SUMMARY

Palm oil industries in Malaysia generate a large volume of industrial waste. The burning of palm fiber and
shell as fuel in boiler with the emission of the dust after burn emit should be control by an efficient system.
Multicyclone as the dust collector is very convenient as the equipment easy to construct, low initial and
maintenance cost, low energy lost, high collection efficiency, and suitable for dust characteristics. The
particle size distribution that use in this project is obtain from journal paper and the range of the particle size
is between 5 to 35 μm. The efficiency for the multicyclone to remove the dust is 90% based on the
calculation. The results and finding that obtain from this project is; higher volumetric flow rate can be cope
with the more of miniature cyclone.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

SUMMARY

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research Background

1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Objective
1.4 Scopes of Work
1.5 Project Outline
2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
2.2
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Preparation
4 RESULT AND FINDING
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendation
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

Huge industry emitted high air pollutants and generated from the operation especially in the industry
of the petroleum such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), dust or particulates [1]. The control and treatment of air emissions from the
petroleum industry is very critical and was determined to be the most challenging in term of designing the
configuration of the system of the dust control emission equipment.

Several types of dust emission control system such as multicyclone, baghouse, electrostatic
precipitator and other types of system. Those system act in similar function but differ in efficiency due to the
design factor. Several factors need to be consider for enabling the success of the dust emission control
system to achieve at high efficiency such as width of the equipment, diameter of the equipment, inlet
velocity of the particulate fed and other types of factor.

1.2 Problem Statement

Multi cyclone is widely used in the industry as compared to the large single cyclone due to the constraint of
the efficiency. The problem arises when the cyclone lack of efficiency to capture particle size at lower than
10 µm. To achieve high efficiency of the multi cyclone, this project proposes the new configuration of the
multi cyclone with better efficiency to cope with the disability to trap particle size to the lowest of 10 µm.

1.3 Objective
- To determine the suitable type of dust emission control system for waste-to-energy biomass fired
boiler
- To identify the rate of emission based on the amount of fuel burned

1.4 Scope of Work

- Type of dust emission control system for this proposed project is the multicyclone system for the
waste-to-energy biomass fired boiler.
- The emission rate of the dust emits from the fuel burned is determine by the inlet velocity of the fuel
fed to the multicyclone system.
1.5 Project Outline
Chapter one discussed about the background of the multicyclone as the main subject of this project
as well as the purpose of the study of the project. The specific scope of work interest is also included.

Chapter two discussed about the literature review based on previous research and narrow to specific
scope of type of dust emission control system that will be used.

Chapter three discussed about the methodological approach by referring to the available dimension
of classical cyclone that already established and current procedure available for the research study.

Chapter four discussed about the result and some finding along with the complete configuration of
the new proposed multicyclone with discussion to support the proposed data.

Chapter five discussed about the conclusion of the project conducted and reflect the objective stated
at the beginning of the project.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Palm oil mill

Malaysia is the second largest palm oil producer country in the world [1]. Palm oil industry in Malaysia is
generating large volume of industrial waste as a by-product in the form of empty fruit bunch, mesocarp fibre
and oil palm shell. The amount waste generation is increasing with increasing number of palm oil industries
and palm plantation in Malaysia. It was being reported that Malaysia produces about 90 million tons waste
annually [1].

2.3 Dust emission control system

Dust collectors installed to reduce dust emissions to within acceptable emission standards and it is a vital
element in meeting safety, health and environmental requirements. Dust control systems not only help reduce
site emissions but also help protect employees. In the simplest form, a dust collection system is designed to
purify air or gas by removing the contaminants or dust particulate from the collected air [2].

2.4 Cyclone separator

Cyclone separator is one of the most important industrial dust collectors with a lot of advantages, such as
simple structure, low cost of operation and medium energy loss [3]. Their low capital cost and their nearly
maintenance-free operation make them ideal for use as pre-cleaners for more expensive final control devices
such as bag-houses or electrostatic precipitators. However, when a large volume of gas must be treated, a
single cyclone might be impractical. Several cyclones can be used in parallel; one form of parallel cyclone is
the multiple-tube cyclone
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Preparation

Given: Fiber and Shell (F&S) Feeding rate as fuel: 12 ton/hr

Stack Gas Temperature: 250C (hot gas)

Stack gas volumetric flow rate: 40 m3/s

Dust emission limits: 150 mg/Nm3, where Nm3 is normal m3 of flue gas at T=0C.

Calculation for the configuration of the multicyclone

Table 3.1 Classical Cyclone Dimension

Cyclone type
High Efficiency Conventional High Throughput
1 2 3 4 5 6
Body Diameter, D/D 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Height of Inlet, H/D 0.5 0.44 0.5 0.5 0.75 0.8
Width of Inlet, W/D 0.2 0.21 0.25 0.25 0.375 0.35
Diameter of Gas Exit, De/D 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.75 0.75
Length of Vortex, S/D 0.5 0.5 0.625 0.6 0.875 0.85
Length of Body, Lb/D 1.5 1.4 2.0 1.75 1.5 1.7
Length of Cone, Lc/D 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0
Diameter of Dust, Dd/D 0.375 0.4 0.25 0.4 0.375 0.4
Columns (1) and (5) adapted from Stairmand, 1951; column (2), (4) and (6) adapted from Swift,
1969; column (3) adapted from Lapple, 1951

From Table 3.1, Classical Cyclone Dimension (High Efficiency)

Height of inlet (H):

𝐻
𝐷
= 0.5 𝐻 = 0.5𝐷 ……………(1)

Width of inlet (W):

𝑊
𝐷
= 0.2 𝑊 = 0.2𝐷 …………(2)

Diameter of gas exit (𝐷𝑒 ):

𝐷𝑒
𝐷
= 0.5 𝐷𝑒 = 0.5𝐷 ……….…(3)

Length of cyclone body (𝐿𝑏 ):

𝐿𝑏
𝐷
= 1.5 𝐿𝑏 = 1.5𝐷 …………(4)

Length of cyclone cone (𝐿𝑐 )

𝐿𝑐
𝐷
= 2.5 𝐿𝑐 = 2.5𝐷 ………….(5)

Length of vortex finder (S):

𝑆
𝐷
= 0.5 𝑆 = 0.5𝐷 …...….…………..(6)

Area of cyclone (A):

𝐴=𝐻×𝑊

𝐴 = 0.5𝐷 × 0.2𝐷

𝐴 = 0.1𝐷 2

Volumetric flow rate Q : 40 m3/s

Number of cyclone = 16

Inlet velocity, Vi

2.5
𝑉𝑖 =
𝐴

2.5
𝑉𝑖 =
0.1𝐷2
25
𝑉𝑖 = 𝐷2 ………………(7)

Using Equation 4.10, determine number of inlet velocity heads (Hv):

𝐻𝑊
𝐻𝑣 = 𝐾
𝐷𝑒 2

Assume value of K = 16 (the range from 12 to 18)

 0.5𝐷×0.2𝐷
𝐻𝑣 = 16 = 6.4
(0.5𝐷)2

Using Equation 4.11, determine the body diameter (D):

1
∆𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑉 2 𝑖 𝐻𝑣
2

Assume value of pressure drop = 6 inch of water (the range from 1 to 16)

From appendix Table B.2, when T = 482 °F, the density of air;

500 − 482 0.0412 − 𝑥

=
500 − 450 0.0412 − 0.0435

x = 0.042028 lb⁄ 3
ft

249𝑃𝑎 1 𝑙𝑏 3
25 2
6× = (0.042028 3 × 16.01) 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 × ( 2 ) × 6.4
𝑖𝑛. 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂 2 𝑓𝑡 𝐷

1345.74
1494 =
𝐷4

𝐷 = 0.97 𝑚

Substitute 0.97 m for Equation (1):

𝐻 = 0.5 × 0.97

𝐻 = 0.485 𝑚

Substitute 0.97 m for Equation (2):

𝑊 = 0.2 × 0.97

𝑊 = 0.194 𝑚

Substitute 0.97 m for Equation (3):

𝐷𝑒 = 0.5 × 0.97

𝐷𝑒 = 0.485 𝑚

Substitute 0.97 m for Equation (4):

𝐿𝑏 = 1.5 × 0.97

𝐿𝑏 = 1.455 𝑚

Substitute 0.97 m for Equation (5):

𝐿𝑐 = 2.5 × 0.97
𝐿𝑐 = 2.425 𝑚

Substitute 0.97 m for Equation (6):

𝑆 = 0.5 × 0.97

𝑆 = 0.485 𝑚

Substitute 0.97 m for Equation (7):

25
𝑉𝑖 =
0.972

𝑉𝑖 = 26.57 𝑚/𝑠

Using Equation 4.1 to determine the number of effective turns, Ne:

1 𝐿𝑐
𝑁𝑒 = [𝐿𝑏 + ]
𝐻 2
1 2.425
𝑁𝑒 = [1.455 + ]
0.485 2
𝑁𝑒 = 5.5 ≈ 6

Using Equation 4.5 to determine the diameter of particle collected with 50% efficiency dpc:
9𝜇𝑊 1
𝑑𝑝𝑐 = [ ]2
2𝜋𝑁𝑒 𝑉𝑖 (𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑔 )

From appendix Table B.2, when T= 482 °F, the gas viscosity (µ);
500 − 482 0.067 − 𝑥
=
500 − 450 0.067 − 0.065
𝑙𝑏𝑚
𝑥 = 0.06628 − 𝑓𝑡
ℎ𝑟
𝑙𝑏
(0.06628 − ℎ𝑟 × 1.487) 𝑘𝑔
𝑓𝑡
9× − ℎ𝑟 × 0.194 1
𝑑𝑝𝑐 = [ 𝑚 ]2
26.57𝑚
2𝜋 × 6 × ( × 60 × 60) 𝑚/ℎ𝑟(1150 − 0.6729)
𝑠
𝑑𝑝𝑐 = 6.44 × 10−6 𝑚 = 6.44𝜇𝑚

̅̅̅̅
The characteristic diameter of the size range 0-2 µm (𝑑 𝑝𝑗 )

0+5
̅̅̅̅
𝑑𝑝𝑗 = = 2.5𝜇𝑚
2

Using equation 4.7, determine the collection efficiency of the jth particle size range (𝜂𝑗 );
 1 1
𝜂𝑗 = = = 0.131
𝑑𝑝𝑐 2 6.44 2
1 + (̅̅̅̅ ) 1+( )
𝑑𝑝𝑗 2.5

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND FINDING

4.1 Introduction

j Size Characteristic Particle Particle Collection Mass Percent Percent

Range, Diameter (µm) diameter with diameter/Characteristic efficiency, nj in Size collected,
µm 50% diameter, dpj/dpc (µm) Range, mj njmj (%)
efficiency, dpc
(µm)

1 0-5 2.5 6.44 0.78 0.13 0.9 0.12

2 5 - 10 7.5 6.44 1.55 0.58 2.3 1.32

3 10 - 15 12.5 6.44 2.33 0.79 9.3 7.35

4 15 - 20 17.5 6.44 3.10 0.88 17.8 15.68

5 20 - 25 22.5 6.44 3.88 0.92 32.7 30.22

6 25 - 30 27.5 6.44 4.66 0.95 24.8 23.51

7 30 - 35 32.5 6.44 5.43 0.96 10.7 10.30

8 >35 35 6.44 5.43 0.97 1.4 1.35

Total 89.85
4.2 Configuration of the cyclone
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Recommendation
 REFERENCES

[1] S. Jafarinejad and S. Jafarinejad, “Control and Treatment of Air Emissions,” in Petroleum Waste
Treatment and Pollution Control, Elsevier, 2017, pp. 149–183.

[1] H. P. S. Abdul Khalil et al., “Production and characterization of the defatted oil palm shell
nanoparticles,” Sains Malaysiana, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 833–839, 2016.

[2] “Dust control and its benefits: špičková kvalita HENNLICH.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.hennlich-engineering.com/dust-control/dust-control-and-its-benefits.html.
[Accessed: 24-May-2018].

[3] L. Liu, H. S. Dou, X. P. Chen, and H. Z. Zhang, “Analysis of vortex flow in a cyclone
separators based on the energy gradient theory,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 72, no.
Forum 4, 2015.
APPENDICES