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(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12168 Model Answer Page No: 1/16
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more. Importance (Not applicable
for subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary
and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
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SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12168 Model Answer Page No: 2/16
ii) List four fuel additives and state one effect of each. 4
Answer: Fuel additives and their effect: (Any 4 - 1 Mark Each)
4
Sr. No. Additive Effect
Octane Improver
1 It has a positive effect on the Octane number.
(Tetra ethyl lead)
2 Anti- aging additives Improves stability during the storage.
Avoids reaction of some compounds of petrol with each other and with
3 Oxidation inhibitors oxygen- thus help in controlling gum and deposit formation during
storage.
4 Rust Inhibitors To protect components of the fuel supply system from rusting.
To inhibit reactions between the petrol and metal in the fuel supply
5 Metal Deactivators
system.
6 Detergents To keep the carburettor jets clean and thus prevent their clogging.
iii) State two advantages and two disadvantages of LPG as a SI engine fuel. 4
Answer:
Advantages of LPG: (Any 2 - 1 Mark Each)
SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12168 Model Answer Page No: 3/16
The L-MPFI system is a port fuel injection system. In this type, the fuel metering is regulated by the
engine speed and the amount of air that actually enters the engine. The Air Flow Sensor measures the
amount of air and sends information to the ECU. Speed sensor sends information about the speed of the 3
engine to the ECU. ECU processes the information and sends commands to the injector, in order to
regulate the amount of petrol supply for injection. When injection takes place, the petrol mixes with the
air and the mixture enters the cylinder.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12168 Model Answer Page No: 4/16
2. Attempt any two of the following : 16
a) State inputs and outputs of Electronic Control Module. Explain spark advance control as output 8
control functions of ECM.
Answer:
Inputs of Electronic Control Module: (Any three)
1. The Ignition (Engine Speed Sensor).
2. Temperature Sensor (Coolant Temperature). 3
3. Throttle Potentiometer (Intake Air Flow).
4. Throttle Switch (Idle and Overrun, WOT- Wide Open Throttle), Starter Switch.
5. Lambda (O2) Sensor.
6. Pressure Sensor (Manifold Pressure) and other sensors.
The Outputs of ECM are: (Any three)
1. Injection Volume Control.
2. Injection Timing Control. 3
3. Ignition Timing Control.
4. Evaporative Emission Control.
5. Turbocharger Boost Pressure Control (Diesel).
6. Engine / Vehicle Speed Control.
7. EGR Control.
8. Glow Plug Control (Diesel).
SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12168 Model Answer Page No: 5/16
b) Draw the block diagram of common rail direct injection system and explain its working 8
Answer: Common rail direct injection system:
Working:
i. In the common rail direct injection system different sensors are used for operation. These
sensors collect information about engine operating condition and send signal to the CRDI
System.
ii. Microprocessor receives the sensor signals, converts the signal in required format and then
processes the signals. e.g. Analog signals are converted into digital signals. Digital signals are 4
amplified. Then the data is compared with the look- up tables. In the Logic and power
modules, the actuators are controlled for desired control of the system. The actuators include
Fuel injectors, EGR valve, Glow control unit etc.
iii. The signal to the actuators is given in the required form like analog signals.
iv. Information is also available in form of Diagnostic trouble codes at the dashboard. It can also
be availed from the EDC using a scan tool.
c) Explain the working of positive Crank case ventilation with neat sketch 8
Answer: Positive Crank case ventilation:
The positive crankcase ventilation system is designed to control the emission from the crankcase. It is
used to keep the crankcase clean of blow-by gases. It prevents the contamination of lubricating oil in the oil
sump by fuel and products of combustion. It keeps the crankcase well ventilated. It has a calibrated passage 4
connected between oil filler tube and the air cleaner.
It allows air to enter the crankcase only when the throttle valve is less than half open. At full throttle, the
two hoses connected to air cleaner and manifold convey fumes to the induction system for burning in the
engine. For correct operation of the engine, the crankcase is sealed during the operation of the engine.
Components such as oil dip stick and oil filler cap is effectively sealed to prevent escape of the crankcase
fumes.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12168 Model Answer Page No: 6/16
i) Air cooled 4 stroke Si Engine for two wheeler: (Any 4 - 1 mark each) 4
1. Better Fuel efficiency,
2. Low weight for a given power output,
3. Smaller size for a given power output,
4. Less noisy,
5. Lower emission
6. Less objectionable exhaust gas odour
7. Less smoke.
1. Low specific fuel consumption of both full load and part load conditions (lower running cost)
2. Utilize less expensive fuels,
3. Reduced fire hazard, 4
4. Long operating life,
5. Better suited for turbo-charging.
6. Reliable engine operation
7. Flat curve of engine speed versus torque causes less frequent gear changing.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12168 Model Answer Page No: 7/16
c) What is delay period? State the factors affecting the delay period. 8
Answer: Delay period:
For a diesel fuel smooth spontaneous ignition at relatively low temperature is essential.
Ignition delay period is the time period between start of injection and start of combustion, has a great 2
influence on the correct optimization of a diesel engine.
OR
It is the time immediately following injection of the fuel during which the ignition process is being
initiated and the pressure does not rise beyond the value it would have due to compression of air.
The factors affecting the delay period are: (Any 6 - 1 Mark Each)
1. Self-Ignition Temperature of the fuel.
2. Intake Temperature and pressure in the cylinder at the time of injection.
3. Compression Ratio.
4. Engine Speed.
5. Nature of the fuel mixture strength. 6
6. Type of combustion chamber.
7. Relative velocity between the fuel injection and air turbulence.
8. Presence of residual gases.
9. Rate of fuel injection.
10. Injector fuel spray fineness.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12168 Model Answer Page No: 8/16
iv) Operating pressure Compression pressure is 7 bar to15 bar Compression pressure is 30 bar to
Maximum pressure is 45 bar to 50 bar 50 bar
Maximum pressure is 60 bar to 70
bar
ii) Define :
i) Octane Number 4
ii) Cetane Number
Answer:
i) Octane Number:
It is the property of a fuel which describes how fuel will or will not self-ignite is called Octane
number of that fuel. Engines with low compression ratio can use fuels with lower octane number, but high-
compression engines must use high-octane fuel to avoid self-ignition and detonation.
OR
The percentage of Octane in the blends of reference fuels that gives same Detonation intensity in the 2
CFR variable compression ratio engine, as that of fuel under test is called the Octane number of the fuel.
SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12168 Model Answer Page No: 9/16
iii) Draw pressure –crank angle diagram showing stages of combustion in spark ignition engine. 4
Answer: Pressure – Crank Angle Diagram showing stages of combustion in spark ignition engine
(Note: Correct diagram – 3 marks, Labels -01mark)
SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12168 Model Answer Page No: 10/16
Start phase: Here the glow plug must heat to starting temperature (approx. 850° C) as rapidly as possible.
Plug location within the combustion chamber are selected to ensure access to an ignitable mixture. Modern
glow plugs heat to required temp in roughly 4 seconds.
Post Start Phase: The glow plugs continue to operate briefly the engine has started. This improves initial
engine operation. It reduces blue smoke emission & combustion noise. The periods involved are not more
than 180 seconds.
ii) Draw evaporative emission control system schematic diagram and describe it’s working. 6
Answer: Evaporative emission control system:
Evaporative Emission control systems reduce the emission of petrol vapours from the fuel tank and
carburetor vents. In warm weather, petrol evaporates more easily. The vapour pressure of petro is more
closely controlled, which is helping in the control of these emissions also. Evaporative emissions are said to 3
account for about 20 % of a vehicle emission. A parked vehicle can emit substantial amount of Unburnt
hydrocarbons if it is not equipped with this system or if the system is not working properly.
It consists of a Charcoal Canister. Activated charcoal can store petrol vapours until the right time for
them to be drawn into the engine and burnt. When the engine is off, vapours are routed through lines and
hoses to a charcoal canister where they are stored. When the engine is running, the vapours are purged from
the canister. They are drawn to the intake manifold for burning in the cylinders.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12168 Model Answer Page No: 11/16
When the engine uses fuel injection, the fuel system is sealed to avoid evaporative emissions. The fuel
tank is sealed/ provided with a vacuum valve- to prevent vapour loss.
b) State four advantages of using MPFI system over carburetted fuel supply system 4
Answer: The advantages of MPFI over carburetted fuel supply system Engine: (Any 4 - 1 Mark Each)
1) Reduced fuel consumption.
2) Better drivability.
3) Reduced engine emission. 4
4) Better mixture distribution to the engine cylinders.
5) It avoids engine detonation.
6) No evaporative emissions.
7) Quieter operation of engine.
8) Better comfort to the passengers.
9) Diagnostic capability reduces engine down time & lesser cost of labour.
SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12168 Model Answer Page No: 12/16
d) Draw cut section diagram of Top Feed Electronic fuel injector and label it. 4
Answer:
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12168 Model Answer Page No: 13/16
1) S.I. engine maintenance determines whether the engine will operate at designed air: fuel ratio &
for how long. This includes Checking of - piston ring wear, lubrication , cooling , deposits , dirt
on air cleaner element , sticking choke valve & other factors that are likely to affect the air: fuel 2
ratio supplied or it’s combustion in combustion chamber. For example, a misfire allows an entire
air: fuel charge to be exhausted without combustion; a very dirty air cleaner can reduce A: F
ratio, generally increasing emissions of HC& CO.
2) C.I. engine maintenance decides the Smoke level. Lubricating oil flowing past the piston rings,
results in blue – white smoke. Blue – white smoke , other than during cold starting , indicates 2
that piston rings are worn –out & maintenance is needed. Maintenance affects injection
characteristics (i.e. affects spray penetration→ inadequate/excess; droplet size-unsuitable;
duration of injection-excessive, secondary injection & improper dispersion- atomization. All
these characteristics substantially increase the smoke level) Good Maintenance of injectors is a
must for lower smoke levels.
3
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12168 Model Answer Page No: 14/16
b) Draw block diagram of a closed loop electronic fuel injection feedback control system. 4
Answer:
4
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12168 Model Answer Page No: 15/16
1. Separation of pressure generation and injection allowing flexibility in controlling both the injection
rates and timing of CRDI 4
2. Fuel pressure does not depend on the engine speed and load conditions
3. High injection pressures (about 1500 bar) and good spray preparations are possible even at low engine
speeds and loads.
4. CRDI engines have capability to deliver stable, small pilot injections can be used for decreased NOx
emissions and noise.
5. Fuel pump operates with low drive torque
4
d) Explain the operation of electronically controlled diesel injection system
Answer: Electronically controlled diesel injection system:
(Note: Marks may be given to equivalent answer and block diagram.)
1. The Electronic Diesel Control Engine Control Unit (EDC ECU) receives signal from various sensors
like Control spool position sensor, air mass sensor, engine speed sensor, Manifold absolute Pressure
sensor, vehicle speed sensor and accelerator pedal position sensor.
2. The data is processed and using various actuators like control spool solenoid, timing advance unit
solenoid, EGR solenoid and glow plug control module, the engine operation is controlled.
3. Depending on the position of the control spool, fuel injection quantity is varied.
4. The timing advance unit (Through EDC ECU) controls the pressure applied to advance unit and times
the injection by changing the control signal to the solenoid. 4
5. EDC ECU controls idle speed of engine by separately controlling the fuel delivered to each cylinder of
the engine. It also controls fuel delivery at other operating conditions while ensuring precise control
over injection timing, quantity and speed of the engine.
6. EDC ECU also includes a diagnostic function. In case of a fault, ECU detects it and illuminates a
warning lamp in the instrument panel to alert the driver that a fault has occurred. If a sensor circuit
fails, the ECU will substitute the value of sensor circuit to provide Limited Emergency Operation of
the system.
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
SUMMER – 14 EXAMINATION
Subject Code: 12168 Model Answer Page No: 16/16
4
e) State four methods of controlling diesel smoke. Explain any one method
Answer: Methods of controlling diesel smoke : (Methods 2 marks - explanation of one method- 2 marks)
1) De-rating:- At lower loads, the air: fuel ratio obtained will be leaner & hence the smoke developed
will be less. However this means a loss of output.
4) Fumigation:- Fumigation consists of introducing a small amount of fuel into the intake manifold. This
shortens the delay period- curbs thermal cracking which is responsible for soot formation.