LECTURE 5 : EXAMINE DYNAMICS

ENGINEERING SYSTEM

Lecturer : SITI AFIFAH HJ

MOHSHIM
Ms Siti Afifah Mohshim 1

Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

LINEAR MOTION

Ms Siti Afifah Mohshim 2

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 Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

LINEAR MOTION
No Equation Information given by equation
1 v = u + at Velocity as a function of time
2 s = ½ (u + v) t Displacement as a function of
time
3 s = ut + ½ at2 Displacement as a function of
time
4 v2 = u2 + 2as Velocity as a function of
displacement

Ms Siti Afifah Mohshim 3

Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

LINEAR MOTION
• s = displacement, (m)
• u = initial velocity, (ms-1)
• v = final velocity, (ms-1)
• a = acceleration (ms-2)
• t = time or period (s)

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 Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

Example
A car moves in a straight line from its
stationary
t ti state
t t with
ith a uniform
if
acceleration. It achieves a velocity of
120ms-1 after moving through a distance
of 100 m. Calculate :
• (a) the acceleration of the car
• (b) the time taken
• (c) the velocity when t = 3s.
Ms Siti Afifah Mohshim 5

Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

LINEAR MOTION GRAPHS

• In the study of motion, graphs that
are commonly used are the :
Displacement – time graph
Velocity – time graph

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 Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

LINEAR MOTION GRAPHS

• From the graphs for linear motion,
we can determine
d t i :
 the displacement of an object at a
certain time
 the velocity and acceleration of an
object.
 changes in velocity and
displacement at a certain time
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Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

LINEAR MOTION GRAPHS

Displacement -Time (s - t)
Graphs

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 Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

(a) Displacement -Time Graphs

Displacement s (m)
Displacement,
• Uniform
displacement,
zero velocity

Time, t (s)
Ms Siti Afifah Mohshim 10

Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

(b) Displacement -Time Graphs

Displacement s (m)
Displacement,
• Displacement
increases at a
constant rate,
constant velocity

Time, t (s)
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 Engineering Physics BPD13103

(c) Displacement-Time Graphs

Displacement s (m)
Displacement,
• Displacement
decreases at a
constant rate,
constant velocity

Time, t (s)
Ms Siti Afifah Mohshim 12

Engineering Physics BPD13103

(d) Displacement-Time Graphs

Displacement s (m)
Displacement,
• Increasing velocity

Time, t (s)
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 Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

(e) Displacement-Time Graphs

Displacement s (m)
Displacement,
• Decreasing
velocity

Time, t (s)
Ms Siti Afifah Mohshim 14

Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

LINEAR MOTION GRAPHS

Velocity -Time (v - t)
Graphs

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 Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

(a) Velocity – Time Graphs

Velocity v (ms-11)
Velocity,
• Constant velocity,
zero acceleration

Time, t (s)
Ms Siti Afifah Mohshim 16

Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

(b) Velocity – Time Graphs

Velocity v (ms-11)
Velocity,
• Increasing
velocity, constant
acceleration

Time, t (s)
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 Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

(c) Velocity – Time Graphs

Velocity v (ms-11)
Velocity,
• Decreasing
velocity, constant
acceleration

Time, t (s)
Ms Siti Afifah Mohshim 18

Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

Example
(1) A car moving at a velocity of 20 ms-1
accelerates constantly and reaches a
velocity of 30 ms-1 in 10 seconds. The car
moves with a velocity of 30 ms-1 for 30
seconds. The car then stops for 5 seconds.
Calculate :
• (a)
( ) th
the acceleration
l ti forf the
th first
fi t 10 seconds.
d
• (b) the deceleration for the last 5 seconds.
• (c) the total distance travel
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 Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

EXERCISE
(2) A car moves from the stationary state, undergoes
uniform acceleration for 200 m in 5 seconds. After 5
seconds the car moves at a constant velocity for
seconds,
half a minute. The car then stops in 10 seconds.
Find :-
• (a) the acceleration of the car for the first 5 seconds
• (b) the velocity of the car from the 5th second to the
10th second
• (c) the deceleration of the car
• (d) the total displacement
• (e) Sketch the acceleration – time graph
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Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

ANGULAR MOTION

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 Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

ANGULAR MOTION

v
P

 Q
O X
r

Figure 1
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Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

ANGULAR MOTION
Relationship between linear and angular motion
- If point P move around a circle of radius, r with
constant linear speed,
speed v then the angular speed,
speed
 will be constant at

=
t

 = Angle between P and Q

t = Time to move from Q to P along the arc QP of
the curve (unit : seconds)
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 Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

ANGULAR MOTION
• Arc length QP is the distance from Q to P.
The symbol of arc length is s.
• It is measured in radians (rad).

s = length of arc QP
s =r

r = radius (m)
 = Angle between P and Q
Ms Siti Afifah Mohshim 27

Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

ANGULAR MOTION
• Hence linear velocity is :

v = length of arc QP
t
=r
t
=s
t
v =r Ms Siti Afifah Mohshim 28

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 Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

ANGULAR MOTION
• Relationship between linear
acceleration, a and angular acceleration,
α:
 = d
dt
v = r ,
 ω=v
r
= d v
dt r 29

Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

ANGULAR MOTION
• As r is constant this can be written

 = 1 dv
r dt
And as dv is linear acceleration, a,
dt
=a
r
a=r
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 Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

ANGULAR MOTION
• We call the a = r as tangential
acceleration
acceleration.
• For centripetal acceleration :
a = v2
r
a = linear acceleration (ms-2)
v = linear speed or linear velocity (ms-1)
r = radius (m)
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Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

ANGULAR MOTION
• The following diagram shows the centripetal
and tangential
g accelerations experienced
p by
y
the test tube.

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 Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

ANGULAR MOTION
• The tangential 
acceleration ( at ) will
be zero when the
centrifuge reaches its
maximum speed.
• The centripetal 
acceleration ( ac )
increases as the tangential
speed of the centrifuge
increases.

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Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

ANGULAR MOTION
• Total linear acceleration will be :
 2 2
a 2  ac  at

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 Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

RATES - CIRCULAR

Linear Motion with a Rotational Motion

Constant about a Fixed Axis
(Variables : s and v) with α Constant
(Variables : θ and ω)
v = u + at ω2 = ω1 + αt
s = ut + ½ at2 θ = ω1t + ½ αt2
v2 = u2 + 2as ω22 = ω12 + 2 αθ
s = ½ (u + v) t θ = ½ (ω1 + ω2 ) t

Ms Siti Afifah Mohshim 35

Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

Relationship between
Linear Motion & Angular Motion
 r = radius ((m)) θ=2πn
 n = no of revolution, rotation
 s = distance (m), s=rθ
θ = angular distance (rad)
 v = velocity (m/s), v=rω
ω = angular speed (rad/s)
 a = acceleration (m/s2), a=rα
α = angular acceleration (rad/s2)
a = v2/r
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 Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

ANGULAR MOTION
Example 1
The spin dryer in a washing machine is a
cylinder with diameter 500 mm. It spins
at 900 rev/min.
Find :
1 The speed of a point on the edge of the
1.
drum.
2. The acceleration of a point on the edge
of the drum.
Ms Siti Afifah Mohshim 37

Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

ANGULAR MOTION
Example 2
A flywheel
flywheel, diameter 1.1m,
1 1m rotating at 1200 rev/min
slows down at a constant rate to 900 rev/min in
30 s.
Find:
• (a) The initial angular speed
• (b) The final angular speed
• (c) The angular acceleration
• (d) The initial speed of a point on the rim of the
flywheel.
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 Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

EXERCISE
A satellite is rotating about its axis at 5 rpm
when its is given an acceleration of 0.5
rad/s
d/ 2, by
b a positioning
iti i jjet.
t If th
the satellite
t llit
is assumed to be cylindrical in shape
with a diameter of 2.6 m and the
acceleration is maintained for 5 seconds,
calculate :
a)) The
Th fifinall rotational
i l speed
d off the
h satellite
lli
(in rpm).
b) The final linear speed of a point on the
surface of the satellite. 39

Engineering Mechanics BPB 13103

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