1.

Identification of modal interaction and small signal stability in autonomous microgrid

operation
Accepted on 4th August 2017

doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.1219

Awan Uji Krismanto 1,2 , Nadarajah Mithulananthan 1

1School of ITEE, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
2Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Malang, Indonesia
E-mail: mithulan@itee.uq.edu.au

Abstract: The detailed models of renewable energy resources based distributed

generation (DG) unit, namely, wind energy conversion system, photovoltaic and diesel
engine are presented in this study. Combination of different DG units in three microgrid
(MG) structures is considered to investigate small signal stability and possible interaction
between sensitive modes,particularly in autonomous mode of MG operation. Evaluation of
oscillatory condition suggested that gain controller variationsignificantly influenced MG
stability and system dynamic response. Moreover, since modal interaction potentially occurred
due to gain change, it is necessary to identify the interaction accurately to ensure stable
MG operation. The conventional identification method of eigen-interaction is conducted
by observing the movements of engaged eigenvalues. However, the eigen-trajectories
method is less sensitive to identify the occurrence of weak interaction. To provide more
sensitive identification method, cross-participation factor (CPF) and modal interaction index
(MII) analysis are proposed. Deviation of eigen-trajectories after approaching a particular
interaction point, higher values of CPF and MII confirmed the occurrence of
interactions. The presented works contribute for MGs gain setting consideration and
proposing novel methodologies in identifying modal
interaction.

2. Large Signal Stability Analysis of DC Microgrid under Droop Control with Constant Power
Load
Zhongtian ZhaoˈJian Hu , Haochen Xue ,Orient Huazhi ,Ronghui Huang, Xun Li, Xin Zhang

Abstract—The stability of bus voltage is the main target of DC microgrid operation. DC

microgrid including constant power load, distributed generations employed droop control,
and resistive load is investigated. The constant power load can reduce system stability
margin, and even cause bus voltage oscillating. The droop control can share the current
among different distributed generations, but it can result in the bus voltage deviating from the
nominal stable operating point and even destroys the stable operation. Take into
account above factors, the model of DC microgrid is established and its stability analysis
is researched by using the method of Lyapunov and the corresponding constraints
of stable operation are obtained. The stable region of the system with different
parameters is explored. Finally, the MATLAB/Simulink simulation model of the DC microgrid
is established and the simulation results verify the effectiveness and correctness of the
analysis method.

3. REDUCED-ORDER MODEL OF AC MICROGRID FOR STABILITY ANALYSIS AND

ADJUSTMENT OF DROOP CONTROL
Everton P. Correa , Marcello Mezaroba,, Gustavo M. S. Azevedo, 1
Abstract - This paper present a reduced-order small-signal model of microgrid considering an
arbitrary number of parallel-connected inverters. The control technique used for inverters is
the control without communication based on frequency and voltage droops. Each element of
microgrid is modeled in state-space form and all are combined resulting in a single system.
Simutation results are presented to show that the proposed model has good accuracy and also
to show that it can be used as tool for stability analysis and adjustment of droop control
coefficients of the inverters.

4. Stability Analysis of a Smart Microgrid Solar Photovoltaic System

Gustavo A. Finamor, Diego L. S. Solano, , M´arcio S. Ortmann, Adriano Ruseler, Lucas
Munaretto, Luiz C. Gili, , Roberto F. Coelho, Marcelo L. Heldwein

This work presents a stability analysis of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system applied in an
experimental smart microgrid. The system totals 20 kW at rated conditions,composed of 10
units of 2 kW, where each unit is fed by a photovoltaic string and a three-state switching cell-
based boost dc-dc converter, accordingly connected to the dc-bus of a smart microgrid.
Furthermore, with an approach on operation modes,small-signal models are developed to
determine the equivalente impedances, used in the stability criteria. As a means to verify
the operation and stability of the solar photovoltaic system,experimental results are
presented, including a hardware demonstrator of a single dc-dc converter.

5. Study DFIG Voltage Control Strategy Considering Small Disturbance Voltage Stability of
Microgrid

6. Voltage Stability Control for DC Microgrid Energy Storage

Xingtang He, Hongpeng Ji, Yuanyuan Song, Genxin Song, Hangyi Cai, Yang Mi

In order to maintain the bus voltage stability of isolated DC microgrid, it is necessary

to configure the energy storage system (ESS) to realize the balance of energy supply and
demand. When there are multiple energy storage units (ESUs) in the dc microgrid, the
overcharge or over discharge is avoided.
Therefore, a new adaptive droop control is proposed according to the state of charge
(SOC). Once the ESS is out of work due to fault or fully charged, the renewable
energy source needs to switch from the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mode to
the droop control mode. Meanwhile, the demand side power is distributed
automatically by renewable energy source according to its maximum output power, which
can assure the bus voltage stability. The proposed strategy can be verified through real
time digital simulator (RTDS) in an isolated DC microgrid.
7. Stability Analysis of a Microgrid System with a Hibrid Offshore Wind and Ocean Energy
Farm Fed to a Power Grid through na HVDC Link

Li Wang, Chun-Yu Lin , Anton V. Prokhorov

8. Large Signal Stability Analysis of the DC Microgrid with the Storage System
Xinbo Liu 1,2,3* , Yawei Bian

In a DC Microgrid, the loads are interfaced through power electronic converters. These
loads behave as constant power loads (CPLs) when tightly regulated. CPLs have negative
incremental impedance which may cause instability. Consequently, the stability
analysis is very important to ensure the whole system stable, especially in island
mode. This paper investigates the large signal stability of the DC Microgrid, considering the
effects of the CPLs and the storage system. Based on mixed potential theory, the
large signal stability criteria are derived, and quantitatively describe the relationship
between system parameters and the stability. The proposed criteria are simple and
straightforward. The power of the storage system and the negative incremental
impedance of the CPLs are both taken into account to ensure stability. The results
indicate the criteria could guarantee the whole system stable during large
disturbances.

9. Impedance-Model-Based Stability Analysis of DC Microgrid

Gang Lin 1 , Ziya Wang 1 , Guilin Huang 2 , Yong Li 1 , Chang Li 1 , Yuyao Luo 1

In DC microgrid, it is common that constant power loads (CPLs) exhibit negative

impedance characteristics, which degrades the stability margin of the whole system.
This paper focuses on the stability problem of isolated DC microgrid with multiple DC
voltage control units and constant power loads. Taking controllers into account, the
detailed impedance model of DC microgrid is established, and it shows the
interaction between converters through analyzing the minor loop gain by using Nyquist
criterion. Meanwhile, resonance is examined using impedance model. Impedances-
based stability analysis reveals the influence of different factors on the stability, such as
the size of the CPLs and the droop coefficient. To verify the analysis results, the simulation
model is built based on PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results confirm the validity of
the method. With the developed dc impedance and stability analysis method, the DC
microgrid system stability characteristics can be evaluated, which can be used for
system design to maintain stability.

10. Control Design and Stability Analysis for the Cascaded-Type AC Microgrid 2017
Wenbin Yuan, Jian Yang, Guangze Shi, Yao Sun, Hua Han, Xiaochao Hou

In cascaded-type microgrid, the synchronization

and power sharing of distributed generators (DGs) become two
new issues that needs to be addressed urgently. In this paper, a
unified droop control is proposed and its stability is analyzed in
the islanded mode. The proposed scheme can ensure the system
stability and accurate power sharing without communication in
four-quadrant operations. Finally, simulation and experimental
results are presented to verify the system effectiveness.
Furthermore, the application of droop control in grid-connected
mode would be researched in our future work. The preliminary
 simulation results are presented in this paper.

11. Dynamic Droop Control in Microgrid for Stability Enhancement Considering RES
Variation
Awan Uji Krismanto , N. Mithulananthan ,Abraham Lomi

In this paper, small signal stability analysis of a

hybrid Microgrid (MG) considering RES variations is addressed.
As wind speed or solar irradiance fluctuates, active power output
from DGs might vary significantly. Hence, the power sharing
scheme would change considerably. Dynamic droop-gain control
is proposed to deal with the RES change and maintain the
stability of MG. The proposed control method provides
adjustable power sharing strategies to manage RES fluctuation
and ensure frequency and voltage regulation of each DGs.
Eigenvalues analysis and time domain simulation suggest that at
high wind speed and solar irradiance the damping ratio of
critical modes and dynamic performance of DG units defer
significantly. As the dynamic droop controller implemented, the
damping performance and stability margin of the hybrid MG
were improved in different operating condition, ensuring stable
MG operation in most of RES conditions.

12. Stability Analysis of a Microgrid System with a Hybrid Offshore Wind and Ocean
Energy Farm Fed to a Power Grid through an HVDC Link

Li Wang ,Chun-Yu Lin , Hong-Yi Wu, Anton V. Prokhorov

This paper presents the stability analyzed results

of a microgrid system containing an offshore wind farm (OWF),
an offshore tidal farm (OTF), and a seashore wave farm (SWF)
fed to an onshore power grid through a high-voltage direct
current (HVDC) link based on voltage-source converter (VSC).
The characteristics of the studied OWF, OTF, and SWF are
simulated by an equivalent aggregated wind doubly-fed
induction generator (DFIG), an equivalent aggregated tidal
DFIG, and an equivalent aggregated wave permanent-magnet
synchronous generator (PMSG). A damping controller located
at the converter station of the HVDC link is designed by using
pole-assignment approach to offer adequate damping to the
studied microgrid system. A frequency-domain approach based
on a linearized system model using eigenvalue analysis and a
time-domain scheme based on a nonlinear system model subject
to a disturbance condition are systematically achieved. It can be
concluded from the simulation results that the proposed VSC-
based HVDC link joined with the designed damping controller
can effectively stabilize the studied microgrid system with
hybrid OWF, OTF, and SWF under various disturbance
conditions. The inherent fluctuations of the generated power of
the microgrid system injected into the power grid can also be
effectively mitigated by the proposed control scheme.
13_Stability Analysis and Parameters Optimization of Islanded Microgrid With Both Ideal
and Dynamic Constant Power Loads
Jiawei Chen , Jie Chen, Member,

In this paper, a framework for stability analy-

ses of a typical inverter-based islanded microgrid with two
types of nonlinear loads is presented, namely ideal con-
stant power loads (CPLs), which are the loads supplied by
tightly regulated power electronics converters, and dynamic
CPLs, which are used to represent motor-drive systems with
large time constants. The comprehensive dynamic model
of the considered microgrid is first developed, based on
which a bunch of small-signal models are deduced using
Taylor expansion made at different stable operating points.
Afterward, eigenvalue-theorem-based stability analysis and
parametric sensitivity analysis are successively performed
on the obtained small-signal models to verify the stability
of the system, predict the system’s unstable regions, and
identify the effects of parameters on the stability bound-
aries. In the meantime, the impacts of different kinds of
nonlinear loads on the system stability are studied.
Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time simulation platform of
a 30-kVA microgrid, which is mainly formed by a 10-kVA
photovoltaic (PV) system, a 10-kVA wind energy conversion
system, a 10-kVA lithium-ion battery energy storage system,
and two CPLs, is established in Typhoon HIL 602 device.
The validity of the theoretical results is verified by real-time
simulation results.

14_CONTROLLER DESIGNING TO IMPROVE THE VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY

STABILITY OF A HYBRID AC/DC MICRO-GRID

Mohsen AKBARI Masoud ALIAKBAR GOLKAR Seyed Masoud MOGHADDAS-TAFRESHI

In this paper, the voltage and frequency control of a

proposed hybrid AC/DC Micro-Grid is studied. The main
objective of this study is to develop the PI, self-tuning fuzzy
and wavelet controllers and compare their performances
through the study of the voltage and frequency control of the
Micro-Grid under disturbances. First, only PI controllers
based Micro-Grid is analyzed by MatLab/Simulink during
the load and generation uncertainties to show their good
control performances. Then, self-tuning fuzzy controllers are
follow to show a superior robustness and efficiency
compared to the PI controllers during the islanding event.
Finally, the wavelet controllers are studied to show and
verify a much more ability, precision and robustness than
the PI and even the fuzzy controllers to quickly restore and
stabilize the Micro-Grid during events such as the islanding.
15_Batteries and Ultracapacitors for Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles 2007

Simulations indicate that fuel-efficient hybrid-electric vehicles can be designed

using either batteries or ultracapacitors and that the decision between the
two technologies is dependent on their cost and useful life.
By Andrew F. Burke
ABSTRACT | The application of batteries and ultracapacitors in
electric energy storage units for battery powered (EV) and
charge sustaining and plug-in hybrid-electric (HEV and PHEV)
vehicles have been studied in detail. The use of IC engines and
hydrogen fuel cells as the primary energy converters for the
hybrid vehicles was considered. The study focused on the use
of lithium-ion batteries and carbon/carbon ultracapacitors as
the energy storage technologies most likely to be used in future
vehicles.
The key findings of the study are as follows. 1) The energy
density and power density characteristics of both battery and
ultracapacitor technologies are sufficient for the design of
attractive EVs, HEVs, and PHEVs. 2) Charge sustaining, engine
powered hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) can be designed using
either batteries or ultracapacitors with fuel economy improve-
ments of 50% and greater. 3) Plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) can be
designed with effective all-electric ranges of 30–60 km using
lithium–ion batteries that are relatively small. The effective fuel
economy of the PHEVs can be very high (greater than 100 mpg)
for long daily driving ranges (80–150 km) resulting in a large
fraction (greater than 75%) of the energy to power the vehicle
being grid electricity. 4) Mild hybrid-electric vehicles (MHEVs)
can be designed using ultracapacitors having an energy storage
capacity of 75–150 Wh. The fuel economy improvement with
the ultracapacitors is 10%–15% higher than with the same
weight of batteries due to the higher efficiency of the ultra-
capacitors and more efficient engine operation. 5) Hybrid-
electric vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells can use either
batteries or ultracapacitors for energy storage. Simulation
results indicate the equivalent fuel economy of the fuel cell
powered vehicles is 2–3 times higher than that of a gasoline
fueled IC vehicle of the same weight and road load. Compared
to an engine-powered HEV, the equivalent fuel economy of the
hydrogen fuel cell vehicle would be 1.66–2.0 times higher.
16_Electrical Energy Storage & Smart Grid Technologies to Integrate the next generation
of Renewable Power Systems
Aoife Foley, David Connolly, , Paul Leahy

The growth of renewable power sources, distributed generation and the potential for
alternative fuelled
modes of transport such as electric vehicles has led to concerns over the ability of existing
grid systems to facilitate
such diverse portfolio mixes in already congested power systems. Internationally the
growth in renewable energy
sources is driven by government policy targets associated with the uncertainties of fossil
fuel supplies, environmental
issues and a move towards energy independence. Power grids were traditionally
designed as vertically integrated
centrally managed entities with fully dispatchable generating plant. Renewable power
sources, distributed generation
and alternative fuelled vehicles will place these power systems under additional
stresses and strains due to their
different operational characteristics. Energy storage and smart grid technologies are
widely proposed as the tools to
integrate these future diverse portfolio mixes within the more conventional power
systems. The choice in these
technologies is determined not only by their location on the grid system, but by
the diversification in the power
portfolio mix, the electricity market and the operational demands. This paper
presents a high level technical and
economic overview of the role and relevance of electrical energy storage and smart grid
technologies in the next
generation of renewable power systems.

17_Energy Storage Systems for Advanced Power Applications 2001

While energy storage technologies do not represent energy

sources, they provide valuable added benefits to improve stability,
power quality, and reliability of supply. Battery technologies have
improved significantly in order to meet the challenges of practical
electric vehicles and utility applications. Flywheel technologies
are now used in advanced nonpolluting uninterruptible power sup-
plies. Advanced capacitors are being considered as energy storage
for power quality applications. Superconducting energy storage
systems are still in their prototype stages but receiving attention
for utility applications. The latest technology developments, some
performance analysis, and cost considerations are addressed. This
paper concentrates on the performance benefits of adding energy
storage to power electronic compensators for utility applications.
18_Impact of Distributed Generations with Energy Storage Devices on the Electric Grid
Anurag K. Srivastava, Senior Member, IEEE, Aarti Asok Kumar, Student Member, IEEE, and
Noel N. Schulz, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—The commonly used distributed generations (DG)

technologies include wind generators, photovoltaics, and biomass
generators with their sizes varying between several kW to a
few MW. Energy storage devices are generally used to smooth
variations in DG’s MW output due to inherent unpredictability
and to minimize exchange of power from grid. Connecting the
storage and DGs to the grid have both technical and economic
impacts. This paper aims at analyzing the technical and economic
impacts of distributed generators along with energy storage
devices on the distribution system. The technical analysis includes
analyzing the transient stability of a system with DGs and energy
storage devices, such as a battery and ultracapacitor. The DGs
are represented by small synchronous and induction generators.
Different types and locations of faults and different penetration
levels of the DGs are considered in the analysis. Energy storage
devices are found to have a positive impact on transient stability.
For economic analysis, the costs of the system with different DG
technologies and energy storage devices are compared using the
software tool “hybrid optimization model for electric renewables
(HOMER).” Finally, the analysis for cost versus benefits of DGs
and energy storage devices is compared briefly.