Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction to WCDMA
Outline
• What is spread spectrum.
• Spreading.
• Correlation and RAKE receiver.
• Uplink and Downlink Diversity.
• WCDMA Power control.
– Closed loop.
– Open loop.
• WCDMA handovers.
– Soft handover.
– Softer handover.
Properties of the Spread Spectrum
f2 f2
f1 f1
f3 f3 f3
f2 f2 f1
f1 f1 f1
f3 f3
f2 f2 f2
f1 f1
20
0
kH
z
t
WCDMA based system
f1
f1 f1
f1 f1 f1
f1 f1
f1 f1
f1 f1 f1
f1 f1
f1 f1 f1
f1 f1
50
00
Codes are orthogonal: ∫ c1 (t )c2 ( t ) dt = 0
kH
•
z
a
• FDD frequency division duplex. t
– Uplink, downlink in separate
frequency bands
• TDD time division duplex.
– Uplink, downlink in the same
frequency band and separated in
time.
Processing Gain and Spreading
Unspread narrowband signal
Q
• The duration of Tcis called chip interval
PN Mod-2
modulator
• High bit rate means less processing gain and generator adder
Data x Code
Despreading
Spreading
Code
Data
Detection own signal
Own Data
+1
Own Spreading
Code
-1
+1
Own Data x Code
-1
Despreading +1
Spreading
Code
-1
+1
Data after
multiplication
-1
+4
Data after
integration
-4
Other Data
+1
Other Spreading
Code
-1
+1
Other Data x Code
Despreading -1
+1
Own Spreading
Code
-1
+1
Data after
multiplication
-1
+4
Data after
integration
-4
Codes (1)
• Requirements for the spreading codes:
– Good auto-correlation properties. For separating different paths.
– Good cross-correlation properties. For separating different channels.
Channelisation codes used for channel separation from the same source.
• Same codes from all the cells.
• Short codes: used for channel separation in Uplink and Downlink.
– Othogonality property, reduce interference.
– Different spreading factors, different symbol rates.
– Limited resource, must be managed.
– Do not have good correlation properties, need for additional long code.
Scrambling codes.
• Long Codes:
– Good correlation properties.
– Uplink: different users.
– Downlink: different BS.
Long and Short Codes
+1
Short Code
-1
+1
Long Code
-1
+1
Combined Code
-1
The tree of orthogonal codes
• Orthogonal short codes will only be C41=(1,1,1,1)
amplitude
first tap
synchronised, start at the same 0
moment -1
0 2 4 6 8 10
– If the codes are not synchronised the 1 chips
amplitude
second tap
cross correlation is not zero. 0
amplitude
third tap
0
moments.
-1
– If the receiver is syncronised to a 1
0 2 4
chips
6 8 10
Finger #1
Finger #2
Finger #3
• Channel can rotate the signal to any phase and to any amplitude.
• QPSK symbols carry information in phase.
• Energy splitted to many finger -> combining.
• Maximal ratio combining corrects channel phase rotation and weights
components with channel amplitude estimate.
• Same method used also for antennae combining (BTS, MS), and softer
handover (BTS), and soft/softer handover (MS)
RAKE diversity receiver
Input signal
(from RF)
Correlator
Phase Delay I
rotator Equalizer
Code Channel
Q
Generators Estimator
Finger #1
Finger #2
Finger #3 Combiner
Matched
filter
Ortogonality in multipath channel
Detection own signal
Own Data
+1
Own Spreading
Code
-1
Own Data x Code +1
Path 1
-1
Own Data x Code +1
Path 2
-1
Despreading +1
Spreading
Code
-1
Data after +1
multiplication
path 1 -1
Data after +1
multiplication
path 2
-1
Data after +4
integration
Path 1
Data after -4
+4
integration
path 2
-4
Correlation in the receiver
correlation of the signal correlation of the received signal
1 1
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.4 0.6
0.5
0.2
0.4
0
0.3
-0.2
0.2
0.1
-0.4
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Incoming X
Serial data X
∫
L
L
u
n ,l
The correlation generates multipath + ∫ n ( t ) sk ( t ) dt
interference from other paths. T
Performance of a DS-CDMA receiver
Signal in the channel in a channel with multiple users: ∑∑ Pn ,l mn sn ( t ) + n ( t )
N L
Signal sample at the receiver:
un ,l T0
(
z ( t ) = ∑ ∫ Pk ,l e
− j Θ k ,l
)
mk ,−1 sk ( t − uk ,l ) sk ( t ) dt + ∫ Pk ,l e (
− j Θ k ,l
mk ,0 sk ( t − uk ,l ) sk (t )dt
)
L
T−1 un ,l
un ,l T0
+∑ ∑ ∫
N L T−1
( Pn ,l e
− j Θn ,l
)
mn , −1 sn ( t − un ,l ) sk ( t ) dt + ∫( Pn ,l e
− j Θn ,l
mn ,0 sn ( t − un ,l ) )
sk (t )dt
n ≠k un ,l
+ ∫ n ( t ) sk ( t ) dt
T
N
n ≠ k
In the asynchronous case when the delay u is uniformly distributed over the
symbol interval, the expected value of the correlation function ratio is about:
Rnk2 (un ) 1 Rc chip rate
E 2 ≈ where Gc = N = = = processing gain
kk
R (0) 3Gc Rs symbol rate
Performance of a DS-CDMA receiver (4)
The average bit error probability can be calculated as a function of number of users:
E Pk Pk
= ≈ Assume: Pk = Pn
I +η Rnk2 (un ) Rs
∑ Pn 2
R (0)
+ N0
2 Rkk (0) ∑
N
Pn
3W
+ N0
2 Rs
N kk
n≠k n≠k
If the target SIR ratio given we can estimate the average capacity in the cell.
Assumptions made:
• Powers have the same level:
– Near far effect.
– power control suitable for uplink.
• No intracell interference:
– can be considered by the intracell interference factor.
– Other cells change the transmission power in the same way than the users cell.
• Orthogonality:
– In downlink all the codes from one BS synchronous - codes orthogonal - no
interference.
– Multipath channel ruins orthogonality.
– Can be considered in downlink as orthogonality factor.
CDMA capacity an another approach
E
• Same assumptions as before. We attempt directly evaluate the equation
I +η
I Total interference
I0 = = the noise density in demodulator =
W entire spread bandwidth
Pn received signal power
Eb = = received energy per bit =
Rn data rate
Compared to analyse in previous slides we assume here that Coding Gain (G) is equal
to WRn . Before we assumed it to be 3RWn . In practice both of these values are only
assumptions and the real coding gain depends on the particular codes and multipath
delays in the system.
Capacity in multicell environment
Problems:
• We assume that all the powers are the same (suitable only for uplink).
• No other cell interference:
Other cell interference can be considered by the interference factor f. Assume that
other cells generate that is added to the own cell interference. Thus capacity in the
whole system is reduced. f + 1 = interference from other cell + 1
interference from own cell
The new capacity is: I 1 W R 1
N −1 = =
Pn 1 + f Eb I 0 1 + f
∑P + ∑ ∑ Pk , j + η
Pk ,i signal power for user k in cell I
η
k ,0
k =1 j =1 k =1 noise power
− + P1,0 + ... + PK 0 ,0 + ∑∑ Pk , j + η = 0
P0 ,0
CIR
j =1 k =1
N K j −1
P0 ,0 − + ... + PK 0 ,0 + ∑∑ Pk , j + η = 0
P1 ,0
CIR
j =1 k =1
M
N K j −1
P0 ,0 + P1,0 + ... − + ∑∑ Pk , j + η = 0
PK 0 ,0
CIR
j =1 k =1
Near far effect
Uplink: Because of different attenuation signals to/from users nearer to BS are
stronger than signals to/from further located users.
Received power at BS
Received power at BS
M
S M M M
M S S S
1 M
S 1 2 3
Radio tower 2 S
3
Downlink: Beacause of the nature of attenuation at the cell border the users
experience higher interference that near to the BS. They have high level of
interfering signals from own BS and from other BS.
Purpose of Power Control in WCDMA
Amplitude
• Removes near far effect.
• Mitigates fading.
Time
• Compensates changes in propagation conditions.
• In the system level
– decrease interference from other users
– increase capacity of the system
• Uplink
Power control in uplink must make signal powers from different users nearly
equal in order to maximise the total capacity in the cell.
• Downlink
In downlink the power control must keep the signal at minimal required level in
order to decrease the interference to users in other cells.
Power Control types in WCDMA
• Open Loop power control: for initial power setting of MS
Transmitter
BCCH RACH/CPCH
ty info
l i
abi
reli
me Radio tower
Fra
CN
Fra
me
reli
RNC a bili
ty info
Radio tower
Handover impact to capacity
Attenuation in the channels
H a n d o ff
P w in d o w
[d b ]
Transmitted power in UL
P in c re a s e o f
tra n sm itte d p o w e r
[d b ]
Transmitted power in DL
P
[d b ]
C e ll
C e ll s ite 1 C e ll s ite 2
b o u n d a ry
Handover procedure
• Strength of the A becomes equal to
Signal Strength