SEMESTER L T P C

VII SYSTEMS
EMBEDDED 3 0 0 3
COMMON TO ECE & MECT
AIM
To learn the basic concepts of embedded systems and its applications.
OBJECTIVES
 To introduce students to the embedded systems, its hardware and software.
 To introduce devices and buses used for embedded networking.
 To explain programming concepts and embedded programming in C and C++
 To introduce the software development tools in embedded systems.
 To introduce the concepts of Real Time Operating System.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 9
Definition –Processor Embedded into a System – Embedded Hardware Units and Devices in system –
Embedded Software in a System – Examples of Embedded system –System on Chip (Soc) and Use
of VLSI Design Technology – Complex Design and Processors – Design Process – Formalizations of
System Design – Design Process and Design Examples – Classifications of Embedded Systems.
UNIT II DEVICES AND BUSES FOR DEVICES NETWORK 9
Device I/O Types and Examples – Serial Communication Devices – Parallel Devices Ports –
Sophisticated Interfacing Features in Devices Ports – Wireless Devices – Timer and Counting Devices
– Watchdog Timer – Real Time Clock – Networked Embedded Systems – Serial Bus
Communication Protocols – Parallel Bus Device Protocol – Parallel Communication Network Using
ISA, PCI, PCI-X, cPCI and advanced buses.
UNIT III PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS AND EMBEDDED PROGRAMMING IN C, C++ 9
Programming in assembly language (ALP) vs. High Level Language - C Program Elements,
Macros and functions -Use of Pointers - NULL Pointers - Use of Function Calls – Multiple function
calls in a Cyclic Order in the Main Function Pointers – Function Queues and Interrupt Service
Routines Queues Pointers – Concepts of EMBEDDED PROGRAMMING in C++ - Objected Oriented
Programming – Embedded Programming in C++, ‘C’ Program compilers – Cross compiler–
Optimization of memory codes.
UNIT IVSOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND TOOLS 9
Embedded system evolution trends. Round - Robin, robin with Interrupts, function-One-
Scheduling Architecture, Algorithms. Introduction to-assembler-compiler-cross compilers and
Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Object Oriented Interfacing, Recursion, Debugging
strategies, Simulators.
UNIT VREAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS 9
Task and Task States, tasks and data, semaphores and shared Data Operating system Services-Message
queues- Timer Function-Events-Memory Management, Interrupt Routines in an RTOS environment,
basic design Using RTOS.
TOTAL HOURS: 45
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Rajkamal, Embedded Systems Architecture, Programming and Design,
TATA McGraw-Hill, Second Edition, Sixth reprint Oct. 2010
2. David E Simon, “An embedded software primer ", Pearson education
Asia, Eighth Impression, 2009.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Steve Heath, Embedded Systems Design, Second Edition-2003, Newnes,
2. Wayne Wolf, Computers as Components; Principles of Embedded
Computing System Design – Harcourt India, Morgan Kaufman
Publishers, 2008.
3. Frank Vahid and Tony Givargis, “Embedded Systems Design – A
unified Hardware /Software Introduction”, John Wiley, 2006.
 VINAYAKA MISSIONS UNIVERSITY
VMKV ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SALEM
&
AARUPADAI VEEDU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CHENNAI
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK
COMMON TO ECE & MECT

DEGREE / BRANCH : B.E.-ECE

SUBJECT NAME : EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
SUBJECT CODE :
YEAR & SEMESTER : IV / VII
REGULATION : CBCS R 2012

UNIT-I
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
PART-A
1. Define Embedded System.
An embedded system is a system that has embedded software and computer-hardware,
which makes it a system dedicated for an application(s)or specific part of an application
or product or a part of a larger system.

2. Mention the requirement of embedded system.

1. Reliability
2. Cost effectiveness
3. Low power consumption
4. Efficient use of processing power
5. Efficient use of memory
6. Appropriate execution time

3. Define system on chip.

SOC is a system on a VLSI chip that has all the necessary analog as well as digital
circuits , processors and software.

4. Mention the characteristic of embedded system.

a. Real-time and multirate operations.
b. Complex algorithm.
c. Complex graphic user interfaces.

5. Define a system.
A system is a way of working, organizing or doing one or many tasks according to
affixed plan, program or set of rules.
6. List out applications of embedded system
S.No Embedded Application
System
1 Home Dishwasher, washing machine, Microwave, Top-set box, Security System, HV
Appliances AC System, DVD, answering machine,garden sprinkler systems etc.
2 Office Fax,Copy machine,Smart phone System,Modem, Scanner, Printers
Automation

7. Define Processor.
A processor is the important unit in embedded system that executes the instruction cycles
and executes one process or many process as per the command given to it.

8. Give the some example for sophisticated embedded system.

1. Embedded systems for wireless LAN and for convergent technology devices
2. Embedded systems for real time video and speech or multimedia processing systems.
3. Security products and high-speed network security,gigabit rate encryption rate products.

9. List out the program models for software designing.

a. Sequential program model.
b. Object oriented program model.
c. Control and data flow graph model.
d. Finite state machine for data path.
e. Multithread model.

10. Define Device Driver.

Device driver is software for opening , connecting,binding,reading,writingand closing or
controlling actions of the device.

11. List the concept used during a design process.

a. Abstraction.
b. Hardware and software architecture.
c. Extra functional properties.
d. System related family of design.
e. Modular design.
f. Mapping.
g. User interface design.
h. Refinements.

12. Define Design Metrics.

 `Design Metrics is parameter that defines design requirements and must keep in view
during each stage of design process.

13. Mention the real time requirement of embedded system.

1. Reliability
2. Cost effectiveness
3. Low power consumption
4. Efficient use of processing power
5. Efficient use of memory
6. Appropriate execution time

` 14. Mention the software components used in automatic chocolate vending machine.
a. Keypad input read task.
b. Display task.
c. Read coins task for finding coins sorted.
d. Deliver chocolate task.
e. TCP/IP stack processing task.
f. TCP/IP stack communication task.

15. Mention few examples of embedded system.

Telecommunication, smart cards, missiles, satellite, computer networking, digital
consumer electronics and automotives.

16. List out the advantages of embedded system.

1. Low Cost
2. Small Size
3. High reliability
4. Fast operation
5. Easy to manufacture
6. Fewer interconnections

17. Mention components of system on chip.

a. Embedded processor GPP or ASIP core.
b. Single purpose processing cores.
c. A network bus protocol core.
d. An encryption unit.

18. Define the term embedded processor.

 An embedded processor is term used for processors with fast processing, fast context-
switching and atomic ALU operation.

19. Define the term embedded microcontroller.

An embedded microcontroller is the term used for a microcontroller that has interrupt
RAM, large flash or ROM, timer, interrupt handler, internal devices and internal
peripherals.

20. Classify the types of embedded system.

a. Small scale embedded system.
b. Medium scale embedded system.
c. Sophisticated embedded system.

PART-B
1. Discuss about the various processors Embedded into a system.
2. Describe about Embedded Hardware units and devices in a System.
3. Discuss about the classified the embedded system with example.
4. Write short note on:
a. Software Tools for Designing an Embedded System
b. Software for Device Driver and Device Management in an Operating System
5. Discuss about Embedded System on Chip and use of VLSI Circuit Design Technology
6. Illustrate the abstraction of steps in the Design Process.
7. Discuss about Challenges in Embedded System Design.
8. Elucidate the Automatic Chocolate Vending Machine with a neat Diagram.
9. Explain the System Design process for contact less Smart Card with a block diagram.
10. Discuss the Hardware and Software Components in a Digital Camera.

UNIT-II
DEVICES AND BUSES FOR DEVICES NETWORK
PART-A
1. Define Serial Port.
A serial port is a port for serial communication. A port for read and write operations with one bit at
an instance and where each bit of the message is separated by constant time intervals. A serial
port communication is over short or long distances.

2. Define Parallel Port.

A parallel port is a port for parallel communication. It means that multiple bits can communicate
over a set of parallel lines at any given instance. A parallel port communicates within the same
board, between ICs or wires over very short distances of at most less than a meter.
3. What is I²C bus?
 A standard bus that follows a communication protocol and is used between multiple ICs. It permits a
system to get data and send data to multiple compatible ICs connected on this bus.

4. State the need of Synchronization.

Synchronization is required in order to meet network performance and availability
requirements. Poor network synchronization will lead to large amounts of Jitter and
Wander. This Jitter and Wander can lead to transmission errors and buffer nder/overflow.
Both these faults will result in service problems causing high error rates and can lead to
service unavailability. Network Synchronization needs must be carefully considered
when networks are deployed
5. Define Synchronous Communication.
When a byte (character) or frame ( a collection of bytes) of data is received or transmitted at
constant time intervals with uniform phase differences, the communication is called Synchronous
Communication.
6. Mention the classified as the IO device.
Serial and Parallel Ports of IOs devices are classified into
1. Synchronous serial input
2. Synchronous serial output
3. Asynchronous serial UART input
4. Asynchronous serial UART output
5. Parallel port one bit input
6. Parallel port one bit output
7. Parallel port input
8. Parallel port output
7. Define ISO- Synchronous Communication.
Communication in which a constant phase difference is not maintained between the frames but
maintained within a frame.
8. Define Asynchronous Communication.
When a byte (characters) or frame ( a collection of bytes) of data is received or transmitted at
variable time intervals, communication is called Asynchronous Communication.

9. State the RS 232C

RS232C standard provides for UART serial port asynchronous mode communication. A different
set of voltages levels are prescribed for the 0s and 1s in RS232C standard.
10. Define Half Duplex and Full Duplex.
Half Duplex means one way communication . A serial port having one common IO line or
channel.Example: Telephone lines.Full duplex means two way communication.A serial port having
two distinct IO lines or communication channels. Example: A Modem connection to the computer
COM port.
11. Delineate UART.
 UART( Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) A standard Asynchronous Serial Input and
output port for serial bits.UART serial port communication is usually either in 10bits or in 11 bits
format: one start bit,8 data bits,one optional bit and one stop bit. UART communication can be full
duplex or half duplex . it is an important communication mode.
12. Difference between SPI and SCI.
Si.No SPI SCI
1 Synchronous Peripheral Interface Serial Connect Interface
2 SPI is Synchronous Master Slave Mode SCI is UART Asynchronous transmitter-receiver
serial full duplex Communication mode Serial full duplex Communication
3 SPI device operates upto 2 Mbps in Standard baud rates in 68HC11 can be set up to
68HC11 9.6Kbps only.

13. State the timer.

A timer is essentially a counter getting the count-inputs (ticks) at regular time intervals.Timing and
counting devices have a large number of uses in a system. There has to be at least one hardware timer in a
system.Software timer is a virtual timing device. A program can use number of software timers in a system.

14. Expand PCI and PCI-X bus.

PCI: A standard bus used as a ‘ Peripheral Component Interconnect’ bus.
PCI-X bus: A standard bus used as a ‘ PCI Extended bus’.

15. Mention the popular protocols available for Wireless Communication?

IrDA, Bluetooth, WiFi, 802.11 WLAN and ZigBee have become the popular protocols for wireless
communication of data bits from a source to the receiver.
16. Define Timing Device and Counting Device.
A timer device is a device that counts the regular interval (δT) clock pulses at its input. The counts
are stored and incremented on each pulse.
A Counting device is a device that counts the input for events that may occur at irregular or regular
intervals. The counts gives the number of input events or pulses since it was last read.
17. Define Real time Clock.
A Real time clock (RTC) is a clock that generates system interrupts at preset intervals. An interrupt
service routine executes on each tick (timeout or overflow) of this clock. This timing device once
started is generally never reset or never reloaded to another value.
18. Define CAN bus.
Controller Area Network is a serial bus for interconnecting a central control network. CAN Bus is a
standard bus in distributed network. It is widely used in automotive electronics, Medical Electronics
and industrial plant controllers. It has fields for bus arbitration bits, control bits for address and
data length, data bits, CRC check bits, acknowledgement bits and ending bits.
19. Give Examples of Parallel Buses.
ISA,PCI and ARM buses are examples of parallel buses
20. Define Watch dog timer.
 Watchdog timer is a timing device that can be set for a preset time interval, and an event
must occur during that interval else the device will generate the timeout signal

PART-B
1. Classify the Serial ports of IO devices with necessary diagram.
2. Describe Synchronous Communication and Asynchronous Communication in serial communication
devices.
3. Elucidate the serial Data communication using the SPI, SCI and SI Port with suitable diagrams.
4. Explain the Parallel I/O, Bidirectional Device Ports with a neat diagram.
5. Explain the Parallel port interfacing with LCD Controller with a suitable diagram.
6. Explain the Parallel port interfacing with Switches & Keypad with suitable diagram.
7. Discuss in detail about Timer and Counting Devices.
8. Explain the CAN Bus involved in serial data communication with a neat diagram.
9. Explain the USB Bus involved in serial data communication with neat diagram.
10. Write Short notes on:
a. ARM BUS
b. ISA BUS
c. I²C BUS

UNIT – III
PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS AND EMBEDDING PROGRAMMING IN C, C++
PART-A

1. List out the advantages of Assembly language.

i) It gives a precise control of the processor internal devices and full use of
processor specific features in its instruction set and its addressing modes.
ii) The machine codes are compact.
iii) With the help of assembly language the basic concepts could be easily
studied.
iv) Memory required for the system is less.
v) Minimum assembly languages instruction only needed for device drivers.

2. List out the advantages of high level language.

i) Standard library functions
ii) Modular programming approach
iii) Bottom up design
iv) Top down design
v) Data types
vi) Type checking
vii) Control structures
viii) Portability

3. Mention the most important feature in C that makes it a popular HLL for an embedded system
 i) Inline assembly
ii)Readily available modules and library functions.

4. Define In-line assembly.

C is a language between low and high level language. Inserting the assembly
language codes in between is called in line assembly.

5. List out some ‘Include’ header files used in ‘C’ language in embedded system.
#include<vxwork.h>
#include<semlib.h>
#include<tasklib.h>
#include<syslib.h>

6. Define Preprocessor Directive

Program statements and directives for the compiler before the main function to
define global variable, global macro, new data type and global constants.
The following are the types of preprocessor
directives:
1. Preprocessor global variables
2. Preprocessor constants

7. Differentiate between Macros and Functions.

Macros and functions are used in C programs. Functions are used when the
requirement is that the codes should be compiled once only. However on calling a
function the processor has to save the context and on return restore the context. A
function may return nothing or an integer or any primitive or reference type of data.
Macros are used when short functional codes are to be inserted in number of places of
functions.

8. List out the uses of Queues.

i)Print buffer
ii) Image frames in a sequence
iii) Frames on a network

9. What is List?
Each element includes item and pointer. Contain nodes (element).Each element has a
pointer to its next element. Only the first element is identifiable and it is done by list top
pointer. No other element is identifiable and hence is not accessible directly.

10. Mention the elements of ‘C’ program.

The C program elements are
1 .Header
2. Source files
 3. Preprocessor directives

11. What is Tree?

There is a root element It has two are more branches each having a daughter
element. Each daughter element has two or more daughter elements. The last one does
not have daughters.

12. Define NULL pointers.

When a pointer points to NULL it means there is no reference to the memory. A
memory occupied by an element or object or data structure can be freed by pointing it to
the NULL.

13. List out the advantages of reentrant functions

Reentrant function is usable by several task and routines synchronously.

14. Define Object oriented programming

An object-oriented programming language is used when there is a need for re-usability of
defined objects or a set of objects that are common for many applications.

15. Mention the advantages of building ISR queues

Multiple function pointers are queued during ISRs. Each ISR is designed with
short set of codes. It doesn’t execute any unessential codes with in the ISR.

16. State the features of OOPS.

i) Since program can be divided into objects, large, medium and small projects can be
done easily.
ii) Data security may be maintained.
iii) Inclusion of new data and functions are easily done.
iv)User defined data types can be easily constructed.

17. List out the Basic Concepts of OOPS

1. Objects
2. Classes
3. Data encapsulation
4. Data abstraction
5. Single inheritance
6. Multiple inheritance
7. Polymorphism
8. Dynamic binding
9. Message passing

18. Mention the disadvantages of C++

 Program codes become lengthy when certain features of the standard C++ are
used. Example for these features includes.
Template
Multiple inheritance
Exceptional handling
Virtual base class
Classes for I/O streams.

19. Define function pointer.

Function pointer is used for invoking a call to the function. The data type specification followed by
*functionname(functional arguments) calls the statement of function Name and arguments.
And at the time of return, it returns the data object.

20. Define Pipe.

A pipe is a device, which uses device driver functions and in which insertions are from the source end and
deletions are at sink-end. The deletion are at the destination end, and are like in the queue. The insertion
source has an identity distinct from a destination entity where deletions are made and source and
destination are connected by some function pipe_connect.

PART-B

1. Elaborate on high level programming.

2. Illustrate C program elements with examples.
3. Briefly explain the program elements of Macros and Function with tabulation.

4. Write short notes on the program Elements:

a. Data types and pointers with example
b. Queue
5. Illustrate the data structure array with an example.
6. Elaborate on action of Modifiers.
7. Write short note on:
a. Object oriented programming
b. Optimization of codes in embedded C++ program
8. Write short note on:
a. Function pointer, function Queue and ISR queue
b. Queuing of function on interrupts
9. Elaborate on use of function calls with example.
10. Illustrate the data structure stack with an example.
 UNIT –IV
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND TOOLS
PART-A
1. Define Compiler.
A Compiler is needed to convert a program written in system programming language to its equivalent
machine code.

2. Define Assembler
To convert an assembly language program into machine code,an assembler is required. Assemblers are
programs that process assembly language source program statements and translate these into executable
machine language object files.

3. Define Cross Compiler.

A program written in a high level language such as ‘C’ can be converted into the machine code of a target
processor using a cross-compiler.

4. Define Recursion.
A function which calls itself directly or indirectly again and again is known as the recursive function.
Recursive functions are very useful while constructing the data structures like linked lists, double linked
lists and trees.

5. Define Function Queue

It is a data structure for which the operations do not change the data structure, but rather
create a new data structure, with the appropriate modifications, instead of changing it in-
place. Function Queue architecture uses queue to store function pointers.

6. Define Interrupt
A hardware signal that breaks the flow of program execution and transfers control to a predetermined
storage location so that another procedure can be followed or a new operation carried out.

7. Mention the disadvantage of using Round Robin.

1. If device Z needs service, then the loop has to go from device A to Y and then serve Z
2. The worst case response is the longest time taken by the service. Example, if a service takes 2
seconds to complete, then the next device may take 2 seconds to respond.
 3. If we tune the system to perform well for the available devices, then it get spoiled once we
add a new device.

8. Mention the advantages of Round Robin with Interrupt compared to Round Robin.
1. The interrupts are little more advantageous by controlling with priorities.since the interrupt
routines have high priority, they are executed once needed in service.
2. If any service needs high response, then they can be added inside interrupt routine.whatever
added in the interrupt routine gets high priority and executed first.

9. List out the function of Communication Bridge.

The main operation of the Communication bridge is to receive the data traffic from one port and transfer it
to the other port and vice versa. If the data received is encrypted then the data has to be decrypted and sent
to the other port.

10. Mention the features of Communication Bridge.

1. An interrupt is raised whenever the bridge receives a character in the port, since it has to be
read by microprocessor before the next character comes.
2. An interrupt is raised whenever the I/O port has finished transmitting the character written to
it by the microprocessor , so that the next character can be placed to it.
3. A queue and the necessary functions to read and write in queue are provided to store the
characters received and sent to the ports.

11. Define two-pass Assembler.

During the first pass, the source program is read to develop the symbol table. During the second pass, the
object file is created (assembled) utilizing the table developed in pass one. It is during the second pass that
the source program listing is also produced.

12. Mention feature of IDE

1, It has a facility for defining a processor family as well as defining its version.
2. It has source code engineering tools which incorporate the editor, compiler for C, embedded c++,
assembler, linker, locator, logic analyser, stethoscope and ‘Help’.
3. It has the facility of a user-definable assembler to support a new version or type of processor.
It provides a multiuser environment.

13. Define Operation Field.

 The Operation field occurs after the label field, and must be preceded by at least one whitespace character.
This field must contain a legal opcode mneumonic or an assembler directive. Upper case characters in this
field are converted to lower case before being checked as a legal mneumonic.

14. Define Assembler Directives.

The Assembler directives are instructions to the Assembler, rather than instructions to be directly translated
into object code.

15. List out the function of Simulator.

1. It defines the processor or processing device family.
2. It monitors the detailed information of a source code part with labels and symbolic arguments.
3. Simulator first does cross-compilation of the codes and places these into the host system
RAM.

16. Define Logic Analyzer.

Logic Analyzer is a multiple channel digital storage scope with many ways to trigger. It allows to observe
various digital signals at various points in time and thus make decisions based upon such observations.

17. List out the various simulator.

VxSim is a simulator tool, which provides a virtual target for developing and debugging the codes. It helps
in avoiding the repeated code located in actual target board of the embedded system. Simulating the
application with VxSim is of great help in the early development stage, as the VxWorks RTOS task
scheduling can be thoroughly simulated before implementation into the target.

18. List out the function of BDM.

BDM is Background Debugging Module. The BDM communicates with the debugger using two or three
wired serial interface. BDM is not that flexible as ICE but still has ability to set breakpoints, stop the
computer, read/write registers,I/O ports and memory.

19. Define Debugging.

Debugging is defined as the process of testing, stabilizing, and creating and correcting errors. Fundamental
goal of debugging is to remedy faults or to correct in a program.

20. Mention the name of Assembler Directives.

ORG: Origin Program Counter
EQU : Assign permanent value
BSZ :Block storage of Zero; Single bytes
 FCB: Form Constant byte
FCC : Form Constant Character String
FDB : Form Constant double byte
FILL : Initialize a block of memory to a constant
RMB : Reserve memory;Single bytes
ZMB : Zero Memory Bytes; Same and BSZ.

PART-B

1. Discuss in detail about Round-Robin with suitable examples.

2. Explain with suitable examples about Round-Robin with interrupts.
3. Discuss Function Queue Scheduling Architecture with Example.
4. Describe the Object Oriented Interfacing.
5. Discuss in detail about Debugging Strategies.
6. Elaborate about Assembler Directives.
7. Discuss in detail about Compilers.
8. Illustrate on Integrated Development Environment.
9. Write short notes on:
i) Recursion
ii) Simulators

10. Elaborate about Assembler and Cross Compilers

UNIT – V
REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS
PART-A
1. Define Task.
Task is defined as embedded program computational unit that runs on a CPU under the state-control of
kernel of an OS. It has a state, which at an instance defines by status (running, blocked or
finished),structure- its data, objects and resources and control block.

2. List out the five states of task.

1. Idle(created) state
2. Ready(active) state
3. Running state
4. Blocked(waiting) state
5. Deleted(finished) state.

3. Mention the parameter of context_init.

 i) Pointer to a start-up function: a function run starts a task from this address.
ii) Pointer to the context data structure: the structure includes the processor registers and status
tokens
iii) The task context may also include a pointer to a new task object(function) which will run next.
iv) It may also include a pointer to the stack of a previous task object(function).

4. Define message queue.

A message queue is an IPC with the following features:
1. An OS provides for inserting and deleting the message pointers or messages.
2. Each queue for the message or message-pointers needs initialization (creation) before using functions
in kernel for the queue.
3. Each created queue has an ID.
4. Each queue has a user-definable size

5. Define semaphore.
Semophores provides a mechanism to let a task wait until another finishes. It is the way of synchronizing
the concurrent processing operations.Semophores can be used as an event flag or as a resource
key.Resource Key is the one which permits use of resources like CPU memory or other functions or critical
section code.

6. List out the functions of IPC.

1. Signals
2. Semaphores as token or mutex or counting semaphores for the intertask communication between tasks
sharing a common buffer or operations
3. Queues and mailboxes
4. Pipes and sockets
5. Remote procedure calls (RPCs) for distributed processes.

7. Mention the use of Signal.

Signals are used for initiating exceptions and error-handling processes. An exception is a process that is
executed on a specific reported run-time condition. An error-handling signal handler handles the different
error login of other task.

8. Define Signal.
A signal is just an interrupt that is shared and used by another interrupt-servicing process. A signal raised by
one process forces another process (signal handler) to interrupt and catch that signal in case the signal is not
masked.
9. List the function of Semaphore.
1. OSSemCreate
2. OSSemPost
3. OSSemPend
4. OSSemAccept
5. OSSemQuery

10. Mention the feature of Message Queue.

1. An OS provides for inserting and deleting the message pointers or messages.
2. Each queue for the message or message-pointers needs initialization (creation) before using functions
in kernel for the queue.

11. Define RTOS.

An RTOS is an OS for response time controlled and event-controlled processes. The processes have
predictable latencies. An RTOS is an OS for the systems having real timing constraints and deadlines on the
tasks, ISTs and ISRs.

12. Determine the steps of Timer Function.

1. Before servicing of SysClkIntr, the context of presently running task or thread saves on the TCB data
structure.
2. SysClkIntr service routine calls the OS.
3. The OS finds the new messages or IPCs
4. The OS either selects the same task or selects a new task or thread
5. After return from the interrupt, the new task runs from the code, which was blocked from running
earlier.

13. What is Thread?

A thread is a process or subprocess within a process that has its own PC, its own SP and stack, its own
priority parameter for its scheduling by thread-scheduler.The thread can share a process structure.

14. Mention the use of Memory Management.

In Embedded system Memory Management unit prefers the function of translating the address between the
CPU and physical memory and it is known as Memory Mapping.The Memory Management performs two
functions
 a) Memory allocation
b) Memory Management after initial allocation

15. List out the design Principles of RTOS.

1. Design with the ISRs and Tasks
2. Each ISR Design Consisting of Shorter Code
3. Design with using Interrupt service Threads or Interrupt Service tasks
4. Design Each task with an Infinite Loop from Start(Idle State) upto Finish (Last State)

16. Determine the use of RTOS in Embedded System.

1. An RTOS provides running the user threads in kernel space so that they execute fast
2. An RTOS provides effective handling of the ISRs, device drivers, ISTs,tasks or threads
3. An RTOS provides memory allocation and de-allocation functions in fixed time
4. An RTOS provides for effectively scheduling and running and blocking of the tasks in cases 0 many
tasks.

17. Define stack overflow?

A stack overflow is an undesirable condition in which a particular computer program tries

to use more memory space than the call stack has available. In programming, the call
stack is a buffer that stores requests that need to be handled.

18. Name any four interrupt service function.

1.intlock()
2. intVecSet()
3. intVecGet()
4. intContext()

19. List out the request method of Timer Function.

1. Messages
2. System Call

20. Define system call.

A call to a function defined at the OS.For Example, OSTaskCreate() is a system call to create a task .First
an SWI instruction is issued ,The OS then executes a function like a library function. On finishing the
 instructions of the called function , the processor switches back from the supervisory mode to the user
mode .
PART-B

1. Illustrate on concept of semaphore with a neat diagram.

2. Elaborate about message queue functions with message block in memory.
3. Illustrate on shared data problem with solution.

4. Discuss about Timer Function with an example.

5. Describe in detail about Memory Management.
6. Elaborate on Interrupt service routine in RTOS environment and handling of interrupt source calls.
7. Discuss in detail about principles of basic design using an RTOS.
8. Illustrate on Methods of saving and optimizing the memory space.
9. Elaborate the process management and memory management in the embedded system.
10. Illustrate on Encapsulation using semaphore and Queues with example and provide the function for hard
real time systems.