1 1. Why excess air is required to burn a fuel completely ?

2 Answer: Excess air is required to ensure adequate mixing of fuel and air, avoid smoke,
3 minimize slagging in coal burning, and to ensure maximum steam output.

4 2. What is factor of evaporation ?

5 Answer: It is the ratio of heat change from feed water to steam and the heat of vaporization
6 of steam at atmospheric pressure.

7 3. Materials which absorb neutrons and produce fissionable material are called ?

8 Answer: Fertile materials, such as U28 and Th22.

9 4. What is the process which produces fissionable material from a fertile material ?

10 Answer: Breeding.

11 5. What is burn up in connection with fissionable material ?

12 Answer: Burn up corresponds to destruction of fissionable material when it undergoes

13 nuclear fission.

14 6. What kind of nuclear fuel is used in Narora, Kalapakkam and Rana Pratap Sagar nuclear
15 plants ?

16 Answer: Natural uranium.

17 7. Which type of plant will you recommend for remote location if power is required in six to
18 twelve months time ?

19 Answer: Diesel engine power plant.

20 8. Under what condition a nuclear reaction is said to be critical ?

21 Answer: For critical condition, the reaction should continue at a steady rate which is
22 possible when rate of production of neutrons is same as the combined rate of absorption of
23 neutrons and the rate of leakage of neutrons.

24 9. If a nuclear reactor generates more fuel that it consumes, it is called ______ ?

25 Answer: Fast breeder reactor.

26 10. Natural uranium contains only 0.7% U25 which is capable of switching chain nuclear
27 reaction. How this percentage is increased ?

28 Answer: Percentage of U25 in natural uranium is increased by a process called uranium

29 enrichment.

30 11. Why the vane passages are gradually increased in size in successive wheels in steam
31 turbine ?

32 Answer: The velocity of steam decreases in successive stages and to accommodate same
33 flow per unit time, the area of flow must increase.
34 12. At what pressure and temperature the density of water and steam is same ?

35 Answer: At 225 kg/cm2 and 74.6° C.

36 13. What is the latent heat of evaporation at critical point ?

37 Answer: Zero.

38 14. How much space steam will occupy at atmospheric pressure corresponding to 1 kg of
39 water ?

40 Answer: 100 times the space occupied by 1 kg of water.

41 15. What is meant by quality of steam ?

42 Answer: It refers to amount of unevaporated moisture in steam. If steam is perfectly dry,

43 it’s quality is 100%.

44 16. What is diagram efficiency in steam turbine ?

45 Answer: Diagram efficiency = Change in K.E./kg / Energy suppled/kg.

46 17. What do you understand by effectiveness of heat exchanger ?

47 Answer: Effectiveness of heat exchanger = actual heat transfer/maximum possible heat

48 transfer.

49 18. If superheat and condenser temperatures are unchanged and if pressure of steam is
50 increased, then what happens to dryness fraction of steam after isentropic expansion ?

51 Answer: It will decrease.

52 19. As pressure of steam is increased, why reheating is necessary?

53 Answer: As pressure is increased, the dryness fraction of steam lowers on isentropic

54 expansion. Therefore, steam has to be reheated after partial expansion so that dryness
55 fraction remains within limits after expansion.

56 20. What is boundary layer thickness in free convection case ?

57 Answer: Velocity of fluid flow at solid surface is zero and it increases rapidly as distance
58 from solid surface becomes greater, reaches a maximum value and then decreases to that of
59 undisturbed fluid. The distance between the solid surface and point where boundary layer
60 velocity equals undisturbed flow (edge) is called boundary layer thickness.

61 21. What do you understand by forced convection ?

62 Answer: When convection heat transfer occurs between a solid body and a fluid and where
63 circulation of fluid is caused and controlled by some mechanical.

64 22. In radiative heat transfer, a gray surface is one whose emissivity is _____ ?

65 Answer: Independent of wavelength.

 66 23. What is the effect of water injection and steam injection in gas turbine of heat rate and
67 power output ?

68 Answer: Water injection results in higher mass flow rate through turbine section and as
69 rich electrical output is increased. However it increases gas turbine heat rate because of the
70 additional heat consumption required to vaporise the water.

71 Steam injection increases power output and decreases heat rate because of its higher
72 energy entering the combustion zone.

73 24. Water/steam injection in gas turbines increases power output. What is the limit and
74 reasons for same ?

75 Answer: Water/steam injection is not allowed beyond 5% of compressor flow to avoid

76 flame out in combustion and to minimise operating cost and impact on inspection
77 intervals.

78 25. What are the advantages and drawbacks of centrifugal compressor and axial flow
79 compressors in gas turbines?

80 Answer: Centrifugal compressors have following advantages :

81 —short length due to high pressure ratio attained in a single stage.

82 —simple in design, easy to manufacture, rugged in construction, less costly.

83 —more reliable in operation under all operating condition.

84 —less susceptible to the effects of deposits left on flow path.

85 —less sensitive to the fouling of the flow path.

86 —Good efficiency over a wide range of operation.

87 Drawback is larger cross-section area for same capacity and its unsuitability for high
88 pressure ratios.

89 Axial flow compressor is more popular due to high delivery capacity, high compression
90 ratio due to many stages, high efficiency (85-90%), low cross sectional area. Its drawback is
91 sophisticated design and appreciable length due to large number of stages, narrow
92 operating range for good efficiency, higher weight and cost, high starting power.

93 26. What is the difference between pinch point and approach point in connection with heat
94 recovery steam generator (IIRSG) ? How they affect performance of IIRSG ?

95 Answer: Pinch point is the temperature difference between the gas turbine exhaust leaving
96 the evaporator section and the saturation temperature of steam at corresponding pressure
97 (drum operat¬ing pressure). Approach point is the temperature difference between the
98 temperature of steam corre¬sponding to drum operating pressure and water temperature
99 leaving the economiser. Both these vari¬ables affect the steam production and the cost and
100 effectiveness of HRSG.
101 If pinch point is lower, total heat recovered in HRSG in higher and steam generation is also
102 high. However lowering pinch point requires more heat exchange surface and increase in
103 cost and draft side loss. Its optimum value is 8-10°C.

104 Lower is approach temperature, higher is steam production in economiser due to flashing
105 which needs to be avoided for long life of tubes. Higher approach temperature increases the
106 surface in evaporator section and assures higher stability.

107 27. How the efficiency of heat recovery in IIRSG increased ?

108 Answer: It can be increased by generating steam at more than one pressure.

109 Further improvement is possible by heating make up water/condensate in HRSG,

110 generating low pressure saturated steam or dearation steam in HRSG using a low pressure
111 evaporator, preheating the make up water in a heat exchanger before it enters deaerator,
112 and circulate more water than necessary through the economiser and recirculate excess to
113 the deaerator.

114 28. NO.,, reduction in gas turbines is challenge to meet environmental regulations. What
115 measures are taken in this regard ?

116 Answer: NO* in gas turbines is controlled by (a) injecting water/steam into combustor, (6)
117 using selective catalytic redaction (SCR) and non-catalytic reduction system (NRS), and (c)
118 better combustor design.

119 29. What is the difference between fuel NOx and thermal NOx ?

120 Answer: Fuel NO* is formed by the gas phase oxidation of char nitrogen (CN~ compounds)
121 in the fuel and thermal NO* is formed by high temperature reaction between the nitrogen
122 and oxygen in the combustion air.

123 30. How steam/water injection in combustion zone lowers NOx formation.

124 Answer: It lowers the flame and gas temperatures.

125 31. What are disadvantages of injecting steam/water in combustion zone in gas tur¬bine ?

126 Answer: —Increased CO at lower loads

127 —Increased fuel consumption

128 —Loss of extensively treated water

129 —Increased complexity of engine control

130 —Short life of major turbine components.

131 32. What for water/steam is injected in combustion zones of a gas turbine ?

132 Answer: Water/steam is injected to limit the amount of NOx formed by lowering the flame
133 and gas temperatures.

134 33. What are improved low NOx combustors ?

135 Answer: Dry low NOx combustors result in improved air/fuel mixing and reduced flame
136 temperature. The main type are lean premixed combustors, rich/quench lean combustors
137 and catalytic combustors. Variable guide vanes are used to control the fuel-air mixture. In
138 one design combustion chamber is designed into a series of small, lean premixed
139 chambers.

140 34. What is selective catalytic reduction (SCR) method for NO* control in gas turbines ?

141 Answer: SCR is a post combustion method in which a catalyst is installed in flue gas where
142 temperature could be of the order of 15-400°C. It enables vaporised NH to react with NO*
143 in exhaust gas to form N2 and H20. Vaporised NH is injected into exhaust gases before it
144 passes through the catalyst bed. This process can achieve in excess of 90% NOx reduction.

145 35. What catalyst is used in SCR process for control of NOx in gas turbines ?

146 Answer: V2O5 supported by titanium or a mixture of titanium and silica is generally used
147 as catalyst. Oxides of Ti and Mo are often incorporated as moderators.

148 36. Measure to minimise formation of NOx inhibit complete combustion and this results in
149 formation of CO and voltatile organic compound (VOCs). How these are controlled ?

150 Answer: Catalytic oxidation, a post combustion treatment at 470°-600° temperature is

151 used to reduce emission of CO and VOCs.

152 37. It is usual practice to report performance characteristics of gas turbine at ISO
153 conditions. What are these ?

154 Answer: ISO conditions for GT performance are : Ambient dry bulb temperature : 15°C,
155 Relative humidity – 60%. Ambient berometric pressure 1.0 kg/cm2.

156 38. Which parameters influence the heat rate of gas turbines and how ?

157 Answer: Various parameters affecting heat rate of GT are :

158 (i) Lower the gas turbine inlet temperature, lower the heat rate.

159 (ii) Higher the compression ratio, lower the heat rate.

160 (iii) Higher the turbine firing temperature, lower the heat rate.

161 (iv) Lower the exhaust temperature, lower the heat rate.

162 (v) Exhaust gas flow, inlet pressure loss, exhaust pressure loss also affect heat rate.

163 39. Which parameters influence the performance of gas turbines ?

164 Answer: Ambient conditions, inlet/exhaust pressure losses, fuels, and water/steam
165 injection flow rates’influence the performance of gas turbines.

166 40. Why the efficiency of superheat Rankine cycle is higher than that of simple Rankine
167 cycle ?

168 Answer: Because the mean temperature of heat addition is higher for superheat cycle.
169 41. A Carnot cycle is to be designed to attain efficiency of 0.75. If temperature of

170 high temperature reservoir is 727°C, then low temperature reservoir will have to be
171 maintained at______°C ?

172 Answer: – 2°C.

173 42. A gas having a negative Joule-Thompson coefficient, when throttled, will become …. ?

174 Answer: hotter.

175 43. What is boundary layer thickness in turbulent boundary layer ?

176 Answer: In ease of turbulent boundary layer, boundary layer thickness is defined as the
177 distance from solid surface at which the fluid velocity is 99% of the undisturbed free stream
178 velocity. Near the surface of solid, there is laminar flow which changes to buffer zone and
179 finally turbulent region.

180 44. Stirling cycle with regenerative arrangement and Carnot cycle operate within same
181 temperature limits. What can be said about thermal efficiencies of these two ?

182 Answer: Thermal n of both will be same.

183 45. How does the stagnation temperature behave along a streamline in adiabatic flow with
184 friction ?

185 Answer: It remains constant.

186 46. What is the frequency of secondary imbalance in four-stroke engine ?

187 Answer: Two times the engine speed.

188 47. What would be the order of boundary layer in pipe flow (i) laminar (ii) transition, and
189 (iii) fully turbulent ?

190 Answer: In laminar flow, boundary layer extends right from surface upto centre. In fully
191 turbulent it may extend 5-10% of radius only whereas in transition flow, boundary layer
192 may be from 50-60% of radius of pipe.

193 48. In general how the boundary layer and local film coefficient of heat transfer are related
194 ?

195 Answer: In general, the thinner the boundary layer, higher the value of local heat transfer
196 film coefficient.

197 49. Out of constant volume and constant pressure line, which line on T-S diagram has
198 higher slope ?

199 Answer: Constant volume.

200 50. A heat engine and a refrigeration cycle operate between two temperature limits T1 and
201 T2(T1 > T2). The product of efficiency of heat engine and COP of refrigeration cycle will be
202 ?
203 Answer: T2/TX.

204 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Interview Questions PDF ::

205 51. A refrigerator and a heat pump are working on the reversed Carnot cycle between the
206 same temperature limits. How COP of refrigerator and heat pump related ?

207 Answer: COP of refrigerator = COP of heat pump -1.

208 52. For a given set of operating pressure limits of a Rankine cycle, for which cycle the
209 efficiency will be highest ?

210 Answer: For regenerative cycle which approaches Carnot cycle. 1

211 53. A steam pipe is to be insulated by two different insulating materials of same thickness.
212 What arrangement is preferred ?

213 Answer: Material with lower thermal conductivity should be used for inner layer and
214 material with higher thermal conductivity for the outer layer.

215 54. Why steam is in open space and water inside tube in condensers used in power plants ?

216 Answer: Overall heat transfer coefficient can be increased by increasing velocity of water in
217 tube. Further steam needs more space due to higher specific volume.

218 55. A condenser of a refrigeration system rejects heat at a rate of 60 kW, while its
219 compressor consumes a power of 15 kW. What will be the coefficient of performance of this
220 system ?

221 Answer: .

222 56. Why a refrigeration compressor designed to operate with R22 refrigerant can’t be
223 operated with R12 ?

224 Answer: Condensing pressure of R22 at any given temperature is higher than that of R12.

225 57. Leakage of Freon-12 refrigerant can not be easly detected, still it is preferred for air-
226 conditioning. Why ?

227 Answer: Leakage of Freon-12 can’t attain total concentration but it has all desirable
228 characteristics as good refrigerant.

229 58. In which season the process of humidification and in which season dehumidifi-cation is
230 used in air-conditioning ?

231 Answer: Humidification in summer and dehumidification in winter.

232 59. What is the name given to combined process of cooling and humidifying ?

233 Answer: Evaporative Cooling.

234 60. Which refrigerant is used for ice plant and transport refrigeration ?

235 Answer: Ammonia and CO2 respectively.

236 61. Which cycle is used in vapour compression and gas cycle refrigerantion system ?

237 Answer: Brayton cycle, and Bell-Coleman cycle.

238 62. In what connection Wilson line and Willan’s line used ?

239 Answer: Wilson line represents saturation line on the Mollier diagram. Willan’s line is
240 connected with determination of frictional power in IC engines.

241 63. How the characteristics of fuel like front end volatility, mid-range volatility and tail end
242 volatility affect S.I. engines ?

243 Answer: These characteristics affect SI engines in cold starting, icing of carburettor and
244 dilution in crankcase respectively.

245 64. What would be the approximate air fuel ratio at time of cold start, part load operation,
246 full load, and idling ?

247 Answer: 10, 12.5 and 16 respectively.

248 65. Name pressure compounded and velocity compounded turbine.

249 Answer: Rateau and Curtis respectively.

250 66. What is the nature of curve in case of transfer of heat by conduction through a
251 cylindrical wall and through a spherical wall ?

252 Answer: Logarithmic and hyperbolic.

253 67. What is radiosity ?

254 Answer: It is the rate at which radiation leaves a surface.

255 68. When the compressibility effects become significant in heat transfer problems in high
256 speed flow ?

257 Answer: Compressibility effects usually become significant at gas flow velocities greater
258 than 0.5 times the velocity of sound.

259 69. What is the name given to process of removing non condensables in steam and other
260 vapour cycles ?

261 Answer: Deaeration process.

262 70. We often come across use of jet pumps in process industry ? What is the reason for this
263 ?

264 Answer: Jet pumps are easy to maintain and can be used to transport gases, liquids and
265 mixtures of both.

266 71. When it can be said that a fluid is Newtonian ?

267 Answer: When the shear stress is direcly proportional to velocity gradient.
268 72. Why alcohol can’t be used in diesel engine ?

269 Answer: Alcohol has low cetane number and thus its ignition is prevented by compression.

270 73. Out of 2 stroke SI engine, 4 stroke SI engine, and 4 stroke CI engine, how the brake
271 thermal efficiency behaves if these are to be used for road vehicles ?

272 Answer: 4 stroke CI engine has highest brake thermal efficiency followed by 4 stroke SI
273 engine and the 2 stroke SI has lowest brake thermal efficiency.

274 74. A jet engine is used to drive a vehicle. When its mechanical efficiency will be maximum
275 ?

276 Answer: It will be maximum when vehicle speed approaches the relative velocity of gases at
277 nozzle exit.

278 75. The knocking tendency in a S.I. engine can be reduced by increasing ?

279 Answer: Speed

280 76. How you define the emissivity of a body ?

281 Answer: Emissivity of a body is the ratio of the emitted radiant energy flux density to the
282 emitted radiant energy flux density of a blackbody at the same temperature.

283 77. What is gray body ?

284 Answer: When the emissivity of material does not change with temperature, it is called gray
285 body.

286 78. Define fin efficiency for extended heat transfer surfaces.

287 Answer: Fin efficiency is defined as the ratio of the mean temperature difference from
288 surface to fluid divided by the temperature difference from fin to fluid at the base or root of
289 the fin.

290 79. What are the harmful effects of sulphur in coal used for power generation ?

291 Answer: Sulphur in coal gives rise to number of ecological problems ranging from acid
292 mine drainage to ash waste problems and air pollution due to SO2 emission. Emission of
293 S02 is the cause of acid rain and is responsible for severe environmental damage.

294 80. What do you understand by microbial desulphurisation ?

295 Answer: Sulphur from coal can be removed by physical, chemical and microbial meAnswer:
296 Microbial means has a number of advantages over other methods. Thiobalilius ferroxidans
297 is the most widely used micro organism studied for coal desulphurisation. This bacteria can
298 remove 90-98% of pyritic sulphur from coal. The reaction, of course, is slow and may take
299 several days to several weeks to complete the reaction.

300 81. What causes rotation of steam turbine rotor ?

301 Answer: Rotation of turbine rotor is caused by centrifugal force created due to change of
302 direction of fast flowing jet of steam.
303 82. What do you understand by the term coagulation ?

304 Answer: Impurities in water are usually in finely divided state which takes long time to
305 settle and these usually pass through the filtering media. By adding certain chemicals
306 (coagulants), gelatinous substances are formed which cause small particles to coalesce into
307 groups large enough to be checked during filtering.

308 83. What is equivalent evaporation in a boiler plant ?

309 Answer: It is the amount of water that would be evaporated from water at 100°C to steam
310 at 100°C by the same amount of heat which was actually absorbed by water and steam
311 under operating conditions.

312 84. What is meant by balanced draft in boiler ?

313 Answer: Balanced draft refers to combination of forced and induced draft fans controlled to
314 keep the furnace under slightly vacuum condition.

315 85. How is dryness fraction of steam measured ?

316 Answer: By using throttling calorimeter.

317 86. What is the difference between isentropic process and throttlinglprocess ?

318 Answer: In isentropic process, heat transfer takes place and in throttling process, enthalpy
319 before and after the process is same.

320 87. What is the difference between pyrometer, pyranometer and pyrheliometer.

321 Answer: Pyrometer measures temperature by radiation principle. Pyranometer is used to

322 measure total hemispherical solar radiation. Pyrheliometer is used to measure beam
323 intensity by collimating the radiation.

324 88. What is the name given to useful part of available energy which is available for
325 conversion to useful work ?

326 Answer: Exergy.

327 89. Does the area on PV diagram for a process represent work for both reversible and non-
328 reversible process ?

329 Answer: No. Same is true for only reversible process.

330 90. Why work is considered as high grade of energy and heat as low grade energy ?

331 Answer: While work can be completely con¬verted to heat, heat can’t be converted fully to
332 work.

333 91. When coluomb friction comes into existence between two surfaces ?

334 Answer: When there is relative motion between them.

335 92. Under what condition a number of forces acting at a point are in equilibrium ?
336 Answer: When sum of the resolved parts in any two perpendicular directions is zero.

337 93. What happens to two equal and opposite coplanar couples ?

338 Answer: They balance each other.

339 94. To slide a heavy block over a rough floor by a rope with minimum force by a man, at
340 what angle the rope should be inclined with the level of floor ?

341 Answer: He should incline the rope with horizontal at angle of friction between floor and
342 block.

343 95. A body is dropped from a certain height. If same body were to move down a smooth
344 inclined plane from same height, which parameters will be same on reaching the ground ?

345 Answer: Velocity, kinetic energy and momentum.

346 96. A test specimen is stressed slightly beyond the yield point and then unloaded. What
347 happens to its yield strength ?

348 Answer: It will increase.

349 97. Out of circular, square, channel, I sections, which is most economical for a component
350 subjected to bending ?

351 Answer: I section.

352 98. What does the area under the stress-strain curve represent ?

353 Answer: Energy required to cause failure.

354 99. A tension member of certain diameter is to be replaced by a square bar of the same
355 material. Side of square compared to diameter will be ?

356 Answer: Smaller.

357 100. A circular bar subjected to tension is designed for a particular safety factor. If both
358 load and diameter are doubled, then factor of safety will be _____?

359 Answer: doubled.

360 *****

361 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Interview Questions PDF free download for Freshers :-

362 1. What is anisotropy ?

363 Ans: The phenomenon of different properties in different directions is called anisotropy.

364 2. What is vapour pressure and when it becomes important ?

365 Ans: Vapour pressure is the partial pressure created by the vapour molecules when
366 evaporation takes place within an enclosed space. It becomes important when negative
367 pressures are involved.
368 3. Explain absolute viscosity ?

369 Ans: It is the ratio of shear stress and the gradient of velocity with distance between a fixed
370 plate and moving plate (Its unit is Pa . s).

371 4. Define surface tension ?

372 Ans: Surface tension of a liquid is the work that must be done to bring enough molecules
373 from inside the liquid to the surface to form one new unit area of that surface. (Its unit is
374 Nm/m2 or N/m).

375 5. What is capillarity and when liquid rises or falls ?

376 Ans: Capillarity : The rise or fall of a liquid in a capillary tube caused by surface tension.
377 The magnitude of rise or fall depends on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the
378 liquid and adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the containing vessels. Capillarity is of
379 importance in tubes smaller

380 than 10 mm diameter.

381 Rise of liquid : Liquids rise (in capillary tube) when they wet and adhesion of the liquid to
382 the walls is greater than the cohesion of the liquid.

383 Fall of liquid : Liquids fall (in capillary tube) when they do not wet and the cohesion of the
384 liquid is greater than the adhesion of the liquid to the walls.

385 6. What is the difference between perfect and real fluids ?

386 Ans: Perfect fluids are treated as if all tangential forces created by friction can be ignored.

387 Real fluids refer to the cases in which friction must properly be taken into account.

388 7. Which factors affect tool size ?

389 Ans: Following factors influence tool size :

390 1. Process variable (speed, feed and depth of cut)

391 2. Tool material

392 3. Tool geometry

393 4. Work piece material, its hardness, microstructure and surface condition

394 5. Cutting conditions.

395 8. When the motion of fluid is fully known ?

396 Ans: The motion of a fluid is fully known when the velocity of each of its particles can be
397 specified.

398 9. Define fluid.

399 Ans: A fluid is a substance that can’t remain at rest under the action of any shear force.
400 10. How is the size of a vertical boring machine designated ?

401 Ans: The specifications of vertical boring machine are :

402 (i) Column height

403 (ii) Table size

404 (iii) Floor area

405 (iv) Weight of the job

406 (v) Spindle of the motor.

407 11. What do you mean by drill sleeve and a drill socket ?

408 Ans: The drill sleeve is suitable for holding only one size of shank. If the taper shank of the
409 tool is smaller than the taper in the spindle hole, a taper sleeve is used.

410 When the tapered tool shank is larger than the spindle taper, drill sockets are used to hold
411 the tools. Drill sockets are much longer in size than the drill sleeves.

412 12. What is nonbarotropic fluid ?

413 Ans: Fluid such as air for which the density is not a single-valued function of the pressure
414 (aerostatics).

415 13. On account of which property, the falling drops of rain acquire superical shape.

416 Ans: Surface tension.

417 14. How you can definte standard atmospheric pressure ?

418 Ans: By international agreement, the standard atmospheric pressure is defined as 101.325
419 kN/m2.

420 15. What do you understand by acoustic velocity ?

421 Ans: Accoustic velocity is the speed of a small pressure (sound) wave in a fluid.

422 16. Explain the difference between centipoise and centistoke ?

423 Ans: Centipoise is the unit of dynamic viscosity. It is equal to 1/100 of poise, and poise =
424 0.1 Pa . s. Value of dynamic viscosity of water at 20°C is approximately equal to 1
425 Centipoise.

426 Centistoke is the unit of kinematic viscosity and is equal to 1/100 x stoke. Stoke is defined
427 as 1 square centimeter per second.

428 17. What is saybolt seconds universal ?

429 Ans: Saybolt Seconds Universal (SSU) is the unit of viscosity and is equal to the time
430 required for a gravity flow of 60 cc through saybolt universal viscometer.
431 18. Explain difference between cohesion, adhesion and capillarity ?

432 Ans: Cohesion is the attraction of like molecules.

433 Adhesion is the attraction of unlike molecules for each other.

434 Capillarity is the elevation or depression of a liquid surface in contact with a solid.

435 19. Differentiate between gear hobbing and gear shaping with reference to various relative
436 motions and applications.

437 Ans: Gear hobbing is a continuous indexing process in which both cutting tool (a hob) and
438 work piece rotate in a constant relationship while the hob is being fed into work. Hob is
439 also imparted a radial feed.

440 Gear shaping uses a pinion type of cutter which is reciprocated with required cutting speed
441 along the face of workpiece and is gradually fed radially to plunge. Continuous generation
442 motion is obtained by feeding cutter to full depth and rotating the cutter and workpiece
443 slowly.

444 20. What is bulk modulus of elasticity ?

445 Ans: It represents the compressibility of a fluid. It is the ratio of the change in unit pressure
446 to the corresponding volume change per unit of volume.

447 21. What is is entropic exponent ?

448 Ans: It is the ratio of the specific heat of a gas at constant pressure to the specific heat at
449 constant volume.

450 22. The best shape of a runner in sand casting is an inverted frustum of a cone why ?

451 Ans: Tapered shape with bigger diameter at top and smaller at bottom ensures avoidance of
452 entrainment or absorption of air/gases into the metal while passing through the runner.

453 23. Explain difference between ideal fluid and non-newtonian fluid.

454 Ans: Ideal fluid is one for which resistance to shearing deformation is zero.

455 Non-netwtonian fluids deform in such a way that shear stress is not proportional to the
456 rate of shearing deformation.

457 24. Explain the difference between poise and stoke.

458 Ans: Poise is the unit of viscosity in CGS unit and is measured in dyne sec/cm2.1 poise =
459 10_1 Pa s.

460 Stoke is the unit of kinematic viscosity in CGS units and is measured in cm2/s.

461 25. How does the pressure in an isothermal atmosphere behave ?

462 Ans: It increases exponentially with elevation.

463 26. The centre of pressure for a plane surface immersed vertically in a static liquid
464 compared to centroid of area is always … ?

465 Ans: Below.

466 27. What is buoyant force equal to ? Define centroid of the area.

467 Ans: Volume of liquid displaced.

468 Centroid of the area : The point at which the area might be concentrated and still leave
469 un¬changed the first moment of the area around any axis. It is also the centre of gravity.

470 28. Define vapour pressure and on what parameters it depends ?

471 Ans: The pressure exerted when a solid or liquid is in equilibrium with its own vapour is
472 called vapour pressure. It is a function of the substance and its temperature.

473 29. Explain the difference between steady flow, one dimensional flow, two dimensional
474 flow and three dimensional flow ?

475 Ans: If at every point in the continuum, the local velocity and other fluid property, remains
476 unchanged with time, it is referred to as steady flow.

477 One dimensional flow is one in which a line is necessary to describe the velocity profile.

478 Two dimensional flow is one in which an area is necessary to describe the velocity profile.

479 Three dimensional flow is one in which a volume is necessary to describe the velocity
480 profile.

481 30. What is aquifer and explain difference between confined and unconfined aquifers.

482 Ans: Groundwater occurs in permeable, water-bearing geologic formations known as

483 aquifers.

484 Confined aquifer : It is a relatively high-permeable, water-bearing formation.

485 Unconfined aquifer : It is a water-bearing formation with a free water table, below which
486 the soil is saturated.

487 31. What do you understand by flurial hydraulics ?

488 Ans: The channels may be classified as rigid boundary or mobile boundary channels.
489 Mobile boundary channels include rivers and unlined alluvial canals, the boundaries of
490 which are made of loose soil which can be easily eroded and transported by flowing water.
491 The study of flow of water in mobile boundary channels is dealt in flurial hydraulics.

492 32. By which instruments the shear stress in fluids can be measured directly ?

493 Ans: By Stanton tube or Preston tube.

494 33. On what factors does the pressure at a point as a static mass of liquid depends upon?

495 Ans: Specific weight of liquid and the depth below the free liquid surface.
496 34. What is the difference between hoop or longitudinal tension and circum-ferencial
497 tension ?

498 I Ans: Hoop tension is created in the walls of a cylinder subjected to internal pressure. For
499 thin walled cylinder (t < 0.1 d), hoop stress = pressure x radius/thickness.

500 Longitudinal tension in thin-walled cylinders closed at the ends is equal to half the hoop
501 tension.

502 35. How much force is exterted by liquid ?

503 Ans: Force exerted by a liquid on a plane area A is equal to the product of the unit weight
504 pg of the liquid, the depth hcg of the centre of gravity of the area, and the area.

505 36. State standard point angle and helix angle of a twist drill.

506 Ans: Standard point angle of twist drill is 118° and helix angle varies from 16° to 30°
507 depending as diameter of hole.

508 37. Explain the difference between horizontal and vertical components of hydrostatic force
509 ?

510 Ans: The horizontal component of the hydrostatic force on any surface is equal to the
511 normal force on the vertical projection of the surface and acts through the center of
512 pressure for the vertical projection.

513 Vertical component of the hydrostatic force on any surface is equal to the weight of the
514 volume of liquid abaove the area and passes through the e.g. of the volume.

515 38. What should be diameter of capillary tube to avoid correction for effect of capillarity in
516 manometer ?

517 Ans: Greater than 6 mm.

518 39. How much hydrostatic pressure acts on a curved surface ?

519 Ans: The horizontal component of the total hydrostatic pressure force on any surface is
520 always equal to the total pressure on the vertical projection of the surface, and can be
521 located through the center of pressure of this projection.

522 The vertical components of the total hydrostatic pressure force on any surface is always
523 equal to the weight of the entire water column above the surface extending vertically to the
524 free surface, and cvan be located through the cemntroid of this column.

525 40. How much is the horizontal component of force on a curved surface ?

526 Ans: Force on a vertical projection of the curved surface.

527 41. State Archimedes principle.

528 Ans: Any weight, floating or immersed in a liquid, is acted upon by a buoyant force equal to
529 the weight of the liquid displaced. This force acts through the center of buoyancy, i.e. the
530 e.g. of the displaced liquid.
531 42. What do you understand by center of buoyancy ?

532 Ans: Center of buoyancy is the center of gravity of the displaced liquid and buoyant force
533 acts through it.

534 43. How one can establish stability of submerged body and floating body ?

535 Ans: A submerged body floats in stable equilibrium when the center of gravity of the body
536 lies directly below the center of buoyancy.

537 44. What is neutral equilibrium ?

538 Ans: A submerged body is in neutral equilibrium for all positions when the center of gravity
539 of body coincides with the center of buoyancy.

540 45. On what factors the stability of floating objects depends ?

541 Ans: Stability of floating objects depends upon whether righting or overturning moment is
542 developed when the center of gravity and center of buoyancy move out of vertical
543 alignment due to the shifting of position of center of buoyancy.

544 46. State two products each produced by forward extrusion and reverse impact extrusion.

545 Ans: Two examples of products made by direct extrusion are : gear profile, solder wire.

546 Two examples of reverse impact extrusion are : Short tubes of soft alloys, tooth paste
547 containers.

548 47. What are the best geometrical shapes suggested for sheet metal drawing and spinning?

549 Ans: Cup shape is best suited by drawing operation. Conical shape is easiest to produce by
550 spinning operation.

551 48. What are the conditions for stability of buoyant bodies ?

552 Ans: A floating body is stable if the center of gravity is below the metacentre.

553 A submerged body is stable if the center of gravity is below the center of buoyancy.

554 49. Define pipe flow ?

555 Ans: It refers to full water flow in closed conduits of circular cross section under a certain
556 pres¬sure gradient.

557 50. How much is vertical component of pressure force on a submerged curved surface ?

558 Ans: The weight of liquid vertically above the curved surface.

559 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Interview Questions PDF free download for Freshers ::

560 51. Multiple coated, disposable carbide tips have more-or-less replaced brazed carbide
561 tipped tools in CNC applications. Why ?
562 Ans: Disposable tips are usually indexable type and have a number of cutting edges. Very
563 convenient gripping devices for holding such inserts on tool holders are available. A wide
564 variety of ready made inserts are available which require no grinding or adjustment.

565 52. State, sequentially elements of a canned CNC drilling cycle.

566 Ans: Canned cycles are fixed cycles for general sequences of operations. For drilling
567 operation, sequence of operations will be movement of drill or workpiece to position of
568 actual drilling, movement of drill downwards till it is in the proximity of workpiece, then
569 movement of drill at desired feed rate to sufficient depth of hole, retracting the drill above
570 the workpiece.

571 54. Explain the difference between one and two dimensional flow ?

572 Ans: True one-dimensional flow occurs when the direction and magnitude of the velocity at
573 all points are identical. Velocities and accelerations normal to the streamline are negligible.
574 Two dimensional flow occurs when the fluid particles, move in planes or parallel planes
575 and the stream-line patterns are identical in each plane.

576 55. What is the difference between irrotational and rotational flow ?

577 Ans: Irrotational flow : An ideal fluid flow in which no shear stresses occur and hence no
578 torques exist. Rotational motion of fluid particles about their own mass centers can not
579 exist. It can be represented by a flow net.

580 Rotational flow occurs when the velocity of each particle varies directly as the distance
581 from the center of rotation.

582 56. Explain the difference between steady and unsteady flows.

583 Ans: In steady flow, at any point, the velocity of successive fluid particles is the same at
584 successive periods of time.

585 Flow is unsteady when conditions at any point in a fluid change with time,

586 57. What is the difference between uniform and non-uniform flows ?

587 Ans: Uniform flow occurs when the magnitude and direction of the velocity do not change
588 from point to point in the fluid.

589 Non uniform flow occurs when velocity, depth, pressure, etc. change from point to point in
590 the fluid flow.

591 58. Explain the difference between stream lines and stream tube.

592 Ans: Stream lines are imaginary curves drawn through a fluid to indicate the direction of
593 motion in various sections of the flow of the fluid system. There can be no flow across a
594 streamline at any point.

595 Stream tube represents elementary portions of a flowing fluid bounded by a group of
596 stream¬lines which confine the flow.

597 59. What is the advantage of independent jaw chuck ?

598 Ans: Irregular job can be fixed.

599 60. Define vorticity ?

600 Ans: It equals twice the angular velocity.

601 61. What is irrational How ?

602 Ans: If a flow is uniform in one region (without rotation), this property is conserved as the
603 fluid moves into a region of space where the motion is not uniform, and the flow is termed
604 irrotational flow.

605 62. What is one-seventh power law ?

606 Ans: According to one-seventh power law of turbulent, velocity variation corresponds to a
607 much favoured velocity profile and the mean velocity increases as the one-seventh power of
608 the distance from the boundary wall.

609 63. Mention the major difference between drilling and boring ?

610 Ans: Drilling Boring

611 (a) It is the operation of initiating a hole Boring is the operation of enlarging a drilled hole

612 (b) It can produce only standard holes We can produce non-standard hole

613 (c) Drill is a multi point tool A single point tool is used

614 64. What is the magnitude of buoyant force and where does the line of action of buoyant
615 force act ?

616 Ans: It is equal to the volume of the liquid displaced. The line of action of buoyant force
617 acts through the centroid of the displaced volume of the fluid.

618 65. What is metacentre ?

619 Ans: Metacentre is the point at the intersection of the buoyancy with the vertical axis of the
620 body.

621 66. Define Prandtl’s pitot-static tube.

622 Ans: It is a combination of pressure probe and pitot tube. It is widely used for pressure
623 measurements in wind-tunnel installations.

624 67. Define the term fluid friction.

625 Ans: The deformation of real fluids is resisted by forces caused by internal friction or
626 viscosity. Viscosity is that property of a real fluid which creates shear forces (fluid friction)
627 between two fluid selements.

628 68. Why are hydrodynamic bearings used for grinding machines in preference to ball or
629 roller bearings ?
630 Ans: Hydrodynamic bearings are more suitable at high speed, better tolerances, quiet
631 operation, higher capacity to withstand shock, lesser space requirement, better life under
632 fatigue conditions etc.

633 69. Distinguish between a jig and fixture.

634 Ans: Jig clamps and locates parts in positive manner and guides cutting tools (drills,
635 reamers, taps etc). Fixture is bolted or fixed securely to the machine table so that work is in
636 correct location ship to the cutter. Fixtures are used for mass milling, turning and grinding,
637 etc.

638 70. State the similarities and differences between a fixture and a jig.

639 Ans: Both jig and fixture positively locate, hold and clamp the workpiece. Jigs guide the
640 tool for drilling etc but fixture has no facility to guide the cutting tools. Jigs are used for
641 drilling etc and fixture for mass milling, turning, grinding, etc.

642 71.Explain the difference between relative density, viscosity and kinematic viscosity ?

643 Ans: Relative density is that pure number which denotes the ratio of the mass of a body to
644 the mass of an equal volume of a substance taken as a standard. This standard is usually
645 water (at 4°C) for solids and liquids, and air free or C02 or hydrogen (at 0°C and 1
646 atmosphere = 1.013 x 105 Pa pressure) for gases.

647 Viscosity of a fluid is that property which determines the amount of its resistance to a
648 shearing force. It is due primarily to interaction between fluid molecules.

649 Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of absolute viscosity and mass density. (Its unit is m2/s).

650 72. A right hand helical gear is being cut on a milling machine. What changes in machine
651 settings have to be made to cut a left hand helical gear of same pitch and number of teeth ?

652 Ans: For cutting right hand helical gear right side of milling table is tilted up from normal
653 position by the helix angle. For cutting left hand helical gear, right side of table needs to be
654 tilted down at helix angle, all other settings remaining unchanged.

655 73. Explain what you understand by the term hydrostatic paradox ?

656 Ans: Hydrostatic paradox is the phenomenon that the floor load of water in vessels of
657 different shapes carrying water at same level depends only on the area of the bottom
658 surface and not on the shape of the vessel.

659 74. Define buoyancy in brief.

660 Ans: Buoyancy is the vertical force exerted on the body by the fluid at rest. The buoyancy of
661 a submerged body in a fluid at rest is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body
662 and it acts upward through the center of gravity of the displaced volume (the center of
663 buoyancy).

664 75. What is the necessary condition for a body to float in stable equilibrium ?

665 Ans: Meta center should be above the center of gravity.

666 76. If liquid rotates at constant angular velocity about a vertical axis as a rigid body, then
667 how its pressure varies at various radial distances ?

668 Ans: As square of the radial distance.

669 77. How does the velocity vary along radius in a few vortex ? .

670 Ans: It decreases with radius.

671 78. What type of flow will occur when liquid discharges at constant rate through a long,
672 straight tapering pipe ?

673 Ans: Steady non-uniform flow.

674 79. What does continuity equation represent ?

675 Ans: It relates mass rate of flow along a stream tube.

676 80. Under what condition steady flow occurs ?

677 Ans: When conditions do not change with time at any point.

678 81. Why a drill can not drill deeper than its flute length ?

679 Ans: If flute submerges in a drilled hole, the chips disposal passage is blocked and the drill
680 will get jammed in the hole.

681 82. When do you recommend the use of straight fluted drill ?

682 Ans: Drills used for brass and other soft materials and thin sheets need not be provided
683 with any helix angle, to prevent the lips digging into the workpiece.

684 83. Explain velocity distribution for laminar and turbulent flows.

685 Ans: In case of laminar flow, the velocity distribution follows a parabolic law of variation.
686 The maximum velocity at center of pipe is twice the average velocity. For turbulent flow,
687 more uniform velocity distribution results.

688 84. In which type of flow the stream lines, streak lines and path lines are identical ?

689 Ans: In steady flow.

690 85. Under what condition a drill may not cut ?

691 Ans: When the cutting lips are not provided with clearance angles. It will cut if 12°
692 clearance angle is ground.

693 86. Some drills have straight shanks and some have tapered shank. Why ?

694 Ans: Small drills (less than 12 mm diameter) are provided with straight shanks which can
695 be held in Dniren chucks. Bigger drills have tapered shank using self holding Morse tapers
696 which prevent gravitational fall of drill.

697 87. What are the main factors that are responsible for the formation of built up edge ?
698 Ans: The main factors that are responsible for the formation of built up edge are :

699 1. Extreme pressure in the cutting zone

700 2. High friction in the tool chip interface

701 3. High local temperature.

702 88. In which type of flow the Navier-strokes equation is useful ?

703 Ans: Viscous flow.

704 89. Explain the difference between energy line and hydraulic grade line ?

705 Ans: The energy line is a graphical representation of the energy at each section.

706 Hydraulic grade line lies below the energy line by an amount equal to the velocity head at
707 the section.

708 90. What is the characteristic of equipotential line ?

709 Ans: It has no velocity component tangent to it.

710 91. How specific cutting pressure behaves with feed rate and what conclusion can be drawn
711 from this ?

712 Ans: As feed rate increases, the specific cutting pressure decreases. It leads to conclude that
713 feed rates be maximised in metal cutting process.

714 92. What is hydraulically rough pipe ?

715 Ans: When Reynolds number is very small, friction factor f becomes independent of the
716 Reynolds number and depends only on the relative roughness height. Such a pipe behaves
717 as hydraulically rough pipe.

718 93. What are the qualities of ideal tool material ?

719 Ans: It should be hard to resist flank wear and deformation, have high toughness to resist
720 fracture, be chemically inert to the workpiece, be chemically stable to resist oxidation and
721 dissolution, and have good resistance to thermal shocks.

722 94. What are the factors to be considered while evaluating the machinability ?

723 Ans: 1. Tool life

724 2. Rate of metal removal

725 3. Power required

726 4. Surface texture and size of component

727 5. Temperature of tool (or) chip.

728 95. Which equation is satisfied by ideal or real, laminar or turbulent flow ?
729 Ans: Continuity equation.

730 96. How to judge the unsatisfactory performance of cutting tool ?

731 Ans: Unsatisfactory performance of cutting tool leads to loss of dimensional accuracy,
732 increase in surface roughness and increase in power requirements.

733 97. What are the criteria for judging machinability ?

734 Ans: Cutting speed, tool life, surface finish, cutting force/energy required, teasperature rise
735 at cutting point.

736 99. What is critical velocity ?

737 Ans: It is the velocity below which all turbulence is damped out by the viscosity of the fluid.

738 100. What is laminar flow ?

739 Ans: In laminar flow the fluid particles move along straight, parallel paths in layers or
740 laminae. Laminar flow is governed by the law relating shear stress to rate of angular
741 deformation i.e. the product of the viscosity of the fluid and velocity gradient.

742 Part 3

743 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Interview Questions Answers PDF :-

744 1. How shear forces are incurred in fluid flow ?

745 Answer: Shear forces between fluid particles and boundary walls and between the fluid
746 particles themselves, result from the viscosity of the real fluid.

747 2. In laminar flow, how discharge is related to viscosity ?

748 Answer: Discharge varies inversely as viscosity.

749 3. What is best hydraulic section ?

750 Answer: Best hydraulic section is one in which for a given cross-section area, the channel
751 section has least wetted perimeter.

752 4. What is best hydraulic trapezoidal section ?

753 Answer: It is a half-hexagon in shape.

754 5. What is specific energy in a channel section ?

755 Answer: It is defined as the energy head measured with respect to the channel bottom at
756 the sec¬tion. At any section, it is equal to sum of the velocity head and the water depth at
757 the section.

758 6. What is critical depth and critical flow ?

759 Answer: Critical depth is the depth, at which the discharge may be delivered through the
760 section at minimum energy.
761 Critical flow is the flow in open channel corresponding to critical depth.

762 7. What causes boundary layer separation ?

763 Answer: An adverse pressure gradient.

764 8. What is the improtance of Nose radius ?

765 Answer: Nose radius is favourable to long tool life and good surface finish. A sharp point on
766 the end of a tool is highly stressed, short lived and leaves a groove in the path of cut.

767 9. At what point below free surface in a uniform laminar flow in a channel the point
768 velocity is equal to mean velocity of flow ?

769 Answer: At 0.577 depth of channel.

770 10. What is the value of friction factor for smooth pile when Reynolds number is
771 approximately = 10G ?

772 Answer: 0.01.

773 11. How hydraulic grade line and free surface of open channel flow related ?

774 Answer: They coincide.

775 12.What are the first and last elements of tool signatures ?

776 Answer: Back rake angle and nose radius.

777 14. What is open channel flow ? Explain 4 types of open channel flows.

778 Answer: Open channel flow has a free water surface which is normally subject to the
779 atmospheric pressure.

780 Steady open channel flow : In this case the discharge and water depth at any section in the
781 reach do not change with time during the period of interest.

782 Unsteady open channel flow : In this case the discharge and the water depth at any section
783 in the reach change with time.

784 Uniform open channel flow : In this case the discharge and the water depth remain the
785 same in energy section in the channel reach. It is mostly steady.

786 Varied open channel {low : In this case the water depth and/or the discharge change along
787 the length of the channel. It may be steady (such as flow over a spillway crest) or unstgeady
788 (as in the case of flood waves or tidal surge).

789 15. When does wake occur ?

790 Answer: It occurs after a separation point.

791 16. In straight polarity, to which terminal the electrode is connected ?

792 Answer: Negative.

793 17. What is hydraulic radius ?

794 Answer: It is the ratio of fluid flow area/shear perimeter.

795 18. Define flow work.

796 Answer: Flow work is the amount of mechanical energy required to push or force a flowing
797 fluid across a section boundary.

798 19. What do you understand by dimensional analysis ?

799 Answer: Dimensional analysis is the mathematics of dimensions and quantities and
800 provides procedural techniques whereby the variables that are assumed to be significant in
801 a problem can be formed into dimensionless parameters, the number of parameters being
802 less than the number of variables.

803 20. What is hydraulic depth for open channel flow ?

804 Answer: It is the ratio of area and the top width of the channel section.

805 21. Which welding set will you select for welding both ferrous and non ferrous materials.

806 Answer: D.C. generator set.

807 22. Which welding process is a combination of arc welding and gas welding processes?

808 Answer: Atomic hydrogen welding.

809 23. What is hydraulic jump ?

810 Answer: It is a natural phenomenon in open channel. It is an abrupt reduction in flow

811 velocity by means of a sudden increase of water depth in the down stream direction.
812 Through a hydraulic jump, and high-velocity supercritical flow is changed to a low-velocity
813 subcritical flow.

814 24. What is gradually varied flow ?

815 Answer: The changes in water depth in the open channel take place very gradually with
816 distance. Depending on the channel slope, the surface conditions, the sectional geometry,
817 and the discharge, these may be classified into five categories : steep channel, critical
818 channel, mild channel, horizontal channel, and adverse channel.

819 25. Explain 5 types of channels.

820 Answer: Steep channel : In this case normal depth < critical depth. Critical channel : In this
821 case normal depth = critical depth. Mild channel : In this case, normal depth > critical
822 depth.

823 Adverse channel : In this case, the slope of channel bed < 0

824 Horizontal channel : In this case, the slope of channel bed = 0.

825 26. Mention two major differences between shaper and planer ?
826 Answer: Shaper Planer

827 (a) The cutting tool reciprocates (a) Work reciprocates

828 (b) The work is stationary (b) Tool is stationary

829 (c) Meant for small work pieces (c) Meant for large work pieces

830 (d) Only lighter cut can be taken (d) Heavy cuts can be taken

831 (e) Tools are smaller in size (e) Tools are bigger in size

832 27. Differentiate between drilling and reaming ?

833 Answer: Drilling Reaming

834 (a) It is the operation of initiating hole (a) Reaming is the operation of finishing and

835 sizing a drilled/bored hole

836 (b) It can be done at relatively high speeds (b) It should be done only at slow speeds

837 (c) Larger chips are produced (c) Less chips are produced

838 (d) Drill has only two flutes (d) Reamer has more than 4 flutes

839 (e) Drill has chisel edge (e) Reamer has a bevel edge

840 28. What is similarity between normal shock wave and hydraulic jump ?

841 Answer: Both are analogous and irreversible.

842 29. For what purpose chills are used in moulds ?

843 Answer: Chills are used to achieve directional solidification.

844 30. What is tumbler gear mechanism ?

845 Answer: Tumbler gear mechanism is a mechanism consisting of number of different sized
846 gears keyed to the driving shaft in the form of cone and is used to give the desired direction
847 of motion of the lathe spindle.

848 31. What is relative roughness of pipe ?

849 Answer: It is the ratio of the size of the surface imperfections to the inside diameter of the
850 pipe.

851 32. What is conicity ?

852 Answer: The ratio of the difference in diameter of the taper to its length is termed conicity.

853 33. Under what condition the effect of compressibility of fluid can be neglected ?

854 Answer: When Mach number is less than 0.4.

855 34. For which type of flow the velocity distribution in a pipe is parabolic.

856 Answer: For uniform laminar flow.

857 35. What is the relationship between center line velocity and average velocity for a laminar
858 flow in a pipe ?

859 Answer: Average velocity = 1/2 centre line velocity.

860 36. On which factor the friction factor for a smooth pipe in turbulent flow depends ?

861 Answer: Reynolds number.

862 37. What do you understand by pipe branchings ?

863 Answer: When water is brought by pipes to a junction where more than two pipes meet,
864 them the total amount of water brought by pipes to a junction must always be equal to that
865 carried away from the junction by other pipes, and all pipes that meet at the junction must
866 share the same pressure at the junction.

867 38. What is pipe networks and what are the condition for network ?

868 Answer: Pipe network comprises a number of pipes connected together to form loops and
869 branches. For a network,

870 (i) at any junction, Y.Q = 0 and

871 (ii) between any two junctions the total head loss is independent of the path taken.

872 39. What is Hardy-Cross Method ?

873 Answer: It is a commonly used computer program for a pipe network.

874 40. Explain water hammer.

875 Answer: The force resulting from changing the speed of the water mass (say in a pipe due
876 to sudden change of flow rate) may cause a pressure rise in the pipe with a magnitude
877 several times greater

878 than the normal static pressure in the pipe. Pressure head caused by water hammer = C (V
879 – velocity in pipe, C = celerity).

880 41. What happens to impurities in centrifugal casting ?

881 Answer: They get collected at the center of the casting.

882 42. Define the terms hydraulic similitude and dimensional analysis.

883 Answer: Hydraulic similitude is the principle on which the model studies are based.

884 Dimensional analysis is the analysis of the basic relationship of the various physical
885 quantities involved in the static and dynamic behaviors of water flow in a hydraulic
886 structure.
887 43. Explain the difference between geometric similarity, kinematic similarity and dynamic
888 similarity.

889 Answer: Geometric similarity : It implies similarity of form. The model is a geometric
890 reduction of the prototype and is accomplished by maintaining a fixed ratio for all
891 homologous lengths between the model and the prototype.

892 Kinematic similarity : It implies similarity in motion. Kinematic similarity between a model
893 and the prototype is attained if the homologous moving particles have the same velocity
894 ratio along geometrically similar paths. It involves the scale of time as well as length.

895 Dynamic similarity : It implies similarity in forces involved in motion.

896 44. Define Reynolds law ?

897 Answer: When the inertial force and the viscous force are considered to be the only forces
898 governing the motion of the water, the Reynolds number of the model and the prototype
899 must be kept at the same value.

900 45. When a built up edge is formed while machining ?

901 Answer: While machining ductile materials at high speed.

902 46. On what factor the friction factor for a rough pipe in turbulent flow depends ?

903 Answer: Relative roughness.

904 47. What is unit power of a turbine ?

905 Answer: PHP12.

906 48. How cavitation causes damage ?

907 Answer: In a a closed system (pipelines, or pumps), water vaporises rapidly in regions
908 where the pressure drops below the vapour pressure. This phenomenon is called cavitation.
909 The vapour bubbles formed in cavitation usually collapse in a violent manner, which may
910 cause considerable damage to the system.

911 49. In milling process, how the arbor torque can be smoothend ?

912 Answer: Arbor torque can be smoothened by increasing number of teeth, using higher
913 spiral angle of teeth, using higher cutting depth.

914 49. What are webs in a twist drill ?

915 Answer: Webs are the metal column in the drill which separates the flutes.

916 50. What is bluff body ?

917 Answer: It is a body with such shape that the flow is separated much ahead of its rear end
918 resulting in a large wake, the pressure drag being much greater than the friction drag.

919 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Interview Questions Answers PDF ::

920 51. What is bulk modulus ?

921 Answer: It is the ratio of hydrostatic stress to volumetric strain within the elastic limits.

922 52. Define boundary layer.

923 Answer: It is the fluid layer in the neighborhood of a solid boundary where the effects of
924 fluid friction are predominant.

925 53. What is creep flow ?

926 Answer: It is flow at very low Reynolds number where viscous forces are larger than the
927 inertia forces.

928 54. What is Torricellis theorem ?

929 Answer: According to it velocity of jet flowing out of a small opening is proportional to the
930 square root of head of liquid above it.

931 55. How does cavitation manifest itself in a centrifugal pump ?

932 Answer: Usual symptoms of cavitation of pump are noise, vibration, a drop in head and
933 capacity with a decrease in efficiency, accompanied by pitting and corrosion of the impeller
934 vanes.

935 56. What happens if centrifugal pump is operated at excessive speeds ?

936 Answer: When a pump is operated at excessive speeds, the differential pressure developed
937 increases and causes a powerful pulsating vacuum on the underside of the blade tips and
938 each particle of water is pulled away from the blade, taking away with it a small particle of
939 metal, producing pitting/grooved effect. Repeated erosive action results in complete honey
940 combing and total destruction of blade, with resultant loss in pump performance.

941 57. On what parameters the head developed by a centrifugal pump depends ?

942 Answer: It depends upon the impeller diameter and its rotative speed.

943 58. Which factors determine the selection of electrolyte for electrochemical machining
944 process ?

945 Answer: Electrolyte should be chemically stable and have high electrical conductivity.

946 59. What is the disadvantages of centrifugal pump having very low specific speed ?

947 Answer: For a.centrifugal pump having very low specific speed, the impeller diameter is
948 large and narrow having excessively high disc friction and excessive hydraulic losses.

949 60. On what factors the efficiency of pump depends ?

950 Answer: Efficiency of a pump (centrifugal) depends on the size, speed, and proportions of
951 the impeller and casing.

952 61. On what factors the cavitation in centrifugal pumps is dependent ?

953 Answer: Cavitation in centrifugal pumps depends on the velocity of water entering tne
954 impeller and on the relatiave velocity of the impeller blades where the water is picked up.

955 62. What are the losses in a centrifugal pump ?

956 Answer: The losses in a centrifugal pump are : Friction losses due to eddies in flow,
957 leakage, friction loss due to rotation of impeller in chamber of water, gland and bearing
958 power losses.

959 63. What should be done to avoid cavitation in pumps ?

960 Answer: In order to avoid cavitation, the suction lift and the operating speed must be
961 carefully chosen.

962 64. What will happen if speed of reciprocating pump is increased ?

963 Answer: If speed of a reciprocating pump is increased beyond a limit, then atmospheric
964 pressure would be insufficient to force water into the pump at the same speed as the piston.
965 This would a break in the continuity of the water in suction pipe (cavitation) and give rise
966 to vibration, noise, and chemical attack by any dissolved gases which may be released from
967 the water owing to the high vacuum and the breaking of the water column.

968 65. What is the order of efficiency of cenetrifugal and reciprocating pumps ?

969 Answer: The efficiency of centrifugal pump is of the order of 45% whereas that of
970 reciprocting pump is around %.

971 66. What are the basic operations performed in a slotter ?

972 Answer: The different operations done in slotter are :

973 1. Machining grooves

974 2. Machining cylindrical surface

975 3. Machining irregular profiles.

976 67. How the positive displacement is obtained in rotary pumps ?

977 Answer: Positive displacement in rotary pumps is achieved in two ways :

978 (i) A rotor carries radially adjustable vanes, the outer tips of which are constrained by a
979 circular casing, whose centre is remote from that of the rotor.

980 (ii) Various combinations of gears, lobes, helices, etc. within a casing arranged so that the
981 lobes or teeth attached to each rotor pass in sequence through the same pumping space.

982 68. How a slotter differs from shaper ?

983 Answer: Slotter Shaper

984 (a) Ram reciprocates vertically (a) Ram reciprocates horizontally

985 (b) It has a circular table (b) It has a rectangular table

 986 (c) Suited for machining internal surfaces (c) Suited for machining external surfaces

987 (d) Table can take less load (d) Table can take much load

988 69. Under what condition the flow and power of pump vary as square of the size ?

989 Answer: The flow and power vary as size2 when the geometric size changes as inverse of
990 change of speed.

991 70. How the incidence of cavitation detected ?

992 Answer: The incidence of cavitation is detected by the following in order of appearance.

993 (i) stroboscopic observation of bubble appearance and size

994 (ii) sensitive acoustic tests of cavitation noise

995 (iii) reduction of efficiency and/or head of 3%.

996 71. How cavitation erosion is assessed ?

997 Answer: Cavitation erosion is assessed by depth of attack or weight of metal removed.

998 72. At which temperature the cavitation erosion is negligible and why ?

999 Answer: Cavitation erosion is negligible at above 300°C because the water and steam have
1000 same densities at critical temperature of 374°C and thus there is no volume change or
1001 bubble collapse in the vicinity of this range.

1002 73. What is an arbor ?

1003 Answer: An arbor is an accurately machined shaft for holding and driving the arbor type
1004 cutter. It is tapered at one end to fit the spindle nose and has two slots to fit the nose keys
1005 for locating and driving it.

1006 74. For a body to float in stable equilibrium where the e.g. should be located w.r.t.
1007 metacentre ?

1008 Answer: e.g. should be below metacentre.

1009 75. What is the condition for a flow to be fully developed through a pipe ?

1010 Answer: Ratio of maximum velocity to average velocity should be 2.

1011 76. When a fluid is moving with uniform velocity, whether the pressure of fluid will depend
1012 on its depth and orientation ?

1013 Answer: No.

1014 77. How much is the vertical component of force on a curved surface submerged in a static
1015 liquid ?

1016 Answer: It is equal to weight of the liquid above the curved surface.
1017 78. On which factors depends the friction factor in a rough turbulent flow in a pipe?

1018 Answer: It depends on pipe diameter and the condition of the pipe.

1019 79. What does the realisation of velocity potential in fluid flow indicate ?

1020 Answer: It indicates that flow is irrotational.

1021 80. What is the difference between potential flow and creep flow ?

1022 Answer: Potential flow assumes viscous forces to be zero but same is considered larger than
1023 inertia forces in creep flow.

1024 81. For which application Mach number and Froude numbers are significant ?

1025 Answer: Mach no. is significant in the study of projectiles and jet propulsion. Froude
1026 number is significant in the study of ship hulls.

1027 82. What is the difference between geometric, kinematic, and dynamic similarities between
1028 model and prototype ?

1029 Answer: Geometric similarity is mainly for same shape for model and prototype, kinematic
1030 similarity is concerned with stream line pattern, whereas dynamic similarity concerns the
1031 ratio of forces.

1032 83. A body is floating in water. If it is displaced slightly then about which point it will
1033 oscillate.

1034 Answer: It will oscillate about centre of buoyancy.

1035 84. Why uniform ramming is considered desirable in green sand moulding process ?

1036 Answer: Uniform ramming results in greater dimensional stability of a casting.

1037 85. On what account the friction drag is experienced ?

1038 Answer: Friction drag is experienced on separation of boundary layer.

1039 86. What is the characteristic of centrifugally cast components ?

1040 Answer: These have fine grain structure with high density.

1041 87, Under what condition the separation of flow occurs ?

1042 Answer: When pressure gradient changes abruptly.

1043 88. What is the criterion for shaping of streamlined body ?

1044 Answer: It is shaped to suppress the flow separation about the body and to shift the
1045 boundary layer separation to near most part of body to reduce the wake size.

1046 89. What do you understand by entrance length and what is its value for turbulent flow in
1047 smooth pipe ?
1048 Answer: Entrance length of flow is the initial length in which the flow develops fully such
1049 that the velocity profile remains unchanged downstream. For turbulent flow in smooth
1050 pipe, entrance length is taken as 50 x diameter of pipe.

1051 90. Explain the difference between friction drag and pressure drag.

1052 Answer: Friction drag is the drag force exerted by a fluid on the surface due to friction
1053 action when

1054 the flow occurs past a flat surface at zero incidence. Pressure drag is the additional drag
1055 force on

1056 account of the differences of pressure over the body surface when flow occurs past a surface
1057 which is

1058 not everywhere parallel to the fluid stream. Pressure drag depends upon separation of
1059 bondary layer

1060 and the size of wake. Friction drag is due to shear stresses generated due to viscous action.

1061 91. What do you understand by choking in pipe line ?

1062 Answer: When specified mass flow is not able to take place in a pipe line.

1063 92. What is the difference between streamline body and bluff body ?

1064 Answer: In streamline body the shape is such that separation in flow occurs past the
1065 nearmost part of the body so that wake formed is small and thus friction drag is much
1066 greater than pressure drag. In bluff body the flow gets separated much ahead of its rear
1067 resulting in large wake and thus pressure drag is much greater than the friction drag.

1068 93. What is the difference between dressing and trueing of a grinding wheel ?

1069 Answer: Dressing is the process used to clear the cutting surface of the grinding wheel of
1070 any dull grits and embedded swarf in order to improve the cutting action. Trueing is the
1071 process employed to bring the wheel to the required geometric shop and also to restore the
1072 cutting action of a worn wheel.

1073 94. Whether hard grade or softer grade is required for internal grinding than external
1074 grinding?

1075 Answer: Softer graders of wheel are required for internal grinding than for external
1076 grinding.

1077 95. How is the velocity profile and stress distribution due to laminar flow of an
1078 incompressible flow under steady conditions in a circular pipe.

1079 Answer: Velocity profile is parabolic with zero velocity at boundary and maximum at the
1080 centre. Shear stress distribution is linear, being maximum at boundary and zero at centre.

1081 96. Where the maximum velocity occurs in open channels ?

1082 Answer: Near the channel bottom.

1083 97. Define hydraulically efficient channel cross section.

1084 Answer: The shape of such section is that which produces minimum wetted perimeter for a
1085 given area of flow and carries maximum flow.

1086 9. What is follower rest ?

1087 Ans .For slender work a travelling or follower rest is used. This fits on the lathe – saddle
1088 and travels to and fro with it. By this means support is constantly provided at the position
1089 of cut. Thus the work piece being turn is rigidly held against the tool.

1090 99. What is the meaning of the term sensitive drill press ?

1091 Answer: A sensitive drilling press is a light, simple, bench type machine for light duty
1092 working with infinite speed ratio.

1093 100. Why carburised machine components have high endurance limit ?

1094 Answer: In carburised machine components, the process of carburisation introduces a

1095 compressive layer on the surface and thus endurance limit is increased.

1096 Part 4

1097 BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Interview Questions :-

1098 1. What parameters influence the tool life ?

1099 Tool materialWork materialSpeed, feed and depth of cutTool geometry work systemCutting
1100 fluidBuilt up edgeVibration behaviour of the machine tool.

1101 2. Mention the function of intermediate stage in a generalised measurement system.

1102 Amplify signal without affecting its waveformRemove unwanted noise signals that tend to
1103 obscure the inputCapable of doing other conditioning like differentiation/integration, A/D
1104 conversion etc.

1105 3. What is a signal flow graph ?

1106 A signal flow graph of a system is a graphical model in which nodes represent the system
1107 variables and directed branches between the nodes represent relationship between the
1108 variables. In a signal flow graph, a forward path originates from the input mode and
1109 terminates at output mode without encountering any mode more than once.

1110 4. Explain the difference between rotational and irrotational flow.

1111 In rotational flow the vorticity is non zero and in irrotational flow it is zero. In irrota¬tional
1112 flow the net rotation of a fluid element about its own mass centre is zero as it moves from
1113 one place to another. For it, dv/dx = du/dy.

1114 5. Define the term stability of a feed back control system ?

1115 A system is said to be stable if the output of a system after fluctuations, variations or
1116 oscilla-tions, settles at a reasonable value for any change in input.
1117 6. What is meant by precision ?

1118 Precision is defined as the ability of instrument to reproduce a certain set of readings
1119 within a given accuracy.

1120 7. What is boundary layer ?

1121 Boundary layer is the fluid layer in the neighbourhood of a solid boundary where the effects
1122 of fluid friction are predominant.

1123 8. On what account the boundry layer exists ?

1124 Boundary layer m fluid flow exists on account of fluid density.

1125 9. Explain the difference between laminar flow and turbulent flow.

1126 In laminar flow the fluid particles move along smooth, regular paths which can be
1127 pre¬dicted in well advance. Turbulent flow is characterised by random and erratic
1128 movements of fluid particles resulting in formation of eddies. For flow to be laminar in a
1129 pipe, the Reynold’s number is less than 2000 and for flow to be turbulent it is greater than
1130 4000.

1131 10. What is the difference between path line and stream line ?

1132 A path line is a curve traced by a single fluid particle during its motion. A stream line is an
1133 imaginary line drawn in a flow field such that a tangent drawn at any point on this line
1134 represents the direction of the velocity vector. There is no flow across the stream line.

1135 11. What is the difference between steady and unsteady flow ?

1136 In steady flow the velocity at a given point does not change with time whereas in unsteady
1137 flow it changes with time.

1138 12. What is stagnation point and stagnation pressure ?

1139 A stagnation point is one at which velocity is zero. Stagnation pressure is the sum of static
1140 pressure and dynamic pressure.

1141 13. What is the hydraulic-grade line ?

1142 It is the line which shows tne variation of piezometric head.

1143 14. Under what condition the thickness of thermal boundary layer and hydrody-namic
1144 boundary layer is same ? When Prandtl number is equal to unity.

1145 15. What keeps the shaft in floating condition in hydrodynamic journal bearing ?

1146 Hydrodynamic pressure developed in the lubricant.

1147 16. Why the elements of higher pairs must be force closed ?

1148 This is necessary to provide completely constrained motion.

1149 17. What is the value of coefficient of friction for ball bearing ?
1150 Ans: 0.1 to 0.25.

1151 18. Why belts are subject to creep ?

1152 Due to uneven extension and contraction of belt.

1153 19. What is the ratio of damping coefficient to critical damping coefficient called ?

1154 Damping factor.

1155 20. In which type of lubrication the starting friction is low ?

1156 In hydrostatic lubrication.

1157 21. Whether Bernoulli’s equation is applicable for streamline straight and rotational flows ?

1158 Ans: Yes.

1159 22. When a plate slides over a parallel plate, what is the relationship between vis¬cous
1160 force and the lubricant thickness ?

1161 They are directly proportional.

1162 23. How the stability of empty ship increased.

1163 By adding ballasts at the bottom level.

1164 24. Define Froude number.

1165 It is the square root of ratio of inertia force to gravity force.

1166 25. What for Maning’s formula used ?

1167 It is used to determine velocity of flow in pipe.

1168 26. What is the maximum efficiency of power transmission through a pipe ?

1169 66.67%.

1170 27. What is the necessary and sufficient condition for bodies in floatation to be in stable
1171 equilibrium ?

1172 Centre of gravity of body should be located below metacentre.

1173 28. Under what condition the thermal boundary layer thickness will be equal to the
1174 hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness ?

1175 When Prandtl number is unity.

1176 29. How laminar boundary layer thickness varies on a flat plate ?

1177 It is proportional to the square root of the distance from the leading edge.

1178 30. Name the axial flow reaction turbine with adjustable vanes.
1179 Kaplan turbine.

1180 31. Define the degree of reaction of a turbomachine.

1181 It is the ratio of total pressure change in the rotor to that in the stage.

1182 32. What is meant by relative stability ?

1183 If the system is found to be stable, then it is necessary to know the stable strength or degree
1184 of stability which is called relative stability. Phase margin and gain margins are the
1185 measures of relative stability.

1186 33. On what factors the efficiency of a centrifugal pump depends ?

1187 The efficiency of a centrifugal pump depends on size, speed and type number.

1188 34. Define transducer ?

1189 Transducer is an element which converts the signal from one physical form to another
1190 without changing the information content of the signal.

1191 35. A 200 mm impeller of centrifugal pump develops discharge head of 2 kg/cm2. If
1192 discharge head is required as 8 kg/cm2, what should be diameter of impeller. Ans: 400
1193 mm.

1194 36. Why thin-plate orifice is frequently recommended for flow measurement in most of the
1195 cases ?

1196 It is recommended because of its high accuracy, low cost, and extreme flexibility.

1197 37. How the water flow from a hydrant in a city water system measured ?

1198 It can be measured by allowing the flow of water from a hydrant and noting down the
1199 horizontal distance (x) where jet strikes the ground and the vertical distance (y) of outlet
1200 from ground.

1201 Then flow = area of hydrant x

1202 38. For the same size, length and condition of pipe, how the friction head loss changes if
1203 pipe size is varied.

1204 Under same flow conditions the friction head loss increases as the size change to the 4.8th
1205 power.

1206 39. How does the capacity changes in pipe flow with increase in pipe diameter if head is
1207 constant ?

1208 At constant head, capacity is proportional to d25. .

1209 40. How does the head change in pipe flow with change in diameter, if capacity is constant.

1210 At constant capacity, head is proportional to

1211 41. How head varies in pipe flow with change in flow, if pipe diameter is same.
1212 At constant diameter, head is proportional to (flow)2.

1213 42. Give some properties of errors ?

1214 Errors give the difference between the measured-value and the true valueAccuracy of a
1215 measurement system is measured in terms of errorA study of error helps in finding the
1216 reliability of the results.

1217 43. Define the term contraction coefficient.

1218 The ratio of area of jet (contracted) and the cross section of the orifice.

1219 44. What for pycnometer is used ?

1220 Pycnometer is used to measure specific gravity of the liquid.

1221 45. How may types of bonded strain gauges used ?

1222 Fine wire strain gaugeMetal foil strain gaugePiezo resistive gauge.

1223 46. Name various functional elements of an instrumental system ?

1224 (1) Primary sensing element

1225 (2) Variable conversion (or) transducer element

1226 (3) Variable manipulation element

1227 (4) Data transmission element

1228 (5) Data processing element

1229 (6) Data presentation element

1230 (7) Data storage and playback element.

1231 47. Name the three stages of a generalised measuring system.

1232 (i) Sensing and converting the input to a convenient and practicable form.

1233 (ii) Processing/manipulating the measured variable.

1234 (iii) Presenting the processed measured variable in quantitative form.

1235 48. How is a Pelton turbine braked ?

1236 A pelton wheel is braked by a nozzle directing a jet on the back of the buckets.

1237 49. What is static pressure ? How is it measured.

1238 The pressure caused on the walls of a pipe due to a fluid at rest inside the pipe or due to the
1239 flow of a fluid parallel to walls of the pipe is called static pressure. This static pressure is
1240 measured by inserting a pressure measuring tube into the pipe carrying the fluid so that the
1241 tube is at right angle to the fluid flow path.
1242 50. What are the requirements of a control system ?

1243 Stability, accuracy and speed of response are the three requirements of control system.

1244 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Questions Answers PDF ::

1245 51. What is the difference between weir, and submerged weir.

1246 Any obstruction of a streamflow over which water flows is weir. When the downstream
1247 water level rises over the weir crest, it is called submerged weir.

1248 52. What is the difference between spillway and siphon spillway ?

1249 Spillway is an essential part of a large dam and provides an efficient and safe means of
1250 releasing flood water that exceeds the design capacity of the reservoir.

1251 Siphon spillway is spillway designed to discharge water in a closed conduit under negative
1252 pressure.

1253 53. What is the difference between culverts, stilling basin, and standpipe ?

1254 Culverts are built at the points of lowest valley to pass water across the embankments of
1255 highways or railroads.

1256 Stilling basin is transitional energy dissipating structure to avoid the damaging process by a
1257 highly accelerated spilled water.

1258 Standpipe is used principally for alleviating the transient pressures in large pipeline
1259 system. It also works as a pressure relief valve for the upstream pipe during the turbine
1260 shut off.

1261 54. What do you understand by run-of-river scheme in hydro power generation ?

1262 A scheme in which the discharge is varying and only that much water can be utilised for
1263 conversion as available in the river.

1264 55. What is the difference between firm power and secondary power in hydro power plants
1265 ?

1266 The approximate constant and continuous power which is assured at power station and
1267 would be available throughout the year is called firm power.

1268 In run-of-the river schemes which are generally designed for % availability of water, the
1269 firm power would be available for at least % of the years during the life of the scheme.
1270 However in some years discharge in the river may be more than % availability discharge
1271 and some extra power known as secondary power can be generated.

1272 56. What is the criterion for determining economic diameter of power tunnel ?

1273 The economic diameter of a power tunnel is determined such that the total value of
1274 following two factors is least

1275 (i) annual loss of revenue on account of power head lost due to friction.
1276 (ii) recurring annual expenditure.

1277 57. What are the three functions served by a surge tank in a hydro plant ?

1278 The three functions served by a surge tank are

1279 (i) flow regulation – act as a reservoir for acceptance or delivery of water to meet
1280 requirements of load changes.

1281 (ii) water-hammer relief or pressure regulation.

1282 (iii) improvement in speed regulation.

1283 58. What is the criterion to determine the economic diameter of penstock ?

1284 The economic diameter of a penstock required to carry a discharge is the one at which
1285 annual costs due to the greater investment do not exceed the annual value of resulting
1286 increment energy output.

1287 5. If jet ratio for a pelton wheel is 12 then number of buckets should be …. ?

1288 0.5 x 12+ 15 = 21.

1289 60. What is the difference between anti-friction and hydrostatic bearings ?

1290 In anti-friction bearings rolling components are introduced between the sliding surfaces. In
1291 hydrostatic bearings lubricant is supplied at a high pressure to a pocket in the bearing.

1292 61. What is inviscid fluid ?

1293 It is the frictionless fluid.

1294 62. State law of conservation of momentum ?

1295 The ratio of change of momentum of a mass of fluid is equal to the vector sum of all
1296 external forces acting on it.

1297 63. Define turbulent flow ?

1298 Flow in which adjacent layers mix continuously, so that the flow pattern is unsteady, full of
1299 eddies, and apparently without any mathematically expressible regularity.

1300 64. Define Reynold’s law of similitude ?

1301 Two geometrically similar flow systems subject only to friction and inertia forces are
1302 dy¬namically similar if both have the same ‘Reynolds’ number.

1303 65. What is the difference between boundary lubrication and fluid film lubrication ?

1304 In boundary lubrication condition the ratio of thickness of lubrication film to surface
1305 roughness (CLA value) is less than 1 and for fluid film lubrication condition this ratio is
1306 greater than 5 and less than 100.
1307 66. A bearing in which hydrodynamic pressure is generated due to rotation of jour¬nal is
1308 called… ?

1309 Journal bearing.

1310 67. For a journal running in a bearing clockwise at steady state, where will be the minimum
1311 clearance ?

1312 To the left of the load line.

1313 68. Out of impulse and reaction type hydraulic turbines, which has higher specific speed ?

1314 Reaction turbine.

1315 69. What is order of the system.

1316 The order of the system is the order of the highest derivative of the ordinary differential
1317 equation with constant coefficients which defines the system mathematically.

1318 70. What is Bode plot ?

1319 Bode plot is a logarithmic plot used to represent transfer functions. The Bode plot consists
1320 of two plots namely.

1321 (i) The plot of magnitude in db (on linear scale) vs. frequency to (on log scale)

1322 (ii) The plot of phase angle in degrees (on linear scale) vs. frequency co (on log scale)

1323 71. Navier stokes equation represents the conservation of which quantity ?

1324 Momentum.

1325 72. What are the characteristics of precision ?

1326 (i) If a number of measurements are made on same true value, the degree of closeness of
1327 these measurements gives precision

1328 (ii) It is a measure of the degree of repeatability or reproducibility of the measuring system.

1329 73. What is meant by loading ?

1330 During the act of measurement the measuring instrument takes energy from the signal
1331 source or measured medium and thus the signal source is altered. This effect is called
1332 loading.

1333 74. Give two uses of Bode plots.

1334 (i) They are the logarithmic plots used to represent transfer functions

1335 (ii) They are used in the calculation of gain margin and phase margin.

1336 75. What is the name of nondimensional group for ratio of inertia force to gravity force.

1337 Froude number.

1338 76. The head loss in a fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe due to friction is
1339 directly proportional to … ?

1340 Square of mean velocity.

1341 77. For what type of flow, the streamlines, pathlines and streaklines are virtually identical ?

1342 Steady flow.

1343 78. How the streamlines and equipotential lines are related in a flow field ?

1344 They are orthogoial everywhere in the flow field.

1345 79. Under what kind and condition of a fluid the velocity potential exists ?

1346 Irrotational flow.

1347 80. Where should centre of gravity of a body lie for it to float in stable equilibrium ?

1348 e.g. should be located below the metacentre.

1349 81. For fully developed flow through a pipe, what is the ratio of maximum to average
1350 velocity ?

1351 Ans: 2.

1352 82. Out of centrifugal, axial and positive displacement pumps, which has maximum specific
1353 speed and which has minimum ?

1354 Axial pump has maximum specific speed and reciprocating pump has minimum.

1355 83. Specific speed of a turbine is 800. What type of turbine is this ?

1356 Kaplan turbine.

1357 84. In which type of lubrication system the starting friction is low ?

1358 Hydrostatic lubrication.

1359 85. At which point the cavitation is most likely to occur in a hydel plant ?

1360 At turbine rotor exit.

1361 86. What is the difference between lower pair and higher pair ?

1362 In a kinematic pair, if the elements have surface contact when in motion, the pair is called
1363 lower pair and if elements have line or point contact the pair is called higher pair.

1364 87. What do you understrand by inversions and how many inversions are possible in a
1365 kinematic chain having ‘n’ links ?

1366 Inversions are different mechanisms obtained by fixing different links in a kinematic chain
1367 but keeping relative motions of links unchanged with respecat to one another. A kinematic
1368 chain with ‘n’ links can have ‘n’ inversions.
1369 88. What is the difference between basic kinematic chain and compound kinematic chain ?
1370 What is the criteria for a chain to be constrained ?

1371 A basic kinematic chain consists of four kinematic links and a compound kinematic chain is
1372 a constrained chain of more than four links. A chain is constrained if no. of binary joints
1373 and half of number of higher pairs is equal to 3/2 of no. of links minus 2.

1374 89. What is the difference between a machine and a mechanism ?

1375 A mechanism consists of links forming a constrained kinematic chain. Its function is
1376 ba¬sically to transmit or modify motion. A machine is a mechanism but here we are
1377 concerned with forces to be transmitted and it is used to modify mechanical work.

1378 90. In which type of motion, acaceleration is directly proportional to displacement ?

1379 SHM.

1380 91. What is the function of a transducer element ?

1381 The function of a transducer element is to sense and convert the desired input into a more
1382 convenient and practicable form to be handled by measurement system.

1383 92. What is the direction of tangential acceleration ?

1384 The direction of tangential acceleration may be same or opposite to that of angular velocity.

1385 93. What is the number of degrees of freedom constrained in each case by the kinematic
1386 pairs.

1387 (i) Itevolute pair, (ii) cylindrical pair, (iii) Screw pair, (iv) Spherical pair.

1388 Ans: (i) Revolute pair—single degree of freedom.

1389 (ii) cylindrical pair—two degrees of freedom.

1390 (iii) Screw pair—one degree of freedom.

1391 (iv) spherical pair—three degrees of freedom.

1392 94. What is the purpose of D-slide valve in steam engines ?

1393 It controls the piston position for cut off of steam, for release of steam and compression
1394 position for steam in cylinder.

1395 95. What is the purpose of Corliss valve in place of D’-slide valve in steam engine ?

1396 Corliss valve reduces condensation, provides independent control on admission, cut off,
1397 release and compression, and reduces driving power requirements.

1398 96. On what factor the size of cam depends ?

1399 Size of cam depends on base circle.

1400 97. If base circle diameter of cam increases, what happens to pressure angle ?
1401 It decreases.

1402 98. If angular speed of cam is increased two times, how much jerk will be increased ?

1403 Eight times.

1404 99. Define primary and secondary transducers ?

1405 A primary transducer senses a physical phenomena and converts it to an analogous output.

1406 The analogous output is then converted into an electrical signal by secondary transducer.

1407 100. What is the relationship between (i) axes of spin, precession, and applied gyroscopic
1408 torque and (ii) in between their planes ?

1409 The axes of spin, precession, and applied gyroscopic torque are contained in two planes
1410 perpendicular to each other, and planes of spin, precession, and applied gyroscopic torque
1411 in the three planes perpendicular to one another.
1412