Evaluation of Shell Walls as a Construction Method

Evaluation of the shell walls
General method
Evaluation of double walls as a
Construction Method
Vaxjo 2010-06-14
15 credits
Bachelor 2BY03E
Director: Karin Tränk, Peab Sweden AB
Director: Hamid Movaffaghi, Linnaeus University, School of Engineering
Examiner: Bertil Bredmar, Linnaeus University, School of Engineering
Thesis no: TEK 042/2010 Emina Deumic &
Madelaine Hedin
Organization / Organization Author / Author (s)
Linnaeus University School of Engineering Emina Deumic, Madelaine Hedin
Department of Civil Engineering Linnaeus
University's School of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Document / Type of Document Supervisor / tutor Examiner / examiner

Degree / Diploma Framework Karin Tränk Hamid Bertil Bredmar
Movaffaghi
The title and subtitle / Title and subtitle

Evaluation of the shell walls as building method
/ Evaluation of double walls as a construction method
Summary (in Swedish)
Reviewing the plans, timetables and cost estimates for the reference project House N in Vaxjo has helped us identify
skalväggars advantages and disadvantages. From the interviews, we have been able to see the parables and differences about
what different professionals in the industry think, thence drawn conclusions. It is not always easy to determine which building
method is preferable for the project to be cost effective, prefabricated or built on site. Factors such as building construction,
seasonal, work, resources, time and cost to hänsyns to.
By planning better, raise prefabrication, create a better collaboration between developers, consultants, contractors,
subcontractors and material suppliers, so it is generally considered to enhance the industrialization of construction. Then you
can have shorter construction times and lower total costs.
Keyword
Shell Wall, Concrete, cast in place, prefabricated
Abstract (in English)
Checking of blueprints, floor time and calculations for the reference project house-N in Växjö have Helped us to map double
walls' advantages and disadvantages. From interviews, we have seen similarities and difference what different people in same
sector think, and how they make Their conclusions. It is not always simple to Decide the Preferable building method in order to
make the project cost-effective, prefabricated or suite-built. Factors such as the building's frame, season, work environment,
resources, time and cost considerations take 'to.
Through better planning, Increase of PREFABRICATION thione and the Achieving a better Collaboration between developers,
consultants, contractors, subcontractors and material suppliers, it is Generally Considered That it May Increase the industrialization
of the building. Then procurement of shorter construction times and lower overall costs Can Be Achieved
Key Words
Double wall, concrete wall, Prefabricated walls, Frame Building, Suite built
Year / Year of issue Language / Language Pages / Number of Pages

2010 Svenska / Swedish 79
Internet / WWW
http://www.lnu.se
II
Emina Deumic & Madelaine Hedin

Summary
This exam report is an evaluation of the shell walls as an alternative method of construction of concrete walls. The
results are based on interviews and research conducted on a new construction project in Växjö.
The first step before the work was to develop a theoretical component of concrete, prefabrication, cast in situ walls and scaling
walls. The information was acquired from books, Internet sources, interviews with active people in the industry and their own
observations on a number of visits. Reviewing the plans, timetables and cost estimates for the reference project House N in Vaxjo
has helped us identify skalväggars advantages and disadvantages. From the interviews, we have been able to see the parables and
differences about what different professionals in the industry think, thence drawn conclusions.
Already at an early planning stage to determine the type of stombyggnadsmetoden. It is not always easy to determine
which building method is preferable for the project to be cost effective, prefabricated or built on site. Factors such as
building construction, seasonal, work, resources, time and cost to hänsyns to. To place casting frame of concrete is
currently the dominant stombyggnadsmetoden for apartment buildings. Precast concrete is considered to be part of
stombyggandet that can lower overall costs and with which one obtains a shorter construction times.
Shell walls have many advantages when it comes to major construction projects. The most crucial factor for the
construction contractor will be the time they can earn. There is less hassle for the construction of concrete walls when
you do not have wall molds and certain operations on the construction site. Shell walls may well compete with the cast
in place in terms of design and quality. The entire concrete frame with the use of shell walls are semi-manufactured,
which combines the advantages of the two methods of construction, prefabricated and cast in place. The disadvantages
of the shell walls is that they are sensitive to design. It takes more preparation to scale walls to function smoothly.
Because the efficiency of this type of method one can have a significant impact on overall efficiency of the construction
process.
By planning better, raise prefabrication, create a better collaboration between developers, consultants, contractors,
subcontractors and material suppliers, so it is generally considered to enhance the industrialization of construction.
Then you can have shorter construction times and lower total costs.
III

Abstract
Diploma This report is an evaluation on double walls That are an alternative method of building concrete walls. The
result is based on interviews and survey carried out on a new building project in Vaxjo.
The first step for the report was to developping a theoretical part of the concrete, precast rica tion, site-CAST and
double concrete walls. The information has been obtained from books, Internet sources, through interviews with active
person in the sector and own findings on the number, study visits. Checking of blueprints, time plans and calculations
for the reference project Housen in Vaxjo have Helped us to map double walls' advantages and disadvantages. From
interviews, we have seen similarities and difference what different people in same sector think, and how they make
Their conclusions.
Already in a near beginning stage, the main type of the frame building method has to be decided. It is not always
simple to Decide the Preferable building method in order to make the project cost-effective, prefabricated or suite-built.
Factors such as the building's frame, season, work environment, resources, time and cost considerations take 'to. The
suit-build frame of concrete is the dominating frame building method for apartments. Prefabricated concrete elements
are Considered to be a stage of the frame building That can reduce total costs and with which one Receives shorter
construction times.
Double walls have many advantages When it comes to bigger building projects. The Most Crucial Factor for the
construction contract companies Becomes The Time They can save. It Becomes smaller problems the wide behavior
of the concrete walls then one gets away wall molds and Certain tasks on the construction site. Double walls can well
compete with site-built When It Comes To structure and quality. The entire concrete frame with the double walls
Becomes half fabricate what combines the Distributors with the two construction methods, and pre-built suit. The
disadvantages at double walls are That They are more sensitive for Designing. It is required more preparations in
order for double walls will function without problems. When it comes to effectiveness,
Through better planning, Increase of PREFABRICATION thione and the Achieving a better Collaboration between
developers, consultants, contractors, subcontractors and material suppliers, it is Generally Considered That it May Increase
the industrialization of the building. Then procurement of shorter construction times and lower overall costs Can Be
Achieved.
IV

Preface
This report is written as a thesis as part of the training for University Engineers in Civil Engineering at the Linnaeus
University in Växjö. Prepared thesis of 15 credits. The subject is chosen by our own interest for industrial
construction, as well as the possibility to change, develop and improve the efficiency of future building projects and
their construction.
Our hope with this work is to give the works companies an idea of the use of the shell walls construction method.
Also, for themselves and for other interested students who want to immerse themselves in the relatively new
construction method.
We would like to thank people who have helped us during the work and made this thesis possible. A big thanks goes
to our supervisors by the University Hamid Movaffaghi and our teacher Thomas Johansson, who helped us with
questions and problems we encountered during the work. A special gratitude we would like to address to all of Peab
Sweden AB, which has provided us with information and practical knowledge by getting benefit from their work. Where
we especially want to thank Sven-Erik Martinsson and our supervisor Karin Tränk for his work to lead us into the right
direction with the work.
Furthermore, we want to say thank you to all who positively set up the interviews and provided us with informative facts.
Vaxjo June 2010

Table of Contents
Summary ................................................. .............................................. III
Abstract ................................................. .................................................. ........... IV
Preface ................................................. .................................................. .............. V
Table of Contents................................................. ...................................... VVI
1. Introduction ............................................... .................................................. .... 9
1.1 Background ................................................ .................................................. .......................... 9
1.2 Purpose and Objectives .............................................. .................................................. ...................... 10
1.3 Problem ................................................ .................................................. ..... 10
1.4 Limitations ................................................ .................................................. ............... 10
2.Historik ............................................... .................................................. ........... 11
2.1 Concrete ................................................ .................................................. 11 ............................
2.1.1 Representative reality ............................................. .......................................... 11
2.1.2 Composition ............................................. ............................................ 11
2.1.3 Features .............................................. .................................................. ................ 13
2.2 Prefab concrete ............................................... .................................................. ................. 14
2.2.1 Prefab concrete history ............................................ ............................................ 14
2.2.2 Skalväggars history ............................................. .................................................. ... 15
3.Byggnadsmetoder ............................................... ............................................. 17
3.1 situ Concrete ............................................... .................................................. . 17
3.2 Homogeneous precast concrete wall in ............................................ ........................................ 17
3.3 shell walls ................................................ .................................................. ...................... 18
3.3.1 structure .............................................. .................................................. .......... 18
3.3.2 Transportation and relaxed posture ............................................ ............................................. 19
4. Environmental aspects ............................................... .................................................. .21
5. Reference project ............................................... ............................................ 22
House 5.1 N, Linnéuniversitetet Växjö ........................................... 22 ....................................
6. Method ............................................... .................................................. ............ 23
6.1 Qualitative method ............................................... .................................................. ............ 23
6.2 Data Collection ................................................ ................................................. 23
6.2.1Intervjuer ............................................... .................................................. ................... 23
WE

6.2.2 Observations .............................................. .................................................. ........... 23
6.2.3 Device Statistics Time and Cost .......................................... ............... 23
6.2.4 Environmental review .............................................. .................................................. ........... 24
7.Genomförande ............................................... ................................................. 25
7.1 Measuring ................................................ .................................................. ............... 25
7.1.1Intervjuer ............................................... .................................................. ................... 25
7.1.2 Field studies .............................................. .................................................. .................. 26
7.2 Examination and processing .............................................. ................................ 26
7.2.1 Preparation .............................................. .................................................. ............ 26
7.2.2 Data processing .............................................. .................................................. ......... 27
7.2.3 Environmental review .............................................. .................................................. ........... 27
8.Resultat and Analysis ............................................. ............................................ 28
8.1 Production and demand .............................................. ........................................... 28
8.1.1 Demand .............................................. .................................................. ................. 28
8.1.2 Manufacturing .............................................. .................................................. ............... 31
8.2 Design ................................................ .................................................. ................... 32
8.3 Construction ................................................ .................................................. ................. 33
8.4 Time and Cost .............................................. .................................................. ............. 38
8.4.1 Cost .............................................. .................................................. ...................... 39
8.4.2 Time .............................................. .................................................. ............................... 39
8.4.3 Comparison .............................................. .................................................. .................. 41
8.5 Work ................................................ .................................................. .................... 43
8.6 Environmental ................................................ .................................................. ................ 43
8.6.1 Materials .............................................. .................................................. ....................... 44
8.6.2 Transport .............................................. .................................................. ................ 44
9.Diskussion ............................................... .................................................. ..... 46
9.1 Time and Cost .............................................. .................................................. ............. 46
9.2 The construction ................................................ .................................................. ............. 46
9.3 Work ................................................ .................................................. .................... 47
9.4 Environmental ................................................ .................................................. ................................ 47
9.5 The construction ................................................ .................................................. ............. 47
9.6 Future ................................................ .................................................. ....................... 47
10.Slutsatser ............................................... .................................................. ...... 48
11. References ............................................... .................................................. .... 49
VII

11.1 Literatur ................................................ .................................................. ....................... 49
11.2 Electronic sources ............................................... .................................................. ...... 49
11.3 Oral sources ............................................... .................................................. ............. 50
11.4Bildkällor ................................................ .................................................. ....................... 51
12. Appendixes ............................................... .................................................. ......... 52
VIII

1. Introduction
1.1 Background
Today there is a great interest in increasing efficiency in the construction industry. An increased rationality in construction
achieved by prefabrication and assembly of the elements to the frame. Due to industrial construction increases,
cost-effectiveness and the end customer can afford to buy or rent their dwelling or premises. Thus, prefab seen as a way to
streamline and reduce construction costs while the focus should be on quality. Prefab is basically the construction industry's
so-called lean production. Lean production is achieved by using less raw materials, eliminating wastage, reduced stock
keeping, reducing the number of working hours and deliver "just in time" (JIT) for direct mounting. In this way, a
management and production philosophy that aims to eliminate all processes that do not add value for the customer.
In every economic upswing is industrially builds increased through the ages. Most likely, this is because contractors have cut staff
and bought resource support in the form of prefabricated instead. As a result of the construction company working with more
inpatient and with fewer employees, they become less dependent on the economy and security of the company is given. After the
stabilization of the economy has returned to hiring their own resources and then place the casting returned in construction output.
By streamlining the construction method and construction methods it uses today can achieve both financial and time
benefits. General provides increased prefabrication, better planning, more collaboration between developers, contractors,
consultants and material suppliers increased industrialization of construction. Thus obtained shorter construction times and
lower construction costs [5].
With increasing pressure building times selects contractors to work with prefabricated building components for their
constructions. Shell walls is renowned for being a quick and easy alternative to getting up concrete walls. Construction
companies can earn more time using shell walls instead of site cast their walls. The question is what they earn points on
what the current cost of materials and labor, unlike both massive prefabricated walls and cast in situ walls.
In cooperation with Peab Sweden AB, we have decided to write a thesis about the shell walls. In the process we follow up
skalväggars efficiency in construction output. We investigate the construction industry trend of working with this relatively new
prefabricated product.

1.2 Purpose and Aim
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of shell walls outside the building production with the use of other
alternative walls. What is true is primarily a comparison of the prefabricated shell walls stands in relation to site-built walls,
in terms of construction time, cost and quality. This is to see if the use of the shell walls is time-saving and / or economically
advantageous.
Another important issue is to raise the efficiency of the use of shell walls, if possible.
The focus will be on finding out the following:
- The profitability of the company.
- Alternative technical solutions and flexible changes to streamline the use of the shell walls.
- Scale walls future in the construction industry.
1.3 Problem
Questions we will try to answer are:
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of using shell walls unlike both massive and prefabricated walls and cast
in situ walls?
- It pays for the construction company to use the shell walls? If so, what's now and what will disadvantage for the
company to use the shell walls?
- Can scale walls used without the quality and the environmental impact of deteriorating
1.4 Limitations
The evaluation is limited to the reference projects that are Växjö (House N, Linnéuniversitetet). This is because it would have been
time consuming to find, follow and investigate several different projects with different conditions.
Interviews with residents on public works companies limited mostly to those who are actively working in the southeast
region, ie Kronoberg, Kalmar and Blekinge. As these are the most interesting for us to explore and most rewarding to have
a discussion with.
To find out more about precast concrete walls, we choose to turn to two manufacturing companies. A company Peab works
extensively with and a company that is close to us in the country that we can easily visit.
10

2. History
2.1 Concrete
2.1.1 Concrete's history
The use of the first reinforced construction material was first produced around 4000-5000 BC When clay reinforced with
sharp was components of the building material (so-called sun-dried clay). The building material was three times stronger by
the reinforcement and thus very popular to use [2].
The concrete's story starts in the 1800s, when used Portland- and Roman Cement and did cast unreinforced slabs. But it was
not until 1850 when English man Wilkinson received a patent for reinforcement of concrete. Later, in 1890, the Frenchman
Hennebique patent on the interaction between concrete and reinforcement. Later came even patents on prestressed concrete
in 1928 by the Frenchman Frey Mind.
Various mixtures provide different concrete qualities and therefore the concrete structures considerably more developed
than those in antiquity. Industrial development in the late 1800s led to concrete increased flexibility and could withstand
larger spans. In this stage grew two methods developed for the use of concrete cast on site and prefabricated [5]. Today,
there are rules on the manufacture of concrete. Involved must comply with them to meet the requirements of the life of the
structure but also for human safety. The provisions contained in the Board's Design Regulations (BKR 04) and also in the
Board Manual of Concrete Structures (BBK 04). You can also find supplements which are manuals Concrete Handbook [2].
2.1.2 Composition
Concrete has various constituents consisting of cement, aggregate, water and any additives to affect the properties of the
concrete.
Figure 1. Concrete ingredients [4]
11

2.1.2.1 Cement
In Lomma in southern Sweden started producing domestic cement in our country for the first time in 1872. Cement has been the
most common binder in Sweden. The type of cement which is mostly used today is the so-called Portland cement. The name
originates from Peninsula Portland in England, where a rock type (Portland Stone) have the same color shade as the cement after
hardening [2].
Limestone with clay forming the main raw material for cement. By burning a finely ground mixture of limestone (CaCO 3) and
clay minerals to about 1400 O C in a rotating furnace cement clinker is prepared in the form of small lumps or beads [4].
Ballast 2.1.2.2
Ballast is a term for rock (gravel, sand, gravel and crushed stone) that is intended for the manufacture of concrete. In Sweden,
there are rocks like granite and gneiss etc. which is excellent aggregate. Aggregate grain distribution has great influence on the
properties of concrete and can eg affect the need for cement paste to get the right consistency. If aggregate is contaminated
with organic material, the concrete manufacturing affected negatively, since the strength of the concrete will be considerably
lower and hardening dilatory [2].
2.1.2.3 Water
Water used in concrete manufacture are usually potable municipal water. There are no high demands on the water to be
used in the manufacture of concrete. Nevertheless, defective water to cut down on the end product resistance and strength.
Therefore, waste water, sea water and contaminated well water avoided. [4]
2.1.2.4 Additives
Additives are chemical additives which e.g. affect the concrete in the fresh or hardened state. This is to generate forward
various properties of the concrete in terms of both management and operation of its purpose.
Additives can be divided into the following groups: entraining (L), water reducing (V)
flow additives (F), accelerator (A), the retarder (R) and the other depending on their effect they have on the concrete. Some may
even appear several times on the concrete example by both water reducing and retarding [2].
2.1.3 properties
The main thing with concrete is that it meets the requirements in current strength, durability, appearance
mm at the hardened concrete. When the concrete is still fresh (i.e., liquid) there are two
12

main characteristics you want, workability and stability. It is about achieving good manageability during concreting. Also
ensure that the concrete in the end becomes a homogeneous mass without separation of the concrete mass.
Advantages of concrete is that it is very malleable as long as the concrete has not hardened fully. We mixture of the concrete
mass is running chemical reactions which makes the concrete with time becomes firmer, as described in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Schematic of the concrete hardening [4].
Phase 1 - Fresh Concrete, some hardening of the mass but is provided for forming o vibration. Phase 2 - Young Concrete,
easily influenced by dehydration, temperature effects and belasning. Phase 3 - Solid growth, less affected and has almost the
same function as concrete, but has not fully achieved the mechanical properties. Phase 4 - hardened concrete with good
properties, especially compression strength.
Because the concrete has a high density (2300-2 400kg / m 3) work material very well soundproofed and seems good to
resist fire.
Concrete has resistance problems of frost attack, reinforcement corrosion and chemical anggrepp. There are methods that are made
in concrete production where these problems are better prevented.
Upon drying of concrete shrinks when the water from the concrete pulled out of the pore system. Damage can occur,
cracks and curling are common results. The degree of shrinkage is dependent on the environment where the concrete is
and material composition.
13

2.2 Prefab concrete
2.2.1 Prefab concrete history
For several thousand years was the construction site, the most common construction method. But over time, changed and
developed the method due to new demands were made on the building's function and content, but also because new tools
and equipment improved. Although it is not known structural elements of 'prefabricated' 'were found, these prefabricated
elements among the oldest forms of construction. Bricks can hereby considered one of the oldest prefabricated parts in
construction to repeatedly in many thousands of years before the timing and actual industrialization [1].
Over a million the first year in the 1960s, it was considered that greater flexibility would be achieved by prefabrication and
installation of concrete elements in the frame. Figure 3 below shows a building built during million program. By moving the
provisionally established construction site into a solid industry involves prefabricate production. Gloss period for precast
concrete was created during this time. More and more examples of industrial building methods and building kit system
plunged up the market with it.
Larger contractors began to open factories with their own 'closed elements building system' 'and the competition would be
impeded by the closed concrete systems would not be available to other contractors.
Figure 3. An eight våninggar high apartment block in the block housing 300 welder in Kallhäll,
Järfälla which was completed in 1963 [42].
14

Since mass production was one of the targets (as a million homes would be created in 10 years), it was necessary to
mass-produce housing in a short time and therefore las focus on production while the quality was adversely affected.
Because of subsidies and production focusing largely abandoned prefab favor of cast in place. Out on construction sites
dominated the spot casting including as a result of the million program bad prefab reputation.
The building's industrialization turned and it turned out to be site-built structures could be developed. This resulted in lower
costs than the equivalent of precast concrete. The result was that many entrepreneurs had to liquidate their concrete
factories.
With the overheating of the construction market in the late 1980s began to speak again about the need for industrialization. [6] It
linked the initial construction industry with the auto industry where both needed a standardization of its continuous continuation
and profitability could be reached. The desire was to increase the production volume, but at the same time give customers a
seamless opportunity to tailor their product. The body was in the construction context, the part could develop and create a basic
pre-out. Then they saw the possible ways to find common connection methods.
Historically, prefabricated construction increased at every upturn, which mainly caused because the contractors have
purchased resources in the form of pre and slashed staff instead. Since it has gone back to the place casting and employs
its own resources when the economy had stabilized.
Neighboring countries are largely ahead of Sweden because they chose to further develop and improve the efficiency of prefab and even
bet on small-scale projects and standardize pre [5].
2.2.2 Skalväggars history
Scale walls have been introduced by a German company Filigran Stahlbau GmbH & Co. during the years 1970-1975. Before they
started with the shell wall production focused on a flat concrete base for 19601965 [14]. The elements were transported to Sweden
from abroad before it began producing elements on the assembly line itself [37].
Peab was first and started with its factory (Skandinaviska Byggelement) Katrineholm in 2003 with the manufacture of the shell walls.
The particularity of the plant is that it is Sweden's first factory where the process was handled completely automatically with robots.
Drawing information is transmitted to the robots and then get ready elements out, however, must be the reinforcement be installed
manually. [12] From a telephone interview conducted with Lars Bratt from Scandinavian Byggelement appears that the factory has
about 60 employees and can produce approximately 400,000 square meters per year. Figure 4 below shows the
15

graphic production for Scandinavian Byggelement from 2004 to 2009. Further, the results section to read a more detailed
description of the chart and manufacturers' development.
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Figure 4. Production volumes of skalväggs production [25].
16

3. General Methods
3.1 situ Concrete

To place casting a concrete wall does it by pouring a liquid material into a mold and allowed it to solidify. Molds for concrete
produced and processed on site. Today it is largely prefabricated form of modules that can be reused. Otherwise, the molds
are made of loose timber and plywood form. Hereby it is estimated higher unit times and higher plywood costs due to wear.
Undisturbed casting work achieved by completing all the molding devices and molds. The molding can be by two methods
i.e. by pumping or with kranbask. While casting is done vibrated concrete to get the mass to flow out sufficiently and to get
the process in which the aggregate particles bound together [20].
Figure 5. Examples of location casting molds with wall [52].
3.2 Homogeneous precast concrete wall
A homogeneous concrete elements, or also called massive concrete elements is a completely finished part of a concrete wall.
The elements prefabricated in the factory using components fully installed and cast, which is then mounted and assembled on
site.
Concrete can be unlimited large but due to the transport of wall elements, there are limits. The element size is limited to 15
tonnes in practice. With the limited length of the elements to 6-8 m,
17

which means that one can load a maximum of 2-3 members at a maximum vehicle length when the maximum vehicle weight may not
exceed 61 tonnes [1].
Figure 6. A homogeneous concrete wall [53].
3.3 shell walls
3.3.1 The structure
A shell wall is a concrete wall that is constructed of two thin reinforced concrete slabs. Between the discs is reinforcing
ladders connecting the disks that can be seen in Figure 7. The reinforcement need not be performed on the construction
site, but may, if appropriate mesh in the joint or corner.
Figure 7. The structure of a shell wall [44].
18

Since the walls project adapted and constructed in factory obtained fine form smooth surfaces when the wall is cast to the steel mold. It is
advantageous when the time spent on finishing minimized.
By casting the back gap between the plates, caused a massive concrete wall thickness that vary between 180-400mm. The
length and height of a shell wall adapted to the projects they will be used in and can be made up to 3700x10000mm.
In manufacturing the wall can also be fitted / equipped with electrical boxes, electrical centers, anchor rails, VP-tube rack ears, recess
moldings.
The weight of the walls may vary between 160-350kg / m 2 depending on thickness [9].
3.3.1 Transportation and Unloading
The shipment is usually by truck with trailer 24m, so access to the construction site must be good.
Elements can be supplied standing leaning on wall racks / steel trestles, while the walls of 3m transported lying on the bed. Before
the elements are delivered, both palletising and withdrawal to be completed. Lifting the outcome of the crane and management
responsibility is transferred to the construction site personnel as soon lifting.
Following elements: Depending on the form and weight elements, the elements are
provided with 2 or 4 lifting hooks, see Figure 9.
To avoid the cleavage of a block of wood elements placed at each lifting hook
according to Figure 8.
Figure 8. Lifting hook skalväggg [54]
Tvåparslänga cords to be used in lifting elements 2 lifting anchor,
provided that its angle to the element must not be less than 45 O according
to Figure 9.
Figure 9. Standing element wise relief [54] 19

Lying elements: Wall element can be lifted directly or by 4 pieces molded
hooks on the element outer fifth point, as seen on Figure 10. When the
neighboring elements having four hooks to be lifted by, the chains not less
than 8m.
Figure 10. Lying way relief elements

[54]
The walls can also be lifted using the hooks 4stycken C (see Figure 11)
which is provided by the supplier.
Figure 11. C-hook [54]
When lifting you should try to get the foot wall to end up on the planks that
can cross the armerinsstegarna .
The walls sensitive or elements with large openings which can easily be
damaged in the lower edge be similarly wedged according to Figure 12.
Figure 12. relief for elements not

mounted directly [54]
20

4. Environmental
At an early stage in the construction process that the design and planning determined frame system. The choice of material is usually dependent on
the choice of construction method and the type of construction. With the selection of construction are limited possibilities to choose materials therefore
made the important choice for the environment at an early stage in the construction process. The figure below shows the concrete circuit.
All parties as contractors, consultants, builders and materials manufacturers affect the construction of the long-term sustainable
society. Since it is important to create resource-efficient processes, by which we mean that in a good way, using and
conserving the earth's resources.
Finding the right materials and products which are available to the market will help the life cycle analysis (LCA) and building
product declarations to the construction industry. It is important to study the material cycle and be aware of the importance of
continuous solutions. You should choose the house with a long service life, recycling of products should be sought and reuse
of materials and products is also an important issue in the construction process.
By avoiding moisture problems with the selection of the design type and construction method is also affected operations
and maintenance issues. In this way, also affected the potential to dismantle and recycle materials in structures. By
concrete is made to measure actual factory minimize the wastes arising on site casting in a work [13].
Figure 13. Concrete's cycle [ 13].
21

5. Reference project
House 5.1 N Linnaeus University in Växjö
Because of the need for additional classrooms, face to the IT department and work to employees at Linnaeus University in
Växjö, decided owner Videum to build a new house south of the existing House of M 6900m 2 As seen in Figure 14 below . At
this writing ongoing construction process of fully and planned building will be completed in November 2010 [18].
Figure 14. plan of House N [46].
Since the land where the object is being built today consisted of mountain, you had to blow up about 7,000 cubic meters of
rock and carry away from the workplace. The house's basement built together with the existing House M where fan rooms,
server rooms, etc. will be available. Basement walls are constructed of concrete. Because of the lack of time they chose to
work with shell walls are made of Scandinavian Byggelement Katrineholm. The object will consist of different buildings with
one, two or three floor plan that will be constructed of a laminated body. Finished wall blocks comes from northern Wooden
and mounted directly to the frame. Since Each building is unique for themselves the house's facade to be clad in various
materials, horizontal clapboard hot-treated pine, standing paneled in pine, concrete, facade panels and large glass
windows.
22

6. Method
6.1 Qualitative Methods
The qualitative method does not illustrate the statistics of numbers or figures. Without focusing on data collection in the
form of interviews and verbal or written data which later can be analyzed. For a depth understanding of a subject, an event
or situation, this method [3].
The thesis is based largely on the result of interviews with different companies. This is to get the facts on how the shell
walls works in the construction process and the weaknesses and strengths of the use of the shell walls is.
6.2 Data Collection
6.2.1 Interviews
It is in the construction stage, it appears on the method of using shell walls are favorable for construction companies. Interviews
have been made with a number of the project, the relevant protagonists such as project managers, site managers, foremen,
construction engineers, artisans and technicians. The questions are directed at the staff of the different established contracting
and manufacturing companies to investigate what their preference is to use the shell walls.
6.2.2 Observations
Part of the purpose of the work was to assess the scale walls against both homogeneous prefabricated walls and cast in situ walls
during the construction process. Thus, the observations made over the production process and the use of the shell walls in the
construction phase happened. Observation in the form of a study has been made for the manufacture and use of the shell walls in
the construction of the two local companies, A-AB in Vislanda concrete and construction of the house N Växjö performed by Peab.
6.2.3 Device Statistics for Time and Cost
To check the economic differences between the shell walls and cast in situ walls made timesAnd kostandskalkyl on each.
Where we have House N in Växjö as a reference project. Massive prefabricated concrete was from the beginning never
considered for the construction and was never taken into account in the comparison.
23

Through contact with the costing engineers works company Peab that could value the time and expense compared to Hus
N. As it appears, the advantages and disadvantages are of two different construction methods.
Then could the calculated result of the shell walls compared with the actual follow-up in the best possible way, in order to investigate
the discrepancies between theory and real-world performance.
6.2.4 Environmental review
As the climate gets larger and larger, we also wanted to see what the pros and cons shell walls with what the current
environment, in relation to the other two methods of construction. There, we review their methods and transport.
24

7. Implementation
7.1 Measuring
7.1.1 Interviews
Once the facts have been developed to identify the potential of the different construction methods have been useful
literature. However, we found that the literature did not address the benefits and limitations. Hence, we have got to really
unit in the form of interviews to complete the thesis with information on how it works in practice.
Before the interviews were selected questions that highlight the use of the shell walls in construction output. The choice of interviewees
have been picked out from manufacturing companies to those who work in
works companies building industry who encountered the shell walls in their work.
Contracting companies we have interviewed:
Manufacturing companies we have interviewed:
7.1.1.1 Confidential
All participation in the study of the thesis has been open and not confidential. Then anonymity to work does not affect the
result. Interviewees consented to their interviews and names may be used in the thesis.
However, we have been able to share values of companies that have shown clear increase in the use of the shell walls.
Due to competition in the market do not want companies to disclose the statistics, in and with it we have had to limit
ourselves in this report.

25

7.1.2 Field studies
To take account of work around the shell walls have visits No. of concrete factory in Vislanda implemented to take account of
actual production and production of the shell walls. In this way, we could put ourselves in the walls construction built and
operates. The visit of the A-Betong factory there more reported in Appendix 1.
Furthermore, the observation occurred when Peab has mounted shell walls in the basement of the reference object House
N. This is to take part in the work of the walls.
7.2 Exploration and Processing

The construction industry is always in development and new solutions are constantly being researched on. In this way, our goal was not to
demonstrate that a building system is preferred over another. Construction projects are different and in turn is unique because we have
chosen to focus on:
- To make a general assessment of the different construction methods.
- Present trends and experiences.
- Paying attention to improvements at various stages.
7.2.1 Preparation
The interview questions that can be seen in Appendix 7 has been prepared before the interview sessions. Where we have chosen to divide our questions
to the respective profession:
- Location managers / supervisors
- Craftsman
- Manufacturer
This choice has been made with regard to the information we wanted to get out. At the site managers respectively. supervisors, we
wanted to gain an insight into the company's view of the elections on the construction method made. The craftsmen are more practical.
Where their liking on the management of the construction method is interesting. With manufacturing companies the aim was to find out
the Swedish market demand for prefabricated walls and a possible future.
In order to make use of the information we got up during the interview time, all the interviews recorded and transcribed and
then be able to make a summary of these and be able to use the results section.
26

In some cases, interviews were done over the phone at the set time. In addition, the information provided by email.
7.2.2 Data processing
7.2.2.1 Interview
The compilation of the interviews have been done to examine the differences and parables of the different parties in the
construction industry in the current shell walls, solid concrete and cast in place. This has been recognized in this report in the
form of text, tables and graphs.
7.2.2.2 Time and cost calculation
Devices and figures included in the comparison of the time and cost aspects of the different construction methods have
been analyzed. What is then reported and summarized in tables with descriptive text.
7.2.3 Environmental review
A shorter environmental study was made with House N as reference. Where we have analyzed the production of shell walls,
transportation from the factory to the construction site and also casting of walls. With the investigation is building slabs of
concrete walls. Then Scandinavian Byggelement delivered shell wall elements with plattbärlagselement the House N in the
same delivery.
Then we theoretically calculated on scaling the walls to the massive consumption and space-cast walls to compare
transport.
27

8. Results and Analysis
In this part, the results that have been obtained through existing studies. These are based on the interviews that have been
made, data collection and calculation of data that we had access to. From the results, we draw conclusions and then analyze
why the results are as they are.
8.1 Production and Demand
8.1.1 Demand
Although wooden buildings are becoming more and more popular to create, it is concrete yet a well-utilized building materials.
Data from Statistics indicate that in 2008 there were a total of 9043 apartments in the case of apartment buildings, of which 88%
were built with concrete frame which can be seen in Table 1 below.
Framing materials in apartment buildings Number of apartments
Wood 991
Concrete 7944
Other 108
TOTALLY 9043
Table 1. Material of carcass for apartment buildings in 2008 [39]
The same source based on the same construction in 2008 illustrates that wholly or partly prefabricated body parts are more
common than site built. Table 2 shows that only 21% of apartment buildings were built with space manufacturing method. Which
in theory would mean that a total of about 70% of the 9043 homes that were built that year, would be built in concrete with
prefabricated elements. The amount that has solid elements or shell walls are, however, not out of the information.
Manufacturing process of the body in Number of apartments
apartment buildings
Fully manufactured 2381
partially prefabricated 4771
Fully Location Built 1891
TOTALLY 9043
Table 2. Efficiency of the body for apartment buildings in 2008 [39]
28

8.1.1.1 General Property
It is extremely rare to scale walls, put in smaller buildings or industrial buildings. Since it is not economically viable for the works.
According to the companies used shell walls for the most part in the construction of larger residential buildings. Where they especially
appreciated by construction companies when they do basement grounds and interior walls.
So here said the two production companies when we asked the question of what kind of construction project they receive the order to make the shell
walls to:
"We produce most of the major housing ... apartment block is 95%."
- Lars Bratt, Scandinavian Byggelement
"99% is for residential buildings with apartments, mostly high-rise buildings. No houses, it is not cost-effective."
- Eric Hartonen, A concrete
8.1.1.2 Example of buildings with shell walls
Figure 15. Kv. Alabaster, a 16-story condominium tower Figure 16. Essingeleden headland, apartment buildings in Stockholm.
in Vaxjo with shell walls as drywall. Frame of flat concrete base and shell walls complemented by steel columns
Byggår2010-2011 [47] and curtain walls. Completed in 2007 [48]
Figure 17. Sugar Loaf, central condominiums in Lund. Figure 18. Svea tower, one 55 m condominium
Start of construction October 2010 [49] Stockholm. Byggt2007 [50]
29

8.1.1.3 Example of facilities with shell walls
Shell walls have no limitations regarding the actuation of the architectural aspect of buildings. In Germany, they have made
more progress in the development in the use of the shell walls and works very effectively with it. [29] The pictures below are
from various German skalväggs manufacturers, showing examples of what is possible to create the shell walls.
Figure 19. Construction of round shapes in Regensburg, Germany [51].
Figure 20. Firewall 13meter which is high in the shell walls of a gymnasium, Germany [51].
30

Figure 20. An architecture designed family homes built with shell [51].
8.1.2 Manufacture
Shell walls have not been in Sweden marked the bow about 10 years ago. Production in Vislanda the A of concrete factory
took off in 2004. The same is true for the Skandinaviska Byggelement factory in Katrineholm. [25,27]. Works companies
began to discover the building method and realized it was a good solution to replace the plastic cast. When production
started it was noticeable that the shell walls were coveted and orders grew. Production volumes increased year after year.
Scandinavian Byggelement saw a marked increase until the years before the financial crisis (2009), which can be seen in
the figure below. Demand fell not really, but the building projects were only less [25].
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Figure 21. Production volumes of skalväggs production [25].
Scandinavian Construction element as in the present work in shifts can produce up average walls about 180 / day [25].
31

8.2 Design
Prefeb walls require more planning and preparation before construction starts. Is something wrong from the beginning, it may be
more errors and a negative domino effect can exclaim at the construction site. Biggest drawback with shell walls as several of the
companies we talk to is that the walls can come with flaws. Then vias and piercings missing.
Project quality is hedged at an early planning stage, by cooperating parties and accurate information is always transferred
between different phases of prevention
By first drawing design drawings and then drawing production drawings for manufacturing, made a double check of
documents and you get a more reliable basis. For example, a further check on openings and recesses of the electrical
boxes, installations etc. Assuming that the documents have covered all the features from the beginning.
The manufacturers claim that avoids errors in production by having the client at an early stage. Although having clear documentation
before manufacturing begins can also streamline the construction process, thus also reducing the errors that occur. Plumbing consultant
can at an early stage give the customer better solutions through it, he can influence the climate, heating and cooling already in the
conceptual stage.
Compared with cast in place so it can easily happen that errors in drawings ever discovered. When you bring the wrong
from the design phase to the finished result. The cast wall then get the wrong openings. However, the errors detected just
before casting, and then it is easy for builders to correct it.
Some entrepreneurs have changed or are about to change their work by separating the sales and construction output. Building Industry traditional organization
consists mostly of department managers, work supervisors and managers. Figure 22 shows how to instead organize business managers who have a regional
response, but, however, no human resources for themselves as such skilled workers or managers. These have been moved into the kernel of a pool, the Regional
Director. In the new organization, it means that the project is about working in an early stage and produce a project independently or for the account of the buyer.
Cooperation between consultants installers, etc. at an early stage where everyone can contribute knowledge and study alternative solutions contribute to the project
development will be 80% for a good result, while production is secondary and is performed by internal or external resources. Most often, it has won job even if you
have done bad business to employ their workers, which is not the case with this type of organization. By not having regular labor can thus choose between the
different methods of construction and buying cheaper or better on the market. The decision in this case means that you are not bound by their own fixed resources if
you choose to work with industiraliserade solutions [5] By not having regular labor can thus choose between the different methods of construction and buying
cheaper or better on the market. The decision in this case means that you are not bound by their own fixed resources if you choose to work with industiraliserade
solutions [5] By not having regular labor can thus choose between the different methods of construction and buying cheaper or better on the market. The decision in
this case means that you are not bound by their own fixed resources if you choose to work with industiraliserade solutions [5]
32

Figure 22. A change of work which differ in the sale and building production [5]
8.3 Construction
Location cast the predecessor of prefab walls. The whole idea of prefabricated walls is that they should have the same
function as in-situ cast and handle it without problems for the strength of the building. [41] Concrete industry has created
many different methods of building concrete structures for all types of buildings. Depending on the method, the walls may
thereby be structural or non structural. The walls have the task of taking up the horizontal and vertical forces which may arise.
To cope with these connected eg shell walls of said plate floor structure using B-iron of Figure 23 and pairings enhanced
antigen skarvnät as in Figure 24 or with hangers as shown in Figure 25. In such a way
33

the same effect as for a spot cast slabs. When the wall is cast obtained a homogeneous wall with the same characteristics as
situ wall with constructive interaction. Reinforcement ladders connecting the shell wall is designed to withstand the molding
pressure when pouring gap [16].
Figure 23. A supporting Along the shell wall [31].
Figure 24. Plan Average of wall joints [31].
34

Figure 25. Principle for engaging with the clamps [31].
The biggest difference between the shell walls and massive concrete is the connection between the wall - base and wall -
beams. Massive concrete lacks the property to be linked with the reinforcement of the various structural elements. When
these elements come to the construction site, they are fitted to the building to use for. Shell walls, in that they are open in
the middle can be coupled together by reinforcement rods as shown in Figure 26. Which forms a more stable structure than
homogeneous prefab walls.
Figure 26. Rebars connects basis - shell wall and shell wall - shell wall [55]
35

Otherwise, the walls have the same design on the inside. The reinforced sometimes with extra reinforcement bars according to the design
calculations with the current load level. Examples of the reinforcing reinforcement visible in Figure
27. Large cut-outs need more stability around to cope with the vertical and horizontal forces.
PAGE 1
PAGE 2
Figure 27. Construction document for a shell wall with the openings [31].
36

Since the structures below ground level with high probability of being exposed to water, is situ concrete that is waterproof is
not sufficient to achieve a safe result. Different types of sealing joints has come on the market that allows the water can not
penetrate. Figure 28 below shows a joint seal. The product consists of Bentonite clay which swells when it comes into
contact with water and thus seals the seams and makes the water-impermeable. To make the design even more sure adds
a layer of asphalt cardboard on the joints that protects and makes it waterproof. The principle is shown in Figure 29th
Figure 28. Joint seal with smiling [42].
Figure 29. Sealing with asphalt cardboard on the outside of the structure [54].
Concrete has properties that are very advantageous during construction. Scale walls and its construction is no exception. Table 3
below shows various properties of what shell wall and massive wall can withstand.
* Tillvekningsmått 160-400mm. ** topcoat 15mm with normal reinforcement. *** Depending on the cover layer and load
Table 3. Properties of shell wall respectively. Massive concrete elements [11].
37

Shell walls can be insulated to achieve better thermal insulation properties. However, it is very difficult to produce this kind of wall in
the factory. That manufacturers may stand and push the insulation between armeringsbyglarna and piece it together for a good
blanket of insulation.
Figure 30. The shell wall with insulation [51].
8.4 Time and Cost
With various factors and a comparison of costs and working conditions that have been reported causal relationship that has
contributed to increased costs. These consist of various after work has been done on platsgjutna- respective shell walls have
also been reported in the results section. Because the house usually will be in 50 years and maintained it has usually avoided
taking risks and confined itself to attempts by standards and regulations. They have not dared to use new methods, today's
companies are more open to new approaches. In recent years there have been changes and the use of new methods arise
all the time. This has led to new research which has given us the recent experiences of the use of prefabricated elements,
which in turn has led to lower costs and shorter construction times [21].
38

8.4.1 Cost
Because the price is not saying that much has to interpret part of it, which set out the factors that have affected the price.
The price estimates for the construction of concrete walls are taken into account in addition to the design and production
costs also concrete element transport and assembly costs including crane costs. Apart from transportation and installation
costs include costs for laying and joining been included and costs for supervision.
As the market has various options to offer, it can also affect the cost of the various options can cause.
8.4.1.1 Costs of the various wall types
Shell wall sold as a basic concept, which assumes a full scale wall. Then the customer the opportunity to make changes where
everything is counted as additions. What makes it more expensive to install electrical boxes or to form putting holes in the wall. The
reason for it is that it leads to higher working at the factory and that the amount of reinforcement increases which in turn results in
higher costs of production [27].
The manufacturers that we have been in contact with the points that they are cheaper to produce large elements than the manufacture
of small manufacturing companies. The reason for this is that every concrete must be handled at the plant was the element itself, so
put more work in less space as existing lifting handling
etc. The customer is not affected by it because they pay walls per m 2nd However happen to those for the same work, when to
assemble the walls of the building [25,27].
If we compare the prices of shell walls against the other two methods of construction will see a clear difference. The price of a shell wall is
approximately SEK 600 / sq while the price for a solid wall is about 950SEK / sqm, which have been received during an interview with Magnus
Fridvall from the A concrete. Costs for spot casting will be approximately SEK 800 / sq m as shown in Appendix 2.
8.4.2 Time
Controlling for site casting drying time of the concrete. Which in turn affects the economics of the entire project. With all
pressed construction workers working feels stressed because they do not get enough time when economy decides. Instead
of prolonging the times we should eliminate them before they even arise.
39

Using the shell walls is one less dependent on the weather and so the work goes faster forward and you receive less
damage to the building. Since the walls will not be exposed to moisture during the curing betongskalets eliminated drying
problems and thus also moisture and mold damage concrete workers told during the interviews. The quality is also very
important, and as the shell walls quickly got up and assembled got in the way quickly a roof raised and you get protection
from rain and wind. That way you get the ventilation and indoor workers get a better working temperature.
By setting up more and more elements may also be a run contribute to a reduction of the overall construction of
prefabricated elements. It is known that the experience of a stage of large projects can be used for the next stages and
even improved. This we could not say when it comes to the construction of Houses N but on the other hand, several
interviews with employees proved that it is a fact and that it can enhance eg mounting of the shell walls. A shorter assembly
could also be achieved by preparing. By doing a careful withdrawal completed before the walls came to the place, and by
installing the mounting blocks and wooden studs shutdown, such as shown in Figure 31st
Figure 31. Preparing for motering of shell walls because plate. House N, Växjö.
Photo: Emina Deumic 2010-04-15
40

8.4.3 comparison
We take a look at skalväggs användadet reference project Houses N. To see the difference between the spot-cast concrete
walls and shell walls is when it comes to time and cost.
Massive elements were initially not present in the reference project Hus N because they were not suitable for the structure (see
section 8.2). Thereby excluding Peab massive elements and only chose to do a cost comparison of the shell walls and cast in
situ walls at the calculation stage.
Units of quantities, times and costs are calculated by the Calculation Engineer Lars-Inge Sandqvist at Peab Sweden AB. The data in
the following two tables will of Appendix 2.
Time and Cost situ WALL

Amt / Unit Work Cost
DIRECT COSTS
walls
concrete walls 1469 m 2 1756 hours 1,221,184 kr
Amount: 1756 hours 1,221,184 kr
INDIRECT COSTS
Expenses
Crane 400 hours 400 hours 136 000 SEK

Crane 1 piece 544 200 SEK
concrete pump 1 piece 37 000 SEK
Machinery, tools and safety 1756 hours 45 656 SEK
equipment
Property Supplement, personnel cabins and 83 hours 723 326 SEK
temporary installations
Location Organization
supervisor 2 8 months 371 142 SEK
Amount: 371 142 SEK
GRAND TOTAL: 2239 hours 3,078,508 SEK
Table 4. Time and kostandskalkyl situ wall.
41

Time and cost estimate for the shell walls
Amt / Unit Work Cost
DIRECT COSTS
walls
concrete walls 1456 m 2 679 hours 1,556,986 kr
INDIRECT COSTS
Expenses
Crane 280 hours 280 hours 95200 kr

Crane 1 piece 409 520 SEK
concrete pump 1 piece 17 700 SEK
Machinery, tools and safety 679 hours 17 654 SEK
equipment
Property Supplement, personnel cabins and 44 hours 656 640 SEK
temporary installations
Amount: 324 hours 1,196,714 SEK
Location Organization
supervisor 2 7.3 months 336 347 SEK
Amount: 336 347 SEK
GRAND TOTAL: 1003 hours 3,090,047 SEK
Table 5. Time and kostandskalkyl the shell walls.
It usually takes a longer time before the actual construction starts physically when the design process is time consuming. But once
when construction is started, it will reduce the number of hours dramatically with prefabricated construction. As Tables above was
the time required for prefabricated shell walls 1003 hours compared with the plastic cast walls which together takes 2239 hours.
This is the result of the smaller tasks required at the construction worksite. Shell Walls ensures that the structure being built faster.
Since the shell walls advantage of cast steel shape in the factory and the surface does not need to be worked for, but can basically
just painted directly. While situ cast walls need to be sharpened because of the unevenness of the form that has been used during
casting.
From a cost standpoint, prefabricated shell walls 22% more expensive than spot-cast walls. As seen by comparing the total
in Table 4 and Table 5. The choice of shell wall elements affected work costs. Because the construction time is reduced by
1,236 hours (the difference of
42

total working hours in Table 4 and Table 5) which is more than half the time. This also means that the client can rent out
premises and the lease earlier than planned.
8.5 Work
Surveys in the form of interviews were conducted, where the 5 pieces of construction craftsmen including crane operator has
answered the questions that were related to unloading, assembly, etc. A better work with a larger proportion of prefabrication could be
reached that is appreciated by both the employer and its employees. According to the Work Environment Act, the employer is
responsible for the environment. With a good working environment also increases productivity as concrete workers and achieve even a
good quality. That way you could get lower production costs.
According Kejld break so it appears that the so-called 'clean build' 'reduces the risk of accidents and increase performance. All
this is achieved with the help of various preventive measures and improvements introduced during a project. The production
moved to the shell wall manufacturer's factory does not need operations to be performed at high altitudes resulting in eg smaller
number falls.
As is clear from the interviews have not had to grind the underside of the slab, because you used the prefabricated flat
slabs which are necessary in connection with helgjutningen.
Concrete workers have thus not had to inhale concrete dust falling down from the soffit, which is very harmful. Similarly, it
has not had to work for scale walls cast in situ walls that do not have a smooth surface. The amount of waste was reduced
because the elements are custom-made and largely do not contribute to the spill.
One can see that you get a cleaner and better working environment in the workplace using shell walls bekräfftas in this
case. Construction of reference objects House N has not had a greater storage of materials and equipment for finishing and
they have had a clean building with less waste and no accidents.
8.6 Impacts
Putting environmental requirements is up to the client. The environmental impact is largely transport which in this case
could have been reduced if one had ordered the walls from nearby producers. Normally, it is the quality and the prices that
usually decides on the works, and you're ready to also order from abroad such as Poland.
43

8.6.1 Materials
By preventing the number of waste products that deliver goods and products installed directly improve the environment in the
workplace and reducing the number of waste products that must be taken care of. Thus eliminating wastage almost complete and
that the disposable formwork for casting space disappears.
To cope with the demolition and recycling of materials must be dismantled house. This is achieved with prefabricated structures
that can be assembled and disassembled in the workplace. Something that is difficult is to identify concrete and rebar, as these
are already molded and reinforced together.
8.6.2 Transportation
It is the customer's environmental requirements for the construction project which helps in starting the action at an early stage.
The contractor usually want to have a product at the lowest price, even if the product is several mil away, it has a major
impact on the environment, the quality and working environment. Since the production of shell walls have been in Katrineholm
and thus had to be transported is the biggest environmental impact of transport emissions. Comparing the past and today's
number of manufacturers, there are more factories that transports nearby even before then there were few factories and thus
had to be transported long distances. Although it now appears transportation to remote locations so try to take advantage of
the return transport ie using the trucks and to return any goods returns.
If we compare the City cast and scaling walls on House N we get below the following differences in transport. The values are based on the amount
of inventory and invoices from the construction of the House in Vaxjo, see Appendix 4 -
6th
shell Walls
Departure - Destination Distance in Number of transport
mil (round trip)
Shell Walls + flat slabs Katrineholm - Vaxjo 31 58
concrete Casting Rappe (Växjö) - House N, Växjö 0.9 162
TOTALLY 31.9 220
Table 6. Transport for shell walls and flat concrete base incl. concreting [19,31,46].
Location Molded walls

Departure - Destination Distance in Number of transport
mil (round trip)
Concreting walls Rappe (Växjö) - House N, Växjö 0.9 82
Concreting floors Rappe (Växjö) - House N, Växjö 0.9 112
TOTALLY 1.8 194
Table 7. Transportation for concrete casting of walls and floors [19,31,46].
44

Transportation is the black sheep of the environment. A heavy truck running on Swedish roads emit about 6.7 kg of carbon dioxide per
mil, it is about 2.5 liters of gas [17].
Carbon dioxide is harmful to the environment as it affects the negative climate change. Nature becomes increasingly less able to take
care of the carbon dioxide itself and therefore the reduction of emissions reduction [22]. In our comparison of the House N noticeable
drawback of having such long journeys in Table 8 below. That is not counting this, of course, massive concrete elements. Massive
walls are heavier than shell walls, thus had massive walls demanded more shipments than the shell walls from the place of
production. When the trucks have limitations in terms of payload.
Transportation Difference
construction Method Total shipments Total mil Carbon dioxide emissions
Shell Walls + flat slabs 220 7018 47 tons

Location molded walls + beams 194 349.2 2,3 tons
Table 8. Transport Difference between the shell walls and cast on site to house N.
One examines the transport price for cast in place and shell walls in the spreadsheet calculation in Appendix 2 of House N is found that
the price rises slightly for the shell walls as compared with molded plastic. transportation costs 222 • 179 = 39 579kr shell wall Transport
194 • 179 = 34 726kr for cast in place
45

9. Discussion
9.1 Time and Cost

The difference in cost between the plastic and built to use the shell walls is marginal. The site-built method requires more
work as more construction workers are needed on the construction worksite, in that more steps need to be implemented. In
this way also affected the common costs of management and coordination significantly.
With prefabricated walls required is usually a larger crane because the elements are weighing it. This usually leads to high
costs. Shell walls have the advantage that they are lighter than solid walls and you do not need as large crane capacity. At
the site-built structures it becomes even more crane costs because there is more lift for example, molds with longer times. It
exceeds crane costs more than plastic built. As it is scaling the walls to the advantage over plastic built.
9.2 construction
Shell wall elements can be damaged during shipping and unloading or make errors made at the construction site. It means
that the workers will be without the final element and you get a stop on the construction. In this way, entrepreneurs are not
free but are tied to manufacturers and is controlled by them. Usually it takes about three weeks to get a new element due to
demand / waiting time at the factory and transport if the manufacturer is at a longer distance.
As today's products are complex, one must usually tailored solutions for clients. It was easier for manufacturers to have
standards when it comes to the placement of electrical boxes and other things in the walls so that they could mass produce
that way. By working at an early stage and find solutions even then, problems such as LPP (solved on the spot) avoided,
thereby saving time.
Sometimes orders also elements from abroad, eg Poland because of the low costs. Since it is known that the errors most
often occur in the same band with communication difficulties when ordering elements abroad, it would be appropriate to
have a representative on foreign companies. It can also be about standards and regulations to set in Sweden today but not
abroad so that you get perfect elements.
46

9.3 Work
Despite the fact that you put a lot of time on security is the number of accidents in the construction industry high. Since the production
of shell walls moved to the factory, minimizing the number of falls, for example, but it can however be accidents when it comes to
loading and unloading because these operations usually take place improvised. That you work indoors may be beneficial for people
with allergies because they do not have pollen in the spring, which may be one of the benefits. The quality is also improved because
the various phases takes place indoors and better temperature conditions for staff.
When using the shell walls is avoided after work because the walls are cast against the steel surface and thus they have
got nice smooth surfaces, saving time and cost for the work. As for the cast in place so the walls must usually after worked
and the workers may inhale concrete dust during the process.
9.4 Eco
One of the disadvantages of the use of the shell walls is long transports. This leads to an environmental impact because the
shell walls are transported in large trucks that are less efficient because the load is bulky if you compare it with the transport of
liquid concrete and place the casting. If we are to maintain a sustainable development, the developer is already in the early
stages to put environmental requirements. Where he can influence contractors to choose products that are not too far away.
9.5 future
The construction industry is in a constant evolution, and that more and more homes are needed, there is no doubt. As more and
more older people retire, it might be more young professionals entering the industry, then place the building left in favor of the
prefabricated construction. Site-built walls is a craft that can be in danger of disappearing or becoming worse as the prefabricated
products are becoming more common.
A dill Emma in the construction industry is that for every new project, the new sub-contractors, and so lost that experience
that has been acquired in previous projects and will not be used.
47

10. Conclusions
In terms of material costs as are marginal differences between the place cast and scaling walls. The benefits available when
using the shell walls as building method is mainly for the benefit of the economy. The economic aspect of using shell walls
contain a number of lower costs, which in consequence results in reduced construction times at work.
Deployment time for precast elements usually require more time, but then when swelling starts with production reduced
times by about 50%. The cost comparison, production time has been reduced 2239-1003 hours that makes you get up the
body faster and is not as dependent on the weather. Which in turn also reduces the chance of mold and moisture problems
in the future. By reducing the production time obtained lower working costs ie the common expenses and salaried costs.
Applications where the shell walls have been used instead of a place built production has often been in the project during
the winter, high-rise buildings in the inner city or industrial buildings. Prefabricated elements is beneficial during the winter
when you get a tight house up faster and completing and interior work can begin earlier. In this way, the property owner
getting rental income earlier. Using the shell walls of high-rise buildings in dense populated areas have usually been
because it is difficult to make room for storage and production stations, and to avoid any position assembly and
disassembly. For industrial halls / gymnasiums receive walls cope with large spans as shell walls usually capable of better
than cast in situ walls.
Transporting shell walls over long distances is often not profitable and therefore also affected the environment in a negative
way. To set up the environment requirement is usually up to the customer. By manufacturing operation moved to the factory
got a cleaner workplace and you get less waste compared to site cast.
Table 9. Evaluation of the shell walls set against situ cast
48

11. References
11.1 Literature
[1] Adler Peter (2005) Developing industrialized, Swedish Building and authors, pressure: Lund, 2005 ISBN
91-7333-085-X [2]
Almgren Thomas Holmgren Lars Martinsson Jan, Magnus Shield (2009) Concrete and reinforcement technology,
Byggentreprenörena, the Swedish Construction Industries Construction School [3]
Bjorklund, M. Paulsson, U. 2003. The seminar book - writing, presenting and opposition, Studentlitteratur, Lund,
ISBN 978-91-44-04125-4 [4]
Burström Per Gunnar and Studentliteratur (2007) Building, construction, and manufacturing characteristics,
pressure: Naraya, ISBN 978-91-44-02738-8 [5]
Fernström Gosta, Fighter Per (1998) Industrial construction is growing and taking market. Byggförlaget
Stockholm, ISBN 91-7988-170-X [6]
Pause Kejld (1996) Location Build-prefabricated building height within the cuttings, Lidingö, a comparative study, Building
Research, Stockholm, ISBN 91-540-5748-5 [7]
A Concrete (2009) Installation Guide-Preconformsystem, unpublished booklet, Abetong [8]
A Concrete (2009/10) shell walls and flat slabs, unpublished booklet, A concrete [9]
A Concrete (2009/10) shell walls, flat concrete base and preconform, a quick and effective frame system [10]
Scandinavian building elements (2009/10) Brochure "Shell Wall - saving time at the building site" [11]
Scandinavian construction elements (2009/10) Brochure '' Montagehandbok-

Shell Wall / Solid Wall-flat concrete base [12]
Building and Planning (2010), Forum # 2, A magazine from the National Board of Housing Construction Costs Forum May 2006 p.7
11.2 Electronic sources

[13] Concrete recycling, 2010-03-29,16: 33
http://www.betongvaruindustrin.se/BookPDFs/BookChapter0.pdf [14]
Skalväggs history, 2010-05-06, 17:05
http://www.filigran-stahlbau.de/index.php?id=51 [15]
Waterproof joints, 2010-04-11, 09:29

http://www.betongbanken.com/index.aspx?s=2896 Construction
[16]
http://www.betongbanken.se/index.aspx?s=3308 [17]
CO 2 emissions
http://www.svenskraps.se/kunskap/pdf/00666.pdf
49

[18] Reference house N, description, 2010-05-12,20: 02
www.videum.se [19]
Directions, 2010-04-12, 10:17
www.eniro.se [20]
Situ concrete, 2010-05-06, 10:43
http://www.heidelbergcement.com/se [21]
Time and cost

http://www.betongvaruindustrin.se/sv/Om-oss/Nyhetsbrevsarkiv/Nyhetsbrev-12007- Byggamedprefab / [22]
natural Effect
http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=406&artikel=3245264
11.3 Oral sources

[23] Bergqvist Per-Anders, Supervisor, JSB, Interview AB (2010-05-06) [24]
Flower Jan, Crane, Växjö element Montage Interview (2010-04-15) [25]
Bratt Lars, Scandinavian Construction element AB Telephone (2010-05-05) [26]
Engdahl Richard Fitter, Vaxjo Elements Montage, Interview (2010-04-15) [27]
Fridvall Magnus, Head, A concrete AB, Interview (2010-04-28) [28]
Hallin Conny, Assembler, Växjö element Montage Interview (2010-04-15) [29]
Hartonen Eric, Supervisor S-factory A concrete AB Vislanda Interview (2010-05-07) [30]
Karl-Erik Johansson, Craftsman, Värends Construction AB, Interview (2010-04-23), [31]
Johansson, Magnus, Scandinavian building elements Telephone (2010-05-12) [32]
Jönsson Magnus, Construction Manager A concrete AB, Mail contact (2010-05-05) [33]
Knutsson Par, Supervisor, Peab Sweden AB, Interview (2010-04-20) [34]
Kouznetsova Katerina, Construction Engineering, Peab Sweden AB Interview (2010-04-07) [35]
Paulsson Jonas, supervisors JSB AB, Interview (2010-04-29) [36]
Roos Magnus, Craftsman, Värends Construction AB, Interview (2010-04-23) [37]
Rupnik Mauro, Project, GBJ-construction, Interview (2010-05-06) [38]
Sandqvist Lars-Inge, Calculator, Peab Sweden AB, Interview (2010-04-28) [39]
Sundberg Malin, Statistics, Mail contact (2010-05-06) [40]
Tränk Karin, Supervisor, Peab Sweden AB, Interview (2010-02-12)
50

[41] Wiksten Michael, Constructor, Thyréns, Interview (2010-02-12)
11.4 Picture sources
[42] Stockholm County Museum 2010-05-10, 14:55

http://www.stockholmslansmuseum.se/faktabanken/storstockholmvaxer/ [43]
Waterproof joints, 2010-04-11, 09:40

http://www.betongbanken.com/index.aspx?s=2896 [44]
Shell Wall, 2010-03-23, 10:43

http://byggkatalogen.byggtjanst.se/skandinaviska_byggelement_ab/skandinaviska_bygg
element_skalvagg_massivvagg / makethumbnail / w200h300 / Hamlet / 119066 / itempics / Should lv% C 3% A4gg.jpg [45]
Concrete recycling 2010-03-29,17: 12

http://www.betongvaruindustrin.se/BookPDFs/BookChapter0.pdf [46]
Reference house N, 2010-05-12,20: 30
www.peab.se [47]
Q alabaster Vaxjo, 2010-05-12, 20:43
http://www.varends.se/res/Foton/alabastern2.jpg [48]
Essingeleden cape, apartment buildings in Stockholm
http://www.betongvaruindustrin.se/imageresize/http/betong.wss.avantime.se/Lis ts / References /
Attachments / 1 / Essingeleden 20udde% 204% _____ resize_csr_125_1
00.jpg
[49] Sugar Loaf, central condominiums in Lund, 2010-05-12,19: 32
http://www.hsb.se/polopoly_fs/1.75919!image/3097859066.jpg_gen/derivatives/ fixed560x290 /
3097859066.jpg [50]
Svea tower in Stockholm, 2010-05-12,19: 52

http://www.bergsaker.se/upl/images/39894.pnghttp://www.bergsaker.se/upl/ima given / 39894.png [51]
Facilities with shell walls, 2010-05-04,09: 13
http://www.doppelwand.com/doppelwand-referenzen-05.html [52]
Wall Molds for cast-2010-03-23, 09:02
http://www.betongbanken.se/Index.aspx?s=3144 [53]
Homogeneous wall 2010-05-06,09: 28

http://www.byggfaktadocu.se/10/product/72/69/73/LK_th.jpg [54]
Assembly instruction, 2010-03-23, 08:28
http://www.vetra.se/pdf/skv_mont.pdf [55]
Water density, 2010-04-11, 08:13

http://www.doppelwand.com/wasserdichtigkeit.html
51

12. Appendixes
Annex 1: The manufacturing process Annex 2: well walls /-situ net
calculation Annex 3: flat slabs net calculation Annex 4: Number and
size of the shell walls Appendix 5: Supplied concrete for pouring of
shell walls Appendix 6: Supplied concrete flat slabs Appendix 7:
Interview Questions Appendix 8: Directions
52

ANNEX 1 (6 pages)
The manufacturing process
Figure 31. In the first room prepared for the reinforcement members depending on
thickness, length and openings.
Figure 32. The reinforcement further transported on a belt which marks recesses highlighted manually.
Using strong magnets are kept as framework in place.
53

Figure 33. In the plotter machine is fed into finished drawings which in turn denotes openings.
Figure 34. VP-tube fitted cast into the walls
54

Figure 35. Wall form rolls on and in places where the openings occur shape made out of foam that is
easily removed later.
Figure 36. After the foam and the reinforcement is molded in place against first sheet steel mold
55

Figure 37. The semi-finished element is moved to the next station where it is turned upside down. Laser beams in the
machine indicates exactly how the element should be in relation to the prepared mortar in which the element is
immersed in.
Figure 38. The wall element is held by vacuum and lowered gently down into the concrete
56

Figure 39. To obtain smooth surfaces on the outside of vibrated concrete elements
Figur40. The elements are ready and waiting for delivery
57

Figure 41. The shell wall with insulation
Figure 42. Here loaded elements in the order in which they will be put up and shipped to the
customer
58

ANNEX 2 (4 pages)
59

60

61

62

ANNEX 3 (2 pages)
63

64

ANNEX 4 (7 pages)
Number and size of the shell walls
65

66

67

68

69

70

71

ANNEX 5 (1 page)
Delivered concrete pouring of the shell walls
72

ANNEX 6 (2 pages)
Delivered concrete flat slabs
73

74

ANNEX 7 (3 pages)
Interview Questions For
Officers:
- What is your role in the construction process?
- Why have you chosen to use the shell walls?
- What experience do you have of building shell walls?
What kind of construction, it applied?
- Why have not you chosen to work with homogeneous prefab walls or cast in place?
- Have you done any comparison of building methods?
- What is the biggest difference between the shell walls and other methods?
Cost? Time? Put up?
Advantages and
disadvantages?
- Have you noticed any increase / decline of your work?
- What if necessary. problems have you encountered when you worked with shell walls?
Have you suffered construction injuries? What?
- Can the method you use the improved in any way?
- How weather depending know you think you are?
- If the customer / client set desire construction method?
- Quality - what is done to ensure quality?
- Is the prefabricated houses of the future building method?
- How many manufacturers have you left the tender for this project?
Did you just cost? Environment?
- How has the configuration gone to? (Considering all the parties that have been involved)
- What will be the concrete on casting between?
- Standards regarding joining parts?
- Friendly? Transport
- What percentage are spills and failures?
What do you do with those who have been wrong?
- Do you have anything to add?
75

Questions to the manufacturers:
- When did you start making shell walls?
- Why did you start making shell walls?
- How great was the demand in the beginning?
- Have you noticed any increase or decrease current scaling walls?
- What is in demand now?
- What percentage are spills and failures?
- What do you do with those who have been wrong?
- Friendly? Carbon dioxide cement
- Most common concrete classes for scaling walls?
- What about transportation?
- What affects the prices and why?
- What earns you the most?
- Manufacturing date, number?
- How many people work in total?
- The staff's experience?
- What demands does the customer?
- Ordered material abroad?
- How long is the manufacturing process?
- How can the walls be different from project to project?
- How quickly delivered the walls of the building for manufacturing?
- Can scale walls improved in any way?
- What is the advantage of scaling walls instead of others?
- What can not scale walls? What are the disadvantages?
- What problems have you had?
- What is done to ensure quality?
- Is prefabricated walls future construction method?
- Do you have anything to add regarding scaling walls?
- What affects the design of the shell wall?
76

Questions to the craftsmen:
- What is your education?
- How many years have you been in business?
- Have you worked with before?
- How many projects have you worked in the shell walls?
- What kind of construction, it applied?
- How is it to work with the shell walls compared to the spot cast and massive precast elements?
- What do you think of prefabricated elements?
- Can the method you use the improved in any way?
- How weather depending know you think you are?
- Quality - what is done to ensure quality?
- Are there different ways to seal the connection between the slab and the wall?
- How often do go wrong?
- Has there been accidents?
- Is it easier to unload lying respectively. following elements?
- How long will the relief?
- What if necessary. problems have you encountered when you worked with shell walls?
- What makes the most when it comes to relief?
- What sets when it comes to fitting?
- The filler is applied?
- The casting?
- How much do you follow installation plan?
77

ANNEX 8 (1 page)
directions
31 mil
0.9 mil
78

Department of Engineering
351 95 Växjö
tel 0772-28 80 00 0470-76 85 40 Fax
79

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Document / Type of Document Supervisor / tutor Examiner / examiner

The title and subtitle / Title and subtitle

Summary (in Swedish)

Abstract (in English)

Year / Year of issue Language / Language Pages / Number of Pages

Emina Deumic & Madelaine Hedin

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Emina Deumic & Madelaine Hedin

direction with the work.

Vaxjo June 2010

Emina Deumic & Madelaine Hedin

Emina Deumic & Madelaine Hedin

Abstract ................................................. .................................................. ........... IV

Preface ................................................. .................................................. .............. V

Table of Contents................................................. ...................................... VVI

1. Introduction ............................................... .................................................. .... 9

1.1 Background ................................................ .................................................. .......................... 9

1.2 Purpose and Objectives .............................................. .................................................. ...................... 10

1.3 Problem ................................................ .................................................. ..... 10

1.4 Limitations ................................................ .................................................. ............... 10

2.Historik ............................................... .................................................. ........... 11

2.1 Concrete ................................................ .................................................. 11 ............................

2.1.1 Representative reality ............................................. .......................................... 11

2.1.2 Composition ............................................. ............................................ 11

2.1.3 Features .............................................. .................................................. ................ 13

2.2 Prefab concrete ............................................... .................................................. ................. 14

2.2.1 Prefab concrete history ............................................ ............................................ 14

2.2.2 Skalväggars history ............................................. .................................................. ... 15

3.Byggnadsmetoder ............................................... ............................................. 17

3.1 situ Concrete ............................................... .................................................. . 17

3.2 Homogeneous precast concrete wall in ............................................ ........................................ 17

3.3 shell walls ................................................ .................................................. ...................... 18

3.3.1 structure .............................................. .................................................. .......... 18

3.3.2 Transportation and relaxed posture ............................................ ............................................. 19

4. Environmental aspects ............................................... .................................................. .21

5. Reference project ............................................... ............................................ 22

House 5.1 N, Linnéuniversitetet Växjö ........................................... 22 ....................................

6. Method ............................................... .................................................. ............ 23

6.1 Qualitative method ............................................... .................................................. ............ 23

6.2 Data Collection ................................................ ................................................. 23

6.2.1Intervjuer ............................................... .................................................. ................... 23

Emina Deumic & Madelaine Hedin

6.2.3 Device Statistics Time and Cost .......................................... ............... 23

6.2.4 Environmental review .............................................. .................................................. ........... 24

7.Genomförande ............................................... ................................................. 25

7.1 Measuring ................................................ .................................................. ............... 25

7.1.1Intervjuer ............................................... .................................................. ................... 25

7.1.2 Field studies .............................................. .................................................. .................. 26

7.2 Examination and processing .............................................. ................................ 26

7.2.1 Preparation .............................................. .................................................. ............ 26

7.2.2 Data processing .............................................. .................................................. ......... 27

7.2.3 Environmental review .............................................. .................................................. ........... 27

8.Resultat and Analysis ............................................. ............................................ 28

8.1 Production and demand .............................................. ........................................... 28

8.1.1 Demand .............................................. .................................................. ................. 28

8.1.2 Manufacturing .............................................. .................................................. ............... 31

8.2 Design ................................................ .................................................. ................... 32

8.3 Construction ................................................ .................................................. ................. 33

8.4 Time and Cost .............................................. .................................................. ............. 38

8.4.1 Cost .............................................. .................................................. ...................... 39