Radium -228 isa radioactle isc,t*pe. Its atomic number is 88 and it decar.s as follows:

" Radiurn-228 decaTsby enu$i.nE;one alpha particie to form an isotope of radon (Rn). '
. Radon decays b1'emini::s onc aipha particle to form an isotope of polonium {Po).

. Pr:lonium decays by emittiag two alpha particles to forrn an lsotope of lead (Pb).
. Ihe lead isotope ernits a Seta particle to form an isotope of i:ismuih (Bi).
Write ONE nuclear equation for EACH of the FOUR steps above.

Total Marks . /73