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Energy Losses
Our intension here is generalized the one-dimensional Bernoulli equation for
viscous flow. When the viscosity of the fluid is taken into account total energy
𝐏 𝐕𝟐
head is no longer (H) = + +Z constant along the pipe. In direction of
𝛄 𝟐𝐠
flow, due to friction cause by viscosity of the fluid we have
𝐏𝟏 𝐕𝟏𝟐 𝐏𝟐 𝐕𝟐𝟐
+ +Z1 > + +Z2.
𝛄 𝟐𝐠 𝛄 𝟐𝐠
So to restore the equality we must add some scalar quantity to the right side of
this inequality
P1 V21 P2 V22
+ +Z1 = + +Z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
Ideal T.E.L
hL
V21
Real T.E.L 2g
V22
2g
H.G.L
. P1
γ
P2
γ
1
2 Z1
Z2
Example 2:
A 3-m high large tank is initially filled with water. The tank water surface is
open to the atmospheric, and the 5-cm radius orifice at the bottom drains to the
atmosphere through a horizontal 80-m long pipe. If the total head loss of the
system is determined to be 1.5-m, determine the initial velocity of the water
from the tank.
Example 3:
For the 50 mm diameter siphon drawing oil (S.g = 0.82) from the oil reservoir
as shown in Fig., the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.50 m and from point
2 to point 3 is 2.40 m. Find the discharge of oil from the siphon and the oil
pressure at point 2.
(Ans.: P2= - 37KPa)
Flow in Pipes
Types of Fluids:
1- Ideal fluids : hL = 0 , μ = 0, No friction losses
2- Real fluids : hL ≠ 0 , μ ≠ 0, Has friction losses
There are two flow regime for Real fluids :
a- Laminar flow: This is also known as streamline or viscous flow, the fluid
appears to move by sliding of laminations of infinitesimal thickness relative to
adjacent layers
If the Reynold Number less than 2000, the flow is laminar, If (Re) is greater
than 4000, the flow is turbulent and if the (Re) is between 2000 and 4000 the
flow called Transition flow.
Example 3
The kinematic viscosity of a hydraulic fluid is 0.0001 m2/s. If it is flowing in a
30-mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 6 m/s, what is the Reynolds number? Is the
flow laminar or turbulent?
Determining Head loss in pipes
The head loss in pipe consist of two component:
1- Friction Head (hf)
2- Minor losses (hm)
hL = hf + hm
Friction Head in Pipes (hf)
A- Darcy–Weisbach Equation for laminar & turbulent flow
f.L.v2
hf =
2g.D
where
hf: Head loss due to friction (m)
f : is the Darcy friction factor
L: is the length of pipe (m)
D: is the inside diameter of the pipe (m)
Q
v: is the average velocity (m/s) =
A
g: is the acceleration of gravity (m/s2) = 9.81
1- For laminar flow in all pipe (Smooth and rough), for all Fluids
64
f=
Re
2- for turbulent flow smooth pipe
0.316
a- f = for 3000 < Re ≤ 100000
Re0.25
1
b- = 2 log (Re.√f) – 0.8 for 100000 < Re < 30000000
√f
2- Tank Loss
v2
hm = 0.5
2g
Entrance exit
losses losses
3- exit losses
v2
hm = 0.1
2g
4- Sudden expansion
(v1 − v2 )2
hm =
2g
5- Sudden Contraction
v2 2
hm = 0.5
2g
Example 4:
Water flow in a 4 cm diameter Iron pipe determine the friction factor using
a) Moody Diagram
b) equation if the average velocity is 25 m/s , υ 10-6 m2/s and € = 0.26 mm
Example 5
What size of steel pipe (f = 0.0175) is required to carry water of (3 ft3/s) and
with head loss of (4 ft.) per (1000 ft.) of pipe ?
Example 6
Which value you will choose (5cm or 7.5cm) for the minimum diameter of pipe
required a laminar flow of water 0.35 m3/hr if υ = 1 ∗ 10-6 m2/s ? check your
answer .
Example 7:
Determine the quantity of flow of oil S.g = 0.918 through the pipe shown in
figure (D= 6”) which υ = 4.12∗10-4 ft2/s ?
PB = 48.6 psi
PB = 50.5”
PA = 123 psi
Example 8:
When sudden contraction is introduced in horizontal pipeline from 50 cm to 25
cm the pressure change from 103 KPa to 67.7 KPa, Calculate the rate of flow?
(Neglect friction losses)