BAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD CAMPUS

PROJECT OVERVIEW/PROPOSAL
Audio Power Amplifier

SUBMITTED TO:

Sir Imtiaz Ali Khan

PRESENTED BY:

Ubaid-Ur-Rahman
PROPOSED STATEMENT:

To amplify an audio signal, we use an audio amplifier. Our basic objective is to design an
amplifier that can amplify a small signal.

VISION / MAIN OBJECTIVE:

 To understand the usage of Op-Amp

 To understand the concept of Current & Voltage amplification.

Selection:

Selection of this project is made due to high performance, reliability & easy usage.

PROGRAM OVERVIEW:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

EXPLANATION:

VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION:

For Voltage amplification, we use op map 741. By using the non-inverting terminal for
input. The gain of amplifier is ratio of Rf & R1. As gain given: 1+Rf/R1.

So by choosing Rf = 90 Kohm & R1= 1 K ohm, we have a gain of 91. If the input signal is
150mv then output is 13.65 v.

CURRENT AMPLIFICATION:

For current amplification, we have used following two configurations:

1. Compound Pnp Configuration:

For positive input current amplification, we use this configuration because the output of
amplifier is in micro amperes, & this configuration is simple to amplify a small signal due
to fact that its output is B1B2 times input (ib).

IC = (B1B2) Ib

So if for typically values of B.

B1=100 & B2=100 then Ic = (10000) Ib

If Ib = 3.5 uA then Ic = 3.5 A

2. Compound NPN configuration:

The working of compound NPN configuration is same as that of Compound PNP

configuration; difference is that it is used for the negative input current amplification.

The transistors are used of high voltage & current ranges to obtain maximum output
current. These are of the order of 60 V & 6 A.

Compound PNP configuration:

Compound NPN configuration:

CIRCUIT SIMULATION:

We simulate the circuit in Electronic Workbench whose output is shown below.

COMPONENT LIST & THEIR WORKING:

We use following components :

1. Mic & Female pin for computer connection Input

2. LM 741 Voltage Amplification

3. BC 558 & TIP 42C PNP Compound Configuration

4. BC 547 & TIP 41C NPN Compound Configuration

5. Resistors & Capacitors (Gain + Filtration )

6. Speaker Output
TIP41, TIP42 (SPECIFICATION):
CHARATERISTICS:

COLECTOR-EMITTER VOLTAGE= (VCO)= 40V

COLLECTOR-BASE VOLTAGE= (VCBO)=40V

EMITTER-BASE VOLTAGE = (VEBO) =40V

COLLECTOR CURRENT =(IC) =(6-10)A

BASE CURRENT (IB) = (2)A

TOTAL POWER DISSIPATION=(Pd)= 65W

= = -65 TO +150 c

= = 1.92
BC547 (SPECIFICATION):
FEATURES
Low current (max. 100 mA)
Low voltage (max. 65 V).
BC558 (SPECIFICATION):
FEATURES
Low current (max. 100 mA)
Low voltage (max. 65 V).
LM741 (SPECIFICATION):

Absolute Maximum Ratings

LM741A LM741 LM741C
Supply Voltage ±22V ±22V ±18V
Power Dissipation (Note 3) 500 mW 500 mW 500 mW
Differential Input Voltage ±30V ±30V ±30V
Input Voltage (Note 4) ±15V ±15V ±15V
Output Short Circuit Duration Continuous Continuous Continuous
Operating Temperature Range -−55°C to +125°C −55°C to +125°C 0°C to +70°C
Storage Temperature Range- −65°C to +150°C −65°C to +150°C −65°C to +150°C
Junction Temperature -150°C 150°C 100°C

Thermal Resistance
jA (Junction to Ambient) 100°C/W 100°C/W 170°C/W 195°C/W
jC (Junction to Case) N/A N/A 25°C/W N/A

RESULT:

At the output, we obtain 6.02 Vp & 3.26 A.

So the total power is 6.02X3.26 = 19.62 that is approx. 20W

ABSTRACT:

Security in modern days has become a necessity of every firm. One

has to care about his customers and secure himself to better deal in
modern time. This project is basically design for the same purpose
to keep in view the number of customers one can meet with
requirements needed for them.

MAIN AIM OF THE PROJECT:

The basic idea behind our project is to count the number of visitors
who visited any firm or any type of market. The microcontroller
80c51 based circuitry will count the number of persons visited.

Working of the project:

This project is based on microcontroller 80c51.The microcontroller

is programmed in such a way that two lasers say L1 and L2 are
installed on the door.L1 is installed on outer side of the door and L2
is installed on inner side of the door. the lasers are continuously
generating light rays and photodiodes say P1 (detecting L1) and P2
(detecting L2 )are constantly detecting the lasers.

Now microcontroller is programmed in such a way that if path of L1

is broken first the counter will incremented by 1 and if path of l2 is
broken first counter will be decremented by 1.the are seven segment
display which will display the number of visitors.

The microcontroller circuitry is also connected to the light system

of the room. If any of the visitors are present the lights will be on
and when all the visitors leave and no one is left inside the lights
would automatically shut down.
USING 8051 IC:

There are 4 ports in 8051 microcontroller, but we use 3 ports

in this project.
2 ports is used for interfacing the 7 segment LED`s, port 1 is
use in for 1 led and port 2 is used for 2nd led.
We use port 3.0 for entering and we connect an IR transmitter
for increment the value for entering purpose.
At port 3.1 we connect an other IR transmitter for exiting
purpose like for decrementing the value.
We use port 3.2 for showing the total number of visitors who
are in room mean show total number of members who entered.
We use port 3.3 for showing the total number of visitors who
have leave the room.
At pin31 we high the EA pin to use the ports.
We enable auto reset at pin 9 for resetting the
microcontroller.
We connect the external crystal at pin 18 and 19(XTAL1,
XTAL2) for the 8051 frequency.
At pin 40 we will give vcc to 8051 microcontroller.
And at pin 20 we give the ground.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF VISITOR COUNTER:
USING IR TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER:

With the help of IR transmitter we give the interrupt to ports of IC

8051 to increment or decrement the value of visitor counter.

In IR transmitter when some interrupt cut the lines of IR then the

LED in IR glows and from the led this interrupt is feed to 8051.
FLOW DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT:
MATERIAL USED IN VISITOR COUNTER:

MICROCONTROLLER

2 SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY

CONTROL BUTTONS

CRYSTALS 1

CAPACITORS (100NF*2)

RESISTORS (330R*16, )

IN IR TRANSMITTER:

IC 4093

TRANSISTER- A1015

RESISTER (1K,47K*2,6.8K,39K)

CAPACITOR (104*2, 100UF, )

DIODE (4007, ZENER 5V, )

INFRARED TRANSMITTER LED

IR RECIEVER:

RESISTERS (1K, 100K*3, 47K*3, 100R, 6.8K, )

CAPACITORS (103, 104, 2.2UF, 22UF,)

DIODE (4148*2, 407*2)

TRANSISTOR C945

IC 741

12V RELAY

INFRARED RECIVER LED