A Review paper on Supercapacitor, Ultracapacitor

Shayaan Ahmed, Rizwn Hanif, Bilal Idrees, Jamshed Ibrahim, Asad ur Rehman, Saqib Haroon

Department of Electrical Engineering, Bahria University Islamabad

University of Engineering and technology Taxila
10beerhanif@seecs.edu.pk

Abstract :-Worldwide researchers are looking for making new energy storing devices and also looking for improving
devices which are in use now a days, in their performance. Capacitor’s demerit is the low energy density and battery is
the low power density, these difficulties can be overcome by super capacitor which is latest in energy storing devices. This
paper gives us the highlights on hybrid energy with fuel cell, Li ion battery and different control techniques used for
optimization of hybrid energy storage systems in electrical vehicles. The advantage of super-capacitor are described in
detail when its comes to be in hybrid mode with some other storage device. The performance of the different system is
also dealt in detail with respect to energy density, power density, specific capacitance, self -discharge and cycle life.

Index Terms—Super Capacitor (SC), Ultra capacitor (UC), Electrical double layer capacitor (ELDC), equivalent
series resistance (ESR)

faradic reaction that occurs in the electrode as compared

I. INTRODUCTION to capacitors and super-capacitors.

S uper capacitors also known as ultra-capacitors are
the newest addition to the energy storage devices. These
type of systems have adequate energy density with
longer cycle life and enormous power, It is between
battery and normal capacitor. These type of systems
have many applications in the domestic electronics
consumer items, field of electronics, hybrid electric
vehicles.
There are many unanswered questions and scope for
optimization till now, extensive research is been carried
out in the field of super-capacitors. Super Capacitors
has many parts, which jointly or separately take part in
its working that’s why optimization for each part is
necessary. But separate part optimization may not verify
the optimization of the system then studying the
optimization for all parts jointly. Experiments and
observations done by researchers are related with rules
and laws of energy science and complete conclusions
and logic is made for each method and data is presented.
Main parameters which tells the working of an energy
storage system are power density, energy density, self-
discharge and cycle life. All of these parameters are
different for capacitors, super capacitors and batteries.
Cycle life is known as a number of charging and
discharging cycles for which super capacitor is capable
to work without any notable degradation. Capacitor
consists of highest cycle life followed by super
capacitor with life cycle of 100000 – 500000 cycles.
Batteries having low cycle life (1000 cycles), having
In Batteries energy is stored in electrode by using redox
reaction which is also called faradic reaction which
losses or gain the electron to produce new chemical
product on electrode like electrode composition,
however, charging and discharging is different. A
energy storage consisting of faradic redox reaction it
consists of thermodynamic limitation and made up of
some irreversible reactions. Due to redox reaction,
charging time is high.
Major component of super capacitor storage device are
electrolyte, separator, electrode, and collector. The
understanding of the properties of components are the
most important to reader.
II. SUPER CAPACITOR COMPONENTS
Electrode is the major component of the super-capacitor
system and is a site for energy storage. In the electrode-
electrolyte interface the ions will interact with the
electrode material and are stored at the active sites of
the electrode.
The major parameters of a super-capacitor electrode are
porosity, area and conductivity. Such electrode
parameters have large influence over the energy density.
Optimization of such parameters will lead to high
functioning super-capacitor and can lead to the
application in existing electronics devices such as
laptops and mobile phones.
Electrolyte is a liquid gel or solid that generates ions
and allows their movement between the electrodes
under the application of electric potential. Electrolyte
being the major component of super-capacitor
influences its performance, energy density and power
density. Depending upon the application and
characteristics required for a super-capacitor proper
selection of electrolyte is paramount importance for its
better performance and efficiency.
Separator is sandwiched layer between the two
electrodes to avoid the direct electric contact between
them and acts as permeable layer for ion transportation
.There a need for appropriate selection of separator for
the proper functioning of the super capacitor such that
adequate energy density, power density, self-discharge
and maximum cycle life can be attained. Desirable
characteristics like permeability to the ionic flow,
appropriate resistance, optimum thickness and porosity,
proper interfacial contact, low cost , chemical stability
and electrolyte retain ability should be exhibited by a
good separator.
Collector plate provides a connecting link for the
electron to flow from active electrode material to the
external circuit. Collector plates must exhibit desirable
properties like high conductivity for the pathway of
electron, adhesive contact with the electrode material,
adequate stability during Charging/discharging process
and high corrosion resistance behavior for a high
performance super capacitor system
III. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
The main goal of super capacitor is to get the optimal
theme of operation for any system.
A. Objective Function
The equivalent capacitance (C) is given by
1 1 1
𝑐
= 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 ……. (1)
For an EDLC super-capacitor Capacitance depends on
electrode surface area and distance between the positive
and negative electrode
𝐴
𝐶= 𝑑
......... (2)
Energy density for EDLC super-capacitor is same as
that for capacitor, it depends on capacitance and square
of voltage and is given by
1 batteries are more economical then the NiMH batteries
E = c v2 ........ (3)
2
From the above equation the amount of energy that can
be stored per gram of electrode is directly proportion to
square of operating voltage and specific capacitance but
operating voltage is limited by type of electrolyte.
Power density of super-capacitor depends on equivalent
series resistance (ESR) which in turn depends on the
electrode resistance, type of electrolyte and resistance of
separator.
2
V
P = ....... (4)
4𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑟
Pseudo capacitor works in the principle of fast faradic
reaction between the electrolyte and electro active
species of electrode (functional groups and many more).
In normal EDLC super-capacitors also in a small extent
pseudo capacitance might be present due to impurities
in electrode and electrolyte. The pseudo capacitance is
measured in terms of amount of charge stored for an
applied potential.
𝑑𝑞
𝐶 = ..….. (5)
𝑑𝑣
IV. LITERATURE REVIEW
Fig. [1].Number of Publication on supercapacitor over a last decade
Eiji Hiraki, Koji Yamamoto et el. in 2006 presented a
paper in which push pull bidirectional converter circuit
is made which is DC-DC its different control methods
are proposed. The current and voltage losses are
reduced with high efficient noise control Snubber circuit
and in the rectification side also the losses are
decrease.[1]
In 2006 paper presented which says the lead acid
but there is sulfation problem in hybrid electric vehicle
which can be reduced by the use of ultra-capacitor
circuit. If prices of super capacitor reduce in the market
then system give more cheaper energy. The battery and
capacitor make the longer boot pulse which starts the
engine of the vehicle quickly.[2]
Author told about the control of fuel cell electric vehicle
which has slow response to make it faster, there is need
of ultra capacitor and battery as a source that
performance of the system improves but control is an
issue which is solved by fuzzy logic. The three
controllers are introduced for controlling the converters,
batteries and ultra capacitors the new simulation tool is
used i.e. PLECS for better results.[3]
Ying Wu, and Hongwei Gao et el. in 2006 presented
paper in which the researchers tries to minimize the
cost of the supercapacitor and fuel cell used in the
electric vehicles. But design should be optimal that it
gives better results. The constraints are obtained
combined with the cost function for getting the number
of fuel cell and supercapacitors unit with price.[4]
In this paper the author put analysis of the vehicle with
the super capacitors and without it the storage and
power are main issue in the development of Vehicle.
Multi energy system is introduced model of battery,
capacitor and vehicle made in MATLAB. Comparison
between the supercapacitor vehicle and without it
introduced, the supercapacitor improves the working of
battery, acceleration of vehicle and average energy
consumption.[5]
In 2007 ,this paper the author designed new energy
system for UC and HEV the propose design required a
DC-DC converter for ultracapacitor the motor drive
performance is not affected by UC two new schemes are
introduced i.e. UC rating and energy flow control both
schemes have high efficiency.[6]
A new technique is introduced in which UC used
directly for full speed of power and vehicle. Two UC
are used for charging, simulation verify the result of the
proposed methodology. Charging methods are used
when vehicle is Idle; charge through the load require
very less power of converter.[7]
Yuchen Lu, Herbert L. Hess Dean B. Edwards et el. in
2007 this paper, UESS system is studied the main task
to control the o/p voltage from the fluctuation a hybrid
technique name gain schedule is used with fuzzy logical
achieve damping for a short time adjust the changes for
LQR.[8]
In this paper, super capacitor energy storage system is
studied and tested for peak power. Different cycle test is
applied which is verified in term of voltage variation,
maximum power and current. Propulsion system is
introduced. Speed cycle method used to calculate the
power of super capacitor. The super capacitor value
1500F, 2.7V checked and verified.[9]
In this paper the author discussed the hybrid system
which is applied on electric vehicle the 4 batteries
associated with it and super capacitor the energy
regenerative model is established the system based on
fuzzy SMC there is comparison between the fuzzy SMC
and PID controller the ultra-capacitor batteries
efficiency is more with fuzzy logic 42.1% and with PID
controller 36.8%.[10]
Yanqing Qu, lianguo Zhu, liefeng presented a paper, raise
the important problem i.e. voltage of ultracapacitor with
this effect the super capacitor voltage vary with time
which decrease its capacity.in this paper the voltage
balance solution are presented. Which include
simulation and analytical analysis. The balance circuit is
studied using MOSFET exclusive of resistive
component heat generation circuit uses without switches
voltage equalizer. The method is efficient if problems
are solved like numerous rectifier heavy circuits.[11]
In 2007 In this paper three system are proposed for
power management of fuel cell super capacitor of
electric vehicle i.e. Vehicle speed, charge of capacitor
the voltage variation. In high speed changing the
voltage control give good result with current control
method.[12]
Yonghua Cheng, Van Mierlo Joeri et al. presented
paper hybrid electric vehicle are tested on power supply
system. Ultracapacitor energy storage traction system
and simulation. Speed cycle topology is used test
platform can be used for optimization propulsion system
management for hybrid E.V.[13]
In this paper supporting AES is designed for the electric
vehicle which is based on capacitor bank, buck boost
converter which is derived by battery lead acid and
brushless D.C motor. Two control method one is
heuristics and other is optimization model using neural
network. The lead acid batteries are replaced by fuel
cell. There is cost reduction observed in AES
configuration and in using super capacitor. The cost is
reduced quickly.AES is the best combination in
comparison with the other two methods.[14]
Hosein Farzanehfard, Dawood Shekari Beyragh, Ehsan
Adib et el. in 2008 In this paper the author discussed
ultracapacitor how increase the power in hybrid electric
vehicle. There are bidirectional converters are required
which is highly efficient and can up or down the voltage
and limit the current for that purpose soft switch is
required i.e. ZVS in laboratory 150 prototype is
tested.[15]
In this paper the author talks about the electric scooter
and combination of two power sources i.e. fuel cell and
super capacitor. Both sources power balancing the load
requirement in continuous and peak. The controller is
designed for that purpose distribute power between fuel
cell, super capacitor did not pollute the environment due
to that this clean system play a vital role in our
environment. Now a days it is costly but if demand
increases its price decreases.[16]
V.V. Haerri, Udaya. Madawala et al. presented paper
the movement of micro scooter is controlled by energy
harvesting which is generated by a rider. The super
capacitor is used for a maximum storage energy which
boost the overall circuitry and speed of micro scooter.
There is sensor which control the movement of the
motor and power. The experimental result of micro
scooter 100w motor verified on proposed algorithm. [17]
In 2008 the paper presented , the super capacitor is used
with digital converter to improve performance of
electric vehicle and decrease the gas emission for that
purpose. When vehicle accelerated the boost DC-DC
converter transfer energy from super capacitor to motor.
When vehicle decelerated Buck converter transfer
energy from capacitor to motor. DC bus medium is used
for energy transmission. Experimental results verified
the system which improve efficiency and decrease in
pollution emission.[18]
Lisheng Shi and M. L. Crow et el. paper, different
model of ultracapacitor for electric vehicle discussed
three models based on RC network are selected. Their
comparison is given based on inductance and leakage
current effect. This paper translates the parameter of one
model to other so that the best model can be selected for
the required need era to get the best arrangement of
every populace look.[19]
In this paper the author talks about the EAF which need
storage system for its better performance because it
induces more power to quality pollution which reduces
the production of steel mill. For that purpose,
ultracapacitor energy storage system is design with field
data study of EAF the experimental result are verified
and helpful in improving the efficiency of EAF.[20]
A.S. Samosir and A. H. M. Yatim et el presented paper
the author talks about the electric vehicle dynamic
response which is slower in comparison with the
combustion engine vehicles. There is need of second
power source which boost its efficiency the ultra
capacitor is used with FCEV DC-DC converter and
ultra-capacitor boost the fuel cell voltage. The system
works best improve dynamic response the system is
tested in Simulink for changes in load current.[21]
Author talks about the driving schedule of Europe and
standardize them with the hybrid electric vehicle. The
mathematical modeling is produced using super
capacitor as storage element the result are made on FEE.
The SCADA system is used for getting real time values.
The efficiency of vehicle improve with it.[22]
This paper is about the STATCOM and improving its
performance with super capacitor. Distributed
STATCOM is combined with the super capacitor
storage system the voltage of the system increase power
and improve reliability the charge and discharge of
capacitor control the potential performance. The
simulation results power based on different arc furnac
load the power is supplied with D-STATCOM ultra
capacitor system.[23]
In 2008 this paper the system of hybrid fuel cell EV
discussed .Performance of the batteries analyze and
their volume too the deep discharge of the batteries
reduced with the ultra capacitor the rating of capacitor
and batteries are discussed . If both rating is sufficient
to the required level the system volume, efficiency mass
improve. The graphical representation of over sizing of
battery and ultracapacitors is provided.[24]
Wu fengjiang1,Sun lizhi1,Zhang yuanbo et el paper
presented ,the voltage balance circuit is introduced for
charging electric vehicles. In the peak, load transfer the
supercapacitor voltage maintain its level. Voltage
balancing technique equalize the all capacitor voltage.
Efficient soft switching is used based on zero current
switching the parameter affecting the same time are
analyze for design of circuit. Simulation are presented
which verified the result. Balance circuit is useful for
electric car, compensation of generator and different
application of energy storage system the circuit helpful
for some renewable energy sources.[25]
In 2008 Qi Changjun Chen et el paper presented, some
issues are discussed regarding electric vehicle storage
system. The storage system discharge quickly. This is
improved with the ultracapacitor and replace the NIMH
resource. Combustion engine control strategy
introduced during energy flow simulation result shows
that the performance of the battery improves the number
of batteries decrease for the required power which
increase the life of batteries after investigation improve
hybrid energy system introduced.[26]
In this paper the author talks about the software which is
used for controlling the system of hybrid E.V the
software used in the car in real environment the
software give better control after testing the software
with different method like in starting, power flow
optimization feedback idle control of speed.[27]
The author talk about two control strategies in electric
vehicle one improve the vehicle efficiency and other
improve the battery life by reducing its peak current.
The efficiency improves up to 7.6% the battery current
decreases up to 72% the battery life improves with it
2.4% both control strategies depend on the drive cycle
with more peak current improved. Higher peak power
has more efficiency then the lower one, the result
simulations are verified using cobra software.[28]
Mutsuo Nakaoka et el. in 2009 In this paper the
bidirectional converter with super capacitor discussed.
DC-DC converter involves full bridge and push pull
circuit with transformer, synchronous rectification is
used for reduction of losses. Voltage regulation improve
with the phase shifting PWM, the DC-DC converter
simulation demonstrated. The soft switching method is
used in push pull circuit.[29]
DC-DC bidirectional converter with ZVS method for
super capacitor in elecgtric vehicle reduces the current
over large range of voltage the ZVS is achieved for
switches the diode are protected from the reverse
recovery. This will improve the power density the over
current stress problem of the devices reduces all is the
new topology all analysis is provided build for 9 to
21V/66V prototype.[30]
In this paper the new energy management design for
parallel HEV, optimal values of different sources
obtained. The simulation in mat lab by using this
algorithm the battery life increases with supercapacitor.
ICE supplies the peak power. In urban drive cycle the
transient load demand supplied by the ultracapacitor.
The battery only utilizes the average power.[31]
Omer Onar, and Alireza Khaligh et el paper presented
the multiple I/P DC-DC converter design and control
with different O/P the voltage regulate, the converter
operation is bidirectional which optimize the power the
fixed frequency is used for operation modes. The
inductor used is one I/P which reduces the cost of the
system, during braking the energy abruptly captured.
This topology may be extended with other more than
one sources application.[32]
Ultracapacitor and battery improve the overall
efficiency of the vehicle. Both sources distribute power
in electric bus power flow control with the DC-DC
converter, parameter of converter define with the
vehicle simulation. The operation modes of converter is
DCM and is based on soft switching converter is a buck
boost which decrease the inductor size and increase
efficiency.[33]
Toshiyuki Uchida and Yoichi Hori et el. in 2009 In
this paper, the electric vehicle is made without the
converter ultracapacitor in this the ultra-capacitor is
directly connected with the inverter for energy
efficiency. Wide speed operation is maintained with
DQ- Axis vector control, the software is also used for
experimental result verification.[34]
Author address the problem of deep discharge of the
battery the rating of battery and capacitors are
discussed. Two energy management technique is also
introduced some suggestion included for design of
battery and the ultracapacitor. The over rating is also
discussed it is advantage that oversize the battery not
the ultra-capacitor but this will increase the system
mass.[35]
Jian-Bo Cao and Bing-Gang Cao et el. In 2009, Paper
presented , focused on the three-main problem short
driving, less battery life and start up problem of EV.
New system is designed which is based on ultra-
capacitor, 4-lead acid battery and DC-DC converter for
improving its stability NNSMC software designed
which has the following section i.e. neural network
propagation, Radial basis network and SMC. the gain of
SMC adjusted by the BPNN. The experimental result
shows that it is better than PID. The overall efficiency
of the system increase battery life up to 40% increase
and driving range increase of EV.[36]
s. Rael and B. Davat et el.paper presented, is about
PEM cell for electric vehicle, there is other power
sources required i.e. super capacitor or battery bank
there is two hybrid system presented fuel cell/battery
and fuel cell/ super capacitor there is need of reliable
fast power source which is reduced in volume and
weight.[37]
The neural network is designed for electric vehicle. It
has two dimension first with training obtained
optimization values and second work as controlling the
system. The controller which is developed response
quickly against changing in the drive cycle. Stochastic
model is obtained, graphical presentation of different
cycle shows comparison of performance.[38]
Fu-Sheng Pai, Member, IEEE, and Bo-Ge Huanget el.
in 2010 presented paperThe matching design proposed
in this system ultra-capacitor and lithium battery use,
switching frequency deliver power to a cell and
capacitor save energy simulation result shows
improvement in design.[39]
There is discussion about the combustion engine, its bad
effect on environment and low efficiency convert the
researcher to work on electric vehicle and make it more
efficient there is test bench is used for experimental
results.[40]
This study is based on analysis and comparison of the
HESS system that, in future, the electric vehicles will
have instant charging same like electrical trains. Due to
large recharging time of batteries, super capacitors are
used for instant charging, as they have long working life
and good current density. Moreover “wireless power
transfer” based magnetic resonance is used to improve
working of electric vehicles. At the end of experiment
efficiency of power transferred id increase to 50 % at a
distance of 50cm.[41]
The writer in this paper discussed series combination of
battery and super capacitors are used for electric power
train. The battery used is known as ZEBRA battery. By
limiting the battery current, efficiency in the case of
range energy used and by varying the terminal voltage,
the control scheme has been tested, that gave excellent
result.[42]
Researcher in this research worked about on board
energy storage system. Efficiency of Electric vehicles
depends upon this system. If we increase the all-electric
range the cost of on board energy storage system also
increases. In this paper energy storage topologies for
electric vehicles, Battery and ultra-capacitors are
described. Moreover, more research is required for
decreasing the cost and improving the efficiency of
electric vehicles.[43]
This is a study of hybrid electric vehicle system is
discussed by improving the energy storage system and
reducing the fuel consumption. Simulation results reveal
that Ultra capacitors are proved to be a good and instant
source of energy. A good control strategy is discussed.
As a result, fuel consumption is 15 % reduced with
great performance of engine.[44]
This paper presents the analysis of using battery and
ultra-capacitors in hybrid electric vehicles. Model
Predictive controller MPC is designed. Simulation work
is performed to show good results. Closed loop
simulation describes that the controller is able to
manage energy and results shows that combination of
battery with ultra-capacitor, the peak power of battery is
reduced. This increase the working and battery life of
battery.[45]
In this research, combination of fuel cells, batteries and
ultra-capacitor is used. Fuel cell is consider as a energy
source and batteries and ultra-capacitor as power
sources. Using these in combinations have some
benefits. Like, longer life of ultra-capacitors reduce the
cost of batteries. Due to direct combination of battery to
the DC bus, overall system give good efficiency.
Moreover, methods for charging and discharging of
both ultra-capacitors and batteries are presented in this
paper.[46]
Researcher presented a solution for rapid charging of
electric vehicle is presented; by using bank of super
capacitors. To avoid cell over voltage and to improve
efficiency of storage, the super capacitors are connected
in series. By using simulation, three methods are
described for cell voltage balancing of electric vehicles.
All the three schemes are appear as a good option for
better results.[47]
Brake system in electric hoist and a PSIM hoist
simulation” model is presented in this study. By
regulating the duty cycles of S pulse with modulation,
the signals of DC/DC converter and charging and
discharging process of ultra-capacitor is controlled. As a
result it is showed that in electric hoist, ultra-capacitors
can be used them self as a energy storage system.[48]
This research presents the work on hybrid energy
systems for plug in electric vehicles by combining
batteries and ultra-capacitors. In future there would be
more electric vehicles connected with grid. The load is
maintained by using “high power quality grid interface”.
By using this scheme, the minimal current harmonic
distortions, high power factor and less noise is obtained.
Coupled inductors give less weight, volume and cost
that’s why the life time and performance of battery can
be enhanced[49]
The researcher described the performance of double
layer capacitor made up of high surface area carbon
black and carbon nanotube electrodes and a new ionic
liquid 1-ethyl-2, 3 dimethylimidazolium methyl
carbonate with fifty percent solution n water as
electrolyte is analyzed. Fabrication of electrode is
performed with reveal good performance of
capacitance. It is also noted that, for capacitance the
ionic liquid electrolyte is a good option. The super
capacitor is becoming a useful option in future.[50]
In 2011Serge Pierfederici and Bernard Davat presented
paper Energy management solutions for electrical
hybrid power source are presented in this study. This
system is composed of a fuel cell system as a main
source of energy and 2 energy storage devices.
Combination of Fuzzy logic control and flatness control
technique is used, with a bank of super-capacitors and
batteries is used to obtain constant output voltage. This
scheme is applicable for solar systems and wind
turbines etc.[51]
This paper is about the battery backup range of electric
vehicles by using hybrid battery and super capacitor
storage system. Bank size of super capacitors and range
of city car over “ECE” fifteen cycles. At the end hybrid
system using battery and super capacitor has been
created and good output is obtained.[52]
In this research, estimation of fuel and emission of
greenhouse gases is considered by using driving cycles.
In this study 2 schemes for size are used increased
discharging power battery is used and battery is used as
a energy storage bank. As a booster with the battery,
super capacitor is used due to high power. Adding more
super capacitors to the electric vehicle decreases the
battery stresses. Batteries can be used as energetic
batteries.[53]
In this study efficiency and braking energy recovery and
a method to improve them is discussed. Through DC-
DC converter, the battery is connected to the drive to
get maximum efficiency and better results. Modeling
and control of the electric drive using ultra capacitors as
a energy storage bank and instant power device is
discussed, the scheme is proved by simulation and got
good results.[54]
This study reveal the study of algorithm to control
power in between hybrid energy storage systems having
combination of ultra-capacitors and lithium-ion battery.
The results reveal that hybrid electric systems are more
efficient. Also the negative current on DC buses is
optimized. Study shows the estimation of future work,
which is about characterizing the PPO performance at
various degrees.[55]
This is the study to improve the battery life and
efficiency which are disturbed due to different levels of
charging and discharging. Combination of lithium-ion
battery with super capacitor is performed though
designing a best logarithm for it. This method tells us
about the levels of hybridization and reveal better
methods for hybridization. Results are compared with
old studies [56]
It is a Chinese paper which is about “ultra-capacitor
serial hybrid-electric solution for Shanghai City of
China”. According to simulation results it is noticed that
efficiency of fuel is obtained nineteen percent more as
compared to old solutions.[57]
In this study two major problems of hybrid electric
drives are discussed with their overview and
comparison along with analysis. A technique is made in
which a bidirectional three level DC/DC converter is
used along with an energy storage bank. The simulation
and experimental results verify the theoretical analysis
of the scheme. [58]
Neenu. M and S. Muthukumaran represented, a novel
hybrid electric system of ultra-capacitors and batteries is
formed for better efficiency and results. I which a micro
less size DC/DC converter is used which is controlled to
maintain the voltage level. Battery work as a backup in
the place of ultra-capacitor. As output, a reliable
constant load is provided from the system. Battery is
separated from frequent charge increasing the life of
battery.[59]
This paper shows the simulation experiment of a little
electric car connected with hybrid energy sources.
LiFePO4 cells are used with reduced range Good results
are achieved by increasing energy by connecting ultra-
capacitor to the system. Advantages of this scheme are
discussed, maximum battery current is minimized by
using ultra capacitors which results in long life time of
battery with less maintenance issues.[60]
In 2012, a small size DC/DC inverter system is used for
hybrid electric energy system which is proved to be a
good scheme as compared to old techniques. By using
small size DC/DC converter, a constant power is
supplied to the system. This hybrid system consists of
ultra-capacitor and battery will give a long life time to
the system reducing the maintenance issues and costs of
the system. Overall efficiency is also increased. [61]
The system in this study consists of “isolated bi-
directional DC/DC converter” with 2 capacitors because
it use half bridge circuit. This system reduces the
current stress of the components, because of high power
density this system can be use in maximum demand
power systems. In this research, totally a new scheme of
study and analysis is presented along with “prototype of
12V/50W”. It is studied that this system is useable in
high power density systems and this system reduces the
current stresses.[62]
This work presented a “new direct integration scheme”
for “hybrid energy storage system” consist of batteries
and super capacitors that is “double ended inverter
system”. That’s why this system is free of power losses,
complexity, and extra weight and not too much costly. 7
working levels are made to use this system for various
conditions. Simulation proved the desired efficiency and
controlling schemes used in this system.[63]
In 2012, “a braking energy recovery system” based on
“super capacitors” discussed. Super capacitors will store
the “braking energy”. This study performed
mathematical experiments to verify the desired scheme.
“High power bridge configuration converter” is used for
“high power bridge configuration”. Simulation is done
finally to prove the theoretical comparisons.[64]
This study is about producing a “hybrid electric
vehicular system using ultra capacitor and battery. As
we know that battery is a long term available source of
energy while ultra-capacitor is the instant source of
power. The desired system gives good output in the
form of best control strategy and reducing the stresses
from the system. The control is achieved by controlling
the output voltage, by keeping the voltage constant.[65]
Reza Razavian, Nasser L. Azad presented a control of
electric vehicles according to future requirements is
achieved by controlling the parameters of the system by
using “feedback controller”. First of all a “mathematical
system of hybrid drivetrain” is built then “Pontryagin’s
minimum principle” is built. By using this method an
optical feedback control is designed. In conclusion,
future work and its bases are described providing
baseline for future researchers in this field.[66]
The paper is about, a new technique is developed to
control the energy in combination of “battery and super
capacitors”. 2 targets are got; high vehicle efficiency
and decreasing the “peek current in battery pack”. Super
capacitors are proved to be “impact factors”. They are
useable for decreasing the “peak battery currents”. Fifty
percent more battery life is required for effectiveness of
the system using desired scheme with super capacitors
and battery.[67]
In 2012, a unique production of a “control strategy” for
a “hybrid switched capacitor bidirectional DC/DC
converter” used in “hybrid electric vehicle energy
storage system”. In experimental scheme, “step up, step
down and bidirectional power flow” are verified. All the
experimental and modeled results are verified at the end
giving better result as compared to old scheme.[68]
A. Florescu, S. Bacha presented a paper in which
“frequency based energy management system” inside an
electric vehicle is discussed. For “routing the low
frequency content of power demand in the battery”,
“frequency splitter” is used. At the end of experiment,
this system is found to be a good system in the case of
reliability, efficiency and long life of battery.[69]
The life of the battery in a hybrid control electric system
can get low due to “peek current and steep variation of
current”. A new scheme is proposed in this paper to
overcome this problem. An “optimization framework”
for overcoming the optimal current flow of hybrid
electric storage system is discussed. Overall simulation
results shows the desired scheme is valid, because it
give greater efficiency and also reduce the stresses of
current of the battery. [70]
In the same year 2012, electric vehicle producers uses
Lithium ion battery for hybrid electric energy storage
systems. But the life time of lithium ion battery is poor.
In this study, that’s why a super capacitor is used to
improve the battery life and to fulfill instant energy
requirements in the system. In this study, the reducing
the size and cost and improving the control techniques
of the hybrid system which is using DC/DC converter is
discussed.[71]
On a “ship board”, “electric power system” during
steady state condition, “electric grid disturbances”
appears because of “powerful periodic pulsed loads”. To
overcome these issues, “hybrid energy storage system”
is used. This storage system uses super capacitors as a
instant source of power. In this paper, sizing and
simulate technology is discussed. Charging and
discharging of the battery is sequenced by “stepping the system give better results in the form of reducing the
reference DC voltage to minimum or maximum size of system and overall performance of the system. [77]
levels.[72]
This research study concern with the study of improving
“In this study, a new scheme for “ultra-capacitor based
the efficiency and performance of “hybrid electric
regenerative electric drive” with function of smoothing
energy storage system” which is the combination of
the power is discussed. This proposed scheme is proved
“batteries and super capacitors”. The HESS system in
by multiple experiments. All of the results are
this research is simulated in “MATLAB” to study the
satisfactory. Efficiency of the system is based on the
performance of the system. Various stresses of battery
“conversion efficiency of the ultra- capacitor”. At the
are monitored in “MATLAB”. At the end, it is verified
end of the study, better capability, function and control
the stresses in “hybrid vehicle energy storage system are
of the system are achieved.[73]
reduced by using a super capacitor.[78]
In 2012, this paper, improvement for Electric Bicycle
Regenerative Braking System using ultra-capacitor is
In this study, the old batteries in “hybrid electric energy
discussed. A gel-cell lead acid battery pack is used to
storage system” are replaced with “hydrogen fuel cells,
improve the efficiency of the system. The results shows
batteries and super capacitors. This research reduces the
the ten percent greater efficiency. Study shows that in
green house effects, pollution and oil supplied to the
future, price of ultra-capacitor will become low then
system. A comparison is performed to choose a best
there would be a great scope of using this hybrid energy
controlling scheme for high power electric vehicles. 5
system for electric vehicles. [74]
control schemes are described, on the base of 3
operating modes of vehicles. The scheme is applied on
This work is about creating a “hybrid energy storage
urban street railway. At the end better results are
system for light electric vehicles”. The technique used
obtained.[79]
in this system is “tri mode high efficiency non-isolated
half-bridge converter”. 2 kilo watt, hundred volt inter- This article is about developing a better hybrid electric
leaved 2 phase prototype was designed. The results give system for electric motor bikes. Super capacitors are
97.5% maximum and 88% minimum efficiency over the used to remove draw backs and faults by providing the
full load performance. GPS data is also used in this high current needed at the time of start and accelerating.
system for better results. 1.5% cost of overall energy is Results shows better performance.[80]
reduced.[75]
This study is about designing a “electric traction
Researcher M. Kamel, H. Abo-zeid presented a paper in system” of an “electric vehicle”. This system utilize
which, “electrical characteristics and energy capacity” super capacitors as a single source of energy. The main
of the hybrid system energy storage system are purpose of this research is to improve the electric based
discussed. This study present a new design and public transport in Mexico City by making a prototype
technique of “current controlled DC/DC buck converter. about reliability of the system. A little battery is used in
After the experiment work it is noted that super the system for vehicles energy needs. Simulation results
capacitor is 71.4% more efficient and motor used in the verify the design of this “traction system”. [81]
system has an increased speed with a percentage of
56%, and having sharing of current of 25% at maximum This paper published in 2013, about developing a
speed of motor.[76] control technique for “hybrid power source” which is
based on fuel cell “as an energy source” and super
capacitors as a power bank. Initially, three phase
The research paper presents a novel “energy
“parallel boost converters” and three phase “parallel
management technique” for a “hybrid energy storage
bidirectional converters are made with a suitable control
system” consists of Battery and Super Capacitor. This
technique. “Energetic Macroscopic representation” is
paper give a new scheme to reduce the size of HESS
used to make a simulation model. The final results
and batteries voltage stresses. After experiments, the
verify the proposed method.[82]
results are compared with old schemes used in HESS
system, the results reveal that the scheme used in this
This paper presented by Huang Xiaoliang and
Toshiyuki Hiramats, Supercapacitor and battery, hybrid
system for electric vehicle with Energy and power
control schemes. The energy controlling scheme and
power interface method is depending on frequency
varying filter that give better results in form of output
and getting energy from the hybrid energy storage
system. The control technique of converter as interface
of super capacitor is presented for the optimized use. To
achieve this target, “half control topology” is used. The
final result demonstrate that management system is
better and our convertor control satisfies the hybrid
energy storage for our electric vehicle.[83]
In 2013, this paper for the electric vehicles, super
capacitor and battery are joined to make a new energy
storage system. High energy is achieved with fast
charging high power density . Hybrid energy a three
layer storage system energy management technique with
power controlled interface for Super capacitor bank to
DC power bus for Electric vehicle, is built. The
distribution of power based on converter control and
“variable frequency decoupling method” (which is for
power sharing between two storage bank) is being
introduced. Test with power train of Generator is being
done and results shows the effectiveness of this
methodology.[84]
In this work simulation based on experimental results
ultra-capacitor energy source for an electric car. Energy
management strategy based on fuzzy logic is introduced
in this paper. Control strategy is designed for hybrid
source. Battery storage with a relatively small size
achieve maximum output and high-power source for the
vehicle by this strategy. By the simulation we can see
that more information may leads to reducing battery
high currents and in future there will be more efficiency
in this experiment will happen.[85]
In this research, study of a hybrid electric storage
system by using battery of electrochemical double-
layer capacitors ,a classic proprietary electronic system
and lead acid battery . It is done for obtaining minimum
electro-magnetically disturbances, with uses in
automotive applications. The electronic control model
gives programming, this control method to the
distribution of electricity in this hybrid system.
Experimental results have shown that the super
capacitors used for tests (600F at 12.5V) have increased
the efficiency of electrical system when as compare to
the Li-ion battery.[86]
This paper based on a control strategy for tramway,
Spain, whose propulsion system changed by a hybrid
system consists of fuel cell as first energy bank and
batteries and ultra-capacitors as second energy bank. Its
light dynamic reaction , fuel cell needs other energy
sources support while step by step accelerator. This
scheme is consist of operational control which produces
the fuel cell power, and “cascade controls”, which
define the "battery and Ultra Capacitor reference
powers” to get enough control of the DC bus voltage
and states of charge of battery and ultra capacitor. The
simulations are carried out by real drive cycle of the
tramway which is very efficient.[87]
This paper describes the novel features of hybrid source
composed with “battery and super-capacitor” packs. In
this paper, two methods of Li-ion battery are joined with
super capacitor. The two parameters which decide the
use of super capacitor and battery is changing of vehicle
speed and acceleration. .The results shown that hybrid
technology is suitable for the certain limit according to
our need. The power technologies have lower limit
compared to that of the energy technologies.[88]
This paper was published by Shrikant Misal and
Bangalore Divakar, deals with the simulation study of
energy storage system of ultra capacitor for Electric
Vehicle”. A excellent performance analysis was done on
a configuration, at place the ultra-capacitor is directly
connected to load load and supplied by the battery by a
“dc-dc converter”. The simulation study mainly focuses
on working of this configuration going for the
discharging and charging cycles and capacitor was
subjected to regenerative braking power during forward
torque.[89]
This paper gives work on output of an ultra capacitor
battery based on electric vehicle prototype having a 200
km range. Depend on the level of traffic signals and
stop signs. GPS information, reducing the dynamics of
currents on the battery. Simulations show the efficiency
of the GPS based on control scheme. It is seen that by
data of GPS can minimize peak charge current by 38%
as comparison to a standard hybrid energy storage
system.[90]
This paper gives us information about optimal control of
hybrid energy storage systems for electric vehicle.
Storage systems here presents special power of ultra-
capacitors and high energy of Lithium-Ion batteries.
This predictive based algorithm uses method which
inspired by optimization power systems, termed as a
Markov process of probability-weighted for the
prediction of future load demands. On real time
decisions on power sharing are made. The full hybrid
storage system implemented experimentally with the
mechanical drive train is 500W, 50V system on strong
regenerative component with a programmable drive
cycle. Ultra-capacitor buffers a large negative current on
the DC Buses .Ultra capacitor is best over here. It is
graphically, the hybrid energy storage system which
gives more efficient and excess regenerative energy,
which normally loses itself in mechanical brakes due to
the battery’s current capability limited charge.[91]
This work the applications of supercapacitor energy
storage for regenerative energy saving in the vehicle
braking mode and peak power shaping in the vehicle
acceleration mode are described. The supercapacitor
energy storage system practical operation is investigated
on versatile DC motor test bench, which could be used
for researching in various kinds of electric vehicle
traction-drives.[92]
The is the thesis of Mazhar Moshirvaziri in which he
presented a concept of supercapacitor fuel cell system of
hybrid energy which gives the coupling of devices
without need for costly DCDC converters they achieve
the same benefits of hybridization. By experiment
steady state transmission line and fuel cell model based
supercapacitor , that active hybridization gains allows
for efficiency of 16% compared to pure fuel cell system.
Under condition of load, the supercapacitors meets the
lower impedance due to their giving ramp up to fuel
cell time. A analysis of Fast Fourier transform, all the
respective loads the supercapacitors act as low pass
filter under an automotive drive cycle. From the fuel-
cell it reduces oscillations of load.[93]
This study gives the comparison between the two
technologies of supercapacitors. The variation and
characterization of the two technologies (ageing)
according to number of cycles. High powers are asked
for the acceleration to hybrid and electric vehicle,
recovery phases and startup. For that, the chosen storage
system must insure these high powers. The
supercapacitors storage systems which are very
powerful, which can give about 4,3kW/kg of specific
power, and its lifetime is very high as compared to the
other storage systems. This type of technology has a
good lifetime which has high specific energy. As
comparison to the other ones this technology is cheaper
and toxic. For our problem aqueous technology can give
us the solution, for very high power of this component
no-toxicity of the electrolyte. Because of the voltage
limitation .Technology gave us the low specific
energy.[94]
B. Wu, V. Yufit presented a paper in which they
optimized performance of a hybrid energy storage
system where in the Ultracapacitor is directly
connected to the load a ,interfaced with battery by a
bidirectional dc-dc converter.. The simulation study was
mainly carried out for various cases in the forward as
well as regenerative modes of the motor load pertaining
to different capacitances and different hysteresis
windows. From the obtained values of simulation results
it can be seen that the smaller hysteresis window will
prevent frequent charge-discharge cycles of the
capacitor and does not allow the capacitor to deliver or
absorb sudden thrust of power.
The larger hysteresis window on the other hand results
in charging and discharging of cycles but
permits discharging of capacitor to meet the sudden
demand.[95]
In 2013, there is just a controller variable window
which do not just adjust the window with different
modes of operation but also the upper and lower limits .
Attempt for this effort is been done for this work to
understand what will the controller do. Simulation
taught us the study which helps in finding capacitor
sizing for a given time.[96]
There is an introduction of integration of photovoltaic
cell sources storage devices like ultra capacitor and
battery. Ultra-capacitor gives improvement on the
system efficiency by feeding large amount of power
during acceleration of vehicle and for taking the energy
while regenerated ,it is de-accelerating. Effort of this
affects the battery size and reduce it. Photovoltaic
source increase the range helps to the vehicle which will
travel. Implementation and development results in more
effective control which leads to efficient current and
loops of voltage and it leads to improve the dynamics
of the system.[97]
This paper shows that supercapacitor is able to absorb
well energy during regenerative braking state. It can be
operating under the extremely high charge current.
Hybrid supercapacitor with battery can reduce burden of
battery voltage drop during discharge and which
prolong the lifetime of battery. The supercapacitor has
many advantages over battery such as higher peak
power delivery, longer life cycle, and etc. Because of
low energy density supercapacitor can not used as
primary energy storage. The supercapacitor can gives
the high current during acceleration and absorb energy
during braking. Hybrid supercapacitor and battery is
storage device for e-vehicle battery is for demand
moderate energy during driving.[98]
In 2014, structure and functioning modes of active
layers in an electric double layer capacitor with an
aqueous electrolyte are simulated by means of a
computer. A model of active layers prepared from
activated carbon materials is proposed, percolation
estimates are performed and effective ionic
conductivities are calculated. The polarization of active
layers includes a sequence of two charging processes:
first, galvano static and then potentiostatic. The
proposed program of calculations involves mutual
matching and optimization of seven parameters
characterizing the active layer and conditions of
charging processes. According to
calculations, galvanostatic polarization of wide pores in
the EDLC biporous active layer up to the limiting
potential followed by potentiostatic polarization of fine
pores allows the capacity Csp = 246 F/g and the energy
W= 107 kJ/kg to be obtained in fractions of second. [99]
This paper was presented by Yu.G. Chirkova, the
development and design of a prototype supercapacitor
which empowers electric bicycle (E-bike) .The bicycle
which is available bicycle was fitted with retro fitting
brushed itself with DC motor coming on front wheel,
Super capacitor bank which stores about 74 kJ, and bi-
directional motor is present, there is a driver for
regenerative braking. Possibility is there for the design
for commuter of campus. The role is filled by Electrical
bike. Electrical bike is not important a rapid , hence the
benefits of using super-capacitors was demolished.[100]
In 2014 paper deals with energy management for
electric vehicle using Super Capacitors and battery.
Energetic Macroscopic Representation control
technique inversion based rules of technique is being
used in future, the electric vehicles will have instant
charging same like electrical trains. Due to large
recharging time of batteries, super capacitors are used
for instant charging, as they have long working life and
good current density. Moreover “wireless power
transfer” based magnetic resonance is used to improve
working of electric vehicles. At the end of experiment
efficiency of power transferred id increase to 50 % at a
distance of 50cm.[101]
Electric forklift has been used in commercial way with
a hybrid storage system, without any demonstration
of the advantages which can be achievable with its
configuration. The technical and economical
advantages of this Electric Capacitor theoretically
integration and explained experimentally. By using an
intelligent controller, gives a burst of power in start
providing maximum current to the load. In addition,
using property of an ultra-capacitor, fast current
draining from the battery is rectified which makes the
battery discharge quickly and improve battery life, like
in case of efficiency increased and battery life which is
prolonged, operating stress is there due to the reduced
battery, and saving an economical which is to provide
the extra costs for vehicle modification and battery
replacement.[102]
In this paper a novel combination of Ultra-Capacitor,
Battery and Intelligent Controller are presented and its
application for electric vehicle is highlighted. The
proposed system has significant findings through its
ability to supply power to load with good saving. By
using an intelligent controller, gives a burst of power in
start providing maximum current to the load. In
addition, using property of an ultra-capacitor, fast
current draining from the battery is rectified which
makes the battery discharge quickly and improve
battery life.[103]
In 2014,The storage system which is fuel cell and SC,
from all the way it is which is serving as power source.
It is having a block of power for energy conversion
consisting of a boost converter in addition, using
property of an ultra-capacitor, fast current draining from
the battery is rectified which makes the battery
discharge quickly and improve battery life. Power
convertor requirements are tight dc bus voltage
regulation, asymptotic stability of the closed-loop
system and perfect tracking of the SuperCapacitor
current to its reference. A nonlinear based controller is
being developed, making use of Lyapunov stability
design techniques.[104]
On the short lifetime and cost and relatively of
the LiFePO4 battery. The modified equipped with a
unidirectional dc/dc converter HESS, with diode with
gives good cost and efficiency. Simulation results is
verified. The thermal model in addition, and the
capacity fade model LiFePO4 battery are built using
programming of Matlab/Simulink output verified by
experiments..[105]
Battery used in the car have to do very less amount of
work as compared to the net power due to regenerative
energy during brakes and the difference is roughly
around 4000kW.This will cause heating in the battery
which battery to drain quickly to avoid that super
capacitor is added and made a super capacitor-battery
system , which reduced the maximum current required
and increase the battery life by saving energy and
reducing the heat loss.[106]
Now a days green transportation concept had been
introduced, electric vehicle is one of them which was
driven by the electric energy stored in batteries. In order
to recharge those batteries two types of station can be
introduced one was fixed charging station which is
connected to grid and other is mobile charging station
which is off grid. In those EV batteries and
ultracapacitor was use, Li-ion batteries were used and
electric double layer ultracapacitor was used as it was
designed for ultra fast charging.[107]
In EV batteries, Ultra capacitor and fuel cells were used
to provide energy for the propulsion, their design were
made by keeping efficiency, lifetime, cost, weight and
size. There were optimized by taking three parameter
which were converter’s power, its mass and cost.
Different topologies were made but the chosen one was
fuel cell-battery-ultra capacitor.[108]
When we had to provide large power then the size of the
battery increased so as the size of battery, in order to
overcome this a hybrid ESS is introduced in which ultra
capacitor were used are power buffer to the charging
and discharging peak power as in EV driven in urban
driving condition have high peak power as well as harsh
charging and discharging cycles. This problem is solved
by using a multi objective optimization problem to
minimize the size, cost, cycle life. DIRECT algorithm is
used for optimization and 76% cycle life extension had
been achieved with the help of just 72 ultra
capacitor.[109]
Another topology is used in which super capacitor is
used instead of ultra capacitor. Super capacitor output
current control is proposed fro the controlling of
electrical power flow based on the power sharing
strategy.[110]
In hydrid ESS (HESS) for EV super capacitor is used
along with battery and by using energy microscopic
representation an inversion based (IBC) control was
deduced and implemented and comparison was done
between two other control and IBC, results showed that
IBC is more effective then others.[111]
HESS containing battery and SC are used to preserves
high energy density and high peak power, which can be
delivered by battery and SC when needed in this way
the driving range of EV is increased for this purpose
various topologies and control strategies had been
discussed like Li-ion battery with ultra capacitor and Li-
ion with super capacitor.[112]
HESS was proposed with three layer control strategy for
EV prototype, the output current of SC bank using the
proposed three level converters was used to power flow
between SC and battery. By proposed method battery
life and acceleration performance is enhanced.[113]
In 2014, Partial power processing concept is introduced
by introducing DC/DC converter. This helped in
reducing the losses of converter and allows full storage
of energy in storage units; furthermore it gives stable
DC voltage irrespective of the situation. The converter
will only operate when UC needed to be operated while
capturing energy during braking via bidirectional
converter.[114]
UC were used to stored energy available from
regenerative breaking by doing that driving range of EV
is increased as UC avoid the over stress on
battery.[115]Similarly a bidirectional tri state operation
DC-DC buck boost converter is implemented and
reduced the losses in HESS.[116]
Unlike passive UC used in HESS, fully active parallel
topology is used based on energy microscopic
representation. Fuzzy logic controller is used to deduce
control scheme which is based on maximum control
structure approach.[117]
A smart controller is develop that calculated the demand
load and then load is then simulated on a electric load
by using a scaled profile of the demand load by the help
of a motor installed in EV.[118]
Gabriel R. Broday, Claudinor B. Nascimento1presented
a simulation model is implemented in MATLAB
Simulink, involving series motor driven by battery and
UC. In the model continuous charging and discharging
was avoided resulting in decreasing the cost and
increasing the life time of the battery. In this model
single pedal scheme was used, regenerative braking is
implemented while pedal was not in use, untimely
resulting in better control and less wastage of
energy.[119]
A multi source based system was implementation EV
including fuel cell and SC, fuel cells provide continuous
power at specific level for peak SC were used because
of its fast response. Both sources are connected with the
help of Dc converters which is controlled by a PI
controller and evaluated on urban driving cycle.[120]
In 2015, the persistent sinusoidal disturbances were
absorbed by the super capacitor and gave high power
for short duration of time if required. These persistent
disturbances came as result of engine torque ripples due
peaks in urban driving cycle.[121]
The ultra capacitor was used to provide high power for
short duration of time but their dynamic response
depends upon its impedance and their impedance
characteristics were experimentally investigated through
EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). This
mainly examined their operating condition like
temperature and state of charge with the impedance and
results showed that temperature effect is more effective
as compared to state of charge.[122]
In bidirectional DC-DC converter super capacitor is
used, moreover super-junction MOSEFTS were along
with it to minimize the losses and it was achieved with
the help of snubber inductor.[123]
In 2015,The power splitter control was used to split the
power among SC and battery, the optimization was
done by multi objective genetic algorithm. The daily
operation cost had minimized and results were given in
pareto front having optimal solution.[124]
EV was divided into two types small size long range car
and city bus. State of charge, current and power were
the constraints which were taken into account. [125]
In 2015, Fuzzy logic energy management was used to
meet the requirement of EV, UC is operated along with
Li-ion battery and connected with bidirectional DC-DC
converter, UC will be charged or discharged as load
fluctuates.[126]
A multiport bidirectional converter interfacing battery,
super capacitor and dc-bus was operated in both step up
and step down i.e. boost/buck converter with
bidirectional. Two power mode defined as; one is low
voltage i.e. boost mode and other is high voltage i.e.
energy regenerative buck mode.[127] Similar kind of a
DC-DC bidirectional buck boost converter used, same
interface of battery and SC was used.[128]
HESS was used in EV but instead DC series motor, DC
brushless motor was used which was used as generator
while down the hill and regenerative braking, which
was boosted by the converter and energy was stored in
super capacitor which can be used while traveling up
the hill or when peak energy required. PI controller was
used for control of contact torque and for reliable and
smooth distribution artificial neural network was
used.[129]
Ahmad Abuaish presented, different kind of topologies
were used for the interference of battery and SC, two of
them was used. It gave good results and increased the
battery lifetime upto 18% for urban, 4.5% for highwasy
and 8.7% for urban-highway hybrid. In first topology
the battery was directly connected to dc-bus and
interface SC with converter and in other topology
battery was interface with converter and SC was
connected to dc-bus.[130]
HESS was used pallet truck in which three power
sources were used which was Fuel cell, Li-ion battery
and super capacitor. Fuel cell was used to drive the
truck and whereas Li-ion and SC were used to give high
power which was used lift the load. These three
modules were collectively tested to simulate load
condition for that main parameter involving charging
and discharging rate of SC. The results showed that
maximum instantaneous power achieve by the module
was 3.2 KW for several cycling of lifting. [131]
Hybrid source i.e. combination of battery and SC was
used in vehicle used in mining industry. The drive time
and performance capabilities were tested in the rough
domain of mines and its current range varies from 3A to
100A. When the current is near average i.e. 40A then
the delivery time is around 30 second.[132]
Environment friendly material was used for the making
of super capacitor that is grapheme, because there will
be purpose of Hybrid EV if we used harmful material.
The efficiency of the SC remains same it didn’t effect
by the use of different material.[133]
oussef Slamani, Jalal Sabor presented this paper,
Capacitors had certain life with the passage of time the
its life will keep on decreasing causing aging problem
and state of health is also n important constraint which
effect with the aging and ultimately effect the failure.
This aging problem was checked online by impedance
spectroscopy method. [134] 2.
The super capacitor based retrofit kit was installed in
EV to store regenerative braking system with changing
the control of the vehicle, for this purpose energy 3.
optimization is very important which is done by the
regulation of energy stored in SC by a PI controller. [135]
In 2016, the control of energy distribution between
battery and SC was done by FLC which have different 4.
advantages like flexibility and robustness. Prior results
showed that fuzzy logic control was difficult to
achieved optimized distribution between battery and
SC, to overcome this problem gold ratio rule was 5.
introduced to achieved better results. It was simple and
effective method and results were promising.[136]
6.
V. CONCLUSION
High performance super capacitor depends largely on
material selected for its components mainly electrode,
7.
electrolyte, separator and collector plate. Energy
density, power density and specific capacitance are
interrelated and mainly depend on electrode material
.Active carbon including CNT and graphene are good
choices for positive and negative electrode .Aqueous
electrolyte works well with these electrode materials
8.
however operating voltage is limited. Solid electrolyte is
the better option but their performance in terms of
power density and cycle life is a matter of concern.
9.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
To write this paper the main motivation was
our kind teacher Mr. Saqib Haroon, who led us to
understand and to write this article which is the most
emphasized issue in the ED problem. We thank to him
for his generosity and his kind efforts in this regard. 10.
REFERENCES
[1]
11.
1. An Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter
based Super-Capacitor Interface for Automobile
Electric Power Systems By Eiji Hiraki, Koji
Yamamoto, Toshihiko Tanaka, Tomokazu Mishima 12. [12]Power
t and Mutsuo Nakaokat et el. in 2006
[2]
An ultracapacitor circuit for reducing sulfation in
lead acid batteries for Mild Hybrid Electric
Vehicles by Adam W. Stienecker, Thomas Stuart
and Cyrus Ashtiani et el. in 2006
[3]
Fuzzy Control of a Hybrid Power Source for
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle using Regenerative
Braking Ultracapacitor by Mahshid Amirabadi,
Shahrokh Farhangi, in 2006
[4]
Optimization of Fuel Cell and Supercapacitorfor
Fuel-Cell ElectricVehicles Ying Wu, and Hongwei
Gao, Senior Member, IEEE in 2006
[5]
Simulation and Analysis of Performance of a
Pure Electric Vehicle with a Super-capacitor by
Jinrui N, Zhifu W, Qinglian et el. in 2006
[6]
A New Battery/Ultracapacitor Energy Storage
System Design and Its Motor Drive Integrationfor
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
by Shuai Lu,Keith A. Corzine and Mehdi et el. in
2007
[7]
A New Method of Utilizing Ultra-Capacitor
Energy
Sources in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Over a Wide
Speed Range by Shuai Lu, Keith Corzine and
Mehdi Ferdowsi et el. in 2007
[8]
Adaptive Control of an Ultracapacitor Energy
Storage System for Hybrid Electric Vehicles By
Yuchen Lu, Herbert L. Hess Dean B. Edwards et el.
in 2007
[9]
Configuration and verification of the super
capacitor based energy storage as peak power unit
in hybrid electricvehicles by Yonghua Cheng1, Van
Mierlo Joeri2, Philippe Lataire3
Michael Lieb4, Erik Verhaeven5 and Rainer
Knorr6 et el. in 2007
[10]
Energy-Regenerative Fuzzy Sliding Mode
Controller Design for Ultracapacitor-Battery
Hybrid Power of Electric Vehicle
by Jianbo Cao, Binggang Cao, Zhifeng Bai, and
Wenzhi Chen in et el. 2007
[11]
Overview of Supercapacitor Cell Voltage
Balancing Methods for an Electric Vehicle
by Yanqing Qu, lianguo Zhu, liefeng Hu, Bill
Holliday et el. in 2007
Management Strategies for
a Fuel Cell! Supercapacitor Electric Vehicle By
Francisco J. Perez-Pinal*t, Ciro Nuhezt, Ricardo
Alvarezt, Ilse Cervantes et el. in 2007

[13]
13. Research and test platform for hybrid electric
vehicle with the super capacitor based energy
storage by Yonghua Cheng, Van Mierlo Joeri and
Philippe Lataire et el. in 2007
14. [14] Ultracapacitor-Based Auxiliary Energy System
for an Electric Vehicle: Implementation and
Evaluation by Micah Ortúzar, Member, IEEE, Jorge
Moreno, Member, IEEE, and Juan Dixon, Senior
Member, IEEE et el. in 2007
[15]
15. A bidirectional soft switched ultracapacitor
interface circuit for hybrid electric vehicles
by Hosein Farzanehfard , Dawood Shekari
Beyragh, Ehsan Adib et el. in 2008
[16]
16. A Clean Power System Combining Fuel Cell
and Ultracapacitor and Its Application in Electric
Scooter by J. Jia, Member, IEEE, G. Wang, Z. Zhu,
Y.T. Cham, Senior Member, IEEE, M. Han in
2008
[17]
17. An Electric Micro-Scooter with aSupercapacitor
Energy Buffer By V.V. Haerri, Udaya. Madawala
in 2008
[18]
18. Application of Super Capacitor with Full-digital
Converter in Hybrid Electric vehicle Energy
transmission System by Zhang Haoming , Sun
Yukun1, Ding Shenping, Wang Yinghai, in 2008
[19]
19. Comparison of Ultracapacitor Electric Circuit
Models by Lisheng Shi, Student Member, IEEE,
and M. L. Crow, Senior Member, IEEE in 2008
[20]
20. Design of an Ultra-capacitor Energy Storage
System (UESS) for Power Quality Improvement of
Electric Arc Furnaces by Chong Han, Alex Q.
Huang, Subhashish Bhattacharya, Leonard W.
White in 2008.
[21]
21. Dynamic Evolution Control of Bidirectional
DC-DC Converter for Interfacing Ultracapacitor
Energy Storage to Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
System by A.S. Samosir and A. H. M. Yatim in
2008
[22]
22. European Driving Schedule of Hybrid Electric
Vehicle with Electric Power Splitter and
supercapacitor as Electric Storage Unit by Dobri
Cundev, Pavel Mindl in 2008
[23]
23. Integration of Supercapacitor with STATCOM
for Electric Arc Furnace Flicker Mitigation By
Babak Parkhideh, Subhashish Bhattacharya, and
Chong Han in 2008
[24]
24. Investigation of Battery/Ultracapacitor Energy
Storage Rating for a Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric
Vehicle by E. Schaltz, A. Khaligh, and P. O.
Rasmussen et el. in 2008
[25]
25. Research on super capacitor voltage balancing
of electric vehicle charging station by Sun
Dongyang1 ,Wu fengjiang1,Sun lizhi1,Zhang
yuanbo in 2008
[26]
26. Simulation and Performance Analysis on an
Energy Storage System for Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Using Ultracapacitor by Haifang Yu, Shumei Cui
and Tiecheng Wang in 2008
[27]
27. Software Research and Application for HCU of
Ultra Capacitor Hybrid Electric Vehicle
by Jiehui Li Haicheng Qi Changjun Chen in 2008
[28]
28. Strategies for control of a battery/super capacitor
system in an electric vehicle by R. Carter, A.
Cruden in 2008
[29]
29. A High Frequency-Link Bidirectional DC-DC
Converter for Super Capacitor-Based Automotive
Auxiliary Electric Power Systems by Tomokazu
Mishima†, Eiji Hiraki, and Mutsuo Nakaoka
in 2009
[30]
30. A Wide Input Voltage Range ZVS Isolated
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Ultra-capacitor
Application in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
by Shenghui Cui1, Dawei He Zhuoyu Chen1,
Thomas G.Habetler et el. in 2009
[31]
31. An Energy Management System for a Battery
Ultracapacitor Hybrid Electric Vehicle
by Varsha A. Shah, Sanjay G. Karndhar, Ranjan
Maheshwari, Prasanta Kundu, et el. in 2009
[32]
32. Design and Control of a Multiple Input DC/DC
Converter for Battery/Ultra-capacitor Based
Electric Vehicle Power System by Zhihao Li, Omer
Onar, and Alireza Khaligh in 2009
[33]
33. Design of Battery and Ultracapacitor Multiple
Energy Storage in Hybrid Electric Vehicle
by Xiaofei Liu, Qianfan Zhang, Chunbo Zhu in
2009
[34]
34. Development of a Novel Ultracapacitor Electric
Vehicle and Methods to Cope with Voltage

Variation by Kiyotaka Kawashima, Toshiyuki
Uchida and Yoichi Hori in 2009
[35]
35. Influence of Battery/Ultracapacitor Energy-
Storage Sizing on Battery Lifetime in a Fuel Cell
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Erik Schaltz, Member,
IEEE, Alireza Khaligh, and Peter Omand
Rasmussen, Member, IEEE in 2009
[36]
36. Neural Network Sliding Mode Control Based on
On-Line Identification for Electric Vehicle with
Ultracapacitor-Battery Hybrid Power by Jian-Bo
Cao and Bing-Gang Cao in 2009
[37]
37. Performance Investigation of Fuel Cell/Battery
and Fuel Cell/Supercapacitor Hybrid Sources for
Electric Vehicle Applications by P. Thounthong, P.
Sethakul, s. Rael and B. Davat in 2009.
38. [38] Recurrent Neural Network Training for Energy
Management of a Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle
with an Ultra-Capacitor by Lee Feldkamp,
Mahmoud Abou-Nasr, Member, IEEE and Ilya V.
Kolmanovsky, Fellow, IEEE in 2009
[39]
39. A Matching Design for Ultra-Capacitor and Li-
Ion Battery Cooperation in Electric Wheel Motors
by Shyh-Jier Huang, Senior Member, IEEE, Fu-
Sheng Pai, Member, IEEE, and Bo-Ge Huang in
2010
[40]
40. An Experimental Comparison of Different
Topologies for Fuel-cell, Battery and Ultra-
capacitor in Electric Vehicle by Bülent Vural,
Mehmet Uzuno, Serkan Düúmez1,Enes, Bünyamin
Yacıtekin in 2010
41. [41] Application of Electric Motor, Super Capacitor
and wireless Power Transfer to Enhance Operation
of Future Vehicles by Yoichi Hori in 2010
[42]
42. Battery and Super capacitors combination for
series hybrid electric Vehicle by A. M. Jarushi and
N. Schofield et el. in 2010
[43]
43. Battery, Ultra capacitor, Fuel Cell, and Hybrid
Energy Storage Systems for Electric, Hybrid
Electric Fuel Cell, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric
Vehicles: State of the Art by Alireza Khaligh,
Senior Member, IEEE, and Zhihao Li, Student
Member, IEEE in 2010
[44]
44. Fuel Efficient Control Strategy, Based on
Battery Ultra capacitor Energy Storage System, in
Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles by Amir Hossein
Eghbali, Behzad Asaei and Peyman Nader in 2010
[45]
45. Model Predictive Control of a Power-split
Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Combined Battery
and Ultra capacitor Energy Storage by H. Ali
Borhan and Ardalan Vahidi in 2010
[46]
46. Modeling, Design and Control of a Fuel
Cell/Battery/Ultra-capacitor Electric Vehicle
Energy Storage System by Seyoung Kim and
Sheldon S. Williamson in 2010
[47]
47. Overview of Super capacitor Voltage
Equalization Circuits for an Electric Vehicle
Charging Application by Simon Lambert, Volker
Pickert, John Holden, Wuhua Li and Xiangning He
in 2010
48. [48] Regenerative brake system in Electric hoist with
ultra-capacitor by Yongming Bian, Lijing Zhu and
Ximming Xu in 2010
[49]
49. A multi-level Grid Interactive Bi-Directional
AC/DC-DC/AC Converter and a Hybrid
Battery/Ultra-Capacitor Energy Storage System
with Integrated Magnetics for Plug-in Hybrid
Electric Vehicles by Omer Onar, Jonathan
Kobayashi and Alireza Khaligh in 2011
[50]
50. Application of double layer Super Capacitor
with an Ionic Liquid 1-ethyl-2, 3
Dimethylimidazolium Methyl Carbonates, LiPF6
AS Electrolytes and Carbon Black along with
Carbon Nano Tubes as Electrodes by Upadhyay
Deep Chandra, Thakur A.K in 2011
[51]
51. Energy Management of a Fuel Cell/Super
capacitor/Battery Power Source for Electric
Vehicular Applications by Majid Zandi, ALireza
Payman. Jean Philippe Martin, Serge Pierfederici
and Bernard Davat in 2011
[52]
52. Hybrid Battery-Super Capacitor storage system
for electricity cars by Giuseppe Buja and Giovanni
Pede in 2011
[53]
53. Influence of the drive cycles on the sizing of
hybrid storage system Battery-Super capacitor
supplying an electric vehicle by R. Sadoun, N.
Rizoug, P. Bartholomeus, B. Barbedette, P. Le
Moigne in 2011
[54]
54. Modeling and Control of the Ultra-capacitor
Based Regenerative Controlled Electric Drives
Petar J. Grbovic, Philippe Delarue, Philippe Le
Moigne. in 2011
 [55]
55. Optimal Power flow for Hybrid Ultra-capacitor
Systems in Light Electric Vehicles by Omar Laldin,
Mazhar Moshirvaziri, Olivier Trescases in 2011
[56]
56. Optimal Sizing of Hybrid Supply for Electric
Vehicle Using Li-ion Battery and Super-Capacitor
by R. Sadoun, N. Rizoug, P. Bartholomeus, B.
Barbedette, P. Le Moigne in 2011
[57]
57. Power train Design of Ultra Capacitor Serial
Hybrid Electric Transit Bus by Jingzhou Wei,
Pengbiao Cao, Zaimin Zhong, Xinbo Chen in 2011
[58]
58. The ultra-capacitor Based Controlled Electric
Drives with Braking and Ride-Through Capability:
Overview and Analysis by Petar J. Grbovic,
Philippe Delarue, Philippe Le Moigne in 2011
[59]
59. A Battery with Ultra Capacitor Hybrid Energy
Storage System in Electric Vehicles by Neenu. M
and S. Muthukumaran in 2011
[60]
60. A lithium battery and ultra-capacitor hybrid
energy source for an urban electric vehicle by
Marek Michalaczuk, Lech M. Grzesiak, Bartiomiej
Ufnalski in 2012
[61]
61. A New Battery Ultra capacitor Hybrid Energy
Storage System for Electric, Hybrid, and Plug-In
Hybrid Electric Vehicles byJian Cao and Ali
Emadi. in 2012
[62]
62. A Novel Isolated Bi-Directional DC-DC
converter for Ultra-capacitor Application in Hybrid
and Electric vehicles by Dawei He, Pascal Ntsama,
Jinchi Han and Thomas G. Habetler in 2012
[63]
63. A Unique Battery/Super Capacitor Direct
Integration Scheme for Hybrid Electric Vehicles by
D. M. Vialthgamuwa, S.D.G. Jayasinghe, F.C. Lee
and U.K. Madwala in 2012
[64]
64. Braking Energy Recovery of Electric Traction
Based on Super Capacitor and Bi-Directional
DC/DC Converter by Chen Xiao-li, Liang Da-
quang, Zhang Wei-dong in 2012
[65]
65. Implementation of a Reliable Load Sharing
Strategy between Battery and Ultra capacitor on a
Prototype Electric Vehicle by Enes Ugur, Serkan
Dusmez, Bulent Vural and Mehmet Uzunoglu in
2012
[66]
66. On Real Time Optimal Control of A Series
Hybrid Electric Vehicle with an Ultra Capacitor by
Reza Razavian, Nasser L. Azad, John Mcphee in
2012
[67]
67. Optimizing for Efficiency or Battery Life in a
Battery/Super capacitor Electric Vehicle by
Rebecca Carterm Andrew Cruden and Peter J. Hall
in 2012
[68]
68. Prototype Design and Controller
Implementation for a Battery-Ultra-capacitor
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage System by
Zahra Amjadi and Sheldon S. Williamson in 2012
[69]
69. Results Concerning Ultra Capacitor based
Energy Management Strategy with in Electric
Vehicles by A. Florescu, S. Bacha, I. Munteanu, A.
I. Bratcu and A Rumeau in 2012
[70]
70. Robust Energy Management of a Battery/Super
capacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System in an
Electric Vehicle by Mid-Eum Choi and Seung-
Woo Seo in 2012
71. Sizing of Hybrid Supply (Battery – Super
[71]
Capacitor) For Electric Vehicle Taking Into
Account The Weight Of The Additional Buck-
Boost Chopper ny R. Sadoun, N. Rizoug, P.
Bartholumeus, B. Barbedette and P. LeMoigne in
2012
[72]
72. Study of a Super Capacitor Energy Storage
System designed to reduce frequency modulation
on ship board electric power system by Franck
Scuiller in 2012
[73]
73. The Ultra capacitor Based Regenerative
Controlled Electric Drives With Power Smoothing
Capability by Petar J. Grbovic, Phlippe Delarue,
Philippe Le Moigne and Patrick Bartholomeus in
2012
[74]
74. Ultra-Capacitor Based Electric Bicycle
Regenerative Braking System by Alex C. Bronstein
in 2012
[75]
75. Capactior/Battery Hybrid Energy Storage
Systems for Electric Vehicles by Mazhar
Moshirvaziri in 2012
76. [76] Characterization and Effectiveness of an Ultra-
capacitor Bank to enhance a Battery Electric
Vehicle Energy Storage System Dynamics by Farag
K. Abo-Elypusar, Rashad M. Kamel, H. Abo-zeid,
F. Abd-elbar in 2012
 [77]
77. A New Energy Management Strategy of a
Battery/Super Capacitor Hybrid Energy Storage
System for Electric Vehicular Applications by T.
Mesbahi, N. Rizoug, P. Bartholomeus, P Le
Mogine in 2013
[78]
78. Battery/Super Capacitor Hybrid Energy Storage
System Used in Electric Vehicle Energy Efficient
Automotive Technologies by Rahul Karangia,
Mehulsinh Jadeja, Chetankumar Upadhay, Dr. Hina
Chandwani in 2013
[79]
79. Control Strategies for high power electric
vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cell, battery and
super capacitor in 2013
[80]
80. Design approach for Electric Bikes Using
Battery and Super Capacitor For Performance
Improvement by Nikhil Hatwar, Anurag Bisen,
Haren Dodke, Akshay Junghare, Dr. Miling
Khanapurkar in 2013
[81]
81. Electric Traction System for a Super Capacitor
Based Electric Vehicle by Edgar Peralata-Sanchez,
Jaime Jose Rodriguez-Rivas in 2013
[82]
82. Energetic Macroscopic Representation EMR
based on Internal Model Control (IMC) for Fuel
cell and Super Capacitor Hybrid Electric Vehicles
by A. Badji, H. Djoudi, N. Benyahia, H. Denoun,
M. Zaouia, N. Benamrouche in 2013
[83]
83. Energy Management Strategy Based on
FrequencyVarying Filter for the Battery
Supercapacitor Hybrid system of electric vehicles
by Huang Xiaoliang, Toshiyuki Hiramats
[84]
84. Energy Management Strategy with Optimized
power interface for battery supercapacitor hybrid
system for e-vehicles by Huang Xiaoliang, Joao
Marcus Abreu Curti
[85]
85. Fuzzy logic control of a hybrid battery-
ultracapacitor energy storage for an urban electric
vehicle by Marek Michalczuk, Bartlomiej Ufnalsk
[86]
86. HYBRID SUPERCAPACITOR-BATTERY
ELECTRIC SYSTEM WITH LOW
ELECTROMAGNETIC EMISSIONS FOR
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION by Bogdan
MIHĂILESCU1, Paul SVASTA
[87]
87. Operation mode control of a hybrid power
system based on fuel cell battery ultracapacitor for
an electric tramway BY Pablo García , Luis M.
Fernández
[88]
88. Optimal Architecture of the Hybrid Source
(Battery-Supercapacitor) supplying e-vehicle
according to required autonomy BY R. Sadoun, N.
Rizoug
[89]
89. Performance Evaluation of Ultra-Capacitor in
Hybrid Energy Storage System for e-vehicles BY
Shrikant Misal and Bangalore Divakar
[90]
90. Optimal Architecture of the Hybrid Source
(Battery-Supercapacitor) supplying e-vehicle
according to required autonomy BY R. Sadoun, N.
Rizoug
91. [91]Performance Evaluation of Ultra-Capacitor in
Hybrid Energy Storage System for e-vehicles BY
Shrikant Misal and Bangalore Divakar
92. [92] Power-Mix Optimization for a Hybrid Ultra-
capacitor Battery Pack in an Electric Vehicle using
Real-time GPS Data BY Mazhar Moshirvaziri
,Christo Malherbe
93. [93] Predictive Algorithm for Optimizing Power
Flow in hybrid ultra capacitor,battery storage
systems for light electric vehicles BY Mazhar
Moshirvaziri
94. [94] RESEARCH IN ELECTRIC TRANSPORT
SUPERCAPACITOR for energy storage system
BY Genadijs Zaleskis, Leonards Latkovskis
95. [95] Simulated and Experimental Validation of a
Fuel Cell Supercapacitor Passive Hybrid System
for Electric Vehicles BY B. Wu, V. Yufit
96. [96] -Using of Aqueous or Organic Supercapacitor
Technology in Hybrid and e-vehicles BY Nassim
Rizoug1, Patrick. Bartholomeüs
97. [97] Variable Window Hysteresis Control Strategy
for Ultra-Capacitor configured energy storage
system in electric vehicles by Shrikant Misal1 and
B.P. Divakar
98. [98] A High Performance Power Supply for an
Electric Vehicle with Solar PV,Battery and
Ultracapacitor Support for Extended Range and
Enhanced Dynamic Response by Manmesha M.
Patankar1, Rupesh G. Wandhare
99. [99] Supercapacitor to Energy Storage During
regenerative break state in e-vehicle Moungngam.
W1, Songprakor
100. [100] Computer Simulation of Active Layers in the
Electric Double Layer supercapacitor optimization
of active layer charging modes and structure,
calculation of overall characteristics.by Yu. G.
Chirkova, z and V. I. Rostokin
101. [101] Design and Development of a Prototype
supercapacitor powered electric bicycle by Keagan
Malan , Michael Coutlakis
102. [102] Different control schemes of a battery super
capacitor in electric vehicle by A.Castaings,
W.Lhomme
103. [103] Dynamic Power Demand Prediction for e-
vehicle using terrain information by Qiao Zhang,
Weiwen Deng
104. [104] Electric charging discharging characteristics of
supercacitor using de-alloying and anodic oxidized
Ti-Si-Ni amourphous alloy ribbons by Mikio
Fukuhara1, and Kazuyuki Sugawara
105. [105] battery-supercapacitor storage for an electric
forklift a life cycle cost assessment by M. Conte •
A. Genovese
106. [106] Integration of Ultra-Capacitor and Battery as
hybrid energy source with intelligent controller for
efficient electric vehicle applications by
Muhammad Anwer Nazir, Noor Ain Kamsani
107. [107] Modeling and Nonlinear Control of a Fuel cells
supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system for
electric vehicles by Hassan El Fadil, Fouad Giri
108. [108] Multi-objective optimization of a semi-active
batterysupercapacitor energy storage for electric
vehicles by Ziyou Song , Jianqiu Li
109. [109] Evaluating the Urban Electric Vehicle By Paul
Dille, Matt Duescher, Illah Nourbakhsh, Gregg
Podnar and Josh Schapiro
110. [110] Energy storage system using battery and
ultracapacitor on mobile charging station for
electric vehicle by Tinton Dwi Atmajaa, Amin.
111. [111] Optimization of Fuel Cell Stack, Ultra-
capacitor, and Battery Banks Based on Cost
Function Minimization for Fuel-Cell Electric
Vehicles by Behzad Asaei and Seyyed Reza
Mousavi Ourimi.
112. [112] Optimization of Sizing and Battery Cycle Life
in Battery/Ultracapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage
Systems for Electric Vehicle Applications by Junyi
Shen, Serkan Dusmez and Alireza Khaligh.
113. [113] Optimized Topology and Converter Control for
Supercapacitor Based Energy Storage System of
Electric Vehicles by Huang Xiaoliang, Toshiyuki
Hiramatsu and Hori Yoichi.
114. [114] Practical control schemes of a
battery/supercapacitor system for electric vehicle
Ali Castaings, Walter Lhomme, Rochdi Trigui,
Alain Bouscayrol
115. [115] Review of Structures and Control of Battery-
Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System for
Electric Vehicles by Feng Ju, Qiao Zhang, Weiwen
Deng and Jingshan Li
116. [116] System design and converter control for super
capacitor and battery hybrid energy system of
compact electric vehicles by Huang Xiaoliang,
Hiramatsu Tosiyoki, Hori Yoichi
117. [117] A Partial Power Processing of
Battery/UltraCapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage
System for Electric Vehicles by Mohamed
O.Badawy and Yilma Sozer.
118. [118] An advanced energy management system for
controlling the ultracapacitor discharge and
improving the electric vehicle range by Jesús
Armenta, Ciro Núnez, Nancy Visairo, Isabel
Lazaro.
119. [119] A Tri-State Bidirectional Buck-Boost
Converter for A Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid
Energy Storage System in Electric Vehicle
Applications by Gabriel R. Broday, Claudinor B.
Nascimento1, Eloi Agostini Jr.1 and Luiz A.C.
Lopes.
120. [120] Battery and SuperCapacitor Hybridization for a
Pure Electric Three-Wheel Roadster by João P.
Trovão, Maxime R. Dubois and Marc-André Roux
121. [121] DEVELOPMENT OF SMART
CONTROLLER FOR FUEL CELL AND
SUPERCAPACITOR APPLICATION IN
ELECTRIC VEHICLES by H.J. Rautenbach, R.
Gouws, D. Bessarabov, A. Kruger and G. Human.
122. [122] Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of a Series
Motor Driven Battery Electric Vehicle Integrated
With an Ultra Capacitor by N.E.V.R.Dheeraj
Varma, Arvind Mittal.
123. [123] High efficiency bidirectional 5KW DC-DC
converter with super-junction MOSFETs for
electric vehicle Super capacitor system by Andrew
Hopkins, Neville McNeill, Philip Anthony, Phil
Mellor
124. [124] Optimal Energy Management of a Hybrid
Electric Bus with a Battery-Supercapacitor Storage
System using Genetic Algorithm by Victor Isaac
Herrera and Haritza Camblong
125. [125] Optimal Sizing of Battery/Ultracapacitor-Based
Energy Storage Systems in Electric Vehicles by
Amir Ostadi.
126. [126] Fuzzy energy management control for
battery/ultra-capacitor HEV by WANG Xinguang,
TAO Jili, ZHANG Ridong
127. [127]A Newly-Designed Multipart Bidirectional
Power Converter with Battery/Supercapacitor for
Hybrid Electric/Fuel-Cell Vehicle System by
Ching-Ming Lajl, Yu-Jen Lin, Ming-Hua Hsiehl,
Jie-Ting Li
128. [128] Integration of Ultra Capacitor with Battery
using DC-DC Bidirectional Buck Boost Converter
in an Electric Vehicle by Mohammad Ashar.
129. [129] An Efficient Regenerative Braking System
Base on Battery/Supercapacitor for Electric, Hybrid
an Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles with BLDC
Motor by Farshid Naseri, Student Member, IEEE,
 Ebrahim Farjah, Member, IEEE, Teymoor
Ghanbari
130. [130] Assessment of Battery Capacity Fading in
Partially-Decoupled Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid
Energy Storage System Topologies for Electric
Vehicles by Ahmad Abuaish.
131. [131] Design and Performance Evaluation of a PEM
Fuel Cell –Lithium Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid
Power Source for Electric Forklifts by Chuang-Yu
Hsieh, Xuan-Vien Nguyen, Fang-Bor Weng,Tzu-
Wei Kuo, Zhen-Ming Huang, Ay Su.

132. [132] Integration of Battery and Super-Capacitor

banks into a Single-Power System for a Hybrid
Electric Vehicle by W.A. Bisschoff,
O.Dobshanskyi and R.Gouws

133. [133] MDR Report: Mellivora, an electric vehicle

supercapacitor power supply experiment by
Derek Clougherty, Lubin Jian, Nathan Ball and
Derek Wang, CSE.
134. [134] Online Supercapacitor Diagnosis for Electric
Vehicle Applications by Asmae El Mejdoubi,
Student Member, IEEE, Amrane Oukaour, Hicham
Chaoui, Senior Member, IEEE, Youssef Slamani,
Jalal Sabor, and Hamid Gualous, Member, IEEE.
135. [135] Supercapacitor Based Storage System for
Efficiency Improvement of Lead-Acid Powered
Light Electric Vehicle by Kaspars Kroics, Viesturs
Brazis.

136. [136] Optimal Fuzzy Logic Based Energy

Management Strategy of Battery/Supercapacitor
Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric
Vehicles by Chao Gao, Jian Zhao, Jian Wu and
Xiongbo Hao.