The Thermal Expansion of Materials

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Increase the temperature of the bar of metal

What happens to the length of the bar?

Let's examine the how different materials respond.

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Linear Thermal Expansion Let's compare two materials of the same initial length at an initial temperature of 25 oC.
coefficient of thermal expansion
starting at 25 C:
o
substance 1 substance 2
Lo = 1 m a1 = 5 x 10 / C
-6 o a2
= 13 x 10-6/oC
T (oC) L1 (m) L2 (m)
0 0.999875 0.999675 1
10 0.999925 0.999805 1.0015
1 25 0.999675
20 0.999975 0.999935 1 25 1 slope
30 1.000025 1.000065 1
1.001 25 1.000975 1.30E-05
40 1.000075 1.000195 1
50 1.000125 1.000325 1
1.0005
60 1.000175 1.000455 L 1 slope
70 1.000225 1.000585 1 5.00E-06
80 1.000275 1.000715 1 1
90 1.000325 1.000845 1
100 1.000375 1.000975 1
0.9995

0.999
0 20 40 T 60 80 100

for DT = 100oC: DL1 = 0.05 cm DL2 = 0.13 cm

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Area Expansion How does the expansion of a metal plate occur?

starting at 25oC: coefficient of thermal expansion

for the edge of a square: Lo = 1 m a= 12 x 10-6/oC Ao = 1 m2
1 1
4 1 T (oC) A (m2)
4 4 0 0.9994 1.002
1 4 10 0.99964 1.0015
1 1 20 0.99988 1.001
30 1.00012
1.0005
40 1.00036 A
50 1.0006 1
60 1.00084 0.9995
70 1.00108
0.999
80 1.00132
0.9985
0 increase temperature 90 1.00156
0 100 1.0018 0.998
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T

We are assuming materials are isotropic! slope = 2.4E-05

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Area Expansion What is the diffference between the two types of materials?

isotropic material anisotropic material

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 increase temperature 0 increase temperature

0 0

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Volume Expansion How does the expansion of a three-dimensional object, such as a cube of material, occur?

for a cube of material starting at 25oC: coefficient of thermal expansion

Lo = 1 m a= 12 x 10-6/oC Vo = 1 m3
T (oC) V (m3)
0 0.9991
1.003
10 0.99946
20 0.99982 1.002
30 1.00018
40 1.00054 1.001
50 1.0009 V 1
60 1.00126
70 1.00162 0.999
80 1.00198
90 1.00234 0.998
100 1.0027
0.997
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
T

slope = 0.000036 Note about liquids

for DT = 100oC: DV = 0.0036 m3

We are assuming materials are isotropic!

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Will the hole in the metal plate get smaller or larger on thermal expansion?

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lower right hand corner. Drag to fill the red
dotted square. This is overkill for effect!!!

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How does an alcohol or mercury thermometer work?

low temperature high temperature

Sinex 2008