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PII: S2210-6707(17)31337-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.01.044
Reference: SCS 957
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Please cite this article as: Iqbal, Asif., Ullah, Farman., Anwar, Hafeez., Kwak,
Kyung Sup., Imran, Muhammad., Jamal, Waseef., & Rahman, Atta ur., Interoperable
Internet-of-Things Platform for Smart Home System using Web-of-Objects and
Cloud.Sustainable Cities and Society https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.01.044
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Article
Interoperable Internet‐of‐Things Platform for Smart
Home System using Web‐of‐Objects and Cloud
Asif Iqbal1, Farman Ullah2, Hafeez Anwar2, Kyung Sup Kwak1, Muhammad Imran3, Waseef Jamal4, Atta ur
Rahman4
1 Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Attock, Pakistan
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3 Department of Computer Science, Sarhad University of Science & IT, Peshawar, Pakistan
4 Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan
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E‐mail: asifsoul@gmail.com; farmankttk@ciit‐attock.edu.pk; hafeez.anwar@ciit‐attock.edu.pk;
kskwak@inha.ac.kr; imran.csit@suit.edu.pk; waseefjamal@imsciences.edu.pk;
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attaurrahman@imsciences.edu.pk
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Highlights of the Paper
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‐Proposed an interoperable and flexible internet‐of‐things platform for smart home
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system using web‐of‐objects and cloud infrastructure
‐Provided Raspberry PI based gateway for interoperability among various legacy
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home appliances, different communication technologies, and protocols.
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‐ RESTful based smart home system to assign a unique URIs to each sensor data and
an actuator event to reduce the processing at the webserver
‐ Provided the cloud server for smart homes’ to store the homes’ data due to low storage capabilities
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at a gateway and providing the data for various application’s service providers and analysis
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Abstract: Recent advancements in the Internet, web and communication technologies cut across
many areas of modern‐day living and enabled interconnection of every physical object, including,
sensors and actuators. Web‐enabled smart objects empower innovative services and applications for
different domains and improve utilization of resources. In this paper, we propose an interoperable
Internet‐of‐Things (IoTs) platform for a smart home system using a Web‐of‐Objects (WoO) and
cloud architecture. The proposed platform controls the home appliances from anywhere and also
provides the homes’ data in the cloud for various service providers’ applications and analysis.
Firstly, we proposed a Raspberry PI based gateway for interoperability among various legacy home
appliances, different communication technologies, and protocols. Secondly, we bring the smart
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home appliances to the web and make it accessible through the Representational State Transfer
(REST/RESTful) framework. Thirdly, we will provide the cloud server for smart homes’ to store the
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homes’ data due to low storage capabilities at a gateway and provide the data for various
application’s service providers and analysis. In the proposed smart home platform, we implement a
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water‐tank control using Zigbee communication, an automatic door security using a normal camera
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as an IP camera, and provide web connectivity to different home devices for web‐based controlling.
We aim to reduce the human intervention, secure access control to home devices from anywhere,
provide smart homes data for application services as well as for analysis, and improve the utilization
of resources.
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Keywords: Internet‐of‐Things; Web‐of‐Objects; Smart home; RESTful; Raspberry PI; Gateway
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1. Introduction
The advancements in Internet and web technologies provide a platform to users to create and
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consume information. In last decade, the research has focused on the connectivity of all physical
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objects and information environment to the Internet for enabling a user to access and control things
from anywhere and at any time. This revolution coined the term’s Internet of Things (IoTs) [1] and
the Internet of Everything (IoE) [2]. IoTs and IoE make smaller objects or things more intelligent and
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more connected, to perform complex tasks. The IoT is rapidly gaining ground in service and
application of latest wireless and wire communications. Also, the IoT is a dynamic and adaptive
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global information network of a home or a city composed of Internet‐connected things and objects,
such as sensors, actuators, Auto‐IDs, radiofrequency identifications and physical objects, as well as
other organizations and smart devices that are becoming a vital element of the Internet [4].
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However, they lack standardization at the application level. Web of Objects (WoOs) [3] objectifies
and virtualizes the assorted real‐world objects to support intelligent features by representing them
as Web resources, which can be accessed using lightweight Application Programming Interface
(APIs) based on the Representational State Transfer (REST) principles [5] [6]. To efficiently utilize the
resources in a smart home environment, the entire home devices should be interconnected and
provide connectivity to the end user in order to control it from anywhere and anytime. IoT is
converting the smart cities and smart homes from hype into reality. A smart home is the basic and
major building block of implementing the smart cities [7]. In this paper, we suggest an interoperable
IoTs platform for home devices control using the WoOs concepts. Fig.1 shows the conceptual
overview of the smart home control using WoOs and cloud. The proposed architecture framework
provides the interoperability among various legacy devices and brings the home appliances on the
Web so that we can control any device from anywhere.
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Figure 1. Conceptual Overview of Smart Home System Using Web‐of‐Objects and Cloud
In 1990, the phrase smart home was first coined. The survey reported by [8] stated that users
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had shown a positive perception of the smart home technologies aligned to their requirements such
as managing energy use, control of the domestic environment, and improving security. This positive
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perception confirms a strong market potential for smart home technologies. The technological trends
of IoTs and WoTs show that the next‐generation smart home environment will be ubiquitous,
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pervasive, and perceptual. The pervasive systems without user interaction support will not exist,
and the system which is difficult to use, obtrusive and subject to risks, will not be used by users [9].
Smart home embeds computing capabilities, networking, and telecommunication interfaces in the
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home appliances in order to facilitate everyday life. The smart home environment comprises
sensors, actuators, interfaces, and appliances networked together to provide localized and remote
control of the environment. Sensing and monitoring of environment include temperature, humidity,
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light, and motion. Environment control such as heater and fan ON/OFF control is provided by the
actuator having dedicated hardware interfaces and computing capabilities. Localized control is
provided by Bluetooth and remotely access through WiFi. In this paper, we propose web‐based
control using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Representational State Transfer (RESTful)
framework for water pump/tank control through Zigbee communication, door control using motion
sensor and converting a normal camera as an IP‐based camera, temperature and humidity based
exhaust fan control, various power plugs control for lights, fans and air conditioners.
In a smart home ubiquitous environment, the heterogeneous sensing devices and the service’s
applications that use the sensor data often join or leave the network environment. The RESTful
architecture enables interoperability in Smart Home Web of Objects Architecture (SWOA). RESTful
is flexible to equip more diverse heterogeneous devices, resources and communication protocols to
improve user satisfaction [10]. REST architecture leverages the integration of devices in the smart
home environment and is more appropriate for resource‐constrained, ad‐hoc environments as it is a
simple and flexible protocol that guarantees loose‐coupling of resources. REST architecture style
based applications and services can coexist and interoperate with legacy systems such as Simple
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Object Access Protocol (SOAP) based interfaces. In this paper, we provide the REST Uniform
Resource Identifiers (URIs) for accessing each sensor and actuator data such as URIs: \lightON and
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\lightOFF.
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Embedding sensors and actuators in the smart home environment generate a huge amount of
raw data that must be gathered and processed to extract useful and relevant information for
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different services. Sensors and gateways at homes have very limited storage capabilities. Providing
access to each home data for various services such as predicting the overall usage of electricity in a
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city increases complexity when data is stored at home level. Therefore cloud is an appropriate option
to collect home’s data of a community for analyzing data by various services. In a cloud, different
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data is gathered from multiple sources (such as user information, sensors data, actuators status,
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households’ data on relevant time, etc.) [45‐46]. For the upcoming generations of IoT applications,
the cloud “promises high reliability, scalability, and autonomy” [11]. Providing different home
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service (electricity, gas and water etc.) the data for their easiness and also graphical view for home
users is stored in the cloud, so they properly manage the utilization of services. In this paper, we
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provide the cloud as a central server and database to store the home’s data to prevent it from loss
and also provide it for analyzing and extracting relevant information.
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The rest of the paper is organized as follow: section 2 provides the related works, background
and literature review. Section 3 describes the proposed architecture of the smart home using WoO
and cloud. Various real applications implementation scenarios, their details and algorithms are
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described in Section 4. Finally, we conclude the proposed work in section 5.
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2. Background and Related works
In this section, we are introducing the background and related work about IoTs, Web of Things,
smart homes, web services in smart homes, and the cloud services.
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Intelligent control systems can potentially allow us to achieve a variety of benefits for human’s
daily living experience in the environments where they live and work [12]. IoT is a worldwide
network of objects or things [13‐15, 42], which enables the intelligent systems to control the objects
either locally or remotely. In recent communication paradigm, every physical object has computing
capabilities such as a microcontroller, communication interfaces, and suitable protocols stack in
order to communicate the objects with each other’s and also provide an interface to users, and
become an integral part of the Internet. Atzori et al. [14] realized IoTs in three
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content centric routing protocol where the path for packet forwarding is determined by its content.
A protocol is proposed [44] for survivable path routing in wireless sensor networking considering
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traffic congestion and node energy level. Mostly these protocols facilitate the physical objects
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connectivity at the network layer. But at the application layer, the interconnectivity of objects is still a
challenging task due to the heterogeneity and incompatibilities of platforms [18‐19].
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In traditional approach, smart home is concentrated frameworks opted to a single‐user where
home devices are connected to the home network. Evolution of smart home started from centralized
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and semi‐automated control of home devices, such as heater and light, using technology to monitor
and generate events to control these devices. The main propose of the smart technology is to provide
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services such as health monitoring and caring [20], safety, security, greenhouse, and energy
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consumption reduction [21]. MavHome (Managing an Adaptive Versatile Home) had been
developed [22‐23] to control the home appliances more or less independently. The MavHome
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architecture has four layers i) decision, ii) information, iii) communication, iv) physical, and it is
similar to most of the existing smart homes architecture. Physical layer consists of all the physical
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objects and its interfaces within the smart home environment. Communication layer is responsible
of transferring the information between objects and also to the user. Information layer aggregates the
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data from sensors and actuators to be used for decision making and analysis. Decision layer extracts
the knowledge from the information gathered and also uses the information implicitly provided for
making decision of what action needed in what kind of scenario. Every smart home consists of smart
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objects called sensors and actuators that communicate with a central application. The central
application has various terms in various domains such as smart home gateway [24], smart home
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controller [25], ZigBee based self‐adjusting sensor [26], and distributed sensor gateway [27]. Basim
Hafidh et al. [28] proposed SITE (The Simple Internet of Things Enabler for Smart Homes) a smart
home that enable user to specify and control the smart home IoT objects centrally. In recent years,
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the researchers are also focusing on predicting algorithms for IoTs and smart home services [29].
Alam et al. [30] proposed SPEED (sequence prediction via enhanced episode discovery) prediction
algorithm to classify the inhabitants’ activities in the smart homes. Security and privacy are also
major problems in IoTs and smart home environment [31‐34]. The user identity should be
anonymized and access to user’s home appliances should be secured. It is provided through secure
login and consent of the user. Smart objects and related communication technologies to enable an
IP‐based IoTs and the vision of IoT applications on Web is introduced in [39‐40]. Another
independent study was provided by [41], the authors of study approved the smart home technology
as the social world, the physical world and the information world (cyber world). The author
focuses on the data cycle, namely “from things to data, information, knowledge, wisdom, services,
humans, and then back to things”. It is believed that it clearly depicts the notion of Web of Things
(WoT) in a practical way and is good at providing comfort to the users.
In the last decade, the merging of communication, computing, and human interaction
technologies eases the accessibility of physical devices. Web capability in physical objects enables
user to access it from anywhere and at any time. Muehlen et al. [35] discussed two standards for web
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services: SOAP and RESTful. SOAP is a general protocol used as an element of different web
architectures and is tightly coupled designs similar to remote procedure calls. REST is architecture
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and is loosely coupled designs similar to navigating of web links. A middle‐ware platform was
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proposed [6] to integrate heterogeneous devices and multi‐scale systems‐of‐systems in ubiquitous
and pervasive environment leveraging REST architecture style. The comparisons of REST and SOAP
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[35‐37] showed that the REST architecture style services are more suitable for such environment in
achieving scalability and high performance. Semantic ontology provides flexibility for the
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collaboration of computing devices in the ubiquitous environment. Semantic ontology helps
ubiquitous environments to address key issues like knowledge representation, semantic
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interoperability, and service discovery and provides an efficient platform for building highly
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responsive and context‐aware interactive applications [38].
Considering above literature review, the main contributions of the proposed paper can be
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summarized as (1) we proposed, WoO based smart home platform for controlling the home
appliances from anywhere and also provides the homes’ data at the cloud for various service
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providers’ applications and analysis. (2) We provided a Raspberry PI based gateway for
interoperability among various legacy home appliances, different communication technologies, and
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protocols. (3) We bring the home appliances to Web and make it accessible through the REST
framework. (4) We provided the cloud server for smart homes’ to store the homes’ data due to low
storage capabilities at a gateway and provide the data for various application’s service providers
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and analysis.
3. The Proposed Architecture of Interoperable Internet‐of‐Things Platform for Smart Home
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System using Web‐of‐Objects and Cloud
In this section, we present the proposed interoperable architecture platform for IoTs of the
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smart home system using WoO and cloud. The proposed architecture incorporates the smart
gateway that provides the interoperability among the protocols used by legacy home appliances.
The gateway provides the web‐connectivity to the legacy devices in order to access it from anywhere
and at any time. It is an embedded device having low storage capability, so we provide the
cloud‐based server to store all the homes data that can be utilized for user history and also to
third‐party services providers and services data analyzers. The details of the proposed architecture
and the different implemented service scenarios are explained in the below subsections.
3.1 Smart Home Architecture using WoO and Cloud platform
In the last decades, the merging of computing capabilities, communication interface and
web‐based user interfaces in physical objects have shown prominent improvement in development.
However, mostly the home devices do not have the web interfaces to access it from anywhere and at
any time. Fig. 2 shows the proposed architecture of smart home using the WoO and cloud platform.
We interface different legacy devices using the non‐IP and HTTP based interfaces such as GPIO
(General Purpose Input/Output), ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Inter‐Integrated Circuit (I2C) and Serial
Peripheral Interface (SPI) buses. Raspberry PI based gateway is implemented to provide the
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interoperability between these protocols and also provides HTTP REST based interfaces for efficient
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resources utilization. We used the Python APIs to interface the sensors and actuators with the smart
gateway.
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Figure 2. Proposed Architecture of Smart Home System Using Web‐of‐Objects and Cloud
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The gateway has RESTful based Web‐services that receive the user HTTP requests for different
resources. Web services are based on the Resource Oriented Architecture (ROA) where physical
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objects and its events are assigned a URI to access it directly like a web hyperlink. We used Bottle
web server, which is linked with Python where the real‐time data analysis is performed, and Bottle
server is connecting python with the Web App. Fig. 3 shows the detailed architecture for smart home
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using WoO and cloud architecture. All the sensors data are manipulated by the python and bottle
server is used to get and post data using HTTP GET and POST methods. We used the database
(MySQL) on the gateway to store the sensory and actuator data for temporary purpose and then
backup the data to the cloud.
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Figure 3. Detailed Architecture of Smart Home System Using Web‐of‐Objects and Cloud
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In the proposed architecture, the web provides ubiquitous and pervasive services of application
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layer functionality to the smart home appliances. WoO provides a communication interface, which
links the user to access directly the smart home objects. We provide RESTful ROA based URIs
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enabling access to each legacy device and its events. It enables the devices to speak each other and to
the user same as other resources do on the web. Fig. 4 shows the overview of some RESTful URIs to
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access each home device and its function. The defined RESTful framework binds a URI to each
physical object event and function. Using URIs, each sensor and actuator can be accessed directly.
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The user smart home Web application (Web_APP) generates an HTTP request such as to turn on a
light (http://10.0.103.57/16/on) and is received by HTTP‐enable web server (Bottle Web Server in our
case). URI contains self‐description of accessing object so the web server identifies the appropriate
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sensor or actuator controller such as the controller of /16. The controller translates HTTP message
into Python functions to perform the specified task in URI and translates response into HTTP to send
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it to the Web_APP.
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Figure 4. Overview of the RESTful Web URIs for the WoO based Smart Home Services
The proliferation of sensors and actuators in home environment generates a large‐amount of
raw data that can be utilized to extract useful and relevant information and relationships. Mostly
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home gateway has limited storage capability to store all raw data, and also we need a centralized
storage for homes data to extract relevant and useful information for home and community services
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planning. In this paper, we provide a cloud server to store home data and provide information to the
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user and also to 3rd party service providers. Fig. 5 shows the database schema of the cloud server
database to store the home users’ data. The cloud server backups data from smart home gateway
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database periodically and delete data on the gateway. So the webserver on the gateway provides the
real‐time sensors data, actuators data, and control information. However, the reports and analyzed
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information are provided by the cloud webserver. Data and information to various service
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Figure 5. Overview of the Cloud Database storage for the home users’ data
providers are received from the cloud storage database. The communication between cloud and
home gateway is based on HTTP, and data is transferred in Extended Markup Language (XML)
format to store it in a cloud server. To prevent data leakages and user privacy breaches, we store
sensitive information in encrypted format.
3.2 Scenarios of Hardware Implementation of Smart Home Services and its Control
We implemented and provided different deliverables using the proposed interoperable IoT
platform, and WoO and cloud. We develop the WoO based smart water tank control, WoO based
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door security control by changing normal camera to IP camera, WoO based lights and Fan control,
and WoO based exhaust control using temperature and humidity sensors. In this subsection, we are
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going to explain in details the hardware implementation of each deliverable.
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3.2.1 Web based door control using Raspberry PI camera as an IP camera, motion sensor and light control
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We provide web‐based door opening and security control by making the normal camera an IP
based camera, motion detection sensor to identify the presence check at the door, and light control to
take an image and store it for security reasons. Fig. 6(a) shows the connection and implementation of
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the proposed web‐based door control using the raspberry pi camera as an IP camera. We interface a
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(a). (b).
Figure 6. Web based door control using Raspberry PI camera as an IP camera, motion sensor and light
control (a). Circuit diagram of web based door control (b). Flow chart of web based door control
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Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor to detect the motion in front of a door, LED light, camera to take the
image and a servo that acts as a lock of the door. When motion is detected by PIR, it sends a signal to
the raspberry pi. Raspberry pi analyzed the signal and decide the time. If daytime, then no need to
turn on a LED light, it just captures images and turns ON a buzzer. If a person is available at home
he will open the door from the Web_APP, and the door lock is implementable by using the servo
motor. After waiting for a pre‐defined time the PIR sensor will start sensing again. The procedure of
web‐based door security control is shown in the Fig. 6(b). The status of a door open and close is
updated in the gateway database and also on the user Web_APP.
3.2.2 Web based Water Tank Control Using ZigBee Communication
The monitoring of water tank level is important and necessary to prevent the wastage and
efficiently use of water and energy resources. We provide web based and automatically turn on/off
water pump control. Fig. 7 shows water tank control using Zigbee communication between sensors
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Figure 7. Web based Water Tank and Water Pump Control
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interfaced with Arudino and water pump at the raspberry pi. In this circuit, we are using two water
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level sensors (reed switches) one of them is placed at the top of the tank and other is at the bottom,
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Figure 8. Flow chart of Web based Water Tank and Water Pump Control
and both the sensors are connected to the Arduino board. Arduino is programmed to check their
status. When tank is empty, both the sensors give a signal to the Arduino which is transmitted
through ZigBee, and received by the ZigBee interfaced with raspberry pi which activates the relay
connected to turn on the motor pump. Arduino at the water tank continuously checks the status of
the sensors, when the tank gets full of water, the Arduino again generates a signal to turn off the
pump. Fig. 8 shows the flow chart of the water tank control. The status of the pump is updated on
the user Web_App.
3.2.3 Web based Lights and Fan Control, and Exhaust Fan Control using Temperature and Humidity Sensors
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Data
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Fig. 9 shows the circuit diagram of WoO based lights and fan control. As shown in the figure the
relay is connected with raspberry pi and fan, and lights are also connected with the raspberry pi
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through the relay channels. The Web_APP provides interface to control the turn on and off of the
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lights and fan. The user Web_APP generates HTTP message using the URIs and is received by the
web server and calls the specific controller designated in URI to translate HTTP message and
performed specified action. The controller gets the response message and translates it back to the
HTTP message in order to update the status on the Web_APP.
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Figure 9. Circuit Diagram of WoO based lights and Fan Control
Fig. 10 shows the exhaust fan control using humidity and temperature sensor’s data. The status of
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the temperature and humidity is updated on user Web_APP periodically using the RESTful URIs.
4. The Prototype Implementation of the Proposed Smart Home System using Web‐of‐Objects
The hardware implementation scenarios of various deliverables in the proposed smart home
using WoO is explained in subsection 3.2. The web application is developed using Html 5.0,
Python and Bottle web server platform. Various Html and JavaScript pages are generated to
monitors sensors data and control each and every operation of the smart home. To provide secure
access to home devices and data, we provide user registration and secure password based login.
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Figure 10. Circuit Diagram of WoO based Exhaust Fan Control using Humidity and Temperature Sensors
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Fig. 11 (a) shows user registration procedure to the smart home. A user provides his personal details
to register a home gateway and home admin user have the rights to allow a user to join the smart
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home. If the user is allowed then he will be automatically added to the cloud server also. Fig. 11 (b)
shows the access page to login to a home gateway, and control various actuators and check sensory
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data.
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Figure 11. Smart Home Web Portal using WoO and Cloud Architecture (a). User Registration to the smart home
gateway and cloud (b). Secure login to the smart home gateway
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Fig. 12 shows various sensors data on the web portal after the user successful login. The page is
refreshed after a specific interval by sending automatically sensor status get request by using specific
URIs. Whenever the smart home gateway web server received request, it gets the sensor status and
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sends a response message to the client browser and also the data is stored in database in the sensors
status table.
Fig. 13 shows the actuators controls and its status information. The interface provides access to
the home actuating devices from anywhere and at any time. Fig. 13(a) shows initial status of the
actuators and all are in the OFF state. Fig. 13(b) shows the status that light is ON. Each actuator is
associated with a unique URI and using the HTTP Post method the actuators are controlled.
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Figure 12. Sensors Current Data and Status Received from Smart Home Gateway
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Figure 13. Smart Home Web Portal Interface for Controlling the Home (a). Initial status of Smart Home
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Actuators (Home Lights and Fans etc.) (b). Status of Light after Turning ON the light.
Fig. 14 shows the user presence check at the door and the user access the camera installed at the
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door to check the person and open the door using the web portal. When a user presence is checked at
the door, it stores a series of images on the smart gateway for future security use.
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Figure 14. Camera Interface by changing the normal PI Camera as an IP Camera and used for door
security control to check the person presence at the door, store the images at smart gateway for security purpose
and also user can open web based open/close the door.
5. Conclusion and Future Work
In this paper, we presented an interoperable Internet‐of‐Things platform for smart home system
using WoO and cloud. The proposed architecture provides the interoperability among the legacy
devices and communication protocol, and also provides access interface for user to access home
devices from anywhere. We provided RESTful based smart home system to assign a unique URI to
each sensor data and actuator event to reduce the processing at webserver. It will also provide
interoperability among devices. In proposed architecture, we provide the web access to home legacy
devices through the smart home gateway. The gateway provides interoperability among legacy
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devices such as water pump and tank control, lights and fan control, and the door security control.
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Moreover, the gateway aggregates sensors and actuators data, and stores it on the cloud for
application services and for user’s history. Using the HTTP communication, the web application
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serving as a web client that provides user interface to check and alter the user home appliances
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status. This new idea is developed and tested for different functionalities of smart home services.
Furthermore, the architecture can be extended to various smart building scenarios such as factories,
offices, and smart grids etc.
Acknowledgments
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This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea‐Grant funded by the Korean
Government (Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning)‐NRF‐2017R1A2B2012337).
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