M ACH INE R Y S RE FE RE NCE SE RIE S

E ACH NU MBE R IS O NE U NIT IN CO MPLE T E ALIBR AR Y O F

MA CHIN E D E S IG N AND SHO P PR ACTIC E R E V ISE D
RE PUBLIS H E D FRO M M AC HINE R Y

NU MBE R 32

SC TH D
CU NG

T H I RD R E VI S E D E DI T I ON

C ONT E N T S

I ntro d ucti o n 3
Cha n ge Gea rs fo r T hrea d Cutti n g, by E RI K OBE RG 5
K i nks and S uggesti o n s i n T hrea d Cutti n g 14
T a bles and F o rm ula s fo r M aki n g T hrea d T o o ls, by
A . L . V AL E NT I NE , E R I K OBE R G, a n d J0 5 M . .

S T ABE L 34

9 o o
3
O I
5

Cop yrigh t. 1 910 T h e I nd u s

, trial Pre s s, l
Pub i sh ers of M A CH I NE RY
49- 55 L
a fa y ette St e t
r e . N ew York Ci ty
 I N TR O D U C TI O N

T he terms pitch and lead of screw threads are o ften confused and ,

particularly in the case of multiple threaded screws does this confusion -

cause d i fii culti e s Before we therefore enter upon the subject of ca lcu

‘
.

lating change gears for the lathe for cutting screw threads it may be ,

well to make clear the real meaning of the words pitch and lead $ ” $ ”

and their relation to the number of threads per inch .

’
T h e p i tc h of a screw thread is the distance from the top of one
thread to th e top of the next as shown in Fig 1 N o matter whether
, . .

the screw has single double tripl e or quadruple thread th e pitch is

, , , ,

always the distance from the top of one thread to the top of the next .

Ofte n though improperly the word pitch is us e d in th e shop to $ ”

, ,

denote number of threads per inch

$
We hear of screws having 1 2 .
”

Fig I
. . Th e Pi tch ofa S c re w T h re a d

pitch thread 1 6 pitch thr e ad e tc T his is not correct u sage of th e

, , .

word pitch and only t e nds to caus e unnecessary confus ion

, .

T h e lead of a screw thread is the distance the screw will move

forward in a nut if turned around one full revolution I t is clear that .

for a si n gle th rea d ed screw th e pitch and the lead are equal as the
~
,

screw would then move forward the distance from one thread to th e
ne xt if turned around once I n a double threaded screw howeve r th e
.
-
, ,

screw will move forward two threads or twice the pitch so that in , ,

a double threaded screw the lead equals twice the pitch In a triple
-
.

threaded screw the lead equals three times the pitch and so forth , .

T h e lead may also be de fined a s being the distance from center

to center of the sam e thread after this thread has m ade o n e turn ,

around the screw I n the si n gle thread e d screw the s a m e thr e ad is

.

the ne x t thread to the one first cons idered I n a double threaded screw .
-

there are two threads running side by side around the screw so that ,

the sam e thread here is the second one from the one first cons idered .

In a tripl e threaded screw it is the third one in a quadruple thread e d

-
,
-
,

347 5 4 1
T T H RE AD C U T TI N G
lead and pitch are it is clear that th e
alike for a singl e threaded screw that the lead is twice the pitch for a
-
,

double threaded and thr ee tim e s for a triple thr e aded as already stated
-
,
-
, .

T h e actual relationship is very plainly shown in Fig 2 where parts of .

,

three scr e ws with A cm e threads are shown the first single threaded ,
-
,

the second double thr e aded and th e last triple threaded

-
,
-
.

T h e main point to rem e mber how e ver is that in a n y k i n d of a , ,

screw th e l ea d i s th e d i s ta n c e wh i c h th e s cre w wi l l m o v e fo rwa rd i n

,

a n u t i f turn e d a ro u n d o n e re v o lu ti o n .

I n this connection it m a y be advisable to give the rules and

formulas for the relation between the l e ad and the number of threads

S INGL E T H R E AD DO U BL E T H R E AD T RIPLE T H RE AD

Fig 2 . . C o m p a ri s o n b tw e e en Si n gl e , D ou bl e an d T ri pl e T h re a d s

pe rinch I f there are 8 threads singl e in one inch the lead is

.
, , ,

evidently inch T his we find mathematically by dividing 1 by

. , ,

8 which is the number of thr e ads per inch

, T h e formula for a singl e .

threaded screw therefore is , ,

lead :

number of threads per inch

T his formula expressed in words says :
, T he , le ad of a si ngle .

th rea d e d scre w e q u a ls c
1 d i v i d ed by th e n um ber of t h rea d s p e r i n h .

C onfusion is often caused by indefinite designation of multiple

threaded screws T h e most common way to state the lead and the class
.

o f thread is p e rhaps to say $4 i n c h l ea d d o u bl e which m e ans a screw

, , , ,

with a double thread which when cut has a lathe geare d for four , , ,

threads p e r inch but each thread is cut to a depth corresponding to

,

e ight threads per inch only T h e same condition is als o expressed by : .

4 th re a d s p er i n c h d o u bl e T hese two ways of expressing the number

,
.

o f multiple threads are both c o rr e ct but the e xpression which ought ,

to be used in ord e r to avoid misunderstanding und e r any circum

stances would be : IA i n c h l ea d i n c h p i tc h d o u ble threa d , , .
 CHAPTE R I

CH A N G E G E A R S F O R TH RE A D C U TTI N G ’

W hile the principles and rules governing calculation of change th e

gears a re very simple they of course presuppose some fundamental , , ,

know ledge of th e u se of common fractions I f such knowledg e is at .

hand the subject of figuring change gears when once thoroughly under
, ,

stood can hardly ever be forgotte n I t should be impr e ssed upon th e

, .

minds of all who have found d i fii culti es with this subject that the
matter is o ften not approached in a l o gical mann e r but is usually ,

grasped by the memory rather than by the intellec t Before attempting .

to lay down any definite rul e s for the figuring of change gears let us ,

therefor e analyze the subject T h e lead screw B of the lathe ( see .

-

Fig 3 ) must be recognized as our fi rst factor and the spindl e as th e

.
,

second Assume a lead screw with six thr eads per inch ; th e n if the
.
-
,

lead screw makes si x revolutions the carriage travels one inch and the
-
, ,

thr e ad cutting tool travels o n e inch along the piec e to be threaded

-
.

I f the spindl e makes the same number of revolutions in a giv e n time

as th e l e ad screw it is cl e ar the tool will o u t six thr e ads per inch
-
, .

In such a case gear D on the spindle stud J and gear E on the ,

l e ad scr e w a re alike I f the spindle makes twice th e number of revo

-
; .

lutions of the lead screw th e spindle revolves twelve times while the
-
,

tool move s o n e inch and c o nsequently twelve threads per inch will
,

be out But in order to make th e spindle revolve twice as fast as th e

.

lead screw i t is necessary that a ge ar be put on the spindle stud o f

-
,

only half the number of teeth of the gear on the lead screw so that -
,

when the lead screw revolves once th e spindle stud gear makes two
-

revolutions .

S i m p l e G e a ri n g

Suppose we wish to cut nine threads p e r inch with a lead screw -

of six threads per inch as r e ferred to above T hen the six threads of, .

th e lead screw correspond to nine threads on the pi e ce to be threaded

-
,

which is the same as to say that six revolutions of the lead scr e w -

correspond to nine revolutions of the spindle ; or in other words o n e , ,

revolution of the lead screw corresponds to 1 % of the spindle From

-
.

this it is evident that th e gear on the lead screw must make only -

o n e revolution while the spindle stud gear makes T hus if the ,

l e ad screw gear has for instance 36 teeth the gear on the spindle
-
, , ,

stud should have only 24 the smaller gear of course revolving faster , , ,

than th e larger I f we e xpr e ss what has been previously said in a

.

formula we have :
threads per inch of l e ad scr e w t e eth in gear on spindle stud -

threads p e r inch to be cut tee th in gear on l ad screw

e -

M AC H I N E R Y J a n ua ry 1 908
, . .
6 N o 32 — S CR E W T H R E AD
. C U T TI N G
A pp lying this to the cas e above we have : ,

6 24

9 36
T he valu e s 24 and 36 a re obtain e d by multiplying 6 and 9 r e sp e ctively , ,

by 4 By multiplying both the numerator and t he d e nominator by th e

.

same numb e r we do not change the proportion As a ge n e ral rule we

, .

may th e n say that the change gears necessary to cut a c e rtain numbe r
of thr e ads p e r inch are found by placing the number of thr e ads of the
lead scr e w in the num e rator the number of threads to b e cut in th e
~
,

denominator and th e n multiplying numerator as we ll as denominator

,

by the sa m e numb e r by trial until two gears are obtaine d the number
, , ,

of te e th of which a re b o th t o b e found in the set of gears accompany

ing the lath e T h e ge ar with the numb e r of teeth d e signate d by the
.

new numerato r is to be plac e d on th e spindle stud ( at J Fig and ,

.

Fi g 8
. . Si m pl e G e a ri n g F ig 4 . . C o m p o un d G e a ri n g

the gear with the numb e r of t e eth corr e sponding to the d e nominator ,

on the lead screw B An idl e r g e ar F with any conv e ni e nt number of

-
.

teeth is placed b e twe e n these two gears .

A few e xamples of this will more clearly e x p lain the rul e Suppose .

the numbers of teeth of the change ge ars of a lathe are 24 28 32 36 , , , ,

and so forth increasing by 4 t ee th up to 1 00 Assum e that th e l e ad

,
.

screw is provided with 6 threads per inch and that 1 0 threads per ,

inch are to be cut T hen .

,

6 6 x 4 24

10 l0 x 4 40

By multiplying both numerator and denominator by 4 we obtain ,

two available gears with 24 and 4 0 te e th respectiv e ly T h e 2 4th tooth ,

.
-

gear goes on the spindle stud and the 4 0 tooth gear on the lead screw ,
- -
.

Assuming the same lathe and gears let us find th e g e ars fo r cutting ,

threads per inch this being the standard number o f threads for
,

c e rta in sizes of pipe T hen . ,

6 6 X 8 48

11% 11 % X 8 92
 CH AN GE GE AR S

It will be found that multiplying by any other number than 8

would not in this case have given us ge ars with such numbers of
, ,

t e eth as we have in our set with this lathe U ntil getting acc ustom ed .

to figuring of this kind we can o f course only by trial find out the
, , ,

correct numbe r by which to multiply numerator and denominator .

T h e number of teeth in the i n term e d i a te gear F Fig 3 which meshes ,

.
,

with both the spindle stud gear and the lead scr e w gear is of no con -
,

s equence .

L a t h e s wi t h R e d u c t i o n G e a ri n g i n H e a d s t o c k -

In som e lathes however th e r e is a reduction gearing in the head

, ,

stock of the lathe so that if equal g e ars a re placed on the lead screw
,
-

and the spindle stud the spindle d o e s not make the same number
,

of revolutions as the lead screw but a greater number U sually in -

, .

such lathes the ratio of the gearing in the head stock is 2 to 1 so -

,

that with e qual g e ars th e spindl e make s two revolutions to one of

the lead scr e w T his is particularly common in lathes inte nd e d for
-
.

cutting fine pitches or in g e neral in small lath e s Wh e n figuring th e

, , .

gears this must of course be taken into consideration As th e spindl e

, , .

makes twice as many revolutions as the lead screw with equal gears -
,

if the ratio of the gears be 2 to 1 it follows that if the head stock ,

-

gearing were eliminated and the lead screw i nstead had twice th e
,
-

number of threads per inch as it has with equal gears the spindl e ,

would still revolve the same as before for each inch of travel along
the piece to be threaded In oth e r words the gearing in the head
.
,

stock may be d i sregard ed i f th e n um ber of th rea d s of th e l ea d scre w

,
-

i s m u l ti p li ed by th e ra ti o of th i s ge ari n g Suppos e for instance that .

, ,

in a lathe the lead screw has eight threads p e r inch that th e lathe
-
,

is g e ar e d in the head stock with a ratio o f 2 to 1 and that 20 threads

-
,

are to be out T hen

.

2 x 8 16 16 X 4 64

X4 8020 20 20

which two last values giv e the numbe rs of teeth in the ge ars .

Som e tim e s the ratio of the gearing in the h e ad s tock cannot be

dete rmined by counting the teeth in the gears because the gears a re ,

so plac e d that they can not be plainly se e n In such a case equal .

,

gears are placed on the lead screw and the spindle stud and a thread -
,

cut on a piece in the lathe T h e number of threads per inch of this

.

pi e ce should be us e d for the numerator in our calculations inst e ad of

the actual numbe r of threads of the lead scr e w T h e ratio of th e g e ar -
.

ing in the head stock is equal to the ratio betw e en the numb e r of
-

threads cut on the pi e c e in the lathe and th e actual numbe r of threads

per inch o f the lead screw -
.

Co m p o u n d G e a ri n g

Th e cas es with only two ge ars in a train r e fe rred to are termed

simple gearing Som e times it is not possible to obtain the correct
.

ratio excepting by introducing two more gears in the train which as , ,

i s well known to mec hanics is term e d compound g e aring T his c la ss

,
.
8 N o 3a—S CR E W TH RE AD
. C U T TI N G
of gear ing i s shown in Fig 4 T he ru les for calculati ng compound . .

gearing are exactly the same as for simple gearing except that we must
divide bo th th e numerator and denominator into two factors each of ,

which are multiplied with the same numbe r in order to obtain the
change gears .

Suppose a lathe has a lead screw with six threads per inch an d that -
,

the numbers of teeth in th e gears available are 30 35 40 and so , , ,

forth increasing by 5 up to 1 00 Assume that it is desired to cut 24

, .

threads per inch W e have then .

,

6
- = ratio .

24

By dividing the numerator and denominator into factors and multi ,

plying ea c h p ai r of fa c to rs by th e s a m e n um ber we find the gears : ,

6 2 x 3 4 o x 3o

24 4 X 6 8O X 6O

T he last four numbers indicat e the gears which should be used T h e .

upper two 4 0 and 30 are driving gears the lower two with 8 0 and 60
, , , ,

teeth are driven gears D riving gears are of course the g e ar D

, .
, , ,

Fig 4 on the spindle stud and the gear P on the intermediate stud
.
, ,

K meshing with the lead screw gear

, D riven gears are the lead screw
-
.
-

gear E and the gear N on the intermed iate stud meshing with the
, ,

spindl e stud gear I t makes no difference which of the driving ge ars

.

is placed on the spindle stud or which of the driven is placed on the ,

lead screw -
.

Suppose for a final example that we wish to cut 1 % thr e ad per

, ,

inch on a lathe with a lead screw having six threads per inch and that -
,

t h e gears run from 24 up to 1 00 teeth increasing by 4 Proceeding as , .

before we have ,

6 2 X 3 72 x 4 8

1% X 36 ) X ( 1 % X 1 6 )
1 X 1% 36 X 28 (1
T his is the case directly illustrated in F i g 4 T h e gear with 7 2 . .

teeth is placed on the spindle stu d J the one with 4 8 on the inte r ,
.

mediate stud K meshing with the lead screw gear T h e se two ge ars
,
-
.

( 72 and 4 8 teeth ) are the d ri v i n g gears

-
T h e gears with 36 and 28 .

teeth are placed on the lead screw and on the intermediate stud as -
, ,

shown and are the d ri v en g e ars

, .

F ra c ti o n a l Th re a d s
Sometim e s the lead of the thread is expressed by a fraction of an
inch instead of by stating the number of threads per inch F or instanc e .
,

a thread may be required to be out having a inch l e ad In such a -

.

case the expression inch lead should first be transformed to num

-
” $

ber of threads per inch after which we can proceed in the same way
,
”

as has already been explained T o find how many threads p e r inch .

there is when the lead is stated we simply find how many times the ,

lead is contained in o n e inch or in other words we divide 1 by the , , ,

 CH A N G E G E AR S 9

given lead T hus 1 divided by

. gives us 2 which is the number .

of threads per inch of a thread having inch lead T o fi nd change -

.

gears to cut such a thread we would proceed as follows :

Assume that the lead screw h as si x threads per inch and that the
-
,

change gears run from 24 up to 1 00 teeth increasing by 4 Proceeding , .

to find the gears as before we have : ,

6 2 X 3 72 x 72
— M
_

T herule for finding the number of threads per inch when the lead ,

is given may be expressed by the formula :

,

1
number of threads p er inch
lead of thread
which is simply a r e v e r sal of the formula given on page 4 .

Ru le s fo r S e l e c t i n g C h a n ge G e a rs

W hat has be en sa i d in the foregoin g in regard to the figuring of

cha nge gears for th e lathe may be summed up in th e follow i ng rul e s :
1 . T o find the number of threads per inch if t h e lead of a thr e ad ,

is given d i vi d e 1 by the lead

, .

2 . T o fi nd the change gears used in simple gearing when th e ,

number of threads per inch of the lead scr e w and the numbe r of -
,

threads per inch to be out are given p la ce th e n um ber o f th rea d s of

, ,

th e l ea d sc re w a s n u m e ra tor a n d th e n um ber of threa d s t o be cu t a s

-

d eno m i n a to r i n a fra c ti o n a n d m u l ti p ly n u m e ra to r a n d d e n o m i n a to r
,

wi th th e sa me n umber un ti l a n e w fra cti o n res u l ts rep res en ti n g sui t

a bl e n u m be rs of tee th fo r th e c h a n ge ge a rs In th e new fraction th e .
,

numerato r represents the number of t e e th in th e gear on the spindl e

stud and the denominator the numb e r o f t e e th in the gear on th e
, ,

l e ad screw
-
.

3 . T o fin d the change gears used in compound gea ring p la c e th e ,

n um ber of thre a d s p er i n ch on t h e l ea d scre w a s n u m e ra to r a nd th e -

,

n umber of th rea d s p er i n c h to be cu t as d e n om i n a tor i n a fra c ti o n

'

d i vi d e bo th n um era to r a n d d en o mi n a to r i n to two fa cto rs e a ch a n d ,

m u lti p ly e a c h p a i r of fa c tors ( one factor in the numerator and one

in the denominator making a pair ) by th e sa m e n u mber u n ti l n ew$ ”
,

fra c ti o n s resu l t represen ti n g s ui ta b le n u m bers of t ee th fo r th e c h a nge

years T h e g e ars r e pres e nt e d by the numbers in the new num e rators
.

are driving gears and those in the denominators are driven gears
, .

C u tti n g M e t ri c Th re a d s wi t h an E ng lis h Le a d -s
c re w
very often happens that screws or taps having thr e ads cut a o
It
cording to th e metric system are r e quir e d T h e l e ad of these screws .

is expre ssed in millimeters T hus inste ad of saying that a screw has

.
,

so many threads per inch it is said that the scr e w has so many milli
,

m e ters l e ad Suppos e for exampl e that we hav e a lathe having a

.
, ,

lead screw with 6 threads per inch and that a screw with 3 milli
-
,

meters lead is r e quir e d to be cut We can find the change g e ars to .

10 N o 32
.
—S CR E W T H R EA D C U T TI N G

be us e d in th e same manner as has been previously explained for

screws ou t according to the E nglish system if we only first find out ,

h o w ma ny th rea d s p er i n c h we wi l l h av e i f we cu t a s crew wi th a
c ertai n lead gi v en i n mi l li meters T hus in this case we must find
.
, ,

out how many threads there will be in one inch if we cut a screw ,

with a 3 millimeters lead T here are . millimeters to one inch ,

so that if we fi nd out how many times 3 is contained in

, we
e vidently get the number of threads in one inch T o find out how .

many times 3 is contained in we divide by 3 T hen we get .

as a result the numbe r of threads per inch I t is not necessary to .

carry out the division ; simply write it as a fraction in the form

3
which implies that is to be divided by 3 T his fraction is the .

number of threads per inch to be cut We now proceed e xactly as if .

we had to do with E nglish threads only We place the number of .

threads on the lead screw in the lath e as the numerator in a fraction

-
,

and the number of threads to be cut which number is e xpressed by ,

25
the fraction — -
as the denominator . T hen we have
6

T his
seems very complicated but as the line between the numerator
,

and denominator in a fraction simply means that we are to divide

the numerator by the denominator we get by carrying out this divi , ,

sion ,

6 X 3 18

we now proceed as in the case of figuring change gears for any

If
number of threads per inch we multiply numerator and denominat o r
,

by the sa me number until we fi nd suitable numbers of teeth for our

,

gears In the case above we can find by trial that the first number
.

by which we can multiply so that we get a whole number as the

result is 5 Multiplying . by 5 gives us 1 27 T his means that we .

must have one gear with 1 27 teeth whenever we cut metric threads
by means of an E nglish lead screw T h e gear to mesh with the 1 27
-
.

tooth gear in this case has 90 teeth because 5 times 1 8 equals 90 ,

.

Summarizing what we have just said in rules they may be ex ,

.

pressed as follows :
1 T o fi nd the number of threads per inch when the lead is given
.

in millimeters d i v i d e by th e n u mber of m i l li m e ters i n th e gi ve n

,

l ea d .

2. find the change gears for cutting metric threads with an E n g

To
lish lead screw p la c e th e n um ber of th rea d s p er i n c h of th e lea d screw
-
,
-

m u l ti p li ed by th e n u m ber o f mi lli me ters i n th e l ea d f

o t h e t h r
ead to
 CH AN GE GE AR S 11

be cut as th e n um era torfracti on a n d as th e d e n o mi na to r

of a , ,

a n d m u l ti p ly n u me ra to r a nd d en o mi na to r by 5 T h e n um era to r a n d .

d en o mi na to r of th e n e w fra c ti o n a re th e n um bers of te e th i n th e gea rs

to be us ed . Th ese same rules expressed in formulas would be

num b e r f t hr
o d Pe n h
ea s r I c

and
nu mbe r of th r a d
e s
per x l ead in m i ll i m t
e e rs
i n ch i n l ea d s c re w
o
o f scre w to b e cu t
X 5
ge a r l t
o n sp i n d e s u d

l
3

X 5 ge a r o n e a d -s c re w
course it is so metimes nec e ssary to compound the g e ars because
Of , ,

the gear on the spindle stud would otherwis e ge t too many teeth that ,

is it woul d be too large Suppose for an example that we wish to cut

, .
, ,

a screw having 6 millimeters l e ad on a lathe having a l e ad screw -

with 8 threads per inch A ccording to our rule and formula th e gear
.

Fig 5 m a ni pl f G e a rin g fo r C u ti n g
e o t F ig 6 E x am pl e of G e a rin g fo r C u i n g tt
t t l l t t
. . . .

M e ri c T h re a d wi h E n g i s h L e a d -s c re w E n g i s h T h re a d wi h M e ri c L e a d -s c re w

on the spindle stud would th e n have 8 X 6 X 5 or 240 teeth As no , .

lathe is provided with a change gear with so many teeth we must use ,

compound gearing In this cas e we would proceed as follows :

.

8 X 6 X 5 48 X 5 4 8 X 1 20
9

25 4 x 5
.

which is exactly the same method as has already been e xplained und e r
th e head of compound gearing in connection with th e figuring of
change gears for E nglish screws T h e method of mounting th e se gears .

is shown in the diagram Fig 5 , . .

What should in particular be impressed upon the mind of the

reader is that there is n o d i fi ere n ce i n m e th o d of figuring the gears
wh e ther the thr e ad to be cut is given in the E nglish or in the metric
system I f giv e n in th e latter system simply transform the lead in
.
,
$
12 N 0 32 —S CR E W T H R E AD
. C U T TI N G
millimeters to number of threads per inch and proc e e d in exactly
” $ ”

th e same way as if the thread had b e en given according to the E nglish

syst e m .

T h e 1 27 tooth gear is always plac e d on the lead screw when cutting

- -

m e tric threads with an E nglish lead screw -

.

C u tt i n g a n E n gl i s h T h r e a d wi t h a M e t ri c L e a d s c r e w -

T h e m e thod of figuring the change gears when an E nglish scr e w

is to be cut with a metric lead screw is simply the reverse of th e -

one already explained We merely trans form the millimeter lead of

.

the metric le ad screw into number of threads per inch

-
$
T his we d o .
”

in the same way as e x plained before : we divide ( which is th e

number of millimeters in one inch ) by the number of millimeters in
the lead of the metric lead screw After having obtained the number -
.

of threads per inch we pr o ceed as usual putting the number of threads

, ,

per inch of the l e ad screw in the numerator and the number of threads
-
,

per inch to be cut in the denominator of a fraction simplifying the ,

fraction and multiplying both numerator and denominator by 5 to

,

get the numb e r of teeth in the change gears .

Su pp os e for example that we wish to cut 5 threads per inch with

, ,

a l e ad screw having 4 millim e ters lead T h e number of threads per

-
.

inch of the lead screw is then -

, , and we find th e g e ars by writing
4

T his fraction can be simplified by actually dividing by 5, i n

A

which cas e we ge t

as a result .

X4 5
Multiplying both numerator and denominator by 5 gives us the n ,

X5 1 27

X4 X5 1 00 5

which gives us th e number of teeth in our change gears .

T h e formula expr e ssing this calculation would take this form :

X 5 g r n p i d l st u d ea o s n e

um b nf th d l d i n m i ll i m t s
er o re a s g ea n l d w e er ear o ea -
sc re
X 5
p i n h t b
ere u t
x
c f l d
o s c w c o ea - re

E xpressed as a rule this formula would read :

T o find the change ge ars for cutting E nglish thr e ads with a metric
lead screw p la c e
-
,
a s t h e n u m e ra t o r a n d t h e t h re a d s p e r i nc h to be ,

cu t m u lti p li ed by th e n u m be r o f m i l li m e ters l ea d f t h e t h rea d of th e

o

lea d -scre w i n th e d en o mi n a tor o f a fra cti o n , a n d m u l ti p ly n u m era to r

and d en o m i n a tor by 5 . T h e n um e ra tor and d en o m i n a to r of th e n e w

fra cti o n a re th e ch a n ge gea rs to be u se d .

 CH ANGE GE AR S 13

In this case too of course it sometimes be comes necessary to

, , ,

compound the gears in order to get gears which are to be found in

,

th e set of gears provided with the lathe Sometimes the gears may.
,

be available but they are so large that the capacity o f the lathe does
,

not permit th e m to be placed in a direct train ; then al so it be comes , ,

necessary to compound the gears T ake the cas e which we hav e.

already referred to where we were to cut a screw wi th 5 threads per

,

inch using a lead screw having 4 millimeters lead We then obtained

,
-
.

th e gears with 1 27 and 1 00 teeth respectively N o w suppose that the .

lathe does not have a change gear with 1 00 teeth to be placed in

a direct train T h e gears to be used in a compo und train would th en
.

have to be found as has already been described and as shown i n the , ,

following calculation :

X4 X5
5 1 00 50 x 2 5 0 X 50

T h e 1 27 tooth gear is always put on the spindle stud whe n cutting

-

E nglish screws with a metric lead screw A diagram of th e arrange

-
.

ment of the gears in the l ast example is shown in F i g 6 . .

I f there is any special reduction gearing in the head of th e lathe ,

this must of cours e be taken i nto consideration in a manner as has ,

alread y bee n descri bed under th e heading L athes with R edu ction $

Geari n g in H ead stock on page 7 ”

-
.
,
 CH APTE R II

K I NK S A N D S U G G E S T I ON S I N T H RE A D C U TT I N G

In the following a numb e r of kinks and suggestions in thread cut

,

ting have been collecte d and pre sent e d T hese suggestions have been .

made from time to tim e by the readers of M ACH I N E R Y and the methods ,

outlined are in use every day in some shop or other in the country .

T h e names of the p e rsons who originally contribut e d th e sugg e stions

given and the descriptions of the devices shown to the columns of ,

M ACH I N E R Y hav e be e n given in notes at the foot of the pages together

, ,

with the month and year when the article appeared .

Indica to r fo r T h r e a d C u tt i n g
When cutting a thread in a lathe if the number of thr e ads to the ,

inch being cut is a multiple of the number of threads to the inch on

the lead screw the split nut may be thrown into mesh with the lead
-
,

screw at any time and the tool will follow the first cut T his is not
, .

the case however wh e n the number of threads to the inch being cut
, ,

is not a multipl e of the number of threads to the inch on the lead

screw Because of this lathes are generally equipped with a backing
.
,

belt which is thrown in when the tool has made the desired cut and
, ,

the carriage is b rought back to the starting point without having

b e en disengaged from the lead screw which of course necessarily -
, ,

brings the tool into th e right relation with the work T his is a good .

arrangement for short thr e ads say two or three inches in length but , ,

when they are longer and especially when they are large in diameter
,

( which m e ans slower speed ) the backing belt is not a very economical
c ontrivance because considerable time is wasted while the carriage
,

is being mov e d by the lead screw from the end of the cut bac k to the
-

s tarting point .

Fig 7 shows a simple device which may be attached to any lathe

. ,

a n d used to good advantage when cutting threads I t can be fast .

e ned to the carriage as shown in the cut and prefe rably on the side ,

n ext to th e tail stock as very often there is not enough thread on the
-
,

lead screw to permit putting it on the opposite side T his indicator

- .

i s used in the following manner : Start the lathe and when one of ,

t h e three points mark e d A of the triangular pointer ( see plan view )

, , ,

i s opposite the zero mark throw the split nut into mesh with th e ,

l ead screw
-
A fter the t o ol has reach e d the end of its o ut bring th e
. ,

c arriage back by hand to the starting point Wait until one of the .

points marked A is again opposite the zero mark then throw the split ,

n u t into mesh with the lead screw as before I f this is done wi th each
-
.

s uccessive cut the tool will always come right with the thread
,
Wh e n .

the pointer is a triangle as shown the worm wheel which is in me s h ,

-
,

with the lead screw should be so proportioned that its number of

-
,
 K I N KS AN D S UGGE S T I ON S 15
I
teeth is three times the threads per inch of the l e ad s crew If for .
,

example the lead screw has eight threads per inch then the worm
,
-
,

wheel should have twenty four teeth T hen when one of the points
-
.
,

marked A is opposite the zero mark the lead s crew and the lathe ,

S pindle will occupy the same relative positions T h e device does not .

work for fractional threads $

T his devi ce it i s claimed was originate d
.
, ,

in this country thirty or thirty fi v e ye ars ago by William G leason of -

,

D e v i ce P e rmitti n g O p e n in g upth e M a d -n u t a n d R un n i n g th e C a rri a ge

b a ck b y H an d

R ochester N Y, . In fact howev e r it is much old e r than that having

. , , ,

originally been invented in E ngland .

A n o t h e r T h r e a d c a t c h i n g D e v i c e fo r t h e L a t h e
-

T h e devic e shown in Fig 8 which permits t h e lead nut to be open e d

.
,
-
,

and the carriage run back when cutting threads still insuring catch ,
$

ing the thread was appl ied to s e v e ral lathes in th e Worcester Poly
,
”

technic Institute som e y e ars ago by Mr O S Walker of th e same city . . . .

Mr Walker states that he first saw it in the shops of the E W Bliss

. . .

Brooklyn N Y nearly thirty y e ars ago

, . .
, .

F ra n k l i n D J o n e s B ro ok lyn N Y O ct o be r 1 907
.
, , . .
, , .
16 N 0 32 —S . CR E W T H R E AD CU T T I N G
lathes to which this d e vice was applied had the lead screw at
T he -

the back which explains the p eculiar e ngraving A is a casting bolted

, .

to the back of the carriage and supporting the split nut indicated by
the dotted lines at O 0 At the left of and supported by A is a v e rtical .

spindle carrying on its upper end the worm wh ee l E engaged with -

,

the lead screw and at the lower end the disk D T he worm whe e l
-
, .
-

should have either as many teeth as there are thr e ads per inch in the
lead screw S or a numbe r of teeth which is some multiple of the
-
,

number of threads per inch .

T h e disk D has equidistant slots milled across its periphery the ,

number of slots being as many as th e number of teeth in the worm

wheel is times the numb e r of threads per inch of the lead screw I n -
.

this instanc e the lead screw has six threads per inch the worm wh e e l
,
-
,
-

h a s thirty six t e eth and there are six slots milled in the p e riph e ry of
-
,

D . F astened to the lower sid e of the lower half nut is the latch F -
,

L E AD S CR E W 6 P .

t F ig 8 i . th S m P i i pl
. th t h w i F i g 7
An o h e r D ev ce o n e a e r nc e as a s o n n .

which engages with one of the slots or notches in D wh e n the split

nut is closed It is thus evident that when the split nut has been
.

disengaged from the lead screw and the carriage run back for a fresh -

cut the lead screw cannot again be engaged until the wo rm wheel
,
- -

turns into position for o ne of the slots to correspond with the latch F .

T h e latch being engaged the worm wheel cease to turn acting th e n

s
-
, ,

as a sort of half nut on the screw T herefore the lead screw can only .
-

be engaged at even inches of its length and necessarily the thread

cutting tool must engage with the thread already started when this has
a whole number of thr e ads per inch ; but on fractional thr e ads the de ,

vice fails as constructe d H owever by having three slots in the disk D .

, ,

instead of six fractional threads having one half for the fraction could
,
-

be ca ught and with only o n e slot in the disk fractional thr e ads includ
,

ing one half one third one sixth two thirds and fi v e sixths could be
-
,
-
,
-
,
- -

caught but under these conditions the time required to bring th e

,

notch around so that the latch F could be engaged would usually be

n e arly equal to that r e quir e d to reverse and run th e carriage back ,

e sp e cially on short work

$
.

H P F a i rfi e l d W o rces t e r Ma ss F e b ru a y 1 90 1
. . , , ,
r , .
18 N 0 32 .
—S CR E W T H R E A D C U T TI N G

and is provided with a tapering seat for the tighte ning scr e w B As .

this is screwed d o wn yoke 0 is drawn in and the blade A is held , ,

firmly back against its seat A saw cut at F extends nearly through .
-

the hold e r thus leaving the upper end flexible to give it the efi e ct of
,

the well known goose neck tool

-
T hrough a slot in the bottom is
-
.

passed a tie piece which is pinned fast to the outer division of the
holder and may be if so desired connected with the shank by the
, ,

taper pin E T his allows the tool to be used either as a solid or as a

.

spring tool holder $ -

.

A nother thread tool holder is shown in Fig 1 0 T his was especially

-
. .

designed for the economical use of high sp e ed steel in thread cutting -

.

F i g 10
. . T h re a d T o o l h ld
-
o er fo r H i gh - s p ee d St e e l T o o l s

On e advantage o f th e holder is that cutters can be broken o fi from

th e bar and us e d without f urther wor k ing By grinding the cutte rs .

as indicated at A B and C a variety of pitches can be cut close up to

, , ,

a shoulder $
.

S p ri n g H o l d e r fo r T h re a d i n g T o o l s
T h e thread tool hold e r shown in Fig 1 1 is intended for the blades or
-
.

single point cutte rs made by the Pratt

-
Whitney Co T h e improve .

ment in the design over common holders consists in the provision for
permitting the tool to spring away from the work if too heavy a cut
is taken I n other respects the principle of the holder is th e same as
.

that of the one manufactured by th e Pratt Whitney itself for ,

these tools R eferring to the engraving A is th e body which is slotte d

. , ,

at B proper resistance being given to th e to o l by the set screw C which

,
- ’

has a spring at the lower end acting upon the front part of the holder , ,

E v e e tt K n ee n K e a n y N J A ugu t 1 906
r r s
S te ph en Co u rt e r Pa te rso n N J A ugu t 1 908
. . .
, , , ,

, , . .
, s , .
 KI N KS AN D S UGGE S T I ON S 19

At D may be inserted a blade or key which will keep the fro n t part of ,

the holder from bending to o n e side while cutting .

A great many designs of spring tool holders have been tried the one -
,

shown in F i g 1 1 being comparatively common T h e di fficulty with

. .

holders of this kind is that it is almost impossible to adjust the screw

for each particular p itch to be thread e d so that the spring has the
proper tens ion It is evident that in cutting a coars e thread there is
.

no need of th e too l being as sensitive as when cutting a very fine

thread but there is no means for judging when in each particular case
,

the proper springing action has been attained Another objection to .

the d e sign shown below is that it prevents a full and clear view of
the thread being cut the projecting part extending partly above the
,

wo rk Of all spring thread tool hold e rs hitherto designed however

.
-
, ,

F i g 11
. . S p rin g H o l d e r fo r T h re a di n g Too s l
this o n e is abo ut as good as any A spring tool h o ld e r fo r threading
.
-

tools which will ove rcom e th e obj e ctions m e ntioned is gr e atly in

d e mand and many atte mpts have be en made to solve the pr o blem but
, ,

as yet none has been entir e ly successful .

C u tt i n g S q u a re S c re w T h re a d s
T o o l fo r

I n Fig 1 2 is shown a tool of the chaser type fo r cutting square

.

s crew thr e ads T his tool has been recently pat e nted by Messrs C
. . .

G B T ayl o r Bartholome w S t Birmingham E ngland Ordinarily

. .
, , , .
,

square screw thread tools eve n wh e n th e y have been us e d very little

-
, ,

are found to have worn to such an ext ent that th e resulting groov e
is not as wide as requir e d It is obvious that it is impossible to
.

regr i nd these tools afte r the sid e s of the cutting teeth have worn down
be low th e required width With the hope of overcoming thi s defect
. ,

the tool shown in the out has been d e sign e d As seen the tool consists . ,

o f two halves A and B

, each being p rovid e d with teeth which gradu
,
$
20 N o 32 . T H R E AD C U T TI N G

ally cut the groove to the requir e d depth T h e required width is .

obtain e d by adjusting the relative positions o f the two tools A and B ,

so that th e tool B wid e ns the grooves already cut by A T hes e two .

tools or chasers a re h e ld in a t o ol holder E and the adjustment is

-
,

F i g 12
. .ta bl T l f Cu ttin g S q u T h d
A djus e oo or a re re a s

e ffect e d by means of two screws F and G having conical ends which ,

a re forc e d in between the tools A and B these in turn be ing clamped ,

by the screws H and J W hether the tool will prove to possess such
.

practical qualiti e s as wi ll insur e for it any exte nsive application is

PM . y ’
o 0

F ig 13 . t. l T h d t l H ld
I n e rn a re a - o o o er

d i fii cu l t to s a y but th e id e a is ingenious and may be a p pli e d in other

, ,

cas e s than that o f cutting square scr e w thr e ads .

I n t e rn a l T h r e a d i n g t o o l H o l d e r
-

T h e lathe boring and threading tool holder shown in Fig 1 3 has

-
.

been in u se in a well known Ohio sho p and has given very good satis
-
,
 ( K I N KS AN D S U GGE S T I ONS 21

faction It is a p lain iron cas ting tongu ed and fitte d to the tool po st
.
,
-

slide of the lath e in which it is intended to be used a n d is clamped in ,

.

position by ins e rting a piece of steel in the tool post and secured as -

an ordinary tool would be clamped T h e threading tool is clamped by .

two set screws and the heart shaped hol e s for the tool not only aecom
-
,
-

m o d a te d i fi e re n t sizes of tools but insure rigidity as well , .

C ut t i n g T ri p l e T h r e a d s
Fig 1 4 illustrates an economical device for cutting triple threads
. .

T he frame A is bolted to th e lathe carriage and it is of such height ,

that the center B is in line with the lathe centers T h e cutters 0 a re .

h e ld in slides D which slide in grooves planed in the circular part of

,

the frame A T hese slides are held in place by a circular plate E

.
,

which also serve s to move the slides in and out through the mediu m ,

of slots F acting pi n s i n the slides Plate h el d i n .

place by bolts in th e slots G A handl e H serves to rota te plate E A . .

set scr e w I in a lug cast on frame A b e ars against a lug J on plate E

-

and acts as a gage to vary the d e pth of cut .

T h e tools or cutters O are set in th e slides D so that th e ir top surfaces

'

are in line with the center B T h e y are fastene d to the slides by screws .

as shown in section at K and th e y are all set in the same plane so ,

that each o n e cuts a d i fi ere n t thread At the h e ad stock e n d of the .

-

lathe a slide is bolted which e ngage s with arm H and throws it up in

,

t h e direction of the arrow thus drawing the cutters back at the e n d of

the cut A removable bushing provides adjustm e nt for cutting threads
.

o n rods of various sizes With this device four fe et of triple squar e

.

thre ad 1 % inch diameter and inch lead can be cut in twe nty
minutes $
.

F a c e p l a t e s fo r C u tt i n g M u lt i p l e T h re a d s
-

T h e following m e thod of cutting multiple threaded screws o f two -

,

three four fi v e etc threads is very simple and mechanically perfect

, , , .
, .

F red S ea b u g Ch i cago
r , D e ce mbe r 1 907 , , .
22 N O 32 —S CR E I V T H R E AD
.
/
CU T TI N G
A plain circular plate Fig 1 5 to bolt on the face plate of the lathe i s
, .
,
-
,

made and locate d and held in exact position with two small dowel
,
.

pins AA T hen a number of circles are scored in this plate T h e

, . .

circle nearest the center is divided into three parts the next one into ,

four parts which answers for two divisions as well the next one into
, ,

fi ve parts etc H oles are drilled in the circles large enough in diam
, .

et e r to hold pins for driving the carrier T o use the plate for cutting .

F i g 15. tti g f M lti pl T h d

. D e vi c e fo r Fa c i li ta ti n g th e Cu n o u e re a s

multipl e threads the carrier is moved from one pin to another until
,

each thread is cut T h e plate mentioned is kept specially for multiple

.

thread cutting and can be bolted on by bolts through the back of the
,

face plate $
-
.

Fig 1 6 shows another interesting development of face plate arrange

.
-

ment fo r threading lathes brought out by the fi rm of Ferdinand Pless , ,

Fe chenheim a M G ermany and intended for facilitating the cutting

, . .
, ,

t C tti g M ulti pl Th d
Fi g 16 . . An o h e r D e v i c e fb r u n e re a s

of multipl e threads in the lathe A s seen from the illustration it .

,

consists of two parts A and B the part A being free to be rotated in

, ,

relation to the part B when the bolts 0 are loosened T he driving pin .

for the lathe dog is attached to the plate A and in cutting multiple ,

threads when one thread is fi nish e d the bolts 0 are simply lo o s e ned
, , ,

and the plate A turn e d around in relation to the spindle of the machin e
J a mes H Go mersa ll G e rma n to wn Pa Ma rch 1 900
. , , .
, , .
 KI N K S AN D S UGGE S T I ONS 23

an amount corr e sponding to th e type of thread being cut ; thus for ,

instanc e if a double thread is cut the plate A is turned around one

, ,

half revolution or 1 8 0 degrees ; for a triple thread 1 20 degrees ; for a

, ,

quadruple thread 90 degrees etc T h e periphery of plate A is gr adu

, , .

ated in degrees and a zero line provided on p late B so that the

, ,

required setting is very easily obtained On lathes which are con .

F ig 17
. bl T l p t wi th C i l F m d T h d T l
. D o u e o o - o s rc u a r or e re a o o

sta n t ly used for thread cutting th e advantag e of an arrang e ment of

this type is very e vident as it save s employing any of the more or

,

LE AD S RE W C
Cu tti g A ti
Fig 18 . . f th T l n c on o e oo s

less cumbersome methods in vogue for moving the work in relation to

the tool when cutting multiple threads .

M e t h o d fo r C u tt i n g L a t h e L e a d s c re w s -

T h e method shown in Fig 1 7 may b e used fo r cutting lathe lead

.

screws T wo cutting tools are used one in front right side up and
.
, , ,

the other at the back also right side up to cut on the reverse trip
, , .

T h e cutting t ools are round like short secti o ns o f the screw to be cut
, ,
24 N o 32 —S CR E W T H R E A D C U T TI N G
.

but left hand to cut a right hand scr e w T hey a re c u t with th e thread
- -
.

on a tap e r and th e o utsid e turne d straight so that th e leading cutte r

tooth will cut to th e full depth fed at e ach travers e and th e succeed ,

ing teeth widen the out only the last two usually cutting on th e full
,

side of th e thread as shown in Fig 1 8 T h e limiting e lem e nt in using

,
. .

this device is the torsi o nal strength of the screw being out T h e bolts .

0 0 and th e ir wash e rs and nuts help to hold th e cutt e rs in plac e Bolt .

D holds th e d e vic e to the top of the cross slide in place o f t h e tool p ost -
,
-
.
$

A c c u r a t e T h re a d i n g o f T a p s a n d D i e H o b s
E xperience in tap and die making has taught that it is o n e thing
to make a p e rfect screw and quit e anoth e r to mak e a tap which will
perfe ctly correspond with it It is well kn o wn that a ta p shorte ns in
.

hard e ning this shrinkage varying somewhat with diffe r e nt grad e s of

,

i n cry, N Y.
.

F i g 19
. . t Cu tti g T p L g i th L d
A rra n gi n g L a h e fo r n a s on n e ea

st e e l so that a tap and a screw made with the same lead scr e w will
,
-

not corr e spond in pitch T h e r e for e to b e accurate allowanc e must be

.
, ,

made in chasing the thread on th e tap for th e shrinkage that will take
place in the hardening .

T o carry out this id e a a little further : A h o b and a tap may thus

be made to corr e spond but after a die is hobb e d and hardened it will
,

not exactly match the hob or the tap which it is intended to suit So .

we s e e that the hob should be made with an allowance of two shrink

a g e s t o counteract the shortening that tak e s place wh e n it ( th e hob )

is hardened and again when th e die is hard e n e d While it is not th e .

best policy to make taps and di e s in th e to o Lro o m it ofte n becom e s ,

n e cessary to do so for sizes varying fr o m the standard and the prob ,

le m then presents its e lf to cut th e m s o as t o make the prop e r allow

ance for shrinkage T h e following m e thod sh o ws h o w this is a ccom
.
.

p l i sh e d in a very satisfactory manner :

T h e change g e ars of the lathe are first arrang e d as usual for cutting

.E .H Fi sh W o ce st e r M a s s O cto b e r 1 906
,
r , , ,
.
26 N O 32 —S CR E W T H R E AD
. CU T TI N G
with th e s e gears th e y impart a perfectly unifo rm move m e nt to the
,

tap being chas e d .

T e s t i n g a L e a d s c re w -

A method of t e sting the p itch of a l e ad scr e w at any positi o n of its -

,

length consists in procuring a micrometer screw and barr e l complete

, ,

such as can be purchased from any of the manufactur e rs of accurate

measuring instruments and bore out a holder so that the axis of the
,

micrometer screw will be parallel to its body wh e n the scr e w is in

place as shown in Fig 21 With the lathe geared for any selected
, . .

pitch the nut engaged with the lead screw and all backlash of screw
,
-
, ,

gears etc pr o perly taken up clamp the micrometer holder to the lathe
, .
, ,

bed as shown in Fig 22 so that the body of the holder is parallel to

, .
,

the carriage A dj ust the micrometer to one inch when the point of
.

the screw bears against the carriage and with a surf ace gage scribe a ,

line on the outer edge of the fac e plate N o w rotate the lath e spindle .

any numb e r of full r e volutions that r e quired cause th e carriage

MICRO ” E TE R
.

Fi g 2 2 . . t
T e s i n g t h e L e a d -s c re w

to travel ov e r the portion of the lead screw that is b e ing t e sted bring -
,

ing the line on the fac e plate to the surface gage point If the distan ce .

traveled by the carriage is not greater than one inch th e micrometer ,

will indicate the error directly For length of carriage travel greater .

than one inch an end measuring rod set to the number of eve n inches
, ,

required can be used between the micrometer point and the lathe
,

carriage T h e error in the lead scr e w is then easily determined by

.
-

the adjustment that may be required to make a conta ct for the m e asur
ing points betwe e n the carriage and the micrometer screw T h e pitch .

can be tested at as many points as are considered necessary by using

end measuring rods of l e ngths selected set to good vernier calipers
, .

T h e style of holder shown can with the microm e te r screw be used , ,

for numerous other shop tests and as th e screw is only held by friction ,

caused by the clamping screw it can e asily be removed and placed in ,

any form of holder that is found necessary $

.

W a lte r Ca n te l o B ri d ge po t C o nn Jul y 1 903

,
r , .
, , .
 K I N KS AN D S UG GE S TI ON S 27

C u tt i n g a S m o o t h T h re a d
When cutting threads one ofte n meets with di ffi culty in obtaining a
,

smooth thr e ad such as is requ i red for screw gages and taps On e
, .

good way to obtain a smooth thread is to turn the tap nearly to siz e
and harden it ; then draw th e temper to a light blue When turning $ ”
.

to size if the tool does not stand up well draw still lower the object
, , ,

being to leave just enough temper in the ta p to make the steel firm .

By ta k ing light chips with a hard thread tool a glossy smooth thread , ,

will result Another advanta ge gained by hardening the tap befor e

.

fi nishing is that it will greatly eliminate the chances of the le ad chang

ing after the final hardening A thin lubricant of lard oil and turpen .

tine is an e xce llent one for thread cutting When cutting two or more .

taps it is customary in some shops to rough out both or all the taps ,

leaving the dogs on them and for the sizing or finishing cut the taps
, ,

are chased without moving the thread tool But if the thread tool .

dulls a tri fle wh e n making th e finishing cut on th e fi rst tap ( the suc ,

ce e d i n g taps will not be exactly the s ame size $

.

R e m o v i n g B ro k e n T a p s

T o remov e a broken tap from cast iron the hole should first be ,

th o ro ughly cleaned out by means of a small squirt can fill e d with

M a c hi n ery,N Y . .

t S w Th d G g
F ig 2 3
. . A L i mi cr e re a a e

k e ros e n e A l l small br o ken pieces of the tap can be remove d with a

.

pair of tw e ezers T hen the tweez e rs which should be as la rge as

.
,

possibl e should be inserted between the hole and the flutes of the
,

tap and by slowly working back and forth and occasionally lubricating
with k e ros e ne th e broken piece is easily releas e d A through hol e
, .
,

of course simplifies matters somewhat

, .
$

A H a n d y S c r e w T h r e a d G a ge

When cutting threads on screws and bolts whe th e r by threading di e s ,

or in a lathe much tim e is wasted by gaging the threads with e ith e r

,

a nut or a ring thread gage o f th e ordinary typ e I n the case of a .

piece h e ld between lathe c e nters in order to gage the thr e ad with the ,

ring gage it is necessary to remove the piece from betwe e n the centers
, .

T h e D resdner B o h rm as ch i n e n fa bri k A G D resd e n G ermany is mak .

-
.
, , ,

ing a gage for measuring the threads of screws which serve s the same ,

purpose as a ring gage but saves the user considerable time T his
, .

gage is shown in Fig 23 T h e end marked A fi ts o ver th e threads and

. .
,

the e n d m arked 0 is supposed not to pass ove r the threaded screw when ,

F E S h a i l o r G ea t B a rri ngto n M a ss Ma rch 1 907

r
H J B a h m a nn N e w Y o k Ci t y J n ua y 1 906
. . .
, , , ,

. . c , r , a r , .
28 N o 32 —S CR E W T H R E AD
. CU T T I N G
thread e d to the right size T hus not only can the size of the threads .
,

be tried but at the same time the gage acts as a limit gage
, .

M e th o d o f D ri v i n g La th e W h e n C u tt i n g S cre w s o f S t e e p P i t c h
'

W hen cutting screws of very quick pitch or cutting the teeth of ,

sp i ral gears in a lathe place a pull e y on th e lead screw and length e n

,
-

the c o n e belt so as t o dri v e the l e a d scre w dire ctly fro m the counter -

shaft and drive the spindle back through the change ge ars By doing
, .

this the carriage may be driven back and forth much quicker and with
,

less strain on the lathe Wh e n cutting a quick pitch more po wer is

.
,

generally required to operate the carriage than to drive the

C a s e h a r d e n ing R i n g T h r e a d G a ge s
-

T o harden ring thread gages without distortion anneal the gage afte r ,

roughing out and when having finished the thread fill th e gage with
, ,

powdered cyanide and then heat it in a gas furnace being very careful ,

to exclude cold drafts as much as possible W hen the gage has reached .

the right temperature turn the gas almost o ff and let the p iece remain
, ,

.l f Cl i g Th d i Ch k
F ig 2 4 . To o or d F pl t
e an n re a s n uc s an a ce - a es

in the furn ace for about ten minutes T hen dip it in oil and k eep it .

moving around in a path shaped like th e fi gure 8 When cool en o ugh .

,

remove it and clean it with kerosene oi 1 $

.

T h r e a d C l e a n e r fo r C h u c k s a n d F a c e p l a t e s -

T h e practice of cleaning out the threads on chuc ks and other face

plates every time they are screwed on the spindle is very nece ssary
for maintaining the accuracy of the chuck and should therefore not be
neglected especially by apprentices T h e only instrument necessary is
, .

a piece of inch drill rod bent into the shape of a safety pin and
-

having its two ends bent outward with the points fi led to 6 0 degrees as ,

shown in F i g 24 Inserting this little tool between the thread s and

. .

moving it around by hand insur e s the removal of all dirt and chips
that have accumulated in the threads I n this conn e ction it is also .

well to remember that after removing a chuck or face plate from the -

spindle it should b e laid away face down or with the chuc k jaws rest
,
‘

E ugen e W 0 a l e t z ky T re n to n N J No v e m b e r 1 904
E v ere t t J u l y 1 906
. .
, , ,

n e e n K e a rn y N J , , . .
, , .
 I
KI N KS AN D S UG GE S T I ON S 29

ing on the bench or floor thus keeping the chips away from the thread ,

as much as possibl e .
$

A C o m p o u n d G e a ri n g A rra n ge m e n t

A certain lathe which was single geared was required to have i ts

, ,

thr e ad cutting capacity increased C ompound gearing was therefore

-
.

arranged for as shown in Fig 25 . .

T o the left is shown the original gearing on the lathe with which ,

fr o m 3 to 4 8 thre ads pe r inch can be cut T h e key from the end of the .

lea ds crew was removed and in place of the gear D the extension A , ,

was screwed on A keyway was cut in this e xtension so that the long
.
,

key B e xt e nd ed from the end of the shoulder at 0 through A and into

the keyway in the end of th e lead screw It thus lock e d the extension - .

onto the lead screw and also provided a key for the gear D T h e notch
-
.

in the key is to facilitate its removal .

I n the place of the original int e rmediate stud th e stud in the center ,

of th e engraving was substituted On this stud the gears were sep .

Fig 2 5 . . A C om p o un d G e a rin g Arra n ge m e n t

a ra t e d by the collar whil e a key running the e ntire length of th e
, ,

sl e ev e made the ge ars run toge ther T h e complete arrange ment is

, .

sh o wn to the right in the illustration By making this alte ration it is .

possibl with the same lathe to cut from 1 to 1 44 threads p e r inch

e $
.

T h r e a d r o l l i n g D i e s fo r S m a l l I n t e rc h a n ge a b l e S c r e w s
-

Fig 26 shows a thread rolling devic e as applied to a punch pr e ss A

.
- -
.

is a punch holder to fit the punch press B is the bolster or a p iec e .

,

of cast iron about 1 inch thick upon which are located two cast iron ,

blocks one made stationary and the other adjustable by slotting B so

, ,

that the block can be forced ahead by the set screw T here is a -

groov e in the stationary block and a tongue in th e punch holder A to

p revent the dies from getting out of line T h e screw D is for holding .

a th i n p i ece of steel as a stop so that the thr e ad can be cut to the d e

'

sir e d length T h e screw E holds a wire supporting the pi e ce to be

.

H J B a ch ma n n Ne w Yo k C i t y Ja n ua y 1 906 r r
J a m s P H a yes M e ri d en C n Se p te m b 1 902
. . .
, , ,

e .
, , on .
,
e r, .
30 N o 32 .
—S CR E W T H R E AD C U T T I N G
threaded until the upper die F comes down and carries it past the , ,

lower die G I n cutting the die it may be made in one piece H be ing
.
, ,

the circumference of the thread to be rolled an d G the des ired length , 1

for the lower die F is the desired length for the upper die which
.
1 ,

must be longer than the lower die so that it will roll the wire past the
die G and permit it to drop out of the way T he part K must be cut .

out when cutting in two parts T he proper angle to which to cut the .

die depends on the pitch of the thread T h e pitch divided b y the cir .

c umfe ren ce o f the screw to be rolled will give the tangent of the angle .

I n cutting the die which must be of good tool steel and hardened afte r
,

making the shaper is used T h e cut is taken with a tool that can be
taken off and put back again without changing its location—such a
.
,

tool for instance as a circular thr e ading tool I n cas e th e point should
, , .

lli g D i
Fi g 2 6
. . T h re a d -ro n e v ce

happen to get dull the tool can then be removed for grinding
, If .

the feed screw has not the desired graduations on it a brass index
-
,

plate can be made very quic k ly and used on the machine T h e bras s , .

plate should be of a good size and cut accurately in a milling machin e ,

and a pointer clamped on the shaper $ .

P r o d u c i n g T h re a d s b y a R a p i d l y R e v o l v i n g S t e e l D i s k

Fig 27 illus trates a method used for threading studs pins etc of
.
, , .
,

manganese steel this material being so hard that it cannot be cut

,

by any kind of tool steel A plain hardened tool steel disk having the
.
, ,

edge made according to the angle of thread is employed T his disk , .

is revolv e d at a high speed and at the same time forced into the work
, ,

which is revolved slowly Owing to the friction between the edge of th e

.

disk and the work and the softening of the material d ue to the h e at
, ,

ge nerated by th e friction the disk wears away the stock and by m e ans
, , ,

S ta cy Ol i v e r G rea t B a rri n gt o n M a s s Ju l y 1 907

, , , ,
.
 KI N KS AND S UGGE S TI ON S 31

of this creates the thread T h e stoc k come s off in a very small thin
, .
,

scales like chips which to some extent remind one of the s cales o f a
,

fish An ordinary lathe may be rigged up for the purpose by re mov

.
,

ing th e too l p ost and top rest and substituting for them the fi xture
- -
,

shown in th e cut T h e dis k must be driven independently by an over

.

head drum or some similar arrangement

, .

T h e peripheral speed of th e disk is usually between 3000 and 4000

feet per minute T h e operation is unavoidably slow and expensive
.
,

and the method is used only when no other way is possible It is very .

likely however th at th e e ffi ciency can be increased to some e xtent

, ,

by increas ing the peripheral speed of the disk perhaps to as high as ,

fee t per minute—a speed used on friction saws

$

It is likely that high speed steel would be preferable to ordi nary tool
-

s teel as material for the disks but as the process described is n e ces , ,

sari ly slow an d is used only when no other way of threading is

,

F ig 2 7
. . Cu tti ng a T h re a d b y a Ra pi d ly R l
e v o v in g H a rd en e d S te e l D i sk
it has not as yet been developed to the limit of i ts capacity .

T here is a certain point in the gradual development of the method

above at which it becomes economically preferable to emp loy high speed -

steel for the disk but below this point of development although high
, ,

speed steel may be the best the ordinary tool steel disk owing to its , ,

smaller first cost is economically the one to be preferred A prefer

, .

ence for the one or the other k ind of steel is in fluenced by a number
of factors vi a the number of pieces to be threaded per unit of time ;
, ,

the peripheral speed of the dis k ; the pressure between disk and wor k ;
and th e efficiency of the system of cooling .

T h e question of cooling is in itsel f an interesting one T h e reason .

why the heat does not draw the temper of the tool steel in the disk
while the h e at is so great that it softens th e metal of the work is that ,

the disk is revolving at a high speed and the work only revolving very
slowly so that a unit of length of the p e ri p hery of the disk is in con
,

tact with the work but a very short tim e while every point on th e ,
32 N o 32 —S. CE E W T H R E AD C U T TI N G
work at the place where it is cut is in contact with the di sk a co m
, ,

p a ra ti v e ly long time Owing to this the disk has ampl e time to c o ol

.

o ff while the work accumulates the generated h e at

, T h e high speed .

of the disk also throws the film of air near e st to the disk outward ,

owing to the centrifugal force and new cool air comes constantly in ,

at the center a current of air thus at all times tending to cool the
,

disk .

T h e cooling thus obtained is found to be satisfactory at the present

speed at which the disk is run but at a high e r speed a system of c o ol ,
~

i ng by an air jet or still be tter perhaps by water could be employe d

, , , ,

E ND V I E W O F
WO OD HAND LE
W IT H W I RE S

F ig 2 8
. . H o ld er fo r W i re s wh e n M e a s u rin g T a p s b y th e T h re e wi re Sys te m
to advantage T his would also increase the limits within which
.

ordi nary tool ste el disk could be used to advantage For increasing .

the peripheral speed of the disk as previously mentioned undoubtedly ,

th e best way would be to increase the diameter of the disk permitting ,

the number of revolutions to remain the same as before ; but at the

present stage of the developm e nt of this devic e ther e are some limita
tions to the size of th e disk inasmuch as it is us e d in an ordinary ,

lathe and th e space possible to utiliz e for the disk is not very great
,
.

A nother di fficulty in incr e asing t h e diamet e r rather than the number ,

of r e volutions is that fo r a large diam e ter disk it is necessary to ar

,

range the disk o n an incline d angle in relation to the work in ord e r to

 CH APT E R I I I

TA B L E S A N D F O RM U L A S F O R M A K I N G
T H RE A D T O O L S

T he present chapter contains som e information regarding the mak i ng

of special thr e ading tools square threading tools and sev e ral tabl e s
. ,

which will prov e useful when making thread tools It is not a com .

plei s treatise on the making of thr e ad tools but contains such general ,

information as the tool maker is most lik e ly to requir e

-
.

F o rm u l a fo r P l a n i n g T h re a d T o o l s $

Fig 2 9 shows a diagram of and below will be found formulas for

.
, ,

thread tools with s p ecial r e fe rence to those used in a Pratt Whitn e y

,

thread tool hold e r which holder is the one considered the best and
,

most used by leading firms As the planing of thread tools used in .

this holder is rather particular and quite confusing to those not fa ,

miliar with the proc e ss formulas are given by means of which the
,

angles to which t h e planer or shaper head should be se t can easily be -

,

figured T h e formulas will be readily understood from the diagram

.
,

but a word may be needed in explanation of the leading and the $ ” $

following sid e of the thread tool the former be ing that side of the
”
,

tool first ente ring the work when a thread is cut .

1 T o o l wi t h S i d e C l e a ra n c e
.

a: d e pth of thr e ad ,

bz wi d th of fla t on offs e t tool ,

0 a ctual w idth o f fla t ,

d outside diamete r o f scre w ,

v clearance angle ,

w 17$ angle of thr e ad

: ,

y angle of helix ,

a: normal angl e ( to which to s e t p lan e r head when planing tool on ,

side ) ,

L ead

(d — a ) 3 l 4l 6
.

co s y : ( co t w X sin u X sin y )
cot w X cos v
U se for leading side and for following side .

For A cme ( 29 deg ) thread and 1 5 d e gre e cl e arance angle the

.
-
, fo r
mula can for all practical pur p o s e s be written :
, ,

co s y i sin y
tan or

M ACH I N E R Y, M a y, 1 905 .
 T A BL E S AN D F OR M UL AS F OR T H R E A D T OOL S 35

T he w idth of fla t on the o fi set tool is fi gured from the formula : I)

c X cos y .

T o o l W i t h o u t S i d e C l e a ra n c e
2 .

If the tool has no side cl e arance the angle of helix can be considered ,

ta n w
0 deg and ab o ve formula reduces itself to : tan
.
, for 60
cos 1)
deg scre w thread U nited S tates standard the formula has this appear
.
, ,

tan
a nce : tan a: = a7 = 3o deg 5 2 min . .

cos 1 5 °

I n this latte r case the w idth of fla t of tool ( 0 ) remains unchanged .

I t w ill be noticed that formulas are gi v en fi rst for tools wi th side

$

clearance and second for tools w ithout side clearance ; of course

” $ ”

any thread tool ought to be gi v en a side clearance the amount of ,

w hich depends on the angle o f helix of the thread to be cut but on a o ,

N ac hmery, N Y, .

Fig 2 9
. . D i a gra m I ll u s tra ti ng th e Pl a n i n g o f T h re a d T o o l s

c ount of the small angle of helix on fi ne pitch threads the necessity of ,

using a tool w ith side clearance in such cases is reduced to a minimum ,

a n d can for practical reasons be dispensed with .

W i d t h s o f T o o l s fo r C u t t i n g S q u a re T h r e a d s $

W hen cutting squar e threads it is customary to make the scre ws

e xactly according to the theoretical standard of the square thread .

T he w idth of the point of the tool for cutting scre ws w ith square
threads is therefore exactly one half of the pitch but the width of the -
,

point of the tool for cutting taps which afterwards are used for tap ,

ping nu ts is slightly less than one half the pitch so that the groov e
,
-
,

in the tap becomes narrow er and the land or cutting point w ider ,

than the theoretical square thread thereby cutting a groov e in the ,

nut which will be slightly wider than the thread in the screw so as ,

t o provide fo r clearance An inside threading tool for threading nuts

.

e vidently must be of th e same width as the land on the tap w ould be ,

o r in other words slightly wider than one half th e pitch T his pro
,
-
.

vides then the required clearance T he accompanying table gives

, , .

the w idth of the point of the tool for all ordinary pitches from one to
M AC H I N E R Y A pr i l 1 90 8
, , .
36 N o 32 —s cs
. T H R E AD C U T T I N G

twenty four threads per inch T he second column gives the w idth of
-
.

the point for cutting taps to be used for producing square thread nuts .

T he third column gives the width of the point of the tool for cutting
scre ws w hich as we have said equals one half the pitch and the
, ,
-
,

fourth column gi v es the w idth of the point for inside threading tools
for nuts W h ile the table has been carried to as fi ne pitches as those
.

having twenty four threads per inch square threaded scre w s having
-
,

so fi ne a p itch a re very seldom used S ome manufacturers of sq u are .

threading tools ho w e v er make square threading tools for pitches as

, ,

fi ne as these and for this reason they hav e be en included

, .

C l e a ra n c e A n gl e s o f S q u a r e T h re a d T o o l s

I n the C hart F i g 30 reprod u ced from M A C H I N E B Y s D ata S heet N o

.
,
’
.

97 directions are gi v en for the use of the diagram presented

, by ,

T O OL S F OR S QU A R E T H R E AD

Width of Po i n t of T oo l
No of
d Th r d
.

F o r I n si F o r I n sid e
F Thr d
e ea

pe r I n ch
s
T p T hr d
Sa g
a s
T ls f r
oo
ea
o
F or a s
T l f
oo s
ea
or
Nu ts N ut s

0 0635
.

1}
1} 10
11
12 0 0427
.

13
14
15
16
0 1 1 11
. 18
0 1 000 20
22

means of w hich the clearance angles on the sides of square threading

tools may be determined at a glance T he example given in the chart .

wi l l fu l ly explain its use .

T a b l e s G iv i n g An gl e s o f T h r e a d i n g T o o l s $

T he tables on pages 38 and 39 w ill be of interest and use to tool mak -

ers T h e fi rst table in question deals w ith the circular threading too l
. .

T his kind of tool most generally has its cutting face below i ts center
line w hich of course changes the angles ; it not only changes the
, , ,

angles but as we lo w er the cutting edge the same becomes a convex

, ,

line On large diameters this second error is not noticeable to any

.

extent although it exists from the very moment w e lo wer the cutting
,

face of such a tool T his one item makes it v ery d i fii cu lt to accurately

.

give the angle to make such a tool w hich should cut an accurate 60 ,

degree thread when the too l is cut a certain amount under its center
,

line .

M ACH I NE R Y, J ul y , 1 90 5 .
T A BL E S AN D F OR M UL AS F OR T H R E AD T O OLS 37

F ig 3 0 . v
D i a gra m gi i n g Cl ea ra n ce An gl e s of S q ua re Th re a d T o o l s
38 N o 32 —S CRE W T H R E AD C U T T I N G
.

T he angles in the table be low were computed by ta k i ng diameter d

to be 99 inch smaller than c ; this di fference was used throughout the
tabl es T he fi rst column gives the largest diameter of tool whi l e the
.
,

second gives the d iameter from which the following angles were
obtaine d T he eight columns follow ing gi v e the angle of one si d e of
.

C I R C UL A R T H RE A D I N G TOOL S

— were wan -1 8 10 s o r T OO L
'

a
b mcwoeo ANGL E o n 2 x ANGLE a
c w e$ am mo; roa n
.

d- c 1 26 (m ass mat es wees co u purso momm m mm )

tool and also the included angle for such tools which have their cutting
face and inch belo w th e center line S hould one .

desire to co nstruct such a tool for very coarse threads say for instance , , ,

for 2 or 3 pitch it can readily be done w ith very accurate results by

,

simply manipulating the fi gures in the table .

E x a mp l e : A circular tool is to be made of which the extreme diam

,

eter is to be 2 inches and w hich is to be used for c u tting 2 pitch -

threads ; its cutting face is to be inch belo w the center line and ,
 o o
C J I J J J 2
. J
J J O
' 1 3 J g
4 4 J s 6 J O

—
J

T HRE AD
J

T A BL E S A N D F OR M U L A S F OR T 00 5 5
S

39
6 ’
”
Q $ 0

it must cut to the depth of inch when the top wi d th of cut

equals inch No w the table gi v es us for a 2 inch diameter
.
-

6 0d egree tool cut inch be l ow center the half angl e 31 deg 23 min
, . .
,

or 6 2 deg 46 min included angle T hese angles wou l d be accurate for

. . .

mak ing a tool that was to be used on threads that hav e an approx i
mate depth of about inch but for the too l in question we would
,

come nearer right if we reckoned our tw o diameters name l y 2 inches , ,

for th e one and 1 % inch for second diameter since 2 X ,

w hich is nearly inch and 2 inches , inch would eq ua l 1 % inch

for the second d iameter No w if w e consider the intermediate d iam
.

eter 1 —
inch which is foun d as follo ws : 2 1 % inc h ; 9
6 i
'
-

S T R A I G H T T H R E AD I N G T O O L S

2 inch ; 1% 1 inch—we find upo n referring to

the tables that a 1 9/1 6 inch diameter is not given ; so w e divide the
~

d i fi e re n ce bet w een a 1 % inch and 1 % inch diameter ; th is d i fle re n ce is

- -

27 minutes half o f which would be about 1 4 minutes

, T his added to .

the ang l e given in the 1 % inch l ine w ould equal 32 deg 27 min w hich
-
. .
,

w ould be the proper angle to make the tool .

W e wi l l now turn to th e straight threading tool w hich is a more ,

accurate tool than th e circular because we have not the conve x side to
,

contend with T he cutting edge of a straight tool is al ways a straight

.

line ( provided it is made accurately ) regardless of w hat the clearance

angle is W e have howe v er the same problem to sol v e in relation to
.
, ,

this style of tool as in the circular namely : W hen the cutting angle
,

equals 6 0 degrees for e xample wh at i s the angle on for ward side of

, ,
 T he table above gives this angle As will be seen in this table the
.
,

fi rst column gives the clearance angles which range from 8 to 20

degrees inclusive I n the second and third columns are the respective
, .

single and included angles which when m ea sure d o n the for w ard side
,

of the tool will coincide with a perfect 6 0 degree angle on the cutting
-

face.

T here is still another item w hich is of no less importance than any

previously mentioned and which concerns both the straight and ci rcu
,
o

lar threading tools and that is the setting of such tools in the machine
,

so that they may stand in alignment w ith the angle of the thread that
is being cut M any threads are cut which are smooth on one side and
.

rough on the other ; the cause is not having an equal amount of clear
ance on each side of the threading tool T he old style of lathe tool
.

which was used for th reading purposes had a little advantage over
the circular and straight tools in this respect because it had clearance
,

both ways but with such tools that can be ground without changing
,

their form we must obtain front clearance only T his makes it more
, .

essential to have these tools stand as near in line with the angle of
the thread as possible ; but when we speak of setting such tools per
fectly in alignment with the angle of a thread we have an i mp ossi ,

b i l i ty to conten d with because the root of a thread is al w ays smaller

,

in diameter t han the apex and as the lead on both root and ape x
,

remains the same the angle must of course change when going from
, ,

one diameter to another I n other words the angle of the spiral at

. ,

the root diameter is always greater than at the ape x of thread T he .

most correct d iameter to select would be about mi d way between the

root and apex of thread but as the changes of angles are very slight
, ,

and really too slight for practical importance they are generally com
,

p u t e d from the diameter over t h e ape x of th e th r ea d .

 No 1 S c re w T h rea s -U n i t e d d S ta t e s ,
W h i t w rt h h A oc i
. . .

o S a rp V a n d B ri ti s h ss a
T hr
,

ti on S t n d rd d ; B r gg
a Pip
a ea s i s e e tc.
T hr d ; O i l W l l C i g G g ; F i re H
ea e as n a es o se No 11. M i lli ng M a c hi n e 1n d
Acm T hr W rm
.

C n n c ti
o ; e o nsd; e ea o C l a m p i n g D ev i c e s a n d P l an e r J a
T hr d ; M tri c T h r d ; M c h i
ea s W d
e ea s a ne, oo T a bles fo r M i l l i n g M a ch i n e I n de
'

L g S cr w Thr h G
,

an d a d ; C rr ge B l t e ea s a ia o C a n ge e a r s fo r M i l l i n g S p i r a l s ; A
Th r d t ea s e c. f o r s e tt i n g I n d e x i n g ea d en M H wh
S cr ws N u ts — h
,

No 2 B o lts and F ile C l u tc e s ; J i g C l a m p i n g D e v i c e s ; 8

'

li t r h d S q u r h d H dl
. . .
,

Col ea ea ess a n d C l a m p s ; P l a n e r J a ck s
-
s e -
ea a e
d H h —d S cr w ; S t a n d
, , .
,

lar l d i ea g an exa on- ea e s

N o 12 P i p e a n d P i p e F i t t i n gs .
-

d a d S p ci l N u t ; T ut T b lt
.

Th G F
.

a nd rea d s a n d
n e a s n s o s
C a s t i ron it
-
ar a ge s ;
W h r ; T h u m b S cr w d N ut ; A L
, -

as e s e s a n s
B ro n z e F i tti n g s ; P ipe F l a n ge s ;
A M S t d rd S c r w n d N u t ; M c h i n
. .

an a e s a s a e
B e n d s ; P i p e C l a m p s a n d H a n ge r s ; D
S cr w H d ; Wo d S c r w
. .

e ea T p D ri l l s ;
s o e s a
s i o n s o f P i p e f o r V a ri o u s S e rvi c e s ,
L c k N u t ; E y b l t e tc
o s e- o s, .

No 1 3. B o i l e rs and C hi mn ey s
No 3 T a p s a n d D i e s — H a n d M a ch i n e .

S p a c i n g a n d B r a c i n g f o r B o i l e r s ; S tr
’
.

T pp r a n d M c h i n S c r e w T a p ; T p r
. . . ,
,

o f B o i le r Jo i n ts ; R i ve t in g ; B o i l er S e
a e a e s a e

Di T p s ; S l l e r s H b ; S cr w M c h i n e
e a e o s e a
Chim neys
T p ; S tr i gh t a n d T p r B i l
a s a T p ; a e o zr a s
.

S t y bo l t W sho u t a n d P t ch bo l t T p ; - No . 14 . L o co m o ti v e an d R ai l w a y
a a a a s
L c m t iv B i l r ; B r i g P r
-

T p d H h ; S l id S q u r R und
, ,

P p
- o o o e o e s ea n es
i e a s an
A d j u t a b l e a n d S p r i n g S cr e w T r e d i n g
‘

s
o s o a e,
‘
a
o
fo r Lo co m t i v J u r a l ; L c o e o n s o o
Cl i fi c ti R il S ectio
.

D ies ass ; a ons ; a ns

S w i tc h e s a n d C r o v e r ; T i re : T r
.

No 4 B m S o ck e t s , D r i ll s an d
ss-o s s

M i l li n g
. .

C u t t e rs
ea e rs ,
— H and R ea m e rs ; S ell h F o rc ; I n r ti
e f T ra i s ; B ra k e L
e a o n

A T B ra ke R o ds , e t c
.

R ea m e rs a n d rb o r s ; P p e R ea m e rs ; a per
.

Pi n s and R ea m e rs ; ro n S a rp e , w h No 15 . S t e a m an d G a s E n gi n e s
. .

M o r s e a n d J a rn o a p e r S o ck e t s a n d R e a m T u ra t e d S tea m ; S t e a m P i pe S i z e s ;
e rs ; D ri l l s ; W
i r e a ge s ; M i l l i n g C u t t e r s ; G E n gi n e D e s i gn ; V olum e of C yli
S e tt i n g A
n gl e s fo r M i l l i n g eet i n E nd T h S t u ffi i n g B o x e s ; S e t t i n g C o rl i s s E
M i lls a nd A
n gu l a r C u t t e r s , e t c V a lv e ea rs ; GC o n den s e r a n d ir A
D a t a ; H o i s e p o we r o f a so line G
.

No 5 S p u r G e a ri n g — D i a m e tr a l a nd E n
. .

C i rc u l a r P i tc ; D i m e n s i o n s o f S p u r h ea rs ;
.

G A u t o m o bi l e E n g i n e C r a n k s a ft s , e h
T a bles of Pitc h
D i a m e t e r s ; O d o n t o gra p h No 16 M a t h e m a t i c a l T a b l e s .—S q
T G h
. .

a b le s ; R o l l i n g M i l l e a ri n g ; S tr e n g t of of M ixed N u m b e r s ; F u n ct i o n s o f
S pur ea rs ; G
o rs e po er H w
r a n s m i tt e d b y T t i o n s ; C i rc u m f e r e n c e a n d D i a m e t e
C a s t - i ro n a n d R a wh
i d e P i n i o n s ; D e s i gn o f C i rc l e s ; T a b l e s f o r S p a c i n g o ff C i
S up r e a r s ; eGi g t o f C a s t -
W h
i ro n ea rs ; G S o l u ti o n o f T r i a n g l e s ; F o r m u l a s f o r
E p icyc l i c e a ri n g G . i n g R e gu l a r P o l y go n s ; G e o m e t ric a l
N o. 6 B e v e l , S p i ra l a n d W o rm G e a r
. gre s s 1 0 n , e tc .

ing R ules a nd F o rm u la s fo r B eve l No 1 7. M e chan i c s a n d S t ren o

G h G
.

ea rs ; S tr e n gt o f B eve l e a rs ; D e s i gn W rk ;
.

t e ri a l s r gy ; E e n t ri
o f B eve l ea rs ; R u le s a n d G F o r m u l a s fo r
o
F o rc e ; C e n t e r o f G r a v i ty ; M o t i o n ;
. ne

S p i r a l ea ri ng; G a b l’
e s F a c i l i ta t i n g C a l c uT t i o n ; P e n d u l u m ; F a l l i n g B o di e s S t r
l a t i o n s ; D i a gr a m f o r C u t t e r s f o r S p i r a l M a t e ri a l s ; S tr e n g t h o f F l a t P
,

of
G ea r s : R u le s a nd o r m u la s fo r W o r m F R a tio of O ut s i de a nd I n s ide R a d
G e a ri n g, e t c .
T h i ck C y l i n d e r s e t c , .

No 7 S h a f t i n g, K e y s an d K e y w ay s No 18 B e a m F o rm u l a s a n d S t rn
H r p h ft n g ; D i gr m a n d
. . .

wer D e s i gn —B e a m F o r m u l a s ; S e c ti o n a l
. .

o se o of S a i a a s
T bla fo r t h e S tr e n g t h
es f S h a ft i n g ; o
u li of
.

S tr u c t u r a l S a p e s ; B e a m C h
F rc i n g D ri v i n g S h ri ki n g n d R un n i n g
A
r e a s o f S tr u ct u r a l A
n gl e s ;
o n a
, ,
N et
F its ; W dr u ff K y ; U n i t d S t t N vy
pa c i n g ; S pl i c e s h
C a n n e ls
oo e s e a es a
S fo r
S t n d a rd K y ; G i b K e y s ; M i l l i n g K e y
a

wa y s ;
a
D up lex
e
K eys
s
b e a m s ; S tr e s s e s i n R o o f ru s s es e T ,

No 19 B e l t , R o p e a n d C h a i n D ri
.

W h
. .

No 8. C o u p li n gs , C l u t c h e s ,
B e a ri n gs , D i m ens io n s o f Pu l le y s ; eig ts of
w
.

C ra n e C h a i n a n d B o o k s P i ll o B l o ck s ; .
leys ; H
o rs e po w
e r o f B e l ti n g ; B e l t
B a bb i tt e d B e a ri n gs ; B a l l a n d R o l l e r B e a r i ty ; A
n gu l a r B elt D ri v e s ; o r se H
i n gs ; C l a m p C o u p l i n gs ; P l a t e C o u p l i n g s ; t r a n s m i t t e d by R o p e s ; S e a v e s f o r h
F l a n ge C o u p l i n gs ; oot C l u tc e s ; C r a b T h h D ri v e ; B e n d i n g S t r e s s e s i n i re W
C o u p l i n gs ; Con e C l u tc h e s ; U n i ve rsa l S pr o ck e t s f o r L
i n k C h a i n s ; F o rm u la
Jo i n t s ; C ra n e Cha i n ; C a in ri c ti o n ; h F T a bles f o r V a ri o u s C l a s s e s o f D
C ra n e H
o o ks ; D r u m S co re s .
h
C a in
de s a n d M a ch i n e
.

No 9 S p ri n gs , Sli No 2 0. W i ri n g D i a gra m s , n e s t i n
nd T bl
. .

D et a i l s — F o r m u l s S pr i n g
.

fo a a a es r
V e n t i l a t i o n , a n d M i s c e l l a n e o u s T a li
M chin M chi n
.

C l cu la t i o n s ;
a S lid ; a e es a e
T ypi c a l M o t o r W
i ri n g D i a gr a m s ; R
H n dl sa nd Lev r ; C l l r ; H n d
e a e s o a s a
a nce o f R o un C o pp e r d
i r e ; R u bb e r W
h e e l s ; P i n s a n d C o tt r s ; T u r n b u ckl s
Wc e
e re d C a bl e s ; C u rr e n t D e n s i ti e s f o r
-
e ,

e .
o us C o n t a ct s a n d M a t e ri a l s ; C e n t r
No 10 M o t o r D ri v e , 8 ee s a n d f e e d s ,
. d F a n a n d B l o w e r C a p a c i ti e s ; H o t
w
.

C ha n ge G e a ri n g, a n d B o n g B a r s —Po e r . M a i n C a p a c i ti e s ; M i s c e l l a n e o u s T
r e q u i r e d fo r M a c i n e ools ; C u t ti n g h T D e ci m a l E q u i v a l e n t s , M e t ri c C o n v
S p e e d s a n d F e e d s fo r C a rb o n a n d ig H h T able s W
e ig ts a nd h
S peci fi c ra v G
w h W h
,

spe ed S t e e l ; S c re M a c ine S peeds a nd M e ta l s e ig t s o f F i l le ts D r a ft i n g

F T H h H
, ,

e e ds ; ea t re a t m e n t o f ig speed -
C o n ve n t i o n s , e tc .

MAC H I N E R Y th e monthl y mech ani cal journ al or i gi nator o f th e R e fe re n c

, ,
—
D ata Sh eet S eries is pu blishe d in th ree e d i tions the S ho p E d i tio n a , ,

th e E ngi neeri ng E d i tion a year a nd the F oreign E d i tion a ye ar , , , .

T h e I n d u s t ri a l Pre s s . Pu b li s h e rs of M AC H I N E RY,