T

Forthcoming issrres featue: f;

Torpedo and Fast Attack Cnft of World Wu II
Modern Underwater Weapon Sy$ems
World Wu 1l
Volume l0 Issue 116
Axis Aircraft
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Orbis Publishino Ltd
@ Aerospace P-ublrs-|nn Ltd 1 985
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Chris Bishop
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lan Drury

Design: Rod Teasdale

ColourOrigination: rrnago Publishing I td,
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Artists: Jeremy Moore KCB OBE MC, Comman-
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Art Workshop
der of British Land Forces during the
Keith Woodcock Falklands campaign.

218511 Distribution and marketing offices:

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ilodernNaval
Anfi-Aircraff
Utbapons
The wideqtread introduction of the swface-to-afu missile
seemed for many years to signal the end of the anti-aircraft
gutr, both on land and, at se a. Mode tn w ar has shown th1s to be
a short-sighted attitude, the experience of large-scale ait
attack in the FalirJands prouing the value of the g:ttn,
especially in abalanced gutrl missile defence.
It was not too long ago that the Royal Navy's experts on air defence were
blithely stating that were no longer needed aboard shrp, except for
gnrns
use in the Junk-bashing' role, if at all. However, lucklly for the Royal Navy
and before rt faced a real exponent on the use of anti-shtpplng air power,
the Falklands war of 1982 against Argentina proved the folly of those
sentiments once and for all. The anti-aircraft gn-rn of whatever calibre
proved to be a major component of the air defences used. Such gmns
could be relied upon to put up a fairly heavy barrage, and even if it was at
trmes relatively inaccurate, this barrage was sufficient to discourage a
fair number of Argentine pilots on bombing and rocket runs, whiie the
hits the guns recorded resulted in two absolutely conflrmed kllls plus an
'unknown number of damaged aircralt that hmped home to bases on the
rnainland,
For defence against the antrshrp missile, the Falklands war proved
jlat the rdeal situation is in fact a combination of fully automatic gnrns with
short-range point-defence missiles, the combination effectively creating
-cund the ship a 'no-gro area' for fast-approaching attackers. The
:. ibres in this fleld usually vary from 20 mm up to 30 mm because of the
Tlpical of the light AA armament in
use today, the EMERLEC-31 is
designedto copewith air and
surface targets, andpossesses a
Iimited anti-missile capability. The
twin 30-mm Oerlikon cannonwith
associa f ed be/ ow- d ec k m ag a zine
are typical, but Jess so js lfte enclosed
operator's cabin.
high rate olflre required, The larger calibres are also represented, brit
for anti-missile work require sophistrcated electronics coupled with the
use of reliable proximity-fused fragmentation ammunition to ensure a
ki]1
It is rnteresting to note that the Soviets predated the Americans into
thrs field with a CIWS (Close-ln Weapon System) against missiles be-
cause of their experience of such weapons, The Western European
navies, such as those of France and the UK, lnitially farled to show
interest, preferrlng instead to concentrate on their misslle systems,
However, the latter country (together with several other NATO nations
such as the Netherlands and Sparn) have now adopted the CIWS as part
of their naval armament, Surprlsrngly, relatively few other countries are
following suit desprte the combat experrence to prove how useful such
systems are,
Fitted with two Breda Compact Twin Naval Mount Type 70s, the peruvian
'Lup9'class frigafe Meliton Carvajalcanutilize them in an integratedDARDO
CIWS (CloseJnWeapon System) for use againsl anti-shrp mislr/es.
I iii"a" Twin 3o-mm Naval Mount
Designed for the export market, the
Breda Twin 30-mm Naval Mount uses
tlvo Mauser MK cannon set in a hvin
cradle within a turret, Some of the adv-
anced featwes of the twin 40-mm U70
mount described separately have
been incorporated into the design to
reduce reaction time to a mintmum,
The mount is completely automated,
with sufficient ammunition reserves
(2,000 belted ready-use rounds per
mount) to meet both saturation and
successive wave attacks wrthout the
need for human intervention to replen-
ish stocks, Four versions are available
to meet slting afiangements in various
classes of warships. In each case the
dimensrons and weights have been re-
duced to the mrnimum to save top-
weight, The ammunition is the same as
that developed for the American GAU-
B tank-buster cannon, and comprises
two basic types: an HE-incendiary
round with an impact fuse and an AP-
incendrary round with the penetrator
rnade out of depleted uranium. A pro-
duction line has been set up tn anti-
cipation of orders.
Specification
Breda30-mm
Calibre:30 mm
Numberof barrels:two
Elevation: - 13'to +85"
Muzzle velocity: 1040 m (3,412 ft) per
second
Effestive range:3000 m (3,280 yards)
Rate of fire: 1,600 rounds per minute
Weight:varies according to the ship
type fitted
Number ofrounds carried on mount:
2,000
The Breda Compact Twin 30-mm Right : The B red a C ompact Twin 30 -
Naval Mount is now in production: mm is fully automatic and is based on
first exantples are for missile patrol the advanced designfeatures ofthe
craftof anunspecified customer. In larger twin 40 - mm sys tem, bu t with
the background is a'Lupo' class the smaller 30-mm shell a greater
frigate with twin 40-mm turret number of ready -use rounds js
uisible. available.
The general layout of the grunhouse
and below- decks m agazine for 2,000
ready-use rounds is seen rn ffie
cutaway drawings below. Already
the Breda company has designed a
single 30-mm naval mount along the
same lines and firing the same GAU-
8/A ammunition types.
-/- '':- --r
.36#.: \.
€. 1 \
lf 2,9-;.
2 Mantlet plate
3 Leftfeedbelt
4 Rightfeed belt
5 Mauserelevating mass'1 ,,
6 Accessdoor
7 Training power drive
8 Spent case and link
deflector chutes
I Elevationtoothed sector
10 Firing mechanism
1 1 Booster
12 Guide
13 Firing limiting device 1g
1 4 Elevation power drive
15 Spentcaseandlink
evacuation tubes
'16 Training lock
17 Elevation iock
18 Auxiliary junction box
19 Magazine
A
il fi-** L/TOBreda Compact Twin Naval Mount Type 70
The 40-mm U70 Breda Compact Twin
Naval Mount Type 70 is a joint venture
by Breda Meccanica Bresciana and
Bofors to produce a system intended
for point-defence use against aircraft
and anti-ship missiles, The mount is
fuily automatic in operation, and fea-
tures a high rate offlre with a consider-
able ready-use ammunition supply to
the two gnrns, which are laid by re-
mote-control high-performance servo-
*-'!g:*
units, The mount is available in two 1':-'."1.i'ta
versrons, the Type A and Type B,
which differ only in weights and the
amount of ammunition carried in the
turret's magazine (736 rounds tn the
Type A and 444 in the Type B), In each
variant the magazine itself rs divided tn
to two halves, each with horst servingr
one barrel, Three types of ammunition
are fired: 40-mm AP tracer, 40-mm HE
direct actron (with impact fuse) and
40-mm HE proxrmity-fused, Both tur-
rets are in production and service with
a number of navies worldwide, espe-
cially as secondary armament on mis-
srle craft. When the mount is coupled
to a Selenia RTN-2OX VJ-band fire-
control radar with a direct electronlc Specification T he O mani navy mlssj/e boa f Al Mansur moun fs a 40 - m m L I 7 0 B r e d a C o m p a c:
link to the ship's main surveillance UTOBredaCompact TWinNavalMountTypeT0'B'forward, carrying atotal of 444rounds in iG
radar and flre-control system, the Calibre:40 mm magazine below decks. The weapon can be used in both the air defence ane
weapon then forms part of the Dardo Number of barrels: two surface attack roles, a flexibility important in smaller navies.
close-rn weapon system designed Elevation: - 13" to +85"
specifrcally to counter high-speed Muzzlevelocity: 1000 m (3,281 ft) per
late-detection attacks by antr-ship mis- second
siles;.It does this by utilizing the turret's Effective range: 3500-4000 m (3,830-
rapid-response characteristics and 4,375 yards) dependingr upon tarqet
high rate of flre (togrether with proxrm- type
ity{used ammunitron) in order to en- Rate offire: 600 rounds per minute
sure a kill, The Dardo CIWS is widely Weight: (with ammunition) Type A
fitted in friqate-sized and larger ves- 7300 kq (16,093 lb), and Type B
sels of the ltalian nalry, and has also 6300 kg ( 13,BB9 lb)
been exported to several countries Number ofrounds carried on mount:
who have bought Italian friqates and see main text
missile corvettes.

Left: The heavier twin 40-mm Breda
Type A variant of the L/ 70 Type 70
mounting is used on larger warships,
as ithas amorecapacious magazine
with 736 ready-use rounds below
decksandjssome 1000 kg(2,200 lb)
heavier. More than 20 navies have
adopted theTypeT0.
Above : The Ecuadorean cowe i i e
Esmereldars lyp ical of the genera:-
purpose vesse,ls in service with r'a:-;
navies. I t is armed with Exoc et S S I.i :
and an OTO-M elar a 7 6 -mm d u ai-
purpose ganin addition to the Fj.
armament of A/bafros missiles a-ig
the40-mm L/70 TTpe70 f,vin gr:t.

SPAN

-,,,J 20-mm Meroka Close-In Weapon System

-
-:'.-eloped by CETME, the 20-mm
l'leroka CIWS consists of a turret v,nth
r,': rcws each of sx 20-mm automatic
l:llLkon cannon, a PDS-10 control
-^-:-.ole which incorporates a digital
:::-:ontrol computer, a RAN-12/L
.=::::l and target-designation radar,
j al on-mount PVS-2 monopulse
--- -;;rer Vj-band tracking radar with
,, ::--;ht thermal-rmaging TV camera,
,:,: ::mbrned rate of flre of the bar-
::j -: scme 9,000 lounds per minute,
although only 720 rounds are actually
carried on the mount itsell An addt-
tional 240 rounds apiece are carried in
each of three externally fitted boxes.
The normal mode of action is by radar
control, but the camera can be used for
manualstandby operations vla a moni-
tor umt and controls on the below-
decks console, Tlventy systems have
been ordered by the Spanish nalry in
place of more expensive foretgn CIWS
such as the Phalarx, The allocatron is
due to be four on the carner Principe Specification
de A-sturias, one for each of the sx Meroka
'Descubierta' class frigTates and one for Calibre: 20 mm
each of the flve new 'FFG-7' class mis- Numberofbarrels: 12
sile frigates, The remaining five are to Elevation: not knoum
be introduced on the flve 'Baleares' Muzzlevelocity: 1200 m (3 331 .. ;=:
class ASW frigates from 1985 onwards second
as they undergo thetr midlife refits, Effective range: 2000 m (2'. :.:';' -: :-,
The Meroka will be fltted on the stern, Rate offire: 9,000 rounos p=:::. - .'=
No export sales are expected. Weight:4500 ks (9,921 lb)
Number of rounds carried on mc'.r.i
1.440
Fire Control Sgslems
The problem with defending surface ships from aerial attack
is that an aircraft provides a small target moving fastand
unpredictably. The advent of sea-skimming missiles has
compounded the problem, necessitating maximum efficiency
in anti-aircraft systems.
The key to defending a surface combatant in modern navalwarfare is the use o{
computerized command and control actron-information systems located in a
central operations room below decks. Here are co-ordinated all the data from the
vessel's various sensors, inter-ship data-links, and weapon-controi systems to
build up an accurate set of plots of the tactical air, surface and sub-surface
activity within a given volume round the platform. Once a potential threat is
detected and determined to be hostile, then the appropnate weapon-control
system is assigned to deal with it. ln the case of a medium- to high-level aircraft
or missile threat, lnrtial detection may well be by the ship's long-range air-search
radar, which uses a broad beam that scans through 360" every minute or so to
indicate the presence but not the precise location of a possible target. The raw
data from the search radar is then used by the relevant operations room
personnel to key in a narrower-beam fire-control radarto the specified target in
order to f ix its flight direction and exact location. The informatton or target track
thus gained is then fed into the computerlzed control system of a missile- The lraqis haveproduced their own anti-aircraftgunsystem based on four
launcher or anti-aircraft gun mount in order to direct the weapon in elevation and Yugoslavian 20-mm guns (derived from the 20-mm Oerlikon). Fire control is
bearing so as to engage the incomlng target. The computer then calculates the the simplest available, comprising the human eye and a simple sighting
optimum engagement distance and for a gun the number and duration of burst. system with manual bearing and elevation controls.
Such systems were in the majority amongst the Royal Navy shrps in the
Falklands. and could not cope very well wlth the Argentine low-level attacks Although the level of sophistlcation of fire-control systems s increasing
coming out of the surrounding terrain when they operated close to shore. rapidly, the 1982 Falklands war also demonstrated the fact that although such
To deal with this type of attack by low{lying aircraft, and with targets such as systems can be present aboard ship, there is still a need for as much firepower
sea-skimming anti-ship missiles like the Exocet and the Soviet'pop-up' SS-N-7, as can safely be carried by the ship to be brought to bear on the incoming
the conventional long-range and fire-control radars have to be replaced by a target(s). Whether or not this weight of f ire hits the target aircraft is not entirely
combined search and target-tracking set mounted on a completely automatic relevant, as by its mere presence in the area of the target during the attack it can
defence system with extremely rapid response times. There are a number of cause the pilot to lose his nerve and break off or delay weapons release
these 'last-ditch' close-in weapon systems now available, such as the 2O-mm sufficien-tly for them to miss. lf the target is a missile, then the greater the
Phalanx, the 25-mm Skyguard and the 30-mm Goalkeeper. All are characterized weight of metal thrown at lt the better the chance of hitting it hard enough to
by fully automatic operation from target detection to destruction, and once destroy it.
activated they will endeavour to shoot down all rapidly-closing targets in order of Where the f ire-control system comes in, whatever its level of sophistication,
priority unless overridden by the operatrons room. is that it should ensure the guns be pointed in the correct direction at the right
For those ships without the sophisticated electronics-equipped operations time and at roughly the correct elevation before the engagement begins. The
room and f ire-control systems, rellance is placed back on optical detection and Royal Nar,y learnt to its cost that it is no good having on paper some of the
tracking devices. The oldest of which is the 'Mk 1 Eyeball' coupled with a simple world's best available air-defence systems if the associated electronics are not
ring and bead sight on the gun itself . The best example of this is the Royal Navy's capable of engaging manoeuvring targets but only those which appear like
elderly 20-mm Oerlikon cannon as currently used on most of its surface com- target drones, flying a straight and level course. These inadequacies should have
batants. Further up the scale rs the gyro-stabilized optical sight, while the by now been rectified in order for the Royal Navy to be capable of meeting a far
ultimate is the fitting of low-light television or inf ra-red camera units which can more sophisticated threat in the form of the Warsaw Pact.
be used in poor visibility and at night, a capability which was hitherto unavailable
to air-defence guns unless they were directed by radar. This 'Osa' class missile boat of the Eryptian navy is not typical in that its fire
For the future, laser desrgnators are already being tested both as a means to contol system and associated 'Drum Tilt' radar (visible on the platform aft)
guide laser-homing shells and to give contrnuous and reliable ranging for close-in controlonly the 30-mm guns. ComparableWestern systems controlguns,
targets. torpedoes and missiles, in addition to providing search and track facilities.

Above : O ne of the two maj or
elements in any fire control system is
the radar. The I talian DARDO system
employs the OrionRTN-ZOX radar,
dereloped spe cifically for use with
c lose - in wea pon sfslems.
Modern Naval Anti-Aircraft Weapons
Above:The other mainelement is the
computerized control centre in the
ship. Typically. as in fhe Selenja
example above, itwill consistof an
operator's console for theweapon
system and a tactical data display.
Above:TheMk92 FCS developedfor the US Navy's pHM hydro{oit
p1ogramme was designed for air and surface actions using guns and mlss::'ss
The system includessearci radars, trackingradar, IFF and navigation rac.r
as wel/as standard target illumination radar, and is integrated iito a
computerized command and control system.
Left: The price of failure
- the charred hulk of HMS Sheffield afterbernErsa*:-<
by anExocetmissile. Ships'fire control systemsmuslreacf rn secondi to slo":
down sea- skimmrngrmissi,les f o avoid a similar fate.
Below: The Mk 86 gan fire control system fitted to the most recent IJS surf ace
combatants can operate rh several operational modes, including radar-
directed surface fire, air action, anti-ship missile defence, visual surtace f.re
and indirect short bombardment.
I 5ii-** anti-aircraft sruns
Tre f,rst Soviet 30-mm mount was the
A-K-230 60-calibre system which en-
iered sewice in 1960 to replace the
elderly 25-mm 60-calibre twin anti-
atcra-ft gnrn on new-build major and
r::nor warship classes. The small en-
:rcsed h-rrret is usually known by the
:::ckrame Dalek because of its phystc-
a1 appearance. The two 30-mm cannon
=:ted are fully automatic in operation,
are water-cooled, The
=C the barrels
--:eoretrcal maximum rate of fire for the
;:rs rs 1,050 rounds per minute, but
-:e maximum realistrc rate to prevent
jaroage rs actually in the region of 200-
2{i rounds per minute, The guns are
".raly used in conjunction with a
l:.:m Tilt' fire-control radar or a re-
:::o:e optical director, On the smaller
s::-ps fitted with the AK-230 an anti-
s,:jace role is also assiqned to the
:.!e. the maximum effective range
re-ng 2500m (2,735 yards), A shell
-rerghing 0.54 kq (1.2]b) is used. The
s_.-srem has been widely exported to
S:-,-,et-supplied states as the Enrn forms
-,:e mairi armament of the 'Osa' class
:::ssle craft,
lc
counter the threat of missile
:::ack ihe Soviets developed the 30-
-,';eapon further to produce a 'Gatl-
=i:r jun verslon with sx 30-mm barrels
-:::
:,s-de a largrer barrelJrke cylinder in a
s-:::ar shaped mount known by the
::,.-giiaton AK-630, This is designed
:r -e at a fast rate as large a number of
:: - o4-kg (1,21b) shells as possrble,
-r--:- :igh-dersity metal penetrators to
::s::_v cruse missile stzed targets at
::l::.vely close range. Usually
I HT-** anti-aircraft gruns
--:= lldest of the Soviet nar,ry's 57-mm
anti-aircraft gn:ns is a single-barrel 70-
::J:e mountlng which can still be
-:'..:i cn some 'Skory (Mod)' des-
::,,-els. This versron was followed in
:-= la:e 1950s by a tvuin-barrel version
ri:tr: Ls fould on a number of the
warship classes such as the
=:Jerclass
l-:: patrol vessels and radar
;-i<3:s. The flnal version of the
r:atrcn to appear was a quadruPle
:-:':::'r,rth
the barrels arranged in two
s;er:rnposed pairs. All three systems
:::- be controlled locally, the twin and
:-::j 3rrs Lrsing either 'Hawk Screech'
:: hi':ff Cob' fire-control radars to
:b::jl target data for below-decks
The gnrns fire a 2.8-kq (6.2-
-:' s.::ell which
=.:::cnics, has in recent years
-t-:
mounted in pairs with a'Bass Trlt'flre-
control radar, the pounl is in servtce
on the 'Kiev', 'Kdra', 'Udaloy', Sov-
remenny','Slava' and'Kresta II' classes,
and has been retrofitted to several old-
er ships, On smaller warshtps it is
usually found as a single mount
together with a larger-caltbre gmn and
a fire-control radar, Each mount also
has a remote fire-control optical direc-
tor.
Specification
AK-230
Calibre:30 mm
Numberof barrels:two
Elevation:0" to +85"
Muzzlevelocity: 1000 m (3,281 ft) per
second
Effective range: 2500 m (2,735 yards)
Rate of fire: 1,050 rounds per minute
Specification
AK-630
Calibre:30 mm
Number ofbarrels: sx
Elevation:0'to i85'
Muzzle velocity: 1000 m (3,28I ft) per
second
Effective range: 3000 m (3,280 yards)
Rate offire: 3,000 rounds per minute
Right: Soviet dktribution of CIWS is
liberal, with ves se/s sucft as tft e
nuclear-powered'Kirov' class being
equipped with up to eight 30-mm
Gatling types, the four-stern turrets
being shown here. The Soviets may Below: The 30-mm turretfor twin automatic cannon is standard fit aboard
have developed a high-density Soviet lightforce unjtsandr'ssfiown on the bowof aSovietnavy'Osa /'class
penetrator round for the system. missile boat. The turret has also been exportedwidely toSovietclient states.
been fltted with a proximity fuse to 70-calibre gun,
increase its lethalrty against missile-
type targets, The weapons can also be Specification
flred in the antr-surface targtet role, in 5?-mml,/70
Calibre: 57 mm
whrch the maxrmum effectrve range ts
B ha (5 miles), Number of barrels: one, two or four
In the early 1960s a new twtn 57-mm Elevation: 0'to +90"
B0-calibre water-cooled dual-purpose Muzzlevelocity: 1000 m (3,281 ft) per
mount was tntroduced tnto service. second
This is fully automatic in operation from Effective range: 4500 m (4,920 yards)
the below-decks ammunition handling Rate of fire: 120, 240 or 480 rounds per
room to the gn-rn mount itsell Classes minute
fitted with the gnrn include the 'Mosk-
va', 'Kresta I', 'Kresta II', 'Poti', 'Grisha
VIVIII','Nanuchka','Thrya','Ropucha', 'Kanin' class units of the Soviet navy
'Ugrra' and 'Berezina', The fire-control have two 57-mm quadruple
radars used are the 'Mu-ff Cob' or 'Bass mountings located forward and have
Tilt' systems, while the ammunition been suppliedwith new proximity:
fired is of the same type as used by the fused ammunition.
57-mm anti-aircraft gnrns (continued) Modern Naval Anti-Aircraft Weapons
Specification
57-mmU80
Ca.libre:57 mm
Numberof barrels: two
Elevation; 0" to +85"
Muzzlevelocity: 1000 m (3,281 ft) per
second
Effective range: 6000 m (6,560 yards)
Rate offire: 240 rounds per minute

The twin 57-mm turretmounted aft

on the Soviet'Grisha III' class
corvette was firstintroduced in the
I960s. Water-cooled, it is a fully
autom atic we apon with increased
m aximum r ange from that of its
predecessor.

il6:'h* I/60 and, L/70 Bofors automatic snrns

The orignnal 40-mm U60 Bofors auto-
matrc anti-arcraft qnrn was introduced
into use during the period of World
War II, and today is still in sewice wtth
a number of navies. It may also be
fitted to some new-build warships in a
reconditioned form as rt is no longer in
production. Present-day construction
rs now devoted to the higher perform-
ance 40-mm U70 Bofors gnrn vartant,
which is operational worldwide with
more than 30 nanes. Three basic types
of single barrel mountings for the U70
are offered, these differing in the
amount of automation provided, Gun
control can be either local or remote,
the latter using erther a below-decks
f,re-control system or an above-decks
optlcal director,
To increase the lethallty of the older
U60, two new types of ammunition
have been developed by the Swedes,
a prefragimented HE (PFHE) round tionally forms part of the ltalian Breda 1200 and 2500 kq (2,646 and 5,5 I 1 lb) The original40-mm L/60 Boforswas
with a proximity fuse and an armour- 40-mm sinqle- and twrn-barrel qnrn Number of rounds carried on mount: one of the principal air defence
piercrnq hrgh-capacity tracer (APHC- mounts, whrch are currently used by varies according to mount type weapons of the US Fleetin the Pacific
T) round. The U70 has its own family of more than 20 navies, wan It servedwell into the 1970s anc
ammunrtion which includes PFHE, Specification was last mounted on sucft vessels a.-
HCHE, HE{racer (HE-T) and practice Specification UTOBofors the attac k tr ansport USS Sandova l,
types, The pulse-Doppler radar pro- U60 Bofors Number ofbarrels: one whjcfi isseen sftadowed by a'T- 143'
xrmity fuses f,tted to the two PFHE Calibre: 40 mm Elevation: - 10'to +90" c/ass minesweeper of the S oviet
round types allows missile tarqets to Numberofbarrels: one Muzzle velocity: 1005- 1030 m (3,297 - navy.
be engagred, the V60 version having Elevation: - 10'to +80" 3,379 ft) per second according to
al effective detonation distance ofbe- Mrzzlevelocity:830 m (2,723 ft) per roundtype 70-315 1700 kq(3,748 lb)artdSlj=--
:rveen 4.5 and 6,5 m (14.76 and 21,33 ft) second Effective range: 4000 m (4,375 yards) 70-520 3790 ks (8,355 lb)
arid the V7O round of behveen I and Effective range: 3000 m (3,280 yards) Rate of fire: 300 rounds per minute Number of rounds carried on mour:t
I m (3.28 and 22,97 ft) dependtng upon Rate offire: 120 rounds per minute Weight: (without ammunition) SAK sAK40r,/70-350 96, SAK 40L ?a-: _: :a
.arget size and type, The V70 addr Weight: varies, but typically between 40V70-350 2890 kq (6,371 lb), SAK 40U and SAK 40U70 -524 1.44

l-:e BredalBofors 40-mm L/70 naval mountwith a Breda 144 round automatic Among the most popular of Bofors mounts are those provided byBreda. the
:*C device allows the number of men requiredon-mountto bereduced to L/ 7 0 being u s ed in bo th s ingle and twin form s. T he comp ac t twin tun e t is
:prt. -arith a third on standby to reload the feed mechanism during lulls in firing. currently in service or on order for more than 20 navies worldwide.
 € UdH#'boan<eeper Close-In weapon System
=
The 30-mm Goalkeeper CIWS naval
au-defence system ls an autonomous
radar-directed short-rangTe weapon
Left: Goalkeeper is able to engage
multiple targets, the system having
demonstrated kills of simulated
designed for fully automatic defence supersonic anti-sft ip cruise rnrssi/es
against high-speed missile and air- at ranges of 500 m and 400 m
craft, Burlt as a joint venture by the respectively within about one
American company General Electrrc second of switching targe t.
and the Dutch company Hollandse Sig-
naalapparaten BV, the Goalkeeper has
all tts eiements integrated on a single
mount like the Phalanx system, The
Goalkeeper consists of an I-band
track-while-scan search-and-
acquisition surveillance radar, a dual-
frequency VK-band tracking radar,
fire-control electronics and a cannon
mth high rate of fire, namely the 30-
mm seven-barrel GAU-B/A Sea Vulcan
version ofthe aircraft Gatling gmn, Sys-
tem operation is completely automatic
from target detection, through target
destruction and termination of the en-
gaqment, to detection of the next
target, Missiles flytng as low as 5 m
(16.4ft) have been successfully des- Number of barrels: seven
troyed, and the trackrng radar can also Elevation: -25"to +85"
be used against high-elevation drving Muzzlevelocity: 1021 m (3,350 ft) per
targets, For multiple attacks there is an second
automatrc krll-assessment subsystem Effective range: 3000 m (3,280 yards)
to assigm target pdorities. The Ap ds- Rate of fire: 4, 200 rounds per mrnute
carding-sabot round has, instead ofthe Weight: (wrthammunition) 6730 kg
original depleted-uranium penetrator, (14,837lb)
one made of a high-density tunqsten Number of rounds carried on mount:
alloy, For softer tarqets an HE- 1,190
tncendiary round is employed, A total
of 1, I90 rounds is carried in a linkless- Left:AGoalkeeper CIWS is seenona
feed/drum-storage system. To replen- test rig during the trials stage. At
ish this storage/feed arrangement a pres ent the Roy al N etherla n ds navy
bulk loadlng system is used, but in an has ordered one prototype, two pte-
emergency manual reloading can be production and I0 production
performed, The Goalkeeper system systems for fitting to its warships,
has been chosen by the Royal Nether- and the Royal Navy has ordered a
lands navy for its 'Kortenaer', lacob number for its lalesf warsftip c/asses.
van Heemskerck' and future 'M' class
frigates, The Royal Navy has also
ordered a number for fittinq to its four
'T\pe 22 Batch 3' class frigaies and the
new'Type 23' or'Duke' class medium-
szed frigates, Right: The 30-mm Goalkeeper CIWS
uses amodifiedversion of theseven-
Specification barrel GAU-9|A aircraft Gatling gun,
Goalkeeper with integrated fire control and
Calibre:30 mm search radars on the same mount.

SRAEL

30-mm TCM-30 Twin Naval Gun

Built by a subsidiary of Israel Aircraft
Industries, the 30-mm TCM-30 Twin
Naval Gun consrsts of a pair of 30-mm
automatic cannon and their feed sys-
tems mounted in a stabilized electri-
cally-actuated turret capable of hrgh
anqular accelerations. The cannon are
30-mm Oerlikon models, and are car-
red on a barrel-support system which
reduces longer-range shot dispersion
:o a minrmum, The turret's positioning
a:ld traverse velocity can be control-
led from the ship's flre-control system,
Five different types of ammunttion can
oe used in the hvo 125-round linked-
ammunition boxes that are located on
tre gun cradle, T\ro reserve maqa-
zuies provide a further 40 rounds for
ne system, The TCM-30 is Crradually
:eplacrng the older single-barrel
Bofors 40-mm mounts fltted to the
Israeli nalry's missile craft after the pro-
:ctype was tested aboard the 'Ahyah'
ciass Geoula. The same gnrn has also
been adapted for land use on a towed
:arriage and armoured fighting vehr-
:les, as well as being employed in the
Spider tr au-defence artillery system,
Under Israeli government regnrlations
:: s also being offered for export,
The TCM-30 twin 30-mm naval air
detence weapon is now in service
with the Israelinavy aboard several
of the missile boats of the SAAR 4.5
desigm.Thegrun acts as aCIWS and
shares this dutywith 14 20-mm
Phalanx systems boughtfrom theUS
Navy.
Specification
TCM-30
Calibre:30 mm
Numberof barrels:two
Elevation: -20"to +85"
Muzzlevelocity: 1080 m (3,543 ft) per
second
Effective range: 3000 m (3,280 yards)
Rate of fire: 1,300 rounds per minute
Weight: (with ammunition) not krown
Number ofrounds carried on mount:
290
The Guns of San Carlos
The conflict in the F alklands was the first to see maj or surface units of a
technologically advancedWestern navy fighting off large-scale air attack from a
determined and resourceful enemy. Among the many lessons learned, the value
conventional gun defence was not the least important.
The Royal Navy has been a major advocate of
SAM systems for the last 20 years, but the 1982
Falklands war re-emphasized the need for a
balancedmix of air defence systems, Operating
in the confines of San Carlos Water and its
surrounds, the much-vdunted missile systems
were hard pressed to keep at bay the lowlevel
attacks made by the Argentine air force and
naval air arm, largely because of the masking
ol the search and fire-control radars by the
terrain and the ground returns that this caused
on the screens, Thus, until the Rapier battery
was established ashore the day after the land-
rng, the main air defence olthe fleet was left to
the i14-mm (4S-in) Mk 6 and Mk 8 medium
gn:ns, the 40-mm Bofors and 20-mm Oerlikons
of the secondary armament, and the obsolete
optrcally-guided Sea Cat SAM, Wherever
possible these were supplemented by hastily
contrived mountings for 7,62-mm (0 3-in)
machine-guns, and the shoulder-launched
Blonprpe SAM,
The fu]]y automatrc srngle-barrel I l4-mm Mk
8 gun has an effective range of 22 km (13 67
miles) and can be fired at a maximum rate of 25
rounds per minute, Fitted with a Thorn EMI
N97 multi-role fuse, the 2 1-kg (46 3-1b) shel1 can
be armed for contact, delayed action or pro-
ximity detonation, the last berng ideal for anti-
aircraft flre as the 25-kg (5 S-lb) HE bursttng
charge in the shell produces over 3,000 metal-
lic fragments when it explodes, A specialist
chaff round can also be flred to confuse the
search radars of attacking aircraft and radar-
enlded anti-ship missiles, The Mk 8 saw most
of
service during the war in the shore bombard-
ment role, although during the 21 May landings
at San Carlos it was used in the air-defence role
as well, Beiore she was sunk on that day the
Type 2l HMS Ardenf alone used some I90
rounds of I l4-mm ammumtion, five Sea Cat
missiles and several hundred 20-mm rounds
against the initial air raids by Grupo 3 FMA
Pucaras and Grupo 6 IAi Daggers without any
success, while on 30 May the 'Type 2l' frigate
HMS Arzenger actually engaged and des-
troyed an AM,39 Exocet (aimed at the carrier
group) with her Mk 8 gmns at a range of 12.8 km
(8 miles),
HMSP/ymoufh attack
The semi-automatic or manual twin Mk 6,
with an earlier version of the 1 14-mm gmn, has a
lower performance using a 25-kg (55-1b) shell
out to some 19km (ll8 miles). Again marnly
used for shore bombardment, in one air-
surface action carried out on the 'Rothesay'
ciass frrqate HMS Plymouth on 8 June, the Mk 6
mounting could not be brought to bear on a line
astern attack by flve Grupo 6 Daggers which
could only be met by firing 20-mm Oerlikons,
small arms and several Sea Cat SAMs, none of
which brought down the aircraft, The ship for-
tunately suffered only damage from four bombs
which hit the superstructure but failed to deton-
ate, The Mk 8 normally uses the WSA Mk 4
fire-control system wrth control effected from
the below-decks operation room by loystrck
and the appropriate Action Information system,
while the Mk 6 uses the elderly MRS3 system,
The 40-mm L/60 or L/70 Bofors is useci c:r -::
two-man single-barrel Mk 7 and Mk g mc'-:-:-
rngs, At one time both these (and a twin sys:e:::
were the standard AA weapons of the flee: i:::
by the Falklands war they had been relega:ed
to lorm the secondary armament of se-,'er.-
missile-equipped classes such as the 'T\pe 22
Batch Is' and'Leanders'. The mourrtings a:e
open to the elements and powered to +;=
raprd training and followinq, Fire-conirol 's
either by the Type 1006 high-defrnitron naviga
tion and helicopter-control radar, or more cc::-
monly by the qyro-stabrlized sights with spee c
rings on the mount. The HE ammunition'.lsei
weighs some 2.4 kq (5.3 lb) and is proximriy- 3r
contact-fused; rts lethality is nowhere near:ia:
of the new ammunltron ranges produced by tne
Swedes to upgrade the weapons to coun:e:
anti-ship missile targets, Depending upon :ne
length of the gmn the effectrve range is eiihe:
3000 m (3,280 yards) or 4000 m (4 375 yarcjs.
which was of signiflcant benefit in San Car-:s
Water, On 27 May Bofors fire from HMS Fe*-'
/ess or Intrepid, the two British assault ships
caused damage to the only arrcraft which ca:-
categorically be stated to have been shot do',',:-
by AA gunfire alone. The Argentine air force
McDonnell Douglas A-4B Skyhawk from Grup -
5, piloted by Lieutenant Veiasco, suffered suc:
severe damage while overflying San Car-:s
Water on the way to attack a target at Ala,x Ba=.
that Velasco turned back and eventua---;
elected from his aircraft while over Wesr Fa-.-
land.
Such was the shortage of close-range automatic
weaponry during the Falklands conflict that the
Iight machine-guns of the infantry were pressed
into service as an ad hoc defence. The loaded LCU
leaving the docking well of HMS lntrepid fias a GP!'IG
pintle-mounted at the stern.
-a
The Guns of SanCarlos
The marn close-range gun was the ubr-
quitous 20-mm Oerhkon which originated from
a Swiss design and had actually been declared
obsolete in 1945, However, because of its light
werght and robustness it stayed on with the
fleet for use in the local surface defence and
AA roles, In fact on a number of classes (such as
the 'Type 2 1', 'Type 42' and 'County') it provtded
the only other gmn armament apart from the
I l4-mm weapon, With a crew of one or two lor
an open pedestal mount, the gun is under local
operator control with only a ring and bead
sight, The shell werghs 0 4 kq (0 88 lb) and 1s
effective out to a rnaximum range of 1500 m
(1,640 yards). However, its effectiveness
against high-performance attacking aircraft in
other than a scare role with tracer rounds is
suspect because of the local fire control, This
was proved on more than one occasion during
the Falklands war,
:*:i=]''t,-::::
The final weapon in the atr-defence artillery
role on a number of shtps was the 7.62-mm
machine-sun in its L7A2 belt-fed GPMG and
magazine-fed L4A4 LMG verstons. With an
effective range of between BOO and 1000 m (875
and 1,095 yards) and firing mlxed loads of trac-
er and AP rounds, these weapons proved use-
ful deterrent weapons, In fact during the final
attack on Ihe Ardent, by three A 4Q Skyhawks
of the 3rd Naval Frghter and Attack Squadron,
the shrp's civihan canteen manager Petty
The courage ofthe pilots Argentinathrew agains:
the defences of the Royal Navy task force was
evident from the start, and in the enclosed waters
of S an C arlos the sft rps in the landing force we re
subjected to repeated attack.
Officer John Leake (an ex-army man give:. ,
naval rank for the duration of hostihtres) ma:--
aged to direct a burst from his LMG into i:=
wrng of the second Skyhawk (prloted c-.'
Lieutenant Jose Arca) puncturing its fuel tanks
Following a subsequent air battle wtth BAe Sea
Harners, rn which his two companions wer.-
shot down and his aircraft suffered further dam
age in the vicinrty of its landing gear, Arca
decided to attempt an emerqency landing a:
Port Stanley as the amount of fue] remaintng
was insu,fficient to regain either the matnland or
a Lockheed KC-130H tanker atrcrait, Once
over the field Arca found that his landinq qear
would not lower because of the damage
caused by the Sea Harriers'cannon fire, so he
ejected, the aircrait crashlng soon after into the
sea just offshore,
Overestimated kills
When Argentine losses are analysed against
off,cial British claims of 43 kills to missile and
AA gmnfire, serious doubts creep in, All avarl-
able published evrdence indicates that thts
The only aircraft indubitably shot down by gunfire
was a McDonnell Douglas A-48 Skyhawk from
Grupo 5 of the Argentine air force. Piloted by
LieutenantVelasco, itwas hit by40-mm shells from
one of the British assaulf sftrps and eventually
crashed onWest Falkland after LieutenantValasco
ejected.
":
fl
The Argentine air force (right) and
navy (above) both operated
M cDonnell D ouglas S kyhawks
during the conflict. Had the aircraft-
carrjer 25 de Mayo not been kept in
port by the thrcat of British nuclear
submarines, theTask Force could
well have experienced attacks from
unexpected directions. As it was,
the navyA-4swere hamperedin the
same way as those of their air force
colleagues, fighting at the limit of
their range-
Britrsh clarm is a gross overestimate. The guns
may possibly have had a part with other
weapons in some four other kills. These were
an A-4B Skyhawk of Grupo 5 on 23 May, an
A-4C Skyhawk of Grupo 4 on 24 May, and two
more A-4C Skyhawks from the same grupo on
the following day.
Whatever the actual losses, the war proved
that the local air defence of British warships
was woefully inadequate for modern naval
warfare against jet aircraft and missiles, As a
direct result ships hurriedly commlssioned (af-
ter building or refits) to go to the South Atlantic
i.
after the war were fitted with extra AA firepow.
er. In the case of the 'Type 42' air-defence
vessels the ships' boats were sacrificed to flt
two twin 30-mm GCM-AO3-2 mounts and two
slngie 2O-mm guns to supplement the two Oer-
likons amrdships. The carrier HMS llluslnous
sprouted two 20-mm Phalanx CIWS before her
departure, Subsequently most of the other
warships had their close-in gun armament
strengthened wrth either the 'Type 42' fit or the
addrtion of extra 2O-mm quns of one type or
another, Practrcally all ships today have had
the improvements made, most ships also hav-
ing several special positions prepared icr
machine-gmns,
For the future the Royal Navy is to instal a
number of CIWS on its sdips The types chosen
appear to be the 30-mm Goalkeeper and the
Phalanx, The lnrtral fit of the former wrll be to
the 'Type 22BaIch 3s' and the new'Type 23'or
'Duke' class frigates.
Argentine low-level attacks on the British fleet
resulted in the loss of four ships; things might have
been different had the RoyalNavy attached
greater importance to the gun as part of air
defence. Their appreciation has risen greaily as a
result of the conflict, with gun amamentnow seen
to complementmissile systems rather than being
added as an aftetthought.
The Guns of San Carlos

Left: An Argentine Dagger comes Above: HMS Antelope il/asnolso

under firefrom a'Rothesay'class lucky, however.Attacked on 23May,
frigateinSanCarlosWater. HMS she blewup on thefollowing day
Plymouth of the class was hit by four while attempts were being made to
bombson9June,havingonlyiwo defusean unexplodedbomb.The
20-mms astern able to bear on the broken-backed wreck lay in San
attack. Fortunately the bombs did CarlosWater as mute testimony to
not explode. the ferocity of the batUe.

Below: The lessons of the Falklands were soon learned. HMSIllustrious,l?lfing

out during the conflict, entered sewice with the Phalanx 20-mm CIWS and
improved electronic and communication systems. One Phalanx can be seen
forward by the twinSeaDartlauncher, andanother on thesten.

lb;
\r
\
 SWITZEBLAND

20-mm Naval Gun Type GAM-BOI and 25-mm Naval Gun Type GBM-Aoi
The single-barrel 20-mm GAM-BOI is Although a relatively simple weapon, Below: Similar to the 20-mm wearyr
a simple unpowered locally-operated the 20-mm Oerlikon Type GAM-BO I the 25-mm GBM-AOI fires a heaier
mount that uses the Oerlikon-Birhrie ias been cfi osen by a number of shell.lts lowweight makes it simple
KAA automatic cannon, It rs capable of navies for its lightweight and to instal aboard yesse/s dorzn to tne
engaging surface targets out to 2000 m robuslness. The Royal N avy uses jf tn smallest of fast patrol craft, and no
(2 1BS yards) and aircraft-sized targets c onj u nction w i th tw in 30 - mm mounts electrical power is required {or
out to 1500m (1640 yards). A night to boost close-range AA defences. operation.
srght can be fitted rfrequrred Several
navies use this weapon, includinq the Bottom: The widely-used 20-mm
Spanish nalry's 'Lazarga' and 'Barcelo' Oerlikon mounting of the World W t
class fast attack missile craft The II manual type is still in productia:t
and service worldwide. A more
modern cannon and ring sighting
Royal Nalrys 'lnvincible class carriers;
P sfstem ftasbeen fitted, as on tlus q:;:
in service with the Angolan nary- -
'County', 'Type 42 and 'Type 82' des- aboard an ex-Portugruese 'Bellav:x
troyers; and 'Type 22 Batch 1/2'frigates class patrol vessel.
each have two; and non-converted
'Leander Batch 3' class frigates (one
aprece). The adoption of the gn-rn by the
Royal Nalry was as a result ofits experi-
ences during the Falklands war.
For increased firepower there is the
larger-caiibre 25-mm GBM-AOI,
which is similar in characteristics to
:he GAM-BOI system but mounts the
25-mm KBA-CO2 cannon with a double
belt feed, The engagement ranges are
-he same as those ofthe 20-nrn cannon
but the shell is heavier Several un-
-dentrfied navies have adopted thrs
,-!€apon.

Specification
CAM-BOI
Calihls;NQ n'tn-I
I'lumber of barrels: one
Elevation:: l5'to +60"
Muzzle velocity: 1050 m (3,444 ft) per
:::ond
Effective range: see text
?ate offire: 600 rounds per mrnure
iTeight: (withammumtton) 500 kg
, _12 rb)
li'.:mber of rounds on mount: 200

Specification
=M-AO1
laiibre:25-mm
lr::nber of barrels: one
r:';ation:-15'to+50'
l-1'::z1e velocity: I 100 rn (3,609 ft) per
.; : -:--i
-i:ctive range: see text
i-a:e cf fue: 570 rounds per minute
rxi:::iht: (with ammunitron) 600 kq
:-: ,:)
I n::::er ofrounds on mount: 200

SWITZERLAND

30-mm Twin Anti-Aircraft Gun Type GCM-A

n-
*
:::::::'*
-
30-mm Twin Anti-Aircraft Gun Type GCM-A (continued)

single-barrel LS30B systems, As a

dtect result of the lack of close-range
ar-defence guns duringr the Falklands
war, to augtment secondary armament
the Royal Navy purchased a number of
Ilcence-built GCM-AO3-2 mounts from
the Britlsh company BMARC for fitting
to its sole 'TYpe 82' destroyer and the
12 'T!pe 42' destroyers remalmnq after
HMS S,heffieid and Corentry had been
surk. Unfortunately in the case of the
'Type 42s' the ships' boats have had to
be removed in order to incorporate
the two mountingts requrred and pre-
vent top-heavrness. A number ofother
navies are in the process of evaluatingr
the mounts and are expected to place
orders.

Specification
TypeGCM-A Afterits experience during the
Calibre:30 mm F alklands w ar, the Royal N avy
Numberof barrels:two bought a number of twin 30-mm
Elevation: - 10" to + 75' G C M - A mounts fi tted with F enanti
Muzzle velocity: 1080 m (3,543 ft) per Weight: (with ammunition) GCM-AO3- Number ofrounds carried on mount: gyroscopic lead angle computing
second I 2910 ks (6,415 lb), GCM-AO3-2 CCM-AO3-1/2 500, and GCM-AO3-3 sights from BMARC Ltd to
Effective range: 3000 m (3,280 yards) 2515 kq (5,545 lb) and GCM-AO3-3 640 supplement its close-range anti-
Rate of fire: 1,300 rounds per minute 2560 kg (5,644 Ib) aircraft armament.
SWITZERLAND

35-mm Twin Anti-Aircraft Gun Type GDM-A

Strnilar in concept and design to the
highly successful Oerlikon twrn 35-mm
Type GDF land-based anti-aircraft
euns, the naval35-mm Type GDM-A is
ntended primarily for use against air
attacks, but if required can also be
used to engage swface targets at sea
and on land. The stabilzed mount is an
all-weather system with its electronic
control units located below decks, The
cannon fltted are of the KDC model,
-which are fully automatic in operation.
The hnret has three possible modes of
'.:ser fu1ly automatic with control exer-
cised from either a below-decks flre-
control system or an upper-deck optic-
a1 aiming unit fitted with an auxiliary
computer; local operator control with
'Jre gmnner using a joystick and qyro-
stabilized gunsight; and emerqency
manual control using tvuo hand wheels
and the qunsight when power to the
nount rs cut. Each of the cannon has 56
ready-use rounds, with anolher 224
:ounds in total reseffe. At least f,ve
:cuntnes use ihis turret on their
warships, namely Ecuador, Greece,
iran, Libya and Turkey.
Specification
TypeGDM-A
Calibre:35 mm
Number of barrels: two
Elevation: - 15'to +85"
Muzzlevelocity: t 175 m (3,855 ft) per
second
Effective range: 3500 m (3,830 yards)
Rate offire: 1, 100 rounds per minute
Weight: (withammunition) 6520 kg
(14,374 lb)
Number of rounds on mount: 336
Below: Produced as a private venture
by OTO-Melara, the twin 35-mm OE/
OTO mount uses the Oerlikon KDA
35-mm gun,whichis similar to the
KDC gun employedin the Swiss
company's Tlpe GDM-A system. At Above: The original Oerlikons were largely used as naval weapons, but the
presentonly the Libyan navy has 35-mm KDC cannon used in the GDM-A is derived trom a towed weapon
bought the mount for its'Assad' c,lass developed in the la te I 9 5 0 s. The I talia n model, known to O erlikon as the
missile corvettes. GDM-C, uses a slightly heavier variant.

l
I:tr
il EI ffi zsil'ffil"sruard Close-in Weapon
The 25-mm Seaquard CIWS naval air-
Cefence system is an intemational pro-
lect between countries from Italy,
Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
It consrsts of an above-decks tracker
module, an independent search radar,
a GMB-B]Z Sea Zenith mount with four
KBB-R04/404 cannon, and a below-
Cecks,ammunition feed and operator's
console with associated electronics,
The sensor unit is fitted with a K-band
radar, a forward-looking infra-red
|FLIR) system and a laser sensor for
ihe acquisitron of missile-sized targets.
Each of the cannon is independently
ied from the below-decks ready-usi:
supply, where sufficient rounds are
available to enqage 18-20 different
rargets without reloadinq, Typical en-
qraqement ranges are from 1500m
F USA
20-mm Mk
System
( 1,640 yards) down to l0O m ( 109 yards) Specification Rate of fire: 3,400 rounds per rl:-:::
agaLnst mssiles and out to a maximum Seagnrard Weight: (withammuriition) 570C k;
of 3500 m (3,830 yards) aqainst aircraft, Calibre:25 mm (12,566Ib)
Arnrnunition types fired include an HE- Numberofbarrels: four Number of rounds carried on mourt:
incendiary round and a new Antr- Elevation: -20" to +127" 1,660
Missile Discarding-Sabot (AMDS) Muzzle velocity: 1355 m (4,446 ft) per
rould, If requfed the mount can be second The obvious difference
elevated to +127'to cover steep- Effective range: 100-3500 m ( 109-3,830 between Seagruard and mos :
dling targets, Three Seagmard CIWS yards) other close-inweapon
systenrs are betng fltted to each ofthe sysfems ts lft ep rovision of
fow 'MEKO 200'frigates being built at
W
fou r b a r rels ind e pe n d en tJy
present for the Twlesh navy, fed w ith ammu nitio n, ins te a c
of a single rotary cannon. Ti::
Below: The first navy to adopt the allows for redundancy in the
25-mm Seaguard CIWS is that of feed system.
Turkey, which has ordered sufficient
to arm four frigates currently under
construction. Enough ammunition is
provided on-mount to engage I 4
targe ts without r e Io ading.
t
n
#
FE
15/16 Phalanx CIose-In Weapon System
accelerated to equip HMS 1llustrjous,
At present lhe Invincible and 11/usl-
rious carry two, whrle the newly com-
pleted Lrk .Roya1 has three, In live
flring trials undertaken by the US Navy
and the Royal Narry the Phalanx has
proved capable of detectinq and des-
troying MM.3B Exocet anti-ship mis-
siles that may threaten Royal Navy
ships in any future conflrct rn the South
Atlantic,
Specification
PhalanxMk 15/16
Calibre:20 mm
Number of barrels: sx
Elevation: -25" to +80'
Muzzle velocity: 1097 m (3,600 ft) per
second
Effective range: 500-1500 m (545-1,640
Rateoffire: 3,000 rounds per minute
Weight: (withammunition) 6092 kq
(13,430 ]b)
Number of rounds on mount: 1,000
(latest Block I version is belleved to
have 1,400-1,600)
The General Dynamics Phalanx uses
a 20-mm six-barrel Gatling Wn with
magazine and integrated fire control
radars on the same mount to
pr oduce a s ingle modu lar we ap on
system package.lt is fully automatic
in operation, but manual override is
possrble.
Fhml€n$rx flm Aeffon
impartant weaponslsfems ffi sewice in the West employ s a gun
J :, e af the most
:rtginally,Jeveloped in the late /950sfor use in theLockheedF-l04Starfighter
a-rcraft. Fhalanx is a cornplele, self-containedand-missiletaircraftsysterncapable
ef clcteatinE and destraying incarning mr'ss#es, eyen f&e sea -skimming Exocet.
-.- :e 1960s the US Navy sought to find a sim-
--=r Close-ln Weapon System (CIWS) than the
!::. Sparrorv SAM, The basic requirement of
. :- r sysrem rs rhal it should desrroy a tlackrng
, . ::-*-r and antr-ship missiles thal have ieaked
' -*qi\ :he ileets
outer deiences of fighter
.-::rait ancl medium- and long-ranQle area-
,r:3ltce SAivls, The reponse to this request
'-: rhe P}ralanx gun system, which was the
,:' : ci cl a ieasibility study av,rarded io General
-.;,:.:.s Pomona Divisicn rn 1969. lt then rook
- '..ars
-- for operatronal weapons to be fitted to
_
. ,^
^--L-+--+^
: : !ulllUdLdllL>
-.-= requircmenl Lhe US Navy placed on
. : ::ea was lor a il1qh individual ]ethalrty and
-,: . rery fast reaction tirne, with coincident
....:r probabrlity of hrttrng the target. To
r-'i-,.re the high rate oi frre needed, Pomona
r:e a modrfied version of the proven 20-mm
-.
,..-:re M6l six-barrel 'Gatling' gun used on
. :.--:a-i The hrgh round-lethality was more dif-
-- --. 3s from the outset a new round (using
.. to deslroy or lo cause pre-
! .:-+':c enerqy
.. ... Je;ona'ion of Lhe rncom^ng warhead)
- : e developed Kncwn as lhe Mk I49, rhis
-.:-j has a depleted uranium penetrator
.,:-'.-aciured from the waste products of nuc-
:- : r-r f;rels. The penelialor .s 2.5 times
: r -:r than a comparable steel one, and has a
,:...-.:::r of oniy 12.7 mm (0,5 in), it isflred rn a
,,:-- :abct with an aluminirm pusher that im-
-.-'- spin io the projectrle, Both the sabot and
. ..-- iieak away afier hring leav.ng rhe
,: .i 1i,crwith almost all the initial muzzle
:.. ..-.',,.laround i097 m (3,600 ft) per second.
. :-,-:h speed (and ihe round's subsequent
flat trajectory) allows for a simple fire-control
solution,
This rs based on the ctosed-loop spotting
lrre.:ontrol concepl developeo Oy loronai
and whrch a a single slroke considerably im-
proves system accuracy and minimizes reac-
tjon ume reouired ior largeL engagemenL, The
two inblilr J-band pulse Doppler VPS 2 raoar
anLennae lolocate the search and track func-
tions on a shared rransmrtrer in he long"qui1
cylin-
drical dome mounted atop the 'Gatlinq in
the closed-loop situation the radari iimul-
taneously.rack bolh the outgo-ncr b.-rsts ol hrc
and the incoming target, the angular error be-
tween the lwo being calculated on the diqital
compuler and ihe result used lo correcr rhe
ojr-ec:ion of lhe :ext burst. Thus Lhe accuracv
increases as the target approaches, the maxl
rmum lethality berng achieved at a range of
somc 457m 1500 yards\ The maxrmum ellec. Above: Phalanx fires a high kinetic energy
lr'/e ra:Tg^ rs somtr 'hree lrmes -hrs drstance penetratar made out of high-densifymefaJs suclr
as uraniurn (in the case o{ the United States Navy)
Automatic operation and tungsten (for {oreign navies). I'his ensures
pfematute exp]osian of any incoming warhead hit.
The entrre Phaiar-x assembiy, which rs some
457m (l5ft) hrsh and 6092kq (t3430]n) rn
Right: British experience in ffteFajk/andsias
weighl. movcs as a srngle unrt and is capable oi shown that incaminEmtss.iles can often be
defearrng oorh diving and sea-skimming anl,- decoyed, butenaugh mightget through to make a
shrp mrss,les. Under normal cordiLions rt oper. cJose-jn defence necessary. HMSInvincible ls filfed
ates automatically to deteci and engage incom- with Phalanx next to theSeaDartlauncher {orward
ing high-speed targets unless an override bul- and on the flight deckaft.
pressed Ilrequired the Phalanx can also
.on is
Below: The most powerfully-armed ancl armoured
accep' larger desionatron data lrom exrerna- surf,ace vesseJ rn the world. the'New Jersey' class
sources or, under the control of a flre-control is invulner ab le to conven tion a/ missi/es. tVuclear-
syslem, engage small surface craii. Wrth a trpped missi/es are a real threat, hawever, which
1,000-round magazine capacity on the early makes the faur Phalanx systems so far fitted of real
production systems, up to five separale targets importance.
 Modern Naval Anti-Aircraft Weapo :, s

I
t
.ffi
g;- Y

a'*€ea #* e€€geii * :'i:1,';,i.:

1W+
1F
Phalarx in Action

. :::;;;q+:':i::
...-:ii#+-:..:t:r. .

i:=i::.:]A{'_
. , :@-ial;!:-
,-F:i'

:t -i

:q: :. : r:: F: :t : tl
i.,'

---, be engaged and destroyed. The actual
-::: befw-een identiiyingr the threat and open-
:.:: rre averages two seconds, For loreign
.'...-::ary sales the depleted uranlum penetrator
:=:- be replaced by a tungsten type.
- :,e history olthe development of the gun is a
. - : -ranpLe of the US procuremenl system in
: -aJ :o satrsfy a sceptical Congress defence
::,:.r:iee as to its avarlability and operational
. -:--..-e> fhe closed-loop spotling concepr
'.: -:,:.lalilr demonstrated in 1970 at lhe White
j.s l;tssiie Range, toqether with the lethalrty
=:.
- :-: iepleted uranium round, Fu11.sca1e en-
- ,-: = r:irg development subsequently started
:. :: j: iildt year, and a prototype unlt success-
- . ::s:royed simulated threat missiles in the
,'-.:l? r'ear, The first seaborne unit went to
j'-.l,ng 1973-4 aboard the frigate USSKing
=-..
:, ,: .a 1Ul
. . , :, iurther
ttler unit
utll was installed duudru
vvdS ltlStdiluLl aboard the
--: . r: :ie destrcyer Cun ntngham andwarshot
.:-:: ',\'?r€ lired againsl rr every weapon
-,'.:-:g a Walleye glide bomli, was des'
-.:i ai a distance Sufficient to ensure the
.--. :- - s:rvival In the foltowing year the
1981 onwards, Additional sales have since
been made to the navies of Australia, Canada,
Israel, Saudi Arabia and the UK, In the case of
the last, the acquisitioh was partly the result of
the experience gained ln ihe 1982 Falklands
war. Both Israel and Saudia Arabra have uSed
their Phalanxes to provide the main anti-
aircraft and missile defences for missile-armed
patrol boats and corveltes. For Israel this in-
cludes defence aqainsi both Soviet SS-N-ZA
and SS-N-28 'Styx' and Western Otomal and
Exocet anLr-ship missiles.
To improve the Phalanx further, an updated
version with more ready-use rounds and the
choice of two firirq rates entered service in
1983. The older guns will be upgraded to this
standard as they go in for overhaul For the
future it is planned that the search-area and
tllc target-detection performance will be en-
USS
The range otweaponry aboard therejuvenated
battleships, lrom nuclear- tipped Tomahawk
crure milsi/es to the IaSt line ofdefence tfia{rs
Phalanx, give the class.a fighting capacity
undreamed of when they were launcbed in the
I94As.
hanced, while the inean time-between-failure
will be increased to improve system rehability
and availability. It is also possrble that a switch
to a 30-mm calibre cannon will be made for
greater lethality,
Mounted amidships on the cruiser USS
Ticonderog4 the Phalanx CIWS provides the lasf
ditch barrier in the carrier batUe group's
concentric. serie s af defences against Saviet anti-
shipmrssr?es. Ticonderogais a high.value target,
being the heart of the AEG I S 3ystem.

:-: :-:::on mcdel which over the next two

'=
--:: -crc red its capability to operate success-
-- -" :- :ie presence of rntense jamming, and to
-'... .:;rsir rnissile-size target$ from th-e back-
-:: , -:- j :lutter of nearby islands.
iil service use
.:.= Phalar,r was finally approved for flill
:-:-'-l= use in 1977, the iirst production units
. =.-.r .:rsialled three years later aboard the
'.. :-:arriers USS Amenca and Enterpnse.
-.'.
-' : - =: , ;
S Navy plans for Phalanx deployment
r-- :-:. :ach carrier will have three, each ma-
: =:-:rlbious warJare vessel, missile cruiser
.-'. -::-;e Cestroyer two, and every frigate one,
--:
. ::r-i-:::n ihe iarger naval auxiliaries such as
.--' -..-r: las. combat supporl shrps reple-
: - ..:.,, crlers and ammunition shins will also
- .: : -.',-. Phalan-res aprece and' the lowa
-, ,=shios wr-l eacir have iour
 HnnenlEc-go rwin 3o-mm Mountins
=
The 30-mm Oerlikon automatic
cannon fitted to the EMERLEC are of
theKCB Upe, and are similarto those
frtted to Oerlikon's own systems.
The oper ator's cabin of the EM ERLEC Access to ffte operator's ca.bin is
k environmentally controlled, with between the cannon ctadle
windscreen demisting and the assembly.
option of local or remote control. The
sighting station visible within the
cabin k fitted with a reflex optical
Iens and a gyro-stabilizer together
with the usual gan controls, and can
be fitted with night sights and
variable fire rate selection.

TheKCB cannon
canfire arcngeo{
ammunition,
including the usuaJ
HE,incendiaryand
tracer rounds. Itis
alsocapa.ble of
firing a shell
rejoicingunder the
titleof APICT-
ArmourPiercing
IncendiaryShell-
withhardcoreand
tracer.

The mount is cap able of a comp le te

360"turn, clockwise or anti- The weapon moutf ard
clockwise, with elevation ranging training gear are all
between - 18'and +84".Traverse fittedintothe mount
rate is 80'per second, as is elevation abovedeck.Below
rate. deck theammunition
storage is arrangd
around a2.75-mmwide
workareawhichis
fittedwithmostof the
Ihe training drive is located in a system's electronis.
spnson above deck level, with
access fft rougrl s ponson hatche s.
Eevating drives are in the main
ttacture of the mount, inboard of the
antnon cr adle assembfi es.
The EMERIEC-SI has
1,970 rounds ofready
ammunitioninthe
below-decls
.r-ccess to tft e a mmunition store is magazine,with9SS
' ::vu gh below- deck pane ls. rounds per giun. All
ifuding can be carried out by a roundsof readyammo
sgle man, although a two-man canbefiredevenil
Joadmg team is recommended for ship's power is lost"
r,arirnunt efficiency. andif the batteries are
damaged there are
handcrank
lhe electronics below decks mechanisms for fully-
manual operation.
-srs slstemt grun control r e laY s
mc ?eratese,lection systems, as
qel as connecfions to the outside fot
tgtrlrl:e ar director control.
EMERTEC-30 Twin 30-mm Mountins (continued)
Desiqned and built by the Emerson
Electric Company, the EMERLEC-30
Twin 30-mm Mounting was originally
developed as the EX-74 Mod O for the
US NaW to use aboard coastal patrol
and interdiction craft. Based on two
Oerlikon KCB cannon it has an en-
nronmentally controlled cabin for the
eunner, day and,/or niqht sights, and an
rntegiral below-decks maqazine, The
mount can also be operated by remote
control using a standard shipboard
f,re-control system, In emergency an
on-mount battery can provide all the
power required to operate the gmns
and fire the full complement of ready-
use ammunition carried. Manual grun
controls are also fltted to provide furth-
er back-up if the battery fails, The
mount has been in series production
srnce 1976 and is known to be in ser-
vrce with the navies of Colombia,
Ecuador, Ethiopia, Greece, Malaysia,
Nigeria, the Philippines, South Korea
and Taiwan. In most cases the fit has
X UO-** LS30R (Rarden) Naval Gun Mounting
The British firm Laurence Scott (De-
:ence Systems) has developed a light-
,veiqht naval mounting for the RARDE-
iesigned 30-mm Rarden automatic
carnon. The gnrn is both power-driven
and line-of-sight stabilized for use on
srnall naval vessels as well as on larqe
riqate or destroyer designs, An exten-
slve series oftests were carried out by
re Royal Nalry both at sea (aboard the
:cnverted tnals frigate HMS london-
der4z) and on land (at the Fraser Gun-
:ery Range at Portsmouth) to conflrm
':e high accuracy of the weapon,
',',hich hit a 2-mz (21s-sqft) targer
scme B0 per cent of the finnq time at
ranges between 1000 and 1300 m
l- 095 and 1,420 yards) in good to poor
-.:silrility. II required the mount can be
=:ied with a predictor, image inten-
s'ier. IR camera and/or low-light TV
:ernera for remote firing. The ammuni-
:cn types used include HE, APSE and
IPDS rounds, The LS30R has been
:icpted for use by the Royal Narry, and
',',-l1l
be used to replace the oider 20-
::-n Oerlikons and 40-mm Bofors from
-336 onwards. The first fit will be to the
Tshore Patrol Vessels. The basic
::::unting can also be used with other
:_,pes of 30-mm cannon such as the
3erlikon KCB and the Mauser Model
: ur which case the designations be-
::ne respectively LS30B and LS30F,
been to missile attack craft or large Originally developed for US Navy
patrol boats, The mountingris also cap- coastal patrol and interdiction craft
able of being used in the surface{o- under the designation EX-74 Mod O,
surface role. the EM ERLEC - 30 mounting w as
taken up for export by the Emerson
Specification ElectricCompany and has beensold
EMERI,EC-30 to a number of countries.
Calibre:30 m
Number ofbarrels: hvo
Elevation: - 15" to +80"
Muzzle velocity: 1080 m (3,543 ft) per
second
Effective range: 3000 m (3,280 yards)
Rate of fire: 1,200 rounds per minute
Weight: (without ammunition) 1905 kg
(4,200lb)
Number ofrounds on mount: 1,970
Below: Desigmed for anti-missile,
anti-aircraft and surface fire, the a
EM ER LEC - 3 0 com prises two t
+1
O erlikon 30 - mm cannon with
assocr'a led srgft ts, below- decks
ready-use magazine and an
enclosed oper ator's c abin.
Specification
LS30R
Calibre: 30 mm
Number ofbarrels: one
Elevation: -20" to +70"
Muzzle velocity: 1080- 1200 m (3,543-
3.937 ft) per second depending upon
roundtype
Effective range:4000 m (4,375 yards)
Rate of fire: 90 rounds per minute
Weight: (withammunition) 800 kg
(1,764 lb) 1
Number ofrounds on mount: 6-22
TheLS30R 30-mm (Rarden) naval
gun mount has been chosen by the
RoyalNavy toreplace allits 20-mm
and 40-mm gun mounts, which have
their origins in World W ar I I. I ts
accuracy is sufficient to allow single
shots at a target.
.-::: I i I