Statistics

Basic Concept of Statistics

 Statistics According to Webster’s dictionary
Fact or data of numerical kind, assembled, classified and
tabulated so as to present significant information about a
given subject. The science of assembling, classifying, and
tabulating such facts or data.

Statistics

Part of the population from

which information is
collected.
Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics

Consists of methods for organizing and Consists of methods for drawing and
summarizing information measuring the reliability of conclusions
about a population based on information
Collection of all individuals, items, items, or data obtained from a sample of the
under consideration in a statistical study population
TM
 Two methods of acquiring information
Statistics
Select a Sample
Take a Census
(Collect data from the entire population)

Conclusions are drawn

about population Study is done on
the sample

Sample
Sampleshould
shouldbe
be
proper
properrepresentative
Sample representative
Census ofofPopulation
Population

TM
 Definitions

Organizing Data Terminology

Data
Variable
Information obtained by
A characteristic that vary from observing the values of
one person or thing to another variable

Qualitative Quantitative
A numerically valued variable
A non numerically valued
variable
Discrete Continuous

A quantitative variable whose possible A quantitative variable whose possible values

values form a finite set of numbers. form some interval of numbers

TM
 Definitions

Organizing Data Terminology

At noon on April 20, 1992 more than 9600 men and women set out to run from
Ex Hopkinton Center to the John Hancock Building in Boston. Their run, covering 26
miles and 385 yards, would be watched by thousand of people lining the streets
leading into Boston and by millions more on television. It was the 96th running of
the Boston Marathon
Result: The men competition was won by Ibrahim Hussein of Kenya with a time of 2 hours
8 minutes and 14 seconds. The winner of the women’s competition was Olga
Markova of Russia; her time was 2 hours, 23 minutes and 43 seconds. There were
6562 men and 1561 women who finished the marathon before the official cutoff
time of 5 hours
1
Variables Sex of the Competitors
2 Discrete
Place of Finish Quantitative Data

Time of Finish
Discrete 9600
Quantitative Variable TM
 Definitions

Organizing Data Terminology

At noon on April 20, 1992 more than 9600 men and women set out to run from
Ex Hopkinton Center to the John Hancock Building in Boston. Their run, covering 26
miles and 385 yards, would be watched by thousand of people lining the streets
leading into Boston and by millions more on television. It was the 96th running of
the Boston Marathon
Result: The men competition was won by Ibrahim Hussein of Kenya with a time of 2 hours
8 minutes and 14 seconds. The winner of the women’s competition was Olga
Markova of Russia; her time was 2 hours, 23 minutes and 43 seconds. There were
6562 men and 1561 women who finished the marathon before the official cutoff
time of 5 hours
1
Variables Sex of the Competitors
2 Discrete
Place of Finish Quantitative Data

Time of Finish
Discrete 9600
Quantitative Variable TM
 Definitions

Organizing Data Terminology

At noon on April 20, 1992 more than 9600 men and women set out to run from
Ex Hopkinton Center to the John Hancock Building in Boston. Their run, covering 26
miles and 385 yards, would be watched by thousand of people lining the streets
leading into Boston and by millions more on television. It was the 96th running of
the Boston Marathon
Result: The men competition was won by Ibrahim Hussein of Kenya with a time of 2 hours
8 minutes and 14 seconds. The winner of the women’s competition was Olga
Markova of Russia; her time was 2 hours, 23 minutes and 43 seconds. There were
6562 men and 1561 women who finished the marathon before the official cutoff
time of 5 hours
02:08:14

Variables Sex of the Competitors

02:23:43
Place of Finish
Continuous
Quantitative Data
Time of Finish
Continuous
Quantitative Variable 05:00:00 TM
 Definitions

Organizing Data Terminology

Some More Examples Qualitative Data

Humans
Humans are
are classified
classified as
as having
having one
one of
of four
four blood
blood types:
types: A,
A, B,
B, AB,
AB, or
or O.
O.
what
what kind
kind of
of data
data you
you receive
receive when
when you
you are
are told
told your
your blood
blood group.
group.

The
The U.S.
U.S. Bureau
Bureau ofof the
the Census
Census collects
collects data
data on
on house
house hold
hold size
size and
and
publishes
publishes the
the information
information in
in Current
Current Population
Population Reports.
Reports. What
What kind
kind of
of
Discrete
data
data is
is the
the number
number ofof people
people in
in your
your household?
household?
Quantitative Data

The
The Information
Information Please
Please Alamanac
Alamanac lists
lists the
the world’s
world’s highest
highest waterfalls.
waterfalls. The
The
list
list shows
shows that
that Angel
Angel Falls
Falls in
in Venezuela
Venezuela is is 3281
3281 feet
feet high,
high, more
more than
than twice
twice
as
as high
high as
as Ribbon
Ribbon Falls
Falls in
in Yosemite,
Yosemite, California,
California, which
which is
is 1612
1612 feet
feet high.
high.
What
What kindkind of
of data
data are
are these
these hights.
hights.
Continuous
Quantitative Data

TM
 Grouping Data

Grouping Data

Table shows the number of days of maturity for 40 short-term investments.

70 64 99 55 64 89 87 65
62 38 67 70 60 69 78 39
75 56 71 51 99 68 95 86
57 53 47 50 55 81 80 98
51 36 63 66 85 79 83 70
Data is difficult
Days of to comprehend
Number of
Maturity Investments Solution:
30-39 3 Arrange data in classes of 10
40-49 1 Minimum value 36
50-59 8 Maximum value 99
60-69 10
70-79 7
80-89 7
90-99 4
TM
 Grouping Data

Grouping Data

Table shows the number of days of maturity for 40 short-term investments.

Days of Guidelines for Grouping:

Number of
Maturity Investments The number of classes should be small enough to
30-39 3 provide an effective summary but large enough to
40-49 1 display the relative characteristic of the data.
50-59 8 Each piece of data must belong to one and only
60-69 10 one class
70-79 7
80-89 7 Wherever flexible , all classes should have the
90-99 4 same width.

TM
 Grouping Data

Grouping Data

Table shows the number of days of maturity for 40 short-term investments.

Days of Frequency Relative

Maturity fi Frequency
30-39 3 0.075
40-49 1 0.025
50-59 8 0.200
60-69 10 0.250
70-79 7 0.175
80-89 7 0.175 Relative = Frequency
90-99 4 0.100 Frequency Sum of Frequencies

40 1.00

Frequency and Relative Frequency Distribution

is the number of items belong to TM

each class
 Grouping Data

Grouping Data

Table shows the number of days of maturity for 40 short-term investments.

Classes: Categories for grouping data
Frequency: The number of pieces of data in a class
Days of Frequency
Frequency Relative
Distribution: A listing of classes and their frequencies.
Maturity Frequency
RelativefiFrequency: The ratio of the frequency of the class to the total
30-39 3 number of pieces of data.
0.075
40-49 Relative
1 Frequency0.025Distribution: A listing of classes and their relative frequency
50-59 Lower8Class Limit:0.200
The smallest value that can go into the class
60-69 Upper10 The largest value that can go into the class
Class Limit:0.250
70-79 Class 7
Mark: The mid point of a class
0.175
80-89 Class 7
Width: The difference
0.175 between the lower class limit of the given class the
90-99 4 lower class limit of the next higher class
0.100

40 1.00

TM
Grouping Data
A pediatrician who tested the cholesterol levels of several young patients was alarmed
Prob. to find that many had levels over 200mg per 100 mL. the readings of 20 patients with
high cholesterol levels are presented in the table. Construct the grouped data table. Use
a class width of 5 starts at 195.

210 209 212 208

217 207 210 203
208 210 210 199
215 221 213 218
202 218 200 214

Cholesterol Frequency Relative Class

Level Frequency Mark
195-199 1 0.05 197
200-204 3 0.15 202
205-209 4 0.20 207
210-214 7 0.35 212
215-219 4 0.20 217
220-224 1 0.20 222
20 1.00
TM
 Grouping Data

Grouping Data Single Value Grouping

A city planner is collecting data on the number of school-age children per family in a
Ex. small town. Thirty families are selected at random. Table displays the number of
school-age children in each of the 30 families.

0 3 0 0 3 0
2 2 0 1 2 1
0 0 1 2 4 0
4 2 1 0 1 0
0 2 0 1 3 2 Data is too close
So single value grouping will be done
No. of school Relative Class
going children Frequency Frequency Mark Prob.
0 12 0.400 0 Class mark ??
1 6 0.200 1 Lower Class Limit = 1
2 7 0.233 2 Upper Class Limit = 1
3 3 0.100 3 1+ 1
4 2 0.067 4 Class mark = = 1
2
30 1.000

TM
 Grouping Data

Grouping Data Grouping of Qualitative Data

A class being asked to state their political party affiliations Damocratic (D),
Ex. Republican (R ) or others (O). The response is given below.

D R O R R R R R
D O R D O O R D
D R O D R R O R
D O D D D R O D
O R D R R R R D

Relative
Party Frequency Frequency
Democratic 13 0.325
Republican 18 0.450
Other 9 0.225
40 1.000

TM
 Graphs and Charts
10
Histograms. 9
8

Frequency
Table shows the number of days of maturity for 40 7
short-term investments. 6
5
Days to Frequency Relative Class 4
Maturity (No of Investments) Frequency Mark 3
2
30-39 3 0.075 34.5 1
40-49 1 0.025 44.5
8 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
50-59 0.200 54.5
Days to Maturity
60-69 10 0.250 64.5
70-79 7 0.175 74.5
80-89 7 0.175 84.5

Relative Frequency
0.25
90-99 4 0.100 94.5
0.20
40 1.00 0.175

0.100
0.75
Relative Frequency
Histogram
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Days to Maturity
A graph that displays the classes on the horizontal axis and the
relative frequencies on the vertical axis
TM
 Graphs and Charts

Histograms of single value data. 12

11
10
9
A city planner is collecting data on the number of school-

Frequency
8
age children per family in a small town. Thirty families are
7
selected at random. Table displays the number of school-
6
age children in each of the 30 families. 5
4
No. of school Relative Class 3
going children Frequency Frequency Mark 2
1
0 12 0.400 0
1 6 1 0 1 2 3 4
0.200 No. of Children
2 7 0.233 2
3 3 0.100 3
4 2 0.067 4

Relative Frequency
30 1.000
0.400

0.233

0.200

0 1 2 3 4
No of Children
TM
Graphical Display for Qualitative Data

A class being asked to state their political party affiliations Democratic (D), Republican
(R ) or others (O). The response is given below.

Relative
Party Frequency Frequency
0.450
Democratic 13

Relative Frequency
0.325
Republican 18 0.450
Other 9 0.225 0.325
0.225
40 1.000

Democratic

Others
Republican
O
22.5%
R
45%
D
32.5%
TM
Stem and Leaf Diagram:

Proposed by Prof. John Tukey in 1960s

Table shows the number of days of maturity for 40 short-term investments.

70 64 99 55 64 89 87 65
62 38 67 70 60 69 78 39
75 56 71 51 99 68 95 86
57 53 47 50 55 81 80 98
51 36 63 66 85 79 83 70

3 6 8 9
4 7
5 0 1 1 3 5 5 6 7
6 0 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9
7 0 0 0 1 5 8 9
8 0 1 3 5 6 7 9
9 5 8 9 9

TM
Distribution Shapes:

Frequency
Unimodal

Data

Bell-Shaped Triangular Uniform (rectangular)

Reverse J-shaped J-shaped Right Skewed

Left Skewed Bi-modal Multi-modal

TM