Chapter 7: Types of Rooms ‘There are a wide variety of room types in domestic, office, and commer ments, each requiring specific design strategies. Interior designers should, at @ min- mum, be far ihe design issues and potential solutions outlined below. The best configuration for a room depends on how it will be inhabited and the potential circulation patterns through its space. Good interior design seeks to balance issues ‘of character, such as comfort and harmony, with these practical considerat environ KITCHENS, ‘The kitchen is tne most difficult space inthe house to design hecause appliances, equipment, working surfaces, and storage spaces must be careful organized into a viually coherent and functional whole. To ensure a smoothy functioning necessary to synthesiza a wide range of working and kitchen planning isthe placement of three elements: the the contemporary kitcnen. Working Tiangle (0710-2438) ‘Cooking Zone 92. color, smack. ano ste Kitehen Layouts ‘Single-Wall Kitchen Tne simplest ‘counter space of the Galfoy tenon Agalley kitchen has two parallel runs of counters, The sink, ish washer, and stove should be located on the same side of the kitchen | (cooking and washing zones) and the refrigerator (the preparation Zone) should be located on the opposite wal. The counters should be atleast 4 ‘part to provide adequate room for ‘more than one cook chen Is designed for enly one cook, the Space between countors can be reduced £03 feet (14 milietes). This layout is not recommended if ether rooms are accessed through the ttenen, Leshaped or U-shaped Kitchens In these layouts, the counters and appliances are organized around is arangemont can work in ether smal or large in larger rooms the working triangle shouldbe kept within the optimel range of 12 to 22 feet (3658 16 705 miimeters). Often in these arrangements, one log ofthe Lor the U forme a counter, is best to design a he cooking zone from the eating 20n0. 93Kitchen Zones Washing Zone ‘Tho washing zone is primarily made up of the sink and dishwasher. Ideally, the sink has two iments for washing and rinsing. The dishwasher should be placed immeciately ‘enough room to wash dishes in the sink ichen does not have a cishwasher, 2 drying rack should ‘does not tske up erical counter space. While the dishwasher is open. Ifthe be located above the counter so It's also important to have a waste bin close tothe sink or sisposing of trash prior to wash the Preparation zone ‘The preparetion zone consists ofthe refrigerator and an adjacent counter-height workspace for preparing food. The ior should be placed in close proximity tothe pantry so that perishable and nonperishabie feads are both easily accessible from the food preparation workspace. There are many etrigerator/reezer combinations, each sultabe for spaces and types of users. The sizeof the refrigerator should be directly proportion Size ofthe kitchen, Different types of tasks are best performed on different types of surfaces: For instance, marble slabs are best for while wood counters are Best for chopping. ‘These surfaces can be Incorporated into the countertops or nat, depending onthe size of sitchen, the preferences of the cook. and the budget. Other common counter surfaces include ranite, engineered quartz, concrete, stainless steel, wood, tle, crylc solid surfacing, and plastic laminate. STANDARD DIMENSIONS. Double Sink 2 78" 1178-203) 24° (610) : 33-35" (238-889) Slde-by Side 30-36" (762-914) 29°-33"(737-838) 94 coun, spc, AND STE Cooking Zone ‘The cooking zone consists ofthe stove or a combination of @ cooktop and wall even, In smaller kitchens, a stove is the most efficient choice. In larger kitchens, a separate cooktop and wall oven is more desirable, In elthererrangement, there must be sufficient heat-resistant counter space on both sides of the cacktop. Pots and pans should also be stored immediately adjacent for easy eccess while cooking. & minimum aisle clearance of 36 inches (914 mile: ters) is required in front of the cooktop. myportant to select the appropriate type of cooktop ventlation system: ether a system that recycles ar through a charcoal titer ora system that removes smoke through a duct vented 10 an ext ing exhaust directly to the exterior is preferred but may not be practical in multitamiy residential buldines, STANDARD DIMENSIONS. ‘Standard kitchen appliances are 35 inches (889 millimeters) high and typically have adjust ‘able feet to help align them with adjacent cou ‘space that ranges from 210 inches (51 to 102 milimeters) from the oor to accommodate the {ont ofthe feet when reaching to the back ofthe appliance. Adjacent cupboards should be designed with these basic dimensions in mind, ‘A minimum clear vertical hoight of 16 inches (406 milimeters) is recommended between the Work surface and bottom of wall cabinets. On upper eabinets, doors should have 18O-degree hinges so that no ono bangs their head on the doors when open. Liftup doors can also solve ‘his problem. 1} in ‘yest Ronms 95DINING ROOMS ‘The configuration of the cining room is predicated on the size and shape ofthe ining table Ctnerwise, the dining room allows fora great deal of design flexibility. Once a formal room ‘occupied primary on special occasions, the dining room today lends room organized around the: dining room should be Dimensional Criteria Place Settings The dimensions of a dining table relate diectly to the area required fora place Setting. The appresimate area of a place 1s GH Oh 2 O) Dining Tables The average table manufacture allows 24 umber of guests. For instance, a ‘arms increases the amount of 96 cour, spice ano STE Dining Room Layouts ‘and shape of 6 om can help to determine the best table cantiguration fora specif he ambience of a room by including a able and near the serving ates. ‘cui additional seaceaciacnt tone wor renee. ‘Combined Dining and Living Room eset Rooms 97Minimal Dining Room: Rectangular Table LIVING ROOMS, “The minimum sizeof a dining room ie based on the size of Jar table ) oF clear ail the rooms in 3 house, the lving roar has the fewest constraints since it requires nok ( ther appliances, nor plumbing fixtures, nor storage. As 8 ‘great deal of freedom in terms of the character ana cont should be designed to reflect the particular itty ofa fa ‘ance on sl four sides, jo.6rs200) { ‘Typical Furniture Dimensions ‘Specific functional requirements and the size and chape ofthe room will help set the agenda for selecting and arranging the most appropriate furniture. Below are the dimensions of typical livingroom furniture. Be mindful thatthe aimensions of specific places may vary from the t i cal sizes, Furniture that diverges widely in dimension from these examples may be uncomfort- able and | however Minimal Dining Room: Roun Table =| ‘Around table n a square room allows space for cupboards orb | Seuare Tole the corners. 24-20 (610-762) é FL frees ener) Gases AR { ao) oom) e220) | clue Chair fa seta Aeeeeeeisiene cea The distance between chairs and sofas can influence the behavier of the occupants of & space. Two people sitting acioss from each other must he within a specific cimensional range ( for conversation o be comfortable. The behavior of larger groups of people sround end across Diake nee Gin Maaco 2 coffee table is elso affected bythe relative inimacy ofthe furniture arrangement. {An ideal dining oom allows space for two duitional chairs and a buffet table in tne 8 -12'12438.3 650) mae 98 cua shee mosHE ‘pes otfoans 98BEDROOMS The most imortant goa! In designing a bedroom Isto establsh a comfortable relationship between the occupants and ther bed and between the bed and the room at large. Because people spend an average of six to eight houts a day in the bedroom, the space must engender ‘eelings both of relaxation and security. The design of becroome should also accommodate activities such as reading and functions such as storage for personal belongings. Furniture q eds er ‘The bed is the only indispensable piece of furiture In the bedroam; many other functional requie- ments can be accommodated by builtin fur Examples include bullin window seats and closets ‘The standare dimonsions fr beds below wil be in Twa HL ‘STANDARD DIMENSIONS nb, 610% 1372 on Fux Twin XL 9902134 ult 1372x2134 King 1930%2138 Queen ig. 102 co.oe sree, nose Adational Furniture Depening on the size of the room, bedside tables, lounge chai writing desks can be added to 8 Bedroom Layouts ‘ea Centered in Room Twin Beds in a Room ‘A minimum of 30 inchos (762 milimetera) red right table and ample room te get into and out of bed, ‘pes orfcone 103OFFICE ENVIRONMENTS sern970) s6(576) eo 208 e020) Types of Files in two basie type rawers extend the width of a let the narrow end and thus need ‘STANDARD DIMENSIONS. 2arawer Lateral 4-drawer Lateral ‘drawer Podesta 106 cota sacs, ann sre Furniture Systems 2a a workstation, such as Hinged grommets, cable troughs, adjustable legs, and tackable surfaces. Freestanding Furniture Freestancing furniture does not require | nels or partitions to make diferent L ‘configurations of workstations Panct-Baced Systems Panel based systems define worksta ol (sa i a — ‘Table.Based systoms Table-based systems are suited to orate environments where tion wth colleagues is require. Depending on the system design, fles and storage units can be placed under ‘neath or aiongside the table ‘ype ot ann 107RELATIVE COLOR Color Temperature Color, inherenty, has temperature. Color can be described ae being warm (reds, oranges, ues, greens). Neutrals (whites, grays) also Nave ranges of temperatures, in tone from coal to warm, and the change in temperature can enhance and tie together a color scheme. Grays, too, have temperature, In the Pantone color system, cool rays tend toward blue, while warm grays gradate toward brown, arm and Calc Color and Materi ‘The role of color in interior design is further complicated by its association with material, Materials have au he abstract systems ‘of color do not take into account. Materia's might contain many layers of color, and often var: ions of color can accur within a single material sample. The proportional use of materi ina three-cimensional space alsa affects how cola is experienced. Through the complex oraction of color and material, an interior designer can create atmospheres of intimacy or freshness, vibrancy or muteness, and even begin to afect other senses such as signt and heating Color In interir design can, moreover, be vides to two distinct estegores: color as an aint, lacquer, specialty finishes, certain applications of colar to the tnishea surface of an object are ecient able strategies for color use. Thore are many instances where paint and applies finishes should be avoided, however: AdoIf Loos's aphorism “Do rat paint concrete gray, or ‘wood brown” holds true here, Materials with integral color—which requie no finish ot 2 sealer—have greater depth of surface, which allows more complex, precise cok ships to be develones, (oTWer, ELATED ASPECTS OF COLOR WL BE EXAHNED IN TH CHAPTERS DEDICATED TONNER, TEXTURE 140 covon, sce. avo STH Color Schemes ‘Color schemes are the result of turning color combinations into a set of rules for an interior palette. Grounded in color theory, the designer can ereativaly select and organize color in harmonious combinations, In the abstract—that is, when color Is not tied ta @ meaterial—there bt the designer can vary both saturation and brightness. Analogous ‘Complementary ses calor ety acento the ‘Split Complementary Tadic Tetracte . ovceshih-cns,Froportone ear mus be cnsen ‘att site bine, onthe complementary APPLYING RULES OF CONTRAST TO INTERIOR SPACE In the seven variations on color contrast that Iten identified contrast was considered as a range of differences between the ‘compared effects of color interaction. The projects that follow ‘explore the practical aplication of iten’s system to an interior project—whetner at the scale of a room or a building, AS with ‘any system, continued exposure to and examination of the ef fects of each set of relationships wil ceepen understanding, 141Chapter 10: Material Materials are the essence of the interior designer's palette. They immediately signal the designer's vision and inform almost every decision in the process of developing 4an interior. Materials have a direct bearing on issues of color, light, texture, and pat tem that the designer will need to address with every project. To make these dec: the myriad qualities inherent in materials, from the purely functional to the aesthet Needless to say the range of mat Only those materials essential to an under r designers is expansive. al 1e basie com: ponents of a room can be considered here. This book's space limitations mean that ‘many other important materials are not covered—from the varieties of glass ang ‘metal to solid surfacing and engineered plastics—although the resources section Provides references best mat ther research. Indeed, a designer's ability to choose the ials for a particular interior space must be founded on an ongoing proc ss of research. Equal tant is to build 2 library—of both materials and tera ‘ture—to keep current on the latest developments in material and product design, WALL TREATMENTS Because Ienpor they ate, in many we tance. The variety surfaces ranges from simple paints to more complicated pan PAINTS. the loss colvent, the batter. Othar adaltives to the paint can also ad in the durability ofthe product. 154 coxor, sce, aso STE paneling, stained areas, existing c ‘and dramatic changes in color Latex Paints ‘Alkyé Paints | Oi pants tend to be mote durable and re with on alkyd bese, they Enamel paints cry to en extremely hard end dur Usually made by adding yarishes and other hardeners to a bass paint. Enamels are used on walls. but also on appliances, signage, and other items that need! a waterproof coating. Stains and | Stains, en alternative to paint are color finishes that absorb int the ma: Varnishes | terial they are being applied to—usuelly wood. Stains come ina range of ‘ronsporeneies, controling how much ofthe substrate remains visible once the stain is applied. Stains ae unsuitable a8 finishes alone end need to be ‘vamishod to create a durable surface. Varnishes are tansparent films and {are available n several shaens 155Paint Sheen ined, Shoons 2, and they can serve to {sh that is easier to clean than flat or eggshel: good for most spaces slighty glassy appearence: high ‘very reflective: good for highlighting dstall such as tim and moldings Ideal for doors and cabinets spatterresistant; designed especiell for painting clings 1 156 coun, srce, mo sre WALLPAPERS AND VINYLS. ms and ideas that ean ade signi laced. They typically come in two va the atmasphere Woattpapers Residentia w papers, but recewe kes them more da leaned. They ate typically ecommended for the wet areas of a house, but are also suitable for other high-ratic Surface Preparation Regardless of whero papers ore being. much pi 2s with 8 painted w coverings Primers ‘As th Dat preparation. a per cot provides a clon surface forte _pplieton ofthe covering Sealers the suosurtae as been water Gamaged, an ctor wator-baed Stes be applied othe wal Seales ao allow for easier removal coving. Wall Lines In some eases, sich as where caching and ot eifade inpetetions ‘appear, @ wall iner maybe applod prior to installing the covering, etn 157FLOORING Flooring is as integral to an interior project as ary wall treatment. The many ways in which 2 can be constructed or covered provide the designer plate that influences color, ‘cousties, and reflectance. Fl lot hard and sott suraces. ina carefully stratogzod design Radlant Floor Systems Whenever a foot is bein instal 2 radiant floor system to aid in the or ‘multiple advantages: They operate silent le sources of heat (such as vents that need to he coordinated with the design, ae energy efficient and thus reduce and generate none of the dust and other particles spread by forced-air ragiant floor systems provide an even ion of neat throughout @ 0 points, This even hoat feels mare camfortable and can reduce the temperature settings. It should be noted that radiant systems—which are typically provided with concrete floors— flooring ean cause the floor to shrink and crack, concrete foe 0 thor POURED FLOORING SYSTEMS ors are then ground and pol wich are installod over a ‘maintained, and have a high resistance to \ypes of floors are poured place instal 1 produce a continuous, 162 couoa sce, nose Conerete Floors Exposed concrete can be an efficient finish for high-impact areas. the aesthetic ofthe space requires a raw, indus they are, 28 well, very re joneretefiors can act as natural conch temperature can neat or coo! the space: Chemical stains react with concrete's lime content to etch cl ‘Acid penetrates the top layers of the concrete and allows the is a surface process, however, the evenness and depth of color cannat be predicted. Mor ‘over, damage to the concrete can expose areas where the color has net reached. Stains are applied in 2 variety of ways: with brushes and mops, by spray, oF ‘materials such as leaves and br ‘can be stamped and cut into the s within the same fe, Intogral Color eed for repair cue ta soratohing and chipping. Sealers and Waxes Sealers and waxes are clear coatings that give greater durability to a coneret also enhance the natural look ofa Epoxy and Resin Floors Epoxy and res fini i ‘and laboratory spaces. ose 163STONE FLOORING Dimension Stone Tiles ‘Stone floors bring to an interior both beauty and durability. Found in an array of colors, fishes, sizos, and patterns, stone is one of the most versatile materials available to the designer and is suitable for walls and counters as 5 of stone vary from soft to hha, and from porous to impermeable the manufacturer thatthe product is corect for its intenoed use. In tone comes in two configure tions: dimension stone and dimension stone tiles. Dimension Stone quarried stone that has been cut toa 1 one ar more mechanically essed bed, ‘sedimentary Polishes “This hight reflective, glossy Flamed or Thecmal ‘This rough finish is achieves Increasingly ‘where stone flooring. 166 co.oa soc, nD sTHE variety of limestone “that is more compact ‘and often banded in appearence: though most commoniy black i-| loorng, interior cladding, lea: av variety | countertops: of colors, but most com ‘monly the warm browns, | yellows, and reds assoc! | ated with sand sess! 167RESILIENT FLOORING NATURAL RESILIENT FLOORING Rosiliont floors are typically made of high-density materials that provide @ durable, nonabsor pent finish. They also are more comfortable than other har fi ‘amount of elasticity. Resilient floors can be a cost-effective s {and commercial app! Unoleun Linoleum is a natural composite that emerges as ing material in the nineteenth century, Linseed ‘ound limestone, and resin are combined, then Vinyl and Rubber ‘Whether vinyl or ubber, resiliont flooring ies are attractive fo pact areas, Tiles ae casily installed both above and below grave and provide excellant resistance to moisture and ‘otter damage. Compared to resilient flooring in rolls, tiles do require higher maintenance, 28 their seams ean accumulate dirt and allow moisture penetration: any standing liquid must be ate cut to widths of 79 Instalition. Durable and entibacteral, linoleum is suitable for bath residential and emoved immediately. Tiles come in @ vatety of constructions, Sold. All are finished witha protective layer Vinyk Composite Tie These tiles combine a backing layer, @ printed design, come in both arger siz. Composite tiles are very easy to install on a wellarepared substrate ‘and, when damaged, are easy to replace—though it Is go0d practice to order extea during installation es colors can change from batch to batch Soll Vin! Tes ing layer. Soi Vinyl has a higher ratio of vinyl resin compared to com kes it moro resistant to damage due Increasing curabiity. Rubber Tiles Dimensionaly stable tubber ties resist spills from chemicals and other corosive materials Support fora {rom slips. Rubber tiles are avaliable in two varieties: homogenous, whare pigmant is added tothe rubber ‘ik to ereate color throughout; and laminated, where the top layers patterned with differant eoles, 172 cou, sce ano STI Vind Composit Tle runner Te iny| ties can be comaosite or commercial projects, Off gassing of the oll, however, might be an issue o consider curing specification. Lino leum comes in an artay of colors, ing linoleum is dificult, though it can easly be cut into patterns ang ided at tne seams. Linoleum ‘also requires an additional wax polish to provent staining ‘and discoloration. Cork Cork is another natural flooring mat 4a resilient surface for both resident ‘plications. Its natura cellular struct beautiful surtace that is an economic In edaition, corks 2 renewable and eustainable Cork tloors are manufactures in @ composite process that presses the cork to each side of a medium. or Nh onsity fiberboard. This stablzation layer allows for e85e of installation, as well es for a tongue-and-groove interlock. A top layer of vammish seals the cork and estab, lshes a resistant curface, As a natural product, cork ie eusceptible to discolaal ly through exposure to natura light. Cork is also ‘extremely absorptive, so any cleaning should be done with 2 minimum of water.CARPET to qualify. Carpets cover 70 he United States alone. Given lo custom-designed, itis d nit types of they lend bath visual and sensual pat Carpet In choosing ca projects, _Commercia! carpets need to withstand the designers should consider the folowing: the use of several times the number of people ‘application. Additionally, they may need to perform under the stress loac of equipmont such as luggoge, whee! irs, and other transport {amount of traffic onthe floor, the ecjaceney of the floor to natural light, and th tion fom the carpet to hard orm Ing, Carpets in residential applica iso take into account the sp 3 space; for xamplo, a carpet might to be chil-or pet-friendly, Resicen lations do net have to be wal:tow: 2, when used in tandem with an 3 surface, can provide a focus for spe cific tuiture elements, density, are traffic ines and the dit that can accurate 7 in areas of high activity. They ate also rec ommended for offices, reception areas, and boardrooms in a work environment 174 coun sacs, NDSTHE Carpet Construetion There are many ways to construct carpets. They can be tuted, woven, o fusion-bonded orf ized processes, tiey can be handtutte, kitted, or heede-punched, ‘been used to manufacture carpet. Technological avan reased the amount of earpet made from synthetic fibor. Though woo! rer ‘more common i residential applications, over 90 percent of carpet is now constited from ‘materials such as nylon and polyproryiene, which tend to be durable and resilient anc teke well tocol. Tufted: Tuted carpets account for 90 per tactured carpet. On {8 machine containing hundreds of needles, fiber is stitched into a primary backing mate the carpet to prow Woven: Woven carpets account for approx! 1 percent of carpet production, reated on @ loom that weaves to process 's more dimensionally stable tan tuting,athough @ latex back costing 's applied after the weave to ensure even ‘and durabiity. Woven eae ‘bonded: The fusion-nonding ichesfiters in an adhesive back place. Al fusion bonded car les, as the sandwich is sliced ‘part with a cutter Modiutar Tilo: The most commen var yor ie fusion-bonded carpets are carpet ties. Thes the great advantage of easy replace. ment i damaged. Typically high-performance solutions for educational, work, and public fenwronments, modular tile carpets ate in creasingly belng used in residences,(cut ana Loop: A biend 176 ovo svc ano Regardless of manufacturing processes, carpets are woven in specie way texture and depth and that ean add complexity to their colors and pat Tip Shear: In this loop construe: tion, higher toons are sheared to create a subtle, relenes ‘appearance, srueted in the ‘manner as loops, but they have been ‘cut ite: cut split open to create a smootn, monel surface. Cut ple can be very dense, ot longer for & more casual appearance. Aisa known as velvet or plush, Frieze and Shag: Fibers are twisted and tightly wound to create variation inthe sur face. The varying lengths ofthe yarns help | to concoal dr, tafie patterns, and vacuum marks. Their depth and charac pearance add softness to 2 ro insta Predyeing: ‘add either to the fb tse or a isso Postayeing: Color is added after the before the final backing sheet Is applied Sil-screening: Patte fective way to sim are epali Whatever the fnis attached for insta Carpet Terms Backing: Viny! or polypropylene material found an the back of a carpet Binding: Stip sewn to the eage of a carpet to provide strength and protection. Broadioom: Carpet woven in widths of 6 feet (1.8 metors) or grester. Cushion: Pading used to reduce impact. Density: Amount of pile yarn per area of ‘carpet. Ais refers tothe distance between tufts. Direct lue-Dovn: Method of install where carpet is glued direct the fla. Foot Traffic: Number of times per day @ car pet is walked on bye single occupant. Light is less than 50, moderate is betwoen 50 and 200, heavy is over 200, Carpet has been woven, tufted, or fusior-bonded, its then finished ane prepared ion. Finishing consists of several processes. Depending an the ond product, co 's added either before or after the weaving process. In production, however, most Postdyed to meat market demands. Carpet can be dyed In a n ber of ways: Joris added to the yarn prior to the construction process. The color can be into yarn onstruction process. Carpets are immersed in dye he finished earpet. Printed patterns can be a cost-e te the appearance of woven carpet. if DrOcess., the carpet is given a secondary backing, & foam cushion is ion, and the assembly is sheered to dimension, Gauge: Number of needs (ution ofa carpet. ch used in Pile Height: Dimension uses to determine ‘carpet density, measured from primary back ing to top of yar, Repeat: Moacurement ofthe distance be tween instances in a pattern ing: Heavy yan close-sitched to the lege of area rugs as a finished edge. itch Rate: Number of tufts along the length ‘of a carpet, measured in sttehes per inch Yarn Ply: Number of yarns Ina twisted, heat set yar, teil 177LAMINATES improved dramatially a& now and metals, and two-sided applications have become Many companies now manufacture laminate, and the breadth of cols, textures, is vost ly Chipboard or medium density cy, an Is therefore recommences 1¢ used is based on both the core ‘material and the intended apo GRADES OF LAMINATES Horizontal Postforming oP 0.030" (10) Vertical Postforming VEP | 0.028407) ‘tecommendes for vertical use only dea! {or commercial cabinetry and furniture: 2a slightly thinner laminate that can be formed to radii of 0.375"(95) Cabinet Liner ots 0.020"(05) nate not designed or heavy use Backing Sheet BGF or | rated, 0.088" ‘ecomimencies for surfaces that are KL [Unrated 0.020" (055) hisden from vow and as a stabi: ‘ng surfaco to pravont warping due to ‘moisture; comes in both fre rated ane ‘unysted versions 178 coven snice, no STE Low-Pressure Laminates backer shoot is attached toa thin Low-pressure laminates serve mainly to protect th jpboards, and panels. They are not especially durable and are lans where high impact use is expected overiay cocoratie shoot supavate backer sheet — nec! 179Laminate Locations VENEERS Very thin layers are sce ‘ange of patterning and Sees and buna ee VENEER CUTTING METHODS BKL backs sho Plain Slicing to ts center The Pattern from the exposure of the innermost growth Quarter siiing ‘The log s cut perpencicular to Its center, The resultant grain is straight in appearance, Lengthwise Sting Planed and fatsawn lumber 's passed over a stationary knfe to | produce & variegated figure, CLs caviner ner BKL tacking sheet 180 colon sce, noerneCEILINGS Hard Ceilings important 3s any other surtace in room. Interor designers can use a number For many residential and hos celling, though, in some cases, they may wish to leave it exposed. can be pa ‘and provide acoustic ben heir acoustic aualtis. The main unit of measure for -ommonly use, lent (NFO), a number expressed as @ percentage of fang wire mesh, Th (0.8 will absor® 80 percent of the sound that is cof the inst Many celings are rated according acoustic Is the noise reduction e: rected Dropped Ceilings Dropped celings are also referred to as 3 ings. Their main function is to piping, and The area between the dropped ceiling = —' — | shatts, Al Lovet 2: Used for water where the board wi Level 3: Used for heave wal ings. Two coats nish Stopped Concealed T I | CEILING PANELS. Lar used ‘Metal Panels ae panels. = es 2 variety of finshes and al ’ u ious levels of ecoustic ¢amoening. er oF fhergjass panels available in variety of edge id embossed pstierns. They provide the maximum _acousile absorption. retardant panels faced with a wood veneer. The ‘qualities are law, but the wood can be perforated to ‘acoustic performance. They add warmth and soghietiestion to a spsce, Linear metal strips hung perpendicular to Gra8e tee. They ean ‘conceal both systems and light fixtures. Available in mary depths ‘and colors, they offer unlaue appearance. Fabric Panels “Mineral fiber panels covered with woven fa acoustic absorption. Able to conceal both ‘Acoustic Tiles | ‘Wood Panels Metal Battie ‘They nave a nigh 188 covon, sence,