Overall Pee Ter Combined

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL REPORT
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF 52MVA SUBSTATION OF

POLYETHYLENE PLANT NO. 2 OF JG SUMMIT
PETROCHEMICAL CORPORATION AT BATANGAS CITY
(REVISED)
PRESENTED TO:
THE PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION
MANILA, PHILIPPINES
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR

PROFESSIONAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
LICENSURE EXAMINATIONS
SUBMITTED BY:
RYAN ANTHONY K. UMALI

REE LICENSE NO. 0034825
IIEE MEMBERSHIP NO. 209595
PEE EXAMINEE
JULY 2017
Engr. Ryan Anthony K. Umali
Block 17 Lot 11, St. Vincent Homes,
Banay-Banay, Lipa City, Batangas
Email: RyanAnthony.Umali@jgspetrochem.com or
antechautomationinc@yahoo.com
TRANSMITTAL
Date: July 26, 2017
To: BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION
P. Paredes St., corner N. Reyes St.,
Sampaloc, Manila
Attn: HON. FRANCIS V. MAPILE

BEE Chairman
HON. JAIME V. MENDOZA

BEE Member
Subject: TECHNICAL ENGINEERING REPORT
Sir:
In compliance with the Application for Registration as Professional

Electrical Engineer (PEE) pursuant to the provisions of the New
Electrical Engineering Law or RA 7920, I hereby submit five (5)
copies of my Technical Engineering Report entitled “POWER
SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF 52MVA SUBSTATION OF
POLYETHYLENE PLANT NO. 2 OF JG SUMMIT
PETROCHEMICAL CORPORATION AT BATANGAS CITY”.
I hope you find the above documents in order.
Respectfully yours,
Ryan Anthony K. Umali, REE

Republic of the Philippines
Professional Regulation Commission
Manila
PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY
BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
12 May 2016 PRBEE- 2016-082
Engr. RYAN ANTHONY K. UMALI

Blk 17 Lot 11, St. Vincent Homes, Banay-Banay
Lipa City, Batangas
RyanAnthony.Umali@jgspetrochem.com
Dear Engr. Umali:
The Board of Electrical Engineering has unanimously approved your proposed

Technical Engineering Report outline and title: “POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF
52 MVA 13.8/6.9kV OF POLYETHYLENE PLANT NO. 2 OF JG SUMMIT
PETROCHEMICAL CORPORATION AT BATANGAS CITY.". However, technical
relevance is a must in your report which shall be by substantial computations.
Descriptive/ administrative report shall not be accepted. Furthermore, knowledge of
the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) 1 and 2 is a must for all PEE applicants.
You may now file a formal application with the Professional Regulation Commission
and proceed with the writing of your technical engineering report. Please submit five
(5) bookbound copies of the report in standard A4 size bond paper (substance 24
or 90 gsm) together with this reply letter, comprehensive bio-data, single-file PDF
copy of the full Technical Engineering Report (including all attachments) saved in
THREE (3) USB flash disks, and application forms (see attached). Use Verdana
Font and Font Size is 12, Line Spacing of 1.5 lines, and the following margins: Left
– 1.5 inches; Top, Bottom and Right – 1 inch.
Be sure to follow Rule 14 of RA 7920 in presenting your Table of Contents. Include

also your most significant achievement/contribution to Electrical Engineering. Please
be guided by the Do’s and Don’ts listed in the attached sheet in preparing your
report.
Your complete technical report must be received by the Board of Electrical

Engineering not later than 12 November 2016, to give us enough time to review the
same prior to the conduct of the oral examination here in PRC Main Office Manila.
Very truly yours,
JAIME V. MENDOZA FRANCIS V. MAPILE

Member Member

P. PAREDES ST., CORNER N. REYES STREET, SAMPALOC, MANILA, PHILIPPINES
P.O. BOX 2038, MANILA
i
PREFACE
This study is of utmost importance to the overall plant

operational safety and reliability of JG Summit Petrochemicals
Group as it provides detailed power system analysis to one of its
plant on critical areas of load flow, voltage drop, short circuit, large
motor starting, protection coordination, arc-flash analysis and fire
pump evaluation which will aide in providing assessment and
recommendations for system improvement and safety. During the
whole course of this study, I have developed and extensively used
Microsoft Excel which provided me an indispensable tool in
performing my calculations to all the analysis in this study.
It is my pleasure to be allowed by our Company to perform
this study and be able to contribute to its goal of operational safety
and reliability. I would like to dedicate this endeavor to my family,
my father, my mother, my wife and my kids who are my inspiration.
I would also like to express my gratitude to our former IIEE
Southern Luzon Governor Engr. Jed De Castro, Deputy Gov Engr.
Ber Salazar and Engr. Eric Tamondong who guided me into this
whole process of REE upgrading as well as to Dr. Celoy Calibjo,
Engr. Ben S. Jimenez and Engr. Cesar Camaongay for their
mentorship and guidance. Above all I offer the fruit of my labor to
ALMIGHTY GOD.
i
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Project Overview 1
1.2 Project Objectives 4
1.3 Project Scope and Limitations 5
CHAPTER 2 POWER SYSTEM MODELS 7

2.1 Base Values 7
2.2 Connection Point Model 9
2.3 Power Transformer Model 10
2.3.1 Power Transformer Data 10
2.3.2 Power Transformer Impedance and Admittance
Modelling 11
2.4 Motor Model 17
2.4.1 Medium- Voltage Motor Models 19
2.4.2 Low-Voltage Motor Models 25
2.5 Cable Model 34
2.5.1 For Medium-Voltage Cables 34
2.5.2 For Low-Voltage Cables 38
2.6 Load Model 48
2.7 Impedance Networks 75
2.8 Admittance Network 106
CHAPTER 3 LOAD FLOW STUDY 107

3.1 Methodology 107
3.2 Load Flow Analysis for Case 1 (Steady State
without Capacitor) 112
3.2.1 Admittance and Power Data 112
3.2.2 Bus Voltage Calculation 114
3.2.3 Current, Power Flow and Power Factor
Calculation 127
iii
3.2.4 Evaluation of Case 1

3.2.4.1 Bus Voltage Evaluation 133
3.2.4.2 Voltage Drop Evaluation 133
3.2.4.3 Bus Bar Loading Evaluation 156
3.2.4.4 Transformer Loading Evaluation 156
3.2.4.5 Power Factor Evaluation 157
3.3 Load Flow Analysis for Case 2 (Steady
State with Capacitors at Bus 2) 158
3.3.1 Admittance and Power Data 158
3.3.2. Bus Voltage Calculation 160
3.3.3 Current, Power Flow and Power
Factor Calculation 172
3.3.4 Evaluation of Case 2 175
3.3.4.1 Bus Voltage Evaluation 175
3.3.4.2 Voltage Drop Evaluation 176
3.3.4.3 Bus Bar Loading Evaluation 177
3.3.4.4 Transformer Loading Evaluation 178
3.4 Overall Load Flow Evaluation 178
CHAPTER 4 SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY 179

4.1 Methodology 179
4.2 Momentary Short Circuit Calculation 184
4.2.1 Calculation of Momentary 3-phase Faults 184
4.2.1.1 Calculation of Momentary
Three-phase Faults for Main Buses 186
Three-phase Faults at MV Loads 194
Three-phase Faults at LV Loads 197
4.2.2 Calculation of Momentary Single Line
to Ground Faults 199
iv
4.2.2.1 Calculation of Single Line to

Ground Fault for Main Buses 201
Single Line-to-Ground Faults at MV
and LV Loads 208
4.2.3 Calculation of Momentary Line-to-Line
Faults 213
4.2.3.1 Calculation of Line to
Line Fault for Main Buses 215
4.2.3.2 Calculation of Line-to-Line
Fault for MV and LV Loads 220
4.2.4 Calculation of Momentary Double Line
to Ground Faults 222
4.2.4.1 Calculation of Double Line to
Ground Fault for Main Buses 225
Double Line-to-Ground Faults at
MV and LV Loads 233
4.3 Interrupting Short Circuit Calculation 237
4.3.1 Calculation of Interrupting Three
Phase Fault for Main Buses 237
4.3.2 Calculation of Interrupting
Single Line-to-Ground Faults
for Main Buses 244
4.3.3 Calculation of Interrupting
Line-to-Line Faults for Main Buses 249
4.3.4 Calculation of Interrupting Double
Line-to-Ground Faults for Main Buses 253
4.3.5 Summary of Interrupting Calculation 257
4.4 Equipment Evaluation of Short Circuit
Capacity 270
4.4.1 Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers 270
v
4.4.2 Low-Voltage Air Circuit Breakers 274

4.4.3 Molded Case Circuit Breakers 275
CHAPTER 5 PROTECTION COORDINATION 281
5.1 Protection Coordination Guidelines 281
5.1.1 Coordination Time 281
5.1.2 Protection for Medium-Voltage Motor 282
5.1.3 Protection for Power Transformer 282
5.1.4 Protection for MV Capacitor Bank 283
5.1.5 Protection for LV Motors 283
5.1.6 Protection for LV Panel 284
5.2 Equipment Operating Curves and Damage
Curves 284
5.2.1 Transformers and Feeder Cables
TCC Landmark 284
5.2.2 Medium-Voltage Motors TCC Landmark 286
5.3 Setting Calculations and TCC Curves 294
5.3.1 Phase and Ground Fault Protection
Calculation for MV Loads 294
Calculation for LV Loads 299
Calculation and Coordination for Transformers 305
5.3.4 LV Protection Settings evaluation 323
5.3.5 Time Current Curves 323
5.4 Cable Evaluation 340
5.4.1 Medium-Voltage Cable Minimum Sizing 340
5.4.2 Equipment Grounding Cable Verification 342
5.4.3 Cable Sizing Evaluation 344
CHAPTER 6 LARGE MOTOR STARTING ANALYSIS 349

6.1 Methodology 349
6.2 Starting Analysis 352
vi
CHAPTER 7 ARC-FLASH ANALYSIS 367

7.1 Arc-Flash Calculation for Medium-Voltage System 370
7.2 Arc-Flash Calculation for Low-Voltage System 381
CHAPTER 8 FIRE PUMP 391

8.1 Evaluation of Existing Installation 391
8.1.2 Electric Fire Pump Motor Data (GM9900) 392
8.1.3 Fire Pump Controller 393
8.1.4 Power Source 393
8.1.5 Reliability of Existing Source 394
8.1.6 Design Considerations and
Recommendations 396
8.2 Design Calculations 398
8.2.1 Generator Load Calculation (power plant) 400
8.2.2 Standby Generator Sizing (alternative power) 400
8.2.3 Transformer Sizing 401
8.2.4 Fire Pump Controller 402
8.2.4 Normal Power Protection Settings
Calculation 403
8.2.5 Standby Generator Protection
Settings Calculation 403
8.2.6 Cable Sizing 404
8.2.7 Power Transfer Switch 407
8.2.6 Voltage Drop Calculation 408
8.2.6 Short Circuit Calculation 413
8.2.7 Equipment Grounding Conductor
and Grounding Electrode Conductor 427
8.2.8 Arc-Flash Calculation 428
8.2.9 Grounding Calculation 431
8.2.10 Bill of Materials 435
vii
CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 440

9.1 Conclusion 440
9.2 Recommendations 441
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1.1 Summary of Study Coverage 5
Table 1.2 Summary of Sub-Study Area 6
Table 2.1 Summary of Base Values for Power and Voltage 8
Table 2.2 Summary of Base Values of Current and Impedance 9
Table 2.3 Summary of Short Circuit
Impedance at Connection Point at 10MVA Base 9
Table 2.4 Transformer Datasheet 10
Table 2.5 Transformer Impedances Based on MVA 12
Table 2.6 Summary of Zero, Positive and Negative
Sequence Impedances of Transformers at 10MVA Base 17
Table 2.7 Summary of Medium-Voltage Motor Data 19
Table 2.8 Summary of Per Unit Impedances of
Medium- Voltage Motors at 10MVA Base 25
Table 2.9 Summary of Low-Voltage Motor Data of MCC8 25
Table 2.10 Summary of Low-Voltage Motor Data of MCC9 27
Table 2.11 Summary of Calculation for Positive and
Negative Sequence Impedance of MCC8 Motor Load
at 10MVA Base 30
Table 2.12 Summary of Calculation for Positive
and Negative Sequence Impedance of MCC9
Motor Load at 10MVA Base 32
Table 2.13 Cable Data for Medium-Voltage Cables 34
Table 2.14 Cable Zero Sequence Impedances for
Medium-Voltage Cables 35
Table 2.15 Summary of Calculation for Medium-Voltage
Cables on Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence
Impedance at 10MVA Base 36
Table 2.16 Summary of Admittance Calculation for
Medium-Voltage Cables at 10MVA Base 37
ix
Table 2.17 Summary of Cable Data for Low-Voltage

Cables of MCC8 38
Table 2.18 Summary of Cable Data for Low-Voltage
Cables of MCC9 39
Table 2.19 Summary of Zero Sequence Resistance
and Reactance for Medium-Voltage Cables of MCC8 41
Table 2.20 Summary of Zero Sequence Resistance and
Reactance for Medium-Voltage Cables of MCC9 43
Table 2.21 Summary of Calculation for Low-Voltage
Cables of MCC8 on Positive, Negative and Zero
Sequence Impedance at 10MVA Base 45
Table 2.22 Summary of Calculation for Low-Voltage
Cables of MCC9 on Positive, Negative and Zero
Sequence Impedance at 10MVA Base 46
Table 2.23 Medium-Voltage Load Data 48
Table 2.24 Low-Voltage Load Data for MCC8 49
Table 2.25 Low-Voltage Load Data for MCC9 55
Table 2.26 Summary of Connected Load for Medium
Voltage Load 60
Table 2.27 Summary of Connected Load for
Low-Voltage Load of MCC8 60
Table 2.28 Summary of Connected Load for Low
Voltage Load of MCC9 63
Table 2.29 Calculation for the Operating
Load for Medium-Voltage Loads 66
Table 2.30 Calculated Results of the Operating
Load for Low-Voltage Loads of MCC8 67
Table 2.31 Calculated Results of the Operating
Load for Low-Voltage Loads of MCC9 69
Table 2.32 Medium-Voltage Operating Load 71
Table 2.33 Low-Voltage Operating Load for MCC8 72
Table 2.34 Low-Voltage Operating Load for MCC9 72
x
Table 2.35 Medium-Voltage Operating Load at 10MVA Base 73

Table 2.36 Low-Voltage Operating Load for MCC8
at 10MVA Base 73
Table 2.37 Low-Voltage Operating Load for MCC9
at 10MVA Base 74
Table 2.38 Summary of Impedance Network for
ANSI Approved Short Circuit Calculation 75
Table 2.39 Momentary Reactance Values
(IEEE 399-2016) 77
Table 2.40 Calculated Results of Momentary Impedance
for Medium and Low-Voltage Motors 79
Table 2.41 Calculated Results of Equivalent Impedance of
Motor and Cable at 10MVA Base for Momentary Network 81
Table 2.42 Summary of Results for MV and LV Motors
Thevenin’s Impedance for Momentary Networks 89
Table 2.43 Interrupting Reactance Values
(IEEE 399-2016) 93
Table 2.44 Calculated Results of Interrupting
Impedance for Medium and Low-Voltage Motors 95
Motor and Cable at 10MVA Base for Interrupting Network 95
Table 2.46 Summary of Results for MV and LV Motor
Thevenin’s Impedance for Interrupting Networks 102
Table 3.1 Summary of Bus Properties for Study Case 1 112
Table 3.2 Summary of Admittances 113
Table 3.3 Scheduled Power 113
Table 3.4 Bus Voltage Calculation Results after k=15 124
Table 3.5 Voltage Calculation Error Values 125
Table 3.6 Summary of Bus Voltage Calculation 133
Table 3.7 Summary of Bus Voltage Calculation after Changing
the Taps of TRL3A and TRL3B to -2.5% Off-Nominal 133
Table 3.8 Summary of Transformer Cable Ratings 135
xi
Table 3.9 Summary of Results for Transformer

Feeder Voltage Drop without Capacitor 137
Table 3.10 Summary of Motor Feeder Cable Ratings 138
Table 3.11 Summary of %Voltage Drop and Terminal
Voltage for MV Motor Feeder Cables without Capacitor 141
Table 3.12 Cable Ratings for MCC8 loads 142
Table 3.13 Cable Ratings for MCC9 loads 144
Table 3.14 Summary of Voltage Drop Calculation
for MCC8 Loads w/o Capacitor and TRL3A 149
Table 3.15 Summary of Voltage Drop Calculation
for MCC9 Loads without Capacitor and TRL3B 151
Table 3.16 Summary of 480V Loads with Unacceptable %VD
(after changing the taps of TRL3A and TRL3B) 152
Table 3.17 Summary of Calculations after Correction 155
Table 3.18 Current Flows and Bus bar Loading 156
Table 3.19 Transformer Loading on Case 1 156
Table 3.20 Summary of Power Factor 157
Table 3.21 Summary of Bus Properties for Study Case 2 158
Table 3.22 Summary of Admittances 159
Table 3.23 Scheduled Power 159
Table 3.24 Bus Voltage Calculation Results after k=14 169
Table 3.25 Voltage Calculation Error Values 170
Table 2.26 Power Flow and Power Factor Summary 174
Table 3.27 Bus Voltages on Different Capacitor Steps 175
Table 3.28 Summary of Results for Transformer Feeder
Voltage Drop with Capacitors 176
Table 3.29 Summary of %Voltage Drop and Terminal
Voltage for MV Motor Feeder Cables without Capacitor 176
Table 3.30 Current Flows and Bus bar Loading at Various
Capacitor Steps with Nominal Tap at TRL3A/B 177
Capacitor Steps with -2.5% tap at TRL3A/B 177
xii
Table 3.32 Transformer Loading at Various Capacitor Steps 178

Table 3.33 Summary Load Flow Results 178
Table 4.1 Summary of Fault Points 181
Table 4.2 Protection Device-Short Circuit Rating
Evaluation Summary 183
Table 4.3 Summary of Momentary Fault Point
Impedances and X/R for Main Buses 192
Table 4.4 Summary of Momentary 3 Phase Fault 193
Table 4.5 Summary of Calculations for Momentary Three
Phase Fault Current and Fault Point Impedance at Motor
Terminals of each MV Motors and Power Factor Capacitor 196
Table 4.6 Three-phase Fault Current for Critical 480V Loads 198
Table 4.7 Summary of Momentary Single Line-to-Ground
Faults 206
Table 4.8 Summary of Single Line-to-Ground Fault
Current Contributions for Main Buses 207
Table 4.9 Thevenin’s Equivalent Impedances for
Fault on MV Loads 209
Table 4.10 Thevenin’s Equivalent Impedances
for Fault on LV Loads 209
Table 4.11 Summary of Momentary Single
Line-to-Ground Fault Current for MV Loads 210
Table 4.12 Summary of Momentary Single Line
to Ground Fault Current for LV Loads 210
Table 4.13 Summary of Calculation for
Momentary Single Line-to-Ground Fault Current
Contributions on Fault Current on MV Loads 211
Table 4.14 Summary of Momentary Line-to-Line Faults 219
Table 4.15 Summary of Momentary Line-to-Line Fault
Current Contributions for Main Buses 219
Table 4.16 Calculated Results for Momentary Line-to-Line
Fault for MV Loads 220
xiii
Table 4.17 Calculated Results for Momentary

Line-to-Line Fault for LV Loads 220
Table 4.18 Summary of Momentary Double
Line-to-Ground Faults for Phase B 229
Line-to-Ground Faults for Phase C 230
Line-to-Ground Faults for Neutral Short Circuit Current 231
Line-to-Ground Faults Current Contribution for Phase B 231
Line-to-Ground Faults Current Contribution for Phase C 232
Line-to-Ground Faults Current Contribution for Neutral 232
Table 4.24 Summary of Per-Unit Sequence Fault Current for
Momentary Double Line-to-Ground Fault on MV Loads 233
Table 4.25 Summary of Per-Unit Sequence Fault Current for
Momentary Double Line-to-Ground Fault on LV Loads 233
Table 4.26 Summary of Momentary Double Line-to-Ground
Fault Current on MV Loads 234
Line-to-Ground Fault Current on LV Loads 234
Table 4.28 Summary of Interrupting Three-phase
Short Circuit Currents and X/R ratio 242
Table 4.29 Summary of Interrupting Single
Line-to-Ground Faults 247
Table 4.30 Summary of Interrupting Line-to-Line Faults 251
Table 4.31 Summary of Interrupting Double
Line-to-Ground Faults 255
Table 4.32 Summary of Interrupting Short Circuit
Calculations 256
xiv
Table 4.33 Summary of Adjusted Interrupting Short

Circuit Currents 261
Table 4.34 Summary of Short Circuit Calculation 262
Table 4.35 Momentary Rating Evaluation Summary
for Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers 272
Table 4.36 Interrupting Rating Evaluation Summary
for Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers 273
Table 4.37 Making Rating Evaluation Summary
for Medium Low-Voltage Air Circuit Breakers 275
Table 4.38 Breaking Rating Evaluation Summary
for Medium Low-Voltage Air Circuit Breakers 275
for Medium Molded Case Circuit Breakers of MCC8 276
for Medium Molded Case Circuit Breakers of MCC9 278
Table 4.41 Circuit Breaker Continuous Current Rating
Evaluation for Transformers 280
Evaluation for Medium-Voltage Loads 280
Table 5.1 Thermal and Mechanical Damage Curve
for TRM1 284
Table 5.2 Thermal and Mechanical Damage Curve
for TRL3A/3B TCC 285
Table 5.3 Magnetizing Inrush Point for TRM1 285
Table 5.4 Magnetizing Inrush Point for TRL3A/B 285
Table 5.5 Short Circuit Damage Curve for
TL1 (5x630mm2 XLPE) 286
Table 5.6 Short Circuit Damage Curve for TL2/TL3
(1x185mm2 XLPE) 286
Table 5.7 Starting Curve for KM5806 287
Table 5.8 Starting Curve for YM7601 287
xv

Table 5.11 Running Overload Curve for KM5806 289
Table 5.12 Starting Overload Curve for KM5806 290
Table 5.13 Running Overload Curve for YM7601 290
Table 5.14 Starting Overload Curve for YM7601 290
Table 5.19 Short Circuit Damage Curve for Branch Circuit
Cables of Various Load 293
Table 5.20 Summary of Phase and Ground Protection
Calculation for MV Loads 298
Table 5.21 Summary of Phase and Ground Fault
Protection Settings for Power Transformers 320
Table 5.22 MCC8 480V LOADS Protection Settings
and Equipment Grounding Conductor Summary 321
Table 5.23 MCC9 480V LOADS Protection Settings
and Equipment Grounding Conductor Summary 322
Table 5.24 Summary of Calculation for Minimum
Cable Ampacity for Medium-Voltage Cable 341
Table 5.25 Summary of Equipment Grounding
Conductor Sizing for MV Loads 342
Table 5.26 Summary of Equipment Grounding
Conductor Sizing for MV Loads 343
Table 5.27 Calculation and Evaluation for Transformer Feeder
Cables 344
Table 5.28 Calculation and Evaluation for MV Cables 344
Table 5.29 Calculation and Evaluation for LV Cables for MCC8 345
Table 5.30 Calculation and Evaluation for LV Cables for MCC9 346
Table 5.31 Ampacity Table for Low-Voltage Cables
(Source: Fujikura Federal Cables Snd. Bhd) 347
xvi
Table 5.32 Ampacity Table for Medium-Voltage Cables

(Source: Fujikura Federal Cables Snd. Bhd) 348
Table 6.1 Motor Torque Data 351
Table 6.2 Bus Voltage Calculation Results for
KM5806 Starting 352
Table 6.3 Total Complex Power Requirement
for Starting KM5806 353
Table 6.4 Large Motor Starting Data (Lock Rotor kVA) 355
Table 6.5 Large Motor Starting Data (Lock Rotor Current) 355
Table 6.6 Bus Voltage Calculation Results for DOL
Starting of YM7601 356
Table 6.7 Simulation for Determining the RVS Tap 357
for Starting YM7601 without Auto Transformer 358
for Starting YM7601 with Auto Transformer 359
Table 6.10 Bus Voltage Calculation Results
for Starting of KM8639 359
Table 6.12 Bus Voltage Calculation Results for
Starting of KM8601 361
for Starting of VM5814 362
for Starting VM5814 363
for Starting of SM8645 364
for Starting SM8645 364
xvii
Table 6.18 Summary of Starting Torque Evaluation 365

Table 7.1 Arc-Flash Hazard Level (IEEE-1584:2004) 370
Table 7.2 Calculated Results for Normalized
Incident Energy 374
Table 7.3 Calculated Results for Incident Energy
at 100% Arcing Fault Current Level 374
Table 7.4 Calculated Results for Incident Energy
at 85% Arcing Fault Current Level 374
Table 7.5 Calculated Results for Arc-Flash
Boundary (AFB) for Medium-Voltage Loads 375
Table 7.6 Approach Boundaries to Energized Electrical
Conductors or Circuit Parts for shock Protection for AC
System (NFPA 70E, table 130.4(C)(a)) 376
Table 7.7 Calculated Results for Normalized Incident Energy 385
Table 7.8 Calculated Results of Incident Energy at
100% Arcing Fault Current Level for Low-voltages Loads 385
Table 7.9 Calculated Results of Incident Energy at 85%
Arcing Fault Current Level for Low-Voltages Loads 386
Table 7.10 Calculated Results of Arc-Flash
Boundary (AFB) for Medium-Voltage Loads 386
Table 8.1 Electrical Specification for G9900 Fire Water Pump 393
Table 8.2 Power Plant Power Interruption Record (from Jan
2013 up to May 2017) 394
Table 8.3 Typical Reactance and X/R ratio for Wye-Grounded
Synchronous Generator 401
Table 8.4 Transformer Specification (TR-FP) 401
Table 8.5 Fire Pump Controller Specification (FPC) 402
Table 8.6 Standby Generator Circuit Breaker Specification 403
Table 8.7 Cable Specification Sheet for LION Cable 406
Table 8.8 Cable Schedule 407
Table 8.9 Power Transfer Switch Specification (FR-ATS) 407
Table 8.10 Summary of Fault Calculation Results 424
xviii
Table 8.11 Summary of Equipment Grounding Conductor Size 427

Table 8.12 Minimum Size of EGC (PEC I table 2.50.6.13) 428
Table 8.13 Summary of Arc-Flash Normalized Incident Energies 428
Table 8.14 Summary of Arc-Flash Incident Energies and Hazard
Level 429
Table 8.15 Summary of Arc-Flash Protection boundary 429
Table 8.16 Grounding Calculation Parameters 431
Table 8.17 Grounding Grid Conductor Parameter 433
Table 8.18 Bill of Materials 435
xix
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1.1 JGSPG (Top), PE expansion substation switchgears

(Bottom with the author in front of MV switchgear) 2
Figure 1.2 System single line diagram 3
Figure 2.1 Positive sequence impedance network
of TRM1 13
Figure 2.2 Negative sequence impedance network
of TRM1 13
Figure 2.3 Zero sequence impedance network of TRM1 14
Figure 2.4 Positive sequence impedance network
of TRL3A/3B 16
Figure 2.5 Negative sequence impedance network
of TRL3A/3B 16
Figure 2.6 Zero sequence impedance network of
TRL3A/3B 16
Figure 2.7 Positive and negative sequence impedance
network of PE-KM5806 20
Figure 2.8 Zero Sequence impedance network of
PE-KM5806 20
network of PE-YM7601 22
Figure 2.10 Zero Sequence impedance network of
PE-YM7601 22
PE-KM8639 23
xx
PE-KM8601 25
Figure 2.15 Positive/negative sequence impedance
network of PE-GM1412 30
PE-GM1412 30
Figure 2.17 Typical impedance network 76
Figure 2.18 Momentary impedance of medium-voltage
motors and motor cables 83
Figure 2.19 Equivalent circuit of medium-voltage
motors and motor cables for momentary networks 83
Figure 2.20 Thevenin’s equivalent circuit of medium-voltage
motors and motor cables for momentary networks 84
Figure 2.21 Equivalent network of medium-voltage
motors for momentary positive and negative sequence 84
Figure 2.22 Momentary impedance of low-voltage
motors and motor cables of MCC8 85
Figure 2.23 Equivalent circuit of low-voltage motors
and motor cables of MCC8 for momentary networks 85
Figure 2.24 Thevenin’s equivalent circuit of low-voltage motors
and motor cables of MCC8 for momentary networks 86
Figure 2.25 Equivalent network of low-voltage motors
of MCC8 for momentary positive and negative sequence 86
Figure 2.26 Momentary impedance of low-voltage
Figure 2.27 Momentary equivalent circuit of low-voltage
and motor cables of MCC9 for momentary network 88
of MCC9 for Momentary positive and negative sequence 88
Figure 2.30 Momentary positive sequence network 90
Figure 2.31 Momentary negative sequence network 91
xxi
Figure 2.32 Momentary zero sequence network 92

Figure 2.33 Interrupting impedance of medium
voltage motors and motor cables 96
motors and motor cables 96
Motors and Motor cables for interrupting network 97
Figure 2.36 Equivalent network of medium-voltage
Motors for Interrupting positive and negative sequence 97
Figure 2.37 Interrupting impedance of low-voltage
and motor cables of MCC8 for interrupting networks 98
of MCC8 for interrupting positive and negative
sequence 99
Figure 2.41 Interrupting impedance of low
voltage motors and motor cables of MCC9 100
Figure 2.42 Interrupting equivalent circuit of
low-voltage motors and motor cables of MCC9 100
of MCC9 for momentary positive and negative sequence 101
Figure 2.45 Interrupting positive sequence network 103
Figure 2.46 Interrupting negative sequence network 104
Figure 2.47 Interrupting zero sequence network 105
Figure 2.48 System admittance diagram 106
Figure 3.1 Current flow to a bus 108
Figure 3.2 Current flow through a load element 108
xxii
Figure 3.3 Current flow through an admittance

element (left), Current flow through admittance
with tap changing transformer (right) 109
Figure 3.4 Voltage calculation/iteration via excel sheet 110
Figure 3.5 Microsoft Excel complex quantity
calculation add-ins 110
Figure 3.6 Load flow case study process flow chart 111
Figure 3.7 Admittance network for Case 1 113
Figure 3.8 Admittance network with power and
current flows 127
Figure 3.9 Admittance network for Case 2 159
Figure 4.1 Single Line Diagram Fault Location 180
Figure 4.2 Three-phase bolted fault 185
Figure 4.3 Momentary positive sequence impedance
with fault at bus 1 186
Figure 4.4 Momentary positive sequence Thevenin’s
Equivalent impedance calculation diagram 187
Equivalent Circuit at fault point F1 188
Figure 4.6 Momentary positive sequence resistance
with fault at Bus 1 188
Equivalent resistance with fault at Bus 1 189
Figure 4.8 Momentary positive sequence reactance
with fault at Bus 1 189
Equivalent reactance with fault at Bus 1 190
Figure 4.10 Simplification of equivalent
impedance at terminals of KM5806(F8) 194
Figure 4.11 Simplification to Thevenin’s Equivalent
impedance at terminals of KM5806 (F8) 195
xxiii
Figure 4.12 Simplification to Thevenins Equivalent

impedance at terminals of GM1412 (F12) 197
Figure 4.13 Illustration of bolted single
line-to-ground fault 200
Figure 4.14 Momentary positive sequence
impedance for fault point 1 201
Figure 4.15 Momentary negative sequence
Figure 4.16 Momentary zero sequence impedance
diagram 202
Figure 4.17 Momentary zero sequence impedance
for fault point 1 202
Figure 4.18 Momentary equivalent impedance
networks for fault point 1 203
Figure 4.19 Simplified MV load zero sequence
impedance network 208
Figure 4.20 Illustration of bolted line-to-line fault 213
Figure 4.21 Equivalent sequence impedance
network for line-to-line fault 214
Figure 4.22 momentary positive sequence impedance
Figure 4.23 Momentary negative sequence impedance
Figure 4.25 Illustration of bolted double
Line-to -ground fault 221
Figure 4.26 Interconnected sequence networks
for double line-to-ground fault 222
for double line-to-ground fault at F1 224
xxiv
Figure 4.28 Interrupting positive sequence

impedance with fault at Bus 1 237
Figure 4.29 Interrupting positive sequence impedance
Thevenin’s Equivalent calculation diagram 238
Figure 4.30 Interrupting positive sequence Thevenin’s
Equivalent Circuit at fault point F1 239
resistance with fault at Bus 1 239
Figure 4.32 Equivalent interrupting positive sequence
resistance with fault at Bus 1 240
reactance with fault at Bus 1 240
Figure 4.34 Equivalent momentary positive sequence
reactance with fault at Bus 1 241
Figure 4.36 Interrupting negative sequence
Figure 4.37 Interrupting zero sequence
impedance diagram 244
Figure 4.38 Interrupting zero sequence
Figure 4.39 Interrupting equivalent impedance
networks for fault point 1 245
Figure 4.41 Interrupting negative sequence
for double line-to-ground fault at F1 252
xxv
Figure 4.44 Single Line-to-ground fault multiplying

factors that includes effects of AC and DC decrement
as applied to F2 257
Figure 4.45 Line-to-ground fault multiplying factors
that includes effects of AC and DC decrement as
applied to F2 258
Figure 4.46 Single Line-to-ground fault multiplying
factors that includes effects of AC and DC decrement
as applied to F3 259
Figure 4.47 Specification for medium-voltage
circuit breaker 270
Figure 4.48 Specifications for medium-voltage
circuit breaker 271
Figure 4.49 Specification for low-voltage
air circuit breaker 274
Figure 4.50 Specification for molded case circuit
breaker 276
Figure 5.1 Protection setting values for VM5814 300
Figure 5.2 Protection setting values for SM8645 302
Figure 5.3 Protection setting values for YM7607 304
Figure 5.4 Time-current curve for phase protection
of KM5806 323
of YM7601 324
of KM8639 325
of KM8601 326
of PC001 327
xxvi

of VM5814 328
of MNDB 329
of TRL3A 330
of SM8645 331
of TRL3B 332
of TRM1 333
Figure 5.15 Time-current curve for ground protection
of TRL3A and MCC8 334
of TRL3B and MCC9 335
of TRM1 and 6.9kV Switchgear 336
Figure 5.18 Single Line Diagram for Protection (1/3) 337
Figure 6.1 Combined motor and load torque-speed
curve for KM5806 355
Figure 7.1 Arc-Flash location diagram for
medium-voltage system 370
Figure 7.2 52TRM1P (BAC901 Panel) Arc-flash
and Shock Hazard Label 376
Figure 7.3 52TRM1S (6.9kV Incoming Panel)
Arc-flash and Shock Hazard Label 377
Figure 7.4 6.9kV Switchgear-KM5806 Arc-flash
xxvii
Figure 7.5 6.9kV Switchgear-YM7601 Arc-flash

Figure 7.8 6.9kV Switchgear-TRL3A Feeder
Figure 7.9 6.9kV Switchgear-TRL3B Feeder
Figure 7.10 6.9kV Switchgear-PC001 Feeder Arc-flash
Figure 7.11 PC001 Panel Arc-flash and
Shock Hazard Label 380
Figure 7.12 Arc-Flash location diagram for low-voltage
system MCC8 381
Figure 7.13 Arc-flash location diagram for low-voltage
system MCC9 382
Figure 7.14 MCC8 480V Incoming Arc-flash Label 387
Figure 7.15 MCC8 Switchgear Arc-flash Label 387
Figure 7.16 MNDB/EMDB Arc-flash Label 388
Figure 7.17 MCC9 480V Incoming Arc-flash Label 388
Figure 7.18 MCC9 Switchgear Arc-flash Label 389
Figure 7.19 YM7607 Arc-flash Label
Figure 7.20 Sample arc-resistance clothing with
40cal/cm2 rating 390
Figure 7.21 Sample arc-flash face shield and protective
jacket with 8cal/cm2 rating for Hazard Category 1 390
Figure 8.1 P&ID of Fire Water System of JGSPC 392
Figure 8.2 G9900 Fire Pump 392
Figure 8.3 Existing Fire Pump Controller Panel 393
Figure 8.4 Cable Tray Layout 397
xxviii
Figure 8.5 Simple Single Line Drawing for Fire pump 398
Figure 8.6 Single Line Drawing 399
Figure 8.7 Cable Specification Sheet 406
Figure 8.8 Impedance for Normal Power Voltage Drop 411
Figure 8.9 Impedance for Backup Power Voltage Drop 412
Figure 8.10 Positive Sequence Diagram for Normal
Power Mode 414
Figure 8.11 Negative (left) and Zero (right)
Sequence Diagram for Normal Power Mode 414
Figure 8.12 Positive Sequence Diagram for Backup
Power Mode 419
Figure 8.13 Negative (left) and Zero (right) Sequence
Diagram for Backup power Mode 419
Figure 8.14 Decrement Factor Curve for Three-Phase Fault 420
Figure 8.15 Fault Currents for Normal mode
(right) and Backup power mode (left) 421
Figure 8.16 Time-Current Curve for Normal Power
Source of Fire Pump 422
Figure 8.17 Time-Current Curve for Backup Power
Source of Fire Pump 423
Figure 8.18 Arc-Flash Label for 52FP Power Plant
Circuit Breaker Panel 429
Figure 8.19 Arc-Flash Label for Transfer Switch Panel
and Fire Pump Controller 430
Figure 8.20 Arc-Flash Label for Backup Generator
Panel and Fire Pump Controller 430
Figure 8.21 Grounding Grid Design 434
Figure 8.22 Switchgear Room Design 437
Figure 8.23 Riser Diagram 438
Figure 8.24 Proposed Cable Route 439
xxix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This technical report is about power system analysis of one

of JG Summit Petrochemical Group’s newly expanded plant. The
analysis covers system modeling, load flow analysis, voltage drop
calculation, large motor starting analysis, short-circuit analysis,
protective device coordination study, arc-flash study and fire pump
evaluation. Microsoft Excel was used to perform all the calculations
in this study.
The result of load flow analysis shows that the 6.9kV bus
voltage level is acceptable under normal loading condition. On the
other hand, the voltages for both MCC8 and MCC9 480V are below
permissible value. At present, it is recommended to adjust the tap
settings for both TRL3A and TRL3B to tap 4. In the future, it is
recommended to install a 600kVAR, 6 steps automatic power factor
correction capacitors to MCC8 and MCC9 to improve the voltage
regulation. The capacitors will also improve TRL3A and TRL3B loading
to about 29.8% and 26.3% respectively representing a reduction on
transformer loss. There are seven (7) loads that have running voltage
drop which are below acceptable value and it is recommended to
increase the cross-sectional area of the conductors used. Running
voltage drop for all other loads show satisfactory results. The
transformer loading, bus bar loading and power factor evaluation
show satisfactory results as well.
The motor starting impact study shows that YM7601 starting
will cause all the bus voltages to drop below permissible value. It is
recommended to install a Reduced-Voltage-Starter auto-transformer
with 80% tap to improve the bus voltages during YM7601 starting.
All other large motor loads have no significant impact on the bus
voltages during starting. The starting voltage drop of VM5814 is
below the acceptable value and it is recommended to install another
set of 150mm2 branch circuit cable to improve the starting voltage
xxx
drop. All other large motor loads have acceptable starting voltage
drop.
Circuit breaker duty evaluation for both medium-voltage and
low-voltage circuit breakers show satisfactory results. Short circuit
rating evaluation on all cables and equipment grounding conductor
size evaluation show satisfactory results as well. Continuous current
ratings of all low-voltage circuit breakers are acceptable. However,
the continuous current rating of primary circuit breaker for TRM1 is
marginally sized and is recommended for replacement to allow
52MVA ONAF operation. Protection settings and coordination of all
protection devices are correct and therefore all equipment including
transformers, switchgears, cables and motors are adequately
protected against short-circuit and overload condition. The cable used
for YM7601 is undersized and another set of cables of the same size
as the original must be added to satisfy the ampacity requirement.
Ampacities of all other medium-voltage cables and low-voltage cables
are acceptable. The short circuit ratings of medium-voltage cables
are acceptable as well.
The arc-flash study shows a maximum hazard level 4 with no
hazard level above that and it is recommended to purchase a
40cal/cm2 arc-flash suit to be used on panels with hazard level 3 and
4 rating while 8cal/cm2 of jackets, pants and face shields for panel
with hazard level 1 and 2 rating. The calculated values of incident
energies and arc-flash boundaries should be printed and posted on
each corresponding panel.
On fire pump evaluation, it is found that the electric fire
pump normal power source is not reliable and it is recommended to
connect directly to the power plant bus, re-route the branch circuit
cable and to provide a backup power source to the fire pump. The
estimated cost of this proposed modification is about 54 million
pesos.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Overview
JG Summit Petrochemicals Group (JGSPG) consists of JG

Summit Petrochemical Corporation (JGSPC) and JG Summit Olefins
Corporation (JGSOC) which are both wholly owned subsidiaries of
JG Summit Holdings, Incorporated (JGSHI). JGSPG has a 250-
hectare fully integrated, world-class, PEZA-accredited
manufacturing complex in Barangay Simlong, Batangas City, 120
km south of Manila.
JG Summit Petrochemical Corporation has three (3)
polymer plants namely Polyethylene 1, Polyethylene 2 and
Polypropylene which are currently producing a combined capacity of
510 kTA of resins per year. The raw materials for these polymer
plants come from the JG Summit Olefins plant.
Power to the entire petrochemical complex is coming from
its own 74MW Diesel power plant located inside the complex
From 2011 to 2014, PE plants undergo a major de-
bottlenecking project (PE Expansion Project) to increase the
capacity from 200kTA to 320kTA. The Basic Engineering was
handled by JGSPC’s Project Engineering group which the author was
part of the team and with its technology vendor from US while
Detailed Engineering, Project and Construction Management was
handled by Toyo-Thai Engineering PTE LTD of Thailand.
Part of the PE Expansion project was the extension of the
existing substation to cater the additional load requirement such as
motors, lightings, instrument and control systems and process
heaters. These additional loads have a combined total capacity
requirement of about 33.3MVA which the existing substation cannot
cater.
Chapter 1-Introduction Page 1

Construction of the said plant was completed last April 2014
while pre-commissioning, commissioning and start-up activities
were completed last June 2014.
MV SWGR LV SWGR(MCC8)
LV SWGR(MCC9)
Figure 1.1 JGSPG (Top), PE-Expansion Substation

Switchgears (Bottom with the Author in front of MV
switchgear)
The extended substation consist of 52MVA 13.8kV/6.9kV

Delta-wye (solidly grounded) transformer, two(2) x 3MVA
6.9kV/480V Delta/wye transformer (solidly grounded), MV 6.9kV
switchgears, four(4) large induction motors, Power factor correction
capacitors, two(2) spare MV feeder intended for future requirement
and 480V switchgears (see Figure 1.2 for Single Line Diagram).

1.2 Project Objectives
This technical report has the following objectives:

1. To determine the per-unit model of impedance networks,
admittance networks and loads from the point of
connection Power Plant Bus (BAC901) up to low-voltage
loads;
2. To evaluate the bus voltages, terminal voltages and
percent (%) voltage drop of each load;
3. To evaluate the transformer and bus bar loading;
4. To evaluate power factor and its effect on the bus voltages,
transformer and bus bar loading;
5. To determine the minimum and maximum fault current at
each fault point and evaluate the short circuit capacity of
circuit breakers;
6. To design and evaluate the time current coordination of
protection for all medium-voltage loads and critical low-
voltage loads;
7. To calculate the minimum size of medium-voltage cables
and evaluate the Equipment Grounding Conductor for all
loads;
8. To determine the impact of large motor starting scenario to
the power system voltage and evaluate each large motor
starting performance;
9. To determine the incident energies, hazard ratings and arc
flash protection boundaries for medium and low-voltage
switchgears from the point of connection, medium-voltage
loads and critical low-voltage loads;
10. To evaluate the existing fire pump installation and
provide recommendation.

1.3 Project Scope and Limitations
This study comprises of Load Modelling, Load Flow Analysis,

Short Circuit Analysis, Protection Coordination, Large Motor Starting
Analysis, Arc-Flash Analysis and Fire Pump Evaluation. As depicted
in Figure 1.2, these analyses are performed from the PE2
Expansion’s power plant connection point at BAC901 13.8kV feeder
up to the 480V loads. Table 1.1 summarizes the coverage of the
study. The equivalent momentary and interrupting fault impedances
at the connection point were already provided by an earlier study of
the original power system before the PE plant expansion and since it
is given at 10MVA base, is not necessary to model it.
Table 1.1 Summary of Study Coverage
Analysis Type Coverage or scope
Load Flow Study From BAC 901 down to all PE2

expansion power system up to 480V
loads
Short Circuit Study Fault point at TRM1 primary and
secondary, 6.9kV bus, 6.9kV loads,
TRL3A/B primary and secondary,
480V bus and critical 480V loads
Device Coordination Study From BAC 901 protection down to
all the protective devices of PE2
power system.
Large Motor Starting Study All motors 100kW and above
Arc-Flash Study Fault point at TRM1 primary and
secondary, 6.9kV bus, 6.9kV loads,
TRL3A/B primary and secondary,
480V bus and critical 480V loads
Fire Pump Fire pump evaluation

Table 1.2 Summary of Sub-Study Area
Analysis Type Sub-Study Area
Power System 1. Impedance model

Model 2. Admittance Model
3. Load Model
Load Flow Study 1. Bus voltage and Load Voltage Calculation
2. Current and Power Flow Calculation
3. Percent (%) Voltage Drop Calculation
4. Power Factor Calculation
5. Voltage Drop Evaluation
6. Transformer and Bus Bar Loading Evaluation
7. Power Flow Evaluation
Short Circuit 1. 3-phase fault at various location (Momentary
Study Symmetrical, Asymmetrical and peak)
2. SLG Fault at various location
3. Line-to-line Fault at various Location
4. Double Line-to-ground fault at various
location
Device 1. TCC coordination of all MV Loads and critical
Coordination LV Loads
Study 2. Medium-voltage cable size evaluation
3. Equipment grounding conductor evaluation
Large Motor 1. Motor Starting Analysis
Starting Study 2. Starting Torque Analysis
Arc-Flash Study 1. Incident Energy and Arc-flash hazard level
Calculation
2. Arc-Flash boundary calculation
Fire Pump 1. Fire pump evaluation and recommendation

CHAPTER 2
POWER SYSTEM MODELS
This chapter derives the PE2 expansion’s per-unit model

necessary for all the power system studies in this technical report.
2.1 Base Values
The per-unit value of any quantity is its ratio to the chosen

base quantity of the same dimensions, expressed as a
dimensionless number [1]. In power system analysis, there are
four (4) base quantities in the per-unit system; base power (MVA),
base voltage (kV), base impedance (Ω), and base current (A). Base
voltages assigned per section are presented in Table 2.1. Base
currents and impedances calculation and summary are presented on
this section. These base values are used in calculating the per-unit
quantities which will be extensively applied throughout this
technical report.
Actual Value
Per Unit 
Base Value Equation (2.1)
ZBASE 
VBASE 2
SBASE Equation (2.2)
SBASE
IBASE 
3 VBASE  Equation (2.3)
Chapter 2-Power System Models Page 7

Table 2.1 Summary of Base Values for Power and Voltage
Section Description Base Base Voltage

Power (kV)
(MVA)
Bus 1 Generator 13.8kV Bus 13.8
TRM1 secondary
Bus 2 6.9
(6.9kV) bus
TRL3A secondary
Bus 3 0.48
(480V) bus 10
TRL3B secondary
Bus 4 0.48
(480V) bus
The calculated values of base impedances and currents,

summarized in Table 2.2 are presented per system voltage level.
Equations (2.2) and (2.3) are used to calculate base impedances
and base currents respectively.
13.8kV system:
ZBASE 
VBASE 2 
13.8x10  3 2
 19.044 
SBASE 10x106
SBASE 10x10   418.369

6
3 13.8x10 
IBASE   A
3 VBASE  3
6.9kV system:
ZBASE 
VBASE 2 
6.9x10  3 2
 4.761 
SBASE 10x106
SBASE 10x10   836.739

6
3 6.9x10 
IBASE   A
3 VBASE  3
0.48kV system:
ZBASE 
VBASE 
2

4802  0.02304 
SBASE 10x106
IBASE 
SBASE

10x10   120 ,028 A
6
3 VBASE  3 480

Table 2.2 Summary of Base Values of Current and Impedance
Base
Base
Section Description Impedance
Current (A)
(Ω)
13.8kV Generator 13.8kV 418.36976 19.04400
System Bus
6.9kV TRM1 secondary 836.73952 4.76100
System (6.9kV) bus
0.48kV TRL3A secondary 12028.13061 0.02304
System (480V) bus
0.48kV TRL3B secondary 12028.13061 0.02304
System (480V) bus
2.2 Connection Point Model
An old study was conducted on the existing system by

Mitsubishi Heavy Industry [2] and the summary of Thevenin’s
equivalent impedances is presented in Table 2.3. Both momentary
and interrupting impedances are provided in the table.
Table 2.3 Summary of Short-circuit Impedance at connection

point at 10MVA base
NETWORK Z1 (pu)/ Z2 (pu) Z0 (pu)

Momentary 0.000639+0.019257 0.000555+ J0.017761
Networks
Interrupting 0.000685+j0.021452 0.000555+ J0.017761
Networks
Since the impedances are given in per-unit quantity at

10MVA base, no further conversion is required.

2.3 Power Transformer Model
2.3.1 Power Transformer Data
There are three (3) power transformers on this system

namely TRM1 which is the main transformer and TRL3A and TRL3B
which serve the low-voltage loads of the plant. Table 2.4 shows the
detailed information for each of the three (3) transformers.
Table 2.4 Transformer Datasheet
ID TRM1 TRL3A TRL3B

Installation Outdoor Outdoor Outdoor
Standard IEC 60076 IEC 60076 IEC 60076
Manufacturer Tirathai Tirathai Tirathai
Model/Type PT 3W PT 3W PT 3W
5200/13800
Serial No. 5512751 5512752 5512753
HV Side Voltage 13.8kV +/- 6.9 kV +/- 6.9 kV +/-
5%, 3ph, 3W 5%, 3ph, 3 5%, 3ph, 3
W W
Frequency 60Hz +/- 3% 60Hz +/- 60Hz +/-
3% 3%
LV Side Voltage 6.9kV +/- 0.48kV +/- 0.48kV +/-
5%,3ph,3W 5%, 3ph, 5%, 3ph,
3W 3W
Circuit Solidly earth Solidly Solidly
System earth earth
grounding
Construction Cooling ONAN/ONAF ONAN ONAN
Type (40/52MVA) (3MVA) (3MVA)
Oil Conservator Conservator Conservator
preservation type type type
Tap Off Load tap Off Load tap Off Load tap
changer changer changer changer
type
Ratings Rated 40/52MVA 3MVA 3MVA
Capacity (ONAN/ONAF) (ONAN) (ONAN)
Duty Continuous Continuous Continuous
Phases 3phase 3phase 3phase
Vector Dyn 11 Dyn 11 Dyn 11
Group
Tap of HV +/- 2 x 2.5%, '+/- 2 x '+/- 2 x
winding NVTC 2.5% 2.5%
Impedance 16% at 7% @ 3MVA 7% @ 3MVA
(Pos Seq) 52MVA

Impedance 13.8% at 7% @ 3MVA 7% @ 3MVA
(Zero Seq) 52MVA
X/R 35.39 6.28 6.28
Tolerance +/-7.5% +/- 10% +/- 10%
Impedance
Rated 65degC 65degC 65degC
Winding
Temp
Rated Top 60degC 60degC 60degC
Oil Temp
Maximum 40degC 40degC 40degC
Design
Temp
Inrush 6420 A 1780 A 1780 A
Current
Source: PECEP (JGSPC) document V-F031-TRAN-01-006
2.3.2 Power Transformer Impedance and Admittance Modelling
Transformer impedances are converted from their

respective impedances based on their MVA rating to 10MVA base
using Equation 2.4.
ZNEW  ZOLD x
VOLD 
2
x
SNEW
Equation (2.4)
VNEW 2 SOLD
In order to express the impedances in complex rectangular

format R+ jX, resistance (R) and reactance (X) can be calculated
from impedance (Z) and X/R ratio using the following equation:
 X
R  Z x cos  tan-1  Equation (2.5)
 R
 X
X  Z x sin  tan-1  Equation (2.6)
 R

Table 2.5 Transformer Impedances based on their MVA base
Z1 Z2 Z0 Z rated at VBASE
ID/Description X/R
(pu) (pu) (pu) (MVA) (kV)
TRM1/Main 0.16 0.16 0.138 52 13.8 35.39
Transformer
TRL3A/ Load A 0.07 0.07 0.07 3 6.9 6.28
TRL3B/ Load B 0.07 0.07 0.07 3 6.9 6.28
Impedances and Admittance for TRM1
➢ For Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance
Using Equation 2.4 and data from Table 2.5, with the
positive and negative sequence impedance of TRM1 on 52MVA at
16% or 0.16p.u, the impedance at 10MVA base is calculated below.
ZNEW  ZOLD x
VOLD 2 S
x NEW
VNEW 2 SOLD
Z1@10MVA  Z1 @ 52MVA x
13.8x10 3 2
x
10x106
13.8x10 3 2 52x106
Z1@10MVA  0.16x
13.8x10  x 10x10   0.03076923 p.u
3 2 6
13.8x10  52x10
3 2 6
Z1  Z2  0.03076923 p.u
Converting the impedance to rectangular format using Equation 2.5

and 2.6:
 X
R  Z x cos  tan-1   0.030769 cos (tan-1 (35.39))  0.000869 p.u
 R
 X
X  Z x sin  tan- 1   0.030769 sin (tan- 1(35.39))  0.030757 p.u
 R

Therefore, the positive and negative sequence impedance of
transformer TRM1 in rectangular format is
Z1  Z2  0.000869  j0.030756 p.u
The equivalent networks are shown in Figures 2.1 and 2.2.
Z1
0.000869086 p.u J0.0307556 p.u
PRI SEC
(DELTA SIDE) (WYE SIDE)
Reference bus
Figure 2.1 Positive Sequence Impedance network of TRM1
Z2
0.000869086 p.u J0.0307556 p.u
PRI SEC
Reference bus
Figure 2.2 Negative Sequence Impedance network of TRM1
➢ For Zero Sequence Impedance
Using Equation 2.4 and data from Table 2.5, with the zero
sequence impedance of TRM1 on 52MVA at 13.8% or 0.138p.u, the
zero sequence impedance is calculated below.
VOLD 2 SNEW
ZNEW  ZOLD
VNEW 2 SOLD
Z0@10MVA  Z0@52MVA
13.8x10 
3 2
10x106
13.8x10 
3 2 52x106

Z0@10MVA  0.138
13.8x10 
3 2
10x106
13.8x10 
3 2 52x106
Z0@10MVA  0.026538 p.u
At 10MVA zero sequence impedance is
Z0  0.026538 p.u
Converting the impedance to rectangular format using

Equation 2.5 and 2.6:
 X
R  Z x cos  tan-1   0.026538 cos (tan-1(35.39))  0.00074959 p.u
 R
 X
X  Z x sin  tan-1   0.026538 sin (tan-1(35.39))  0.026527 p.u
 R
Therefore, the Zero Sequence impedance of transformer

TRM1 at 10MVA base in rectangular format is
Z0  0.000749  j0.026527 p.u
For a Delta-wye transformer with solidly grounded

secondary neutral, the equivalent zero sequence impedance
representation is shown in Figure 2.3.
Zo
0.000749 pu j0.026527 pu
PRI SEC
Reference bus
Figure 2.3 Zero Sequence Impedance network of TRM1

➢ For TRM1 Admittance
1
Y 
Z1
1
Y 
0.000869  j0.030756
YTRM1  0.917938 - j32.488044 p.u
Impedances and Admittances for TRL3A and TRL3B

➢ For Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Impedance
Using Equation 2.4 and data from Table 2.5, with the
positive and negative sequence impedance of TRL3A/B on 3MVA
base at 7% or 0.07p.u, the impedance at 10MVA base is calculated
below.
VOLD 2 SNEW
ZNEW  ZOLD x x
VNEW 2 SOLD
Z1@10MVA Z x
13.8x10  x 10x10
3 2 6
13.8x10  3x10
1 @ 3MVA
3 2 6
Z1@10MVA  0.07
13.8x10  x 10x10 
3 2 6
13.8x10  3x10
3 2 6
Z1@10MVA  0.2333 p.u
Converting the impedance to rectangular format using

Equation 2.5 and 2.6:
 X
 R
 X
X  Z x sin  tan-1   0.2333 sin (tan-1(6.28))  0.230430 p.u
 R

Therefore, the positive, negative and zero sequence
impedance of transformer TRL3A/3B in rectangular format is
Z1  Z2  Z0  0.036692  j0.23043 p.u
The equivalent networks are shown in Figures 2.4, 2.5 and 2.6
Z1
0.036692 pu J 0.23043 pu
PRI SEC
Reference bus
Figure 2.4 Positive Sequence Impedance network of

TRL3A/3B
Z2
0.036692 pu J 0.23043 pu
PRI SEC
Reference bus
Figure 2.5 Negative Sequence Impedance network of

TRL3A/3B
Zo
0.036692 pu J 0.23043 pu
PRI SEC
Reference bus
Figure 2.6 Zero Sequence Impedance network of TRL3A/3B

➢ For TRL3A and TRL3B Admittance
1
Y 
Z1
1
Y 
0.036692  j0.23043
YTRM1  0.673936 - j4.232399 p.u
Table 2.6 Summary of Zero, Positive and negative sequence

impedances of transformers at 10MVA base
ID Z1 (pu) Z2 (pu)
TRM1 0.000869 + j0.030756 0.000869 + j0.030756
TRL3A 0.036692 + j0.23043 0.036692 + j0.23043
TRL3B 0.036692 + j0.23043 0.036692 + j0.23043
ID Z0 (pu) Y (pu)
TRM1 0.000749 + j0.026527 0.917938 - j32.488044
TRL3A 0.036692 + j0.23043 0.673936 - j4.232399
TRL3B 0.036692 + j0.23043 0.673936 - j4.232399
2.4 Motor Model
For motor sub-transient impedance ZM, the per-unit value is

given as:
" ZM
ZM PU 
ZBASE
In order to estimate the motor sub-transient impedance ZM,

IEC 60909-0:2001 Equation 26 [3] is used and the impedance ZM
for induction motor is given as:
" 1 VM "
ZM  x  R M  jXM
ILR 3 IM
IM

Where ILR is the motor locked-rotor current
IM is the motor rated current
VM is the motor rated voltage
Since only the locked-rotor current data of the motors are

available, XM and RM will be approximated using IEC 60909-0:2001
recommendation [3] which is:
RM " "
 0.1 with XM  0.995 ZM for medium-voltage motors power per
"
XM
pair poles > 1MW;
RM " "
 0.15 with X M  0.989 ZM for medium-voltage motors power
"
XM
per pair poles < 1MW; and
RM "
 0.42 with X M  0.922 ZM for low-voltage motors
"
XM
From Equation 2.2, ZBASE
ZBASE 
VBASE 2
SBASE
ZM” pu will be
1 VM
x
ILR 3 IM
2
" IM SBASE  V 
ZM PU   x M 
VBASE  2 3 ILR VM  VBASE 
SBASE
2
" SBASE  V 
ZM PU  x M  Equation (2.7)
3 ILR VM  VBASE 

2.4.1 Medium-voltage Motor Models
Table 2.7 Summary of Medium-voltage Motor Data (6.9kV)
Current No. of Pair

Description kVA ILR/IM
(A) Poles Pole
Vent Recovery 727.17 4.5 60.85 12 0.12

compressor
Motor
Mixer Motor 5806.99 5.5 485.89 6 1.94
Blower Motor 394.74 5.5 33.03 4 0.20
Blower Motor 320.92 5.5 26.85 4 0.16
(Continuation)Table 2.7 Summary of Medium-voltage Motor

Data
Description RM PU/XM XM PU/ZM PU
PU
Vent Recovery compressor Motor 0.150 0.989

Mixer Motor 0.100 0.995
Blower Motor 0.150 0.989
Blower Motor 0.150 0.989
➢ For PE-KM5806 VRS Motor
Using equation 2.7 and data from Table 2.7 to

calculate KM5806 sub-transient impedance:
2
" SBASE  V 
ZM PU  x M 
2
" 10x106  6900 
ZM PU  x 
3 (273.81)(6900)  6900 
"
ZM P U  3.0560 p.u
" XM "
XM pu  x ZM PU;
ZM
"
XM pu  0.989 x 3.0560  3.0224 p.u
RM "
R M PU  x XM pu
XM

R M PU  0.15 x 3.0224  0.4534 p.u
"
ZM P U  0.4534  j3.0224 p.u
The positive and negative sequence impedance of PE-KM5806 VRS

motor is
" "
Z1 PU  Z2 PU  0.4534  j3.0224 p.u
The equivalent positive, negative and zero sequence

impedance are shown in Figures 2.7 and 2.8. Zero sequence
impedance of this motor is presented only for illustration and is not
used in any of the analysis.
Z1"/Z2"
0.4534 pu J 3.0224 pu
Reference bus
Figure 2.7 Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance

network of PE-KM5806
Z0"
N Line
Reference bus
Figure 2.8 Zero Sequence Impedance network of PE-KM5806

(wye-ungrounded)

➢ For YM7601 Mixer Motor
Using equation 2.7 and data from Table 2.7 to calculate

YM7601 sub-transient impedance:
2
" SBASE  V 
2
" SBASE  V 
2
" 10x106  6900 
ZM P U x 
3 (2672.42)(6900)  6900 
"
ZM P U  0.3131 p.u
" XM "
XM pu  x ZM PU
ZM
"
XM pu  0.995 x 0.3131  0.3115 p.u
RM "
R M PU  x XM pu
XM
R M PU  0.10 x 0.3115  0.0312 p.u
"
ZM P U  0.0312  j0.3115 p.u
The positive and negative sequence impedance of PE-YM7601 Mixer

Motor is
Z1 PU  Z2 PU  0.0312  j0.3115 p.u


Z1"/Z2"
0.0312 pu J 0.3115 pu
Reference bus

network of PE-YM7601
Z0"
N Line
Reference bus
Figure 2.10 Zero Sequence Impedance network of PE-

YM7601 (wye-ungrounded)
➢ For KM8639 Blower 1 Motor
Using equation 2.7 and data from Table 2.7 to calculate

KM8639 sub-transient impedance:
2
" SBASE  V 
2
" 10x106  6900 
ZM PU  x 
3 (181.66)(6900)  6900 
"
ZM P U  4.6061 p.u
" XM
XM pu  x ZM P.U
ZM

"
XM pu  0.989 x 4.6061  4.5554 p.u
RM "
R M PU  x XM pu
XM
R M PU  0.150 x 4.5554  0.6833 p.u
"
ZM P U  0.6833  j4.5554 p.u
The positive and negative sequence impedance of PE-KM8639

Blower 1 Motor is
Z1 PU  Z2 PU  0.6833  j4.5554 p.u

Z1"/Z2"
0.6833 pu J 4.5554 pu
Reference bus
Z0"
N Line
Reference bus

KM8639 (wye-ungrounded)

➢ For KM8601 Blower 2 Motor
Using equation 2.7 and data from Table 2.7 to calculate KM8601
sub-transient impedance:
2
" SBASE  V 
2
" 10x106  6900 
ZM P U x 
3 (147.69)(6900)  6900 
"
ZM P U  5.6655 p.u
" XM "
XM pu  x ZM PU
ZM
"
XM pu  0.989 x 5.6655  5.6031 p.u
RM "
R M PU  x XM pu
XM
R M PU  0.150 x 5.6031  0.8405 p.u
"
ZM P U  0.8405  j5.6031 p.u
The positive and negative sequence impedance of PE-KM8601

blower 2 motor is
Z1 PU  Z2 PU  0.8405  j5.6031 p.u

Z1"/Z2"
0.8405 pu J 5.6031 pu
Reference bus


Z0"
N Line
Reference bus

KM8601 (wye-ungrounded)
Table 2.8 Summary of per-unit impedances of medium-

voltage motors at 10MVA base
Equipment
Description Z1 PU Z2 PU
ID
PE-KM5806 Vent Recovery 0.4533+j3.0223 0.4533+j3.0223

compressor Motor
PE-YM7601 Mixer Motor 0.0311+j0.3115 0.0311+j0.3115
PE-KM8639 Blower Motor 0.6833+j4.5553 0.6833+j4.5553
PE-KM8601 Blower Motor 0.8404+j5.6031 0.8404+j5.6031
2.4.2 Low Voltage Motor Models
Table 2.9 Summary of Low Voltage Motor Data of MCC8
Equipment ID Description ILR RM /XM XM /ZM
GM-1412 ICA Charge 247.448 0.420 0.922

Pump
GM-1413 ICA Charge 247.448 0.420 0.922
Pump
PE-YM4078 BMC-200 16.6257 0.420 0.922
Slurry Feed
Tank Agitator
Motor
PE-YM4089 Modifier D 11.3966 0.420 0.922
Feed Tank
Agitator motor

PE-YM4352 Slurry Feed 11.3966 0.420 0.922
Tank Agitator
Motor
PE-GM4356 T3 Residence 5.54979 0.420 0.922
Time pot
Agitator Motor
PE-GM4357 DC Residence 5.54979 0.420 0.922
Time pot
Agitator Motor
PE-SM4360 Cylinder Roller 48.0481 0.420 0.922
motor
PE-SM6825 Additive Lift 147.601 0.420 0.922
motor
PE-SM6828 Drum Dumper 44.0707 0.420 0.922
PE-SM6853 Talc bulk bag 37.5711 0.420 0.922
discharger
motor
PE-KM6831-1 Bag Dump 11.8081 0.420 0.922
station
exhaust fan
motor
PE-KM6832-1 Bag Dump 11.8081 0.420 0.922
station
exhaust fan
motor
PE-YCM6832 Bag Compactor 16.1019 0.420 0.922
motor
PE-KM6833-1 Bag Dump 11.8081 0.420 0.922
station
exhaust fan
motor
PE-KM6834-1 Bag Dump 11.8081 0.420 0.922
station
exhaust fan
motor
PE-KM6835-1 Bag Dump 11.8081 0.420 0.922
station
exhaust fan
motor
motor
PE-YM6851 Talc surge bin 3.97181 0.420 0.922
filter motor
PE-GM-5814-1 Vent Recovery 11.8081 0.420 0.922
Ref
Compressor Oil

Pump
PE-GM5821 Glycol pump 203.544 0.420 0.922
motor
PE-GM5812 Low pressure 67.628 0.420 0.922
condensate
return pump
PE-GM5815 High pressure 266.563 0.420 0.922
condensate
return pump
PE-GM5825 Interstage 276.407 0.420 0.922
condensate
return pump
PE-VM5814 Vent Recovery 1484.84 0.420 0.922
Ref
Compressor
Motor
PE-GM5806A-2 Main Cooling 42.9384 0.420 0.922
Pump motor
PE-GM5806B2 Aux Cooling 42.9384 0.420 0.922
pump motor
PE-GM5806BD-2 Lube oil pump 24.7465 0.420 0.922
motor
GM8102 Hexene-1 80.5096 0.420 0.922
unloading
pump
GM8103A Hexene-1 feed 319.438 0.420 0.922
pump
GM8103S Hexene-1 feed 319.438 0.420 0.922
pump
Table 2.10 Summary of Low Voltage Motor Data of MCC9
Equipment
Description ILR RM /XM XM /ZM
ID
PE-7601M1 Barring unit motor 456.163 0.420 0.922

PE-YM7610 Pellet dryer motor 182.64 0.420 0.922
PE-GM7612 Pelleting water pump 638.531 0.420 0.922
motor
PE- Lube oil pump motor 221.248 0.420 0.922
7601VG1M
7601VG2M
PE- Lube oil return pump 54.0537 0.420 0.922
7604G1M-A motor
PE- Lube oil return pump 54.0537 0.420 0.922
7604G1M-B motor
7604K1M Cooling fan for PE- 46.3377 0.420 0.922
YM7604
PE- Hydraulic oil pump 99.5536 0.420 0.922
7601G1M motor
PE- hydraulic oil pump 182.64 0.420 0.922
7605G1M motor for S/C
PE-KM7615 Pellet dryer exhaust 73.1219 0.420 0.922
fan dryer
PE-Y7730 Pellet screener 129.087 0.420 0.922
PE-Y7733 Pellet Mass flowmeter 40.7915 0.420 0.922
motor
PE- Hot oil pump 161.019 0.420 0.922
7604G3M
PE- Hot oil pump 161.019 0.420 0.922
7604G4M
7601VG3M for mixer motor
7601VG4M for mixer motor
PE-KM7604 Meltpump purge air 212.903 0.420 0.922
fan
PE-SM7714 Pellet rotary feeder 16.1019 0.420 0.922
SM8605 Elutriator rotary 23.6161 0.420 0.922
feeder motor
SM8606 Elutriator Filter rotary 4.29384 0.420 0.922
feeder motor
KM8607 Wash Air fan motor 415.269 0.420 0.922
SM8610 Aim grade bin rotary 23.6161 0.420 0.922
feeder
SM8614A Transition bin rotary 23.6161 0.420 0.922
feeder motor
SM8641 Aim grade bin rotary 23.6161 0.420 0.922
feeder
SM8645 Pellet Blending 1562.29 0.420 0.922
blower motor
PE-SM5611 Product purge bin 118.081 0.420 0.922
rotary feeder motor
PE- Lube oil fan motor 4.07915 0.420 0.922
YM5611C
PE-YM5612 Particle screener 26.8365 0.420 0.922
motor
PE-Y5160 Product purge bin 95.6454 0.420 0.922
filter

PE-Y5619 Low product purge 95.6454 0.420 0.922
bin filter
PE-Y5951 Seed bed resin 31.0403 0.420 0.922
storage bin filter no 1
storage bin filter no 2
PE-SM5962 Seed bed rotary 38.3214 0.420 0.922
feeder motor
➢ For GM-1412 ICA Charge Pump Motor
2
" SBASE  V 
2
" 10x106  480 
ZM P U x 
3 (247.448)(480)  480 
"
ZM P U  48.6087 p.u
" XM "
XM pu  x ZM PU
ZM
"
XM pu  0.922 x 48.6087  44.8172 p.u
RM "
R M PU  x XM pu
XM
R M PU  0.420 x 44.8172  18.8232 p.u
"
ZM P U  18.8232  j44.8172 p.u
The positive and negative sequence impedance of GM-1412 ICA

charge Pump Motor is
Z1 PU  Z2 PU  18.8232  j44.8172 p.u

impedance are shown in Figures 2.15 and 2.16.

Z1" / Z2"
18.8232 pu J 44.8172 pu
Reference bus
Figure 2.15 Positive/Negative Sequence Impedance network

of PE-GM1412
Z0"
Line
Reference bus

GM1412 (Delta)
The same calculation procedure is repeated for the rest of

the low voltage motors and the results are summarized in Table
2.11 and 2.12 below.
Table 2.11 Summary of Calculation for Positive and Negative

Sequence Impedance of MCC8 Motor Load at 10MVA base
ICA Charge 18.8232+j44.8172 18.8232+j44.8172

Pump
ICA Charge 18.8232+j44.8172 18.8232+j44.8172
Pump
BMC-200 280.1555+j667.0369 280.1555+j667.0369
Slurry Feed
Tank Agitator
Motor

Modifier D 408.6992+j973.0935 408.6992+j973.0935
Feed Tank
Agitator motor
Slurry Feed 408.6992+j973.0935 408.6992+j973.0935
Tank Agitator
Motor
T3 Residence 839.2696+j1998.2611 839.2696+j1998.2611
Time pot
Agitator Motor
DC Residence 839.2696+j1998.2611 839.2696+j1998.2611
Time pot
Agitator Motor
Cylinder Roller 96.9397+j230.8089 96.9397+j230.8089
motor
Additive Lift 31.5565+j75.1346 31.5565+j75.1346
motor
Drum Dumper 105.6886+j251.6395 105.6886+j251.6395
motor
Talc bulk bag 123.9721+j295.1717 123.9721+j295.1717
discharger
motor
Bag Dump 394.4567+j939.1827 394.4567+j939.1827
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump 394.4567+j939.1827 394.4567+j939.1827
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag 289.2682+j688.734 289.2682+j688.734
Compactor
motor
Bag Dump 394.4567+j939.1827 394.4567+j939.1827
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump 394.4567+j939.1827 394.4567+j939.1827
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag Dump 394.4567+j939.1827 394.4567+j939.1827
station
exhaust fan
motor
Bag 289.2682+j688.734 289.2682+j688.734
Compactor

motor
Talc surge bin 1172.7092+j2792.1648 1172.7092+j2792.1648
filter motor
Vent Recovery 394.4567+j939.1827 394.4567+j939.1827
Ref
Compressor
Oil Pump
Glycol pump 22.8833+j54.4841 22.8833+j54.4841
motor
Low pressure 68.8734+j163.9842 68.8734+j163.9842
condensate
return pump
High pressure 17.4734+j41.6034 17.4734+j41.6034
condensate
return pump
Interstage 16.8511+j40.1217 16.8511+j40.1217
condensate
return pump
Vent Recovery 3.1368+j7.4687 3.1368+j7.4687
Ref
Compressor
Motor
Main Cooling 108.4756+j258.2752 108.4756+j258.2752
Pump motor
Aux Cooling 108.4756+j258.2752 108.4756+j258.2752
pump motor
Lube oil pump 188.2191+j448.1408 188.2191+j448.1408
motor
Hexene-1 57.8536+j137.7468 57.8536+j137.7468
unloading
pump
Hexene-1 feed 14.5811+j34.717 14.5811+j34.717
pump
Hexene-1 feed 14.5811+j34.717 14.5811+j34.717
pump
Table 2.12 Summary of Calculation for Positive and Negative

Sequence Impedance of MCC9 Motor Load at 10MVA base
Barring unit motor 10.2107+j24.3113 10.2107+j24.3113

Pellet dryer motor 25.5025+j60.7202 25.5025+j60.7202
Pelleting water pump 7.2945+j17.3678 7.2945+j17.3678
motor
Lube oil pump motor 21.0523+j50.1245 21.0523+j50.1245
Lube oil return pump 86.1693+j205.165 86.1693+j205.165
motor
Lube oil return pump 86.1693+j205.165 86.1693+j205.165
motor
Cooling fan for PE- 100.5179+j239.3284 100.5179+j239.3284
YM7604
Hydraulic oil pump 46.7865+j111.3965 46.7865+j111.3965
motor
hydraulic oil pump 25.5025+j60.7202 25.5025+j60.7202
motor for S/C
Pellet dryer exhaust 63.6987+j151.6637 63.6987+j151.6637
fan dryer
Pellet screener 36.0823+j85.9103 36.0823+j85.9103
Pellet Mass flow 114.1848+j271.8686 114.1848+j271.8686
meter motor
Hot oil pump 28.9268+j68.8734 28.9268+j68.8734
Hot oil pump 28.9268+j68.8734 28.9268+j68.8734
for mixer motor
for mixer motor
Melt pump purge air 21.8774+j52.0891 21.8774+j52.0891
fan
Pellet rotary feeder 289.2682+j688.734 289.2682+j688.734
Elutriator rotary 197.2283+j469.5913 197.2283+j469.5913
feeder motor
Elutriator Filter 1084.756+j2582.752 1084.756+j2582.7525
rotary feeder motor 5
Wash Air fan motor 11.2162+j26.7054 11.2162+j26.7054
Aim grade bin rotary 197.2283+j469.5913 197.2283+j469.5913
feeder
Transition bin rotary 197.2283+j469.5913 197.2283+j469.5913
feeder motor
Aim grade bin rotary 197.2283+j469.5913 197.2283+j469.5913
feeder
Pellet Blending 2.9813+j7.0985 2.9813+j7.0985
blower motor
Product purge bin 39.4456+j93.9182 39.4456+j93.9182
rotary feeder motor
Lube oil fan motor 1141.8484+j2718.68 1141.8484+j2718.686
6
Particle screener 173.5609+j413.2404 173.5609+j413.2404
motor

Product purge bin 48.6983+j115.9484 48.6983+j115.9484
filter
Low product purge 48.6983+j115.9484 48.6983+j115.9484
bin filter
Seed bed resin 150.0555+j357.275 150.0555+j357.275
storage bin filter no
1
Seed bed resin 150.0555+j357.275 150.0555+j357.275
storage bin filter no
2
Seed bed rotary 121.5449+j289.3927 121.5449+j289.3927
feeder motor
2.5 Cable Model
The cable impedances are converted to per-unit values

using equation 2.8 and base impedances from Table 2.1.
Z Actual
ZP U 
ZBase Equation (2.8)
R per km  jXper km  x lenght

ZP U 
ZBase
2.5.1 For Medium-voltage Cables
Cable data including zero sequence impedances for

medium-voltage cables are tabulated in Table 2.13 and Table 2.14,
respectively. These data are used to calculate the per-unit
impedances of each cable.
Table 2.13 Cable data for Medium-voltage Cables
Wire Length R1 X1
Eqpt ID Size
Cable Type /Φ (m) (Ω/km) (Ω/km)
(mm2)
TL1 1C- 630 5 115 0.04 0.1138
CV(8.7/15kV),
Cu/XLPE/CTS/A
WA/PVC
TL2 3C-CV 185 1 54 0.128 0.0888
6/10(12)kV

TL3 3C-CV 185 1 60 0.128 0.0888
6/10(12)kV
PE- 3C-CV 185 1 313 0.128 0.1066
KM5806 6/10(12kV)
PE- 1C-CV 240 1 458 0.0986 0.1027
YM7601 6/10(12kV)
PE- 3C-CV 185 1 218 0.128 0.1066
KM8639 6/10(12)kV
PE- 3C-CV 185 1 405 0.128 0.1066
KM8601 6/10(12)kV
Table 2.14 Cable Zero Sequence Impedances for Medium-

voltage Cables
RO XO
Equipment ID
(Ω /km) (Ω/km)
TL1 0.1648 0.0361
TL2 0.6034 0.0287
TL3 0.6034 0.0287
Cable of PE-KM5806 0.6034 0.0287
Cable of PE-YM7601 0.3121 0.0417
Cable of PE-KM8639 0.6034 0.0287
Cable of PE-KM8601 0.6034 0.0287
➢ For TL1 Positive and Negative Sequence Impedance
R per km  jXper km  x length

ZP U 
ZBase x wire/phase
ZP U  0.000048  j0.000137 pu
Z1  Z2  0.000048  j0.000137 pu
ZP U 
0.04  j0.1138 x 115/1000
19.044x5
➢ For TL1 Zero Sequence Impedance

ZP U 
ZBase x wire/phase
ZP U 
0.1648  j0.0361 x 115/1000
19.044x5

ZP U  0.000199  j0.000043 pu
Z0  0.000199  j0.000043 pu
The same calculation procedure is repeated for each of the

positive, negative and zero sequence impedance for rest of the
medium-voltage cables and the results are summarized in Table
2.15.
Table 2.15 Summary of Calculation for Medium-voltage

Cables on Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Impedance
at 10MVA base
Equipment ID Z1 and Z2 (pu) Z0 (pu)
TL1 0.000048 + j0.000137 0.000199 + j0.000043

TL2 0.001451 + j0.001007 0.006843 + j0.000325
TL3 0.001613 + j0.001119 0.007604 + j0.000361
PE-KM5806 0.008415 + j0.007008 0.039669 + j0.001886
PE-YM7601 0.009485 + j0.009879 0.030023 + j0.004011
PE-KM8639 0.00586 + j0.004881 0.027628 + j0.001314
PE-KM8601 0.010888 + j0.009068 0.051328 + j0.002441
PE-YM7604 0.011867 + j0.006559 0 + j0
➢ Cable Positive Sequence Admittance for TL1, TL2 and TL3
TL1
1
YTL1 
Z TL1pos
1
YTL1 
0.000048 + j0.000137
YTL1  2277.796 - j6501.210 p.u

TL2
1
YTL2 
Z TL2pos
1
YTL2 
0.001451 + j0.001007
YTL 2  465.146 - j322.813 p.u
TL3
1
YTL3 
Z TL3pos
1
YTL3 
0.001613 + j0.001119
YTL3  418.533 - j290.352 p.u
Table 2.16 Summary of Admittance Calculation for Medium-

voltage Cables at 10MVA base
ID Y (pu)
TL1 2277.796 - j6501.210
TL2 465.146 - j322.813
TL3 418.533 - j290.352

2.5.2 For Low-Voltage Cables
Cable data for low-voltage cables are tabulated in Tables

2.17 and 2.18. These data are used to calculate the per-unit
impedances of each cable.
Table 2.17 Summary of Cable data for Low Voltage Cables of

MCC8
Size Length R X
Eqpt ID Cable Type
(mm2) (m) (Ω /m) (Ω/m)
GM-1412 3C+PE- 70 374 0.343 0.0886

CV(0.6/1kV)
GM-1413 3C+PE- 70 374 0.343 0.0886
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YM4078 3C+PE- 2.5 302 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YM4089 3C+PE- 2.5 302 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YM4352 3C+PE- 2.5 244 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM4356 3C+PE- 2.5 216 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM4357 3C+PE- 2.5 216 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-SM4360 4C+PE- 6 237 3.93 0.101
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-SM6825 4C+PE- 95 426 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-SM6828 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-SM6853 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-KM6831-1 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-KM6832-1 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YCM6832 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-KM6833-1 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-KM6834-1 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)

PE-KM6835-1 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YCM6835 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YM6851 3C+PE- 2.5 115 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM-5814-1 3C+PE- 2.5 343 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5821 3C+PE- 35 349 0.669 0.0893
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5812 3C+PE- 16 336 1.47 0.092
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5815 3C+PE- 50 336 0.494 0.0882

CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5825 3C+PE- 50 336 0.494 0.0882

CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-VM5814 3C+PE- 150 343 0.16 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5806A-2 3C+PE- 6 326 3.93 0.101
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5806B2 3C+PE- 6 326 0.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-GM5806BD-2 3C+PE- 4 326 5.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
GM8102 3C+PE- 25 444 0.927 0.092
CV(0.6/1kV)
GM8103A 3C+PE- 95 445 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
GM8103S 3C+PE- 95 445 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
Note: all cables are 1 wire per phase
Table 2.18 Summary of Cable Data for Low Voltage Cables of

MCC9
Size Length R(Ω X

Equipment ID Cable Type
(mm2) (m) /m) (Ω/m)
PE-7601M1 3C+PE- 95 445 0.248 0.0852

CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YM7610 3C+PE- 35 422 0.669 0.0893
CV(0.6/1kV)

PE-GM7612 3C+PE- 240 448 0.0998 0.0848
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7601VG1M 3C+PE- 50 445 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7601VG2M 3C+PE- 50 445 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7604G1M-A 3C+PE- 10 444 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7604G1M-B 3C+PE- 10 444 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
7604K1M 3C+PE- 10 444 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7601G1M 3C+PE- 25 444 0.927 0.092
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7605G1M 3C+PE- 50 444 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-KM7615 3C+PE- 16 440 1.47 0.092
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-Y7730 3C+PE- 10 422 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-Y7733 3C+PE- 4 408 5.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7604G3M 3C+PE- 35 422 0.669 0.0893
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7604G4M 3C+PE- 35 422 0.669 0.0893
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7601VG3M 3C+PE- 4 445 5.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-7601VG4M 3C+PE- 4 445 5.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-KM7604 3C+PE- 50 445 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-SM7714 3C+PE- 6 417 0.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
SM8605 3C+PE- 2.5 174 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
SM8606 3C+PE- 2.5 174 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
KM8607 3C+PE- 25 174 0.927 0.092
CV(0.6/1kV)
SM8610 3C+PE- 2.5 174 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
SM8614A 3C+PE- 4 180 5.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)

SM8641 3C+PE- 2.5 167 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
SM8645 3C+PE- 240 212 0.0998 0.0848
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-SM5611 3C+PE- 6 78 0.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YM5611C 3C+PE- 2.5 78 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-YM5612 3C+PE- 6 461 0.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-Y5160 3C+PE- 10 422 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-Y5619 3C+PE- 10 422 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-Y5951 3C+PE- 10 444 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-Y5952 3C+PE- 10 444 2.33 0.0965

CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-SM5962 3C+PE- 10 444 2.33 0.0965

CV(0.6/1kV)

Reactance for Medium-voltage Cables of MCC8
RO XO
Equipment ID
(Ω /km) (Ω/km)
GM-1412 0.7586 0.071
GM-1413 0.7586 0.071
PE-YM4078 13.493 0.0902
PE-YM4089 13.493 0.0902
PE-YM4352 13.493 0.0902
PE-GM4356 13.493 0.0902
PE-GM4357 13.493 0.0902
PE-SM4360 5.8425 0.0778
PE-SM6825 0.5616 0.067

PE-SM6828 13.493 0.0902
PE-SM6853 13.493 0.0902
PE-KM6831-1 13.493 0.0902
PE-KM6832-1 13.493 0.0902
PE-YCM6832 13.493 0.0902
PE-KM6833-1 13.493 0.0902
PE-KM6834-1 13.493 0.0902
PE-KM6835-1 13.493 0.0902
PE-YCM6835 13.493 0.0902
PE-YM6851 13.493 0.0902
PE-GM-5814-1 13.493 0.0902
PE-GM5821 1.4954 0.0732
PE-GM5812 2.3692 0.0737
PE-GM5815 1.0815 0.072
PE-GM5825 1.0815 0.072
PE-VM5814 0.3348 0.0691
PE-GM5806A-2 5.901 0.0808
PE-GM5806B2 5.901 0.0808
PE-GM5806BD-2 8.9393 0.085
GM8102 1.7904 0.0761
GM8103A 0.5739 0.069
GM8103S 0.5739 0.069

Reactance for Medium-voltage Cables of MCC9
RO XO
Equipment ID
(Ω /km) (Ω/km)
PE-7601M1 0.5739 0.069
PE-YM7610 1.4954 0.0732
PE-GM7612 0.2369 0.0685
PE-7601VG1M 1.0815 0.072
PE-7601VG2M 1.0815 0.072
PE-7604G1M-A 3.7375 0.0776
PE-7604G1M-B 3.7375 0.0776
7604K1M 3.7375 0.0776
PE-7601G1M 1.7904 0.0761
PE-7605G1M 1.0815 0.072
PE-KM7615 2.3692 0.0737
PE-Y7730 3.7375 0.0776
PE-Y7733 8.9393 0.085
PE-7604G3M 1.4954 0.0732
PE-7604G4M 1.4954 0.0732
PE-7601VG3M 8.9393 0.085
PE-7601VG4M 8.9393 0.085
PE-KM7604 1.0815 0.072
PE-SM7714 5.901 0.0808
SM8605 13.493 0.0902
SM8606 13.493 0.0902
KM8607 1.7904 0.0761
SM8610 13.493 0.0902
SM8614A 8.9393 0.085
SM8641 13.493 0.0902
SM8645 0.2369 0.0685
PE-SM5611 5.901 0.0808

PE-YM5611C 13.493 0.0902
PE-YM5612 5.901 0.0808
PE-Y5160 3.7375 0.0776
PE-Y5619 3.7375 0.0776
PE-Y5951 3.7375 0.0776
PE-Y5952 3.7375 0.0776
PE-SM5962 3.7375 0.0776
➢ For ICA Charge Pump motor G-1412 Positive and Negative

Sequence Impedance

ZP U 
ZBase x wire/phase
ZP U 
0.343  j0.0886 x 374/1000
0.02304x1
ZP U  5.567795  j1.438211 pu
Z1  Z2  5.567795  j1.438211 pu
➢ For ICA Charge Pump motor G-1412 Zero Sequence

Impedance

ZP U 
ZBase x wire/phase
ZP U 
0.7586  j0.071 x 374/1000
0.02304x1
ZP U  12.314079  j1.152517 pu
Z0  12.314079  j1.152517 pu

the low-voltage cables for positive, negative and zero sequence
impedance and the results are summarized in Tables 2.21 and 2.22.
Table 2.21 Summary of Calculation for Low Voltage Cables of

MCC8 on Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Impedance at
10MVA base
Equipment
Z1/Z2 (pu) Z0 (pu)
ID
GM-1412 5.567795 + j1.438211 12.314079 + j1.152517

GM-1413 5.567795 + j1.438211 12.314079 + j1.152517
PE-YM4078 123.867187 + j1.481163 176.861371 + j1.182309
PE-YM4089 123.867187 + j1.481163 176.861371 + j1.182309
PE-YM4352 100.078125 + j1.196701 142.894618 + j0.955243
PE-GM4356 88.59375 + j1.059375 126.496875 + j0.845625
PE-GM4357 88.59375 + j1.059375 126.496875 + j0.845625
PE-SM4360 40.425781 + j1.038932 60.098632 + j0.800286
PE-SM6825 4.585416 + j1.575312 10.38375 + j1.238802
PE-SM6828 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
PE-SM6853 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
PE-KM6831- 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
1
PE-KM6832- 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
1
PE-YCM6832 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
PE-KM6833- 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
1
PE-KM6834- 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
1
PE-KM6835- 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
1
PE-YCM6835 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
PE-YM6851 47.167968 + j0.564019 67.347873 + j0.450217
PE-GM- 140.683593 + j1.682248 200.872352 + j1.342821
5814-1
PE-GM5821 10.133723 + j1.352677 22.651675 + j1.108802
PE-GM5812 21.4375 + j1.341666 34.550833 + j1.074791
PE-GM5815 7.204166 + j1.28625 15.771875 + j1.05

PE-GM5825 7.204166 + j1.28625 15.771875 + j1.05
PE-VM5814 2.381944 + j1.268385 4.984218 + j1.028702
PE- 55.60677 + j1.429079 83.495052 + j1.143263
GM5806A-2
PE- 12.451388 + j1.499826 83.495052 + j1.143263
GM5806B2
PE- 83.197916 + j1.499826 126.484887 + j1.20269
GM5806BD-
2
GM8102 17.864062 + j1.772916 34.5025 + j1.46651
GM8103A 4.78993 + j1.645572 11.08444 + j1.332682
GM8103S 4.78993 + j1.645572 11.08444 + j1.332682
Table 2.22 Summary of Calculation for Low Voltage Cables of

MCC9 on Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Impedance at
10MVA base
Equipment
Z1/Z2 (pu) Z0 (pu)
ID
PE-7601M1 4.78993 + j1.645572 11.08444 + j1.332682

PE-YM7610 12.253385 + j1.635616 27.389704 + j1.340729
PE-GM7612 1.940555 + j1.648888 4.606388 + j1.331944
PE- 4.78993 + j1.645572 20.888346 + j1.390625
7601VG1M
PE- 4.78993 + j1.645572 20.888346 + j1.390625
7601VG2M
PE- 44.901041 + j1.859635 72.024739 + j1.495416
7604G1M-A
PE- 44.901041 + j1.859635 72.024739 + j1.495416
7604G1M-B
7604K1M 44.901041 + j1.859635 72.024739 + j1.495416
PE-7601G1M 17.864062 + j1.772916 34.5025 + j1.46651
PE-7605G1M 4.779166 + j1.641875 20.841406 + j1.3875
PE-KM7615 28.072916 + j1.756944 45.245138 + j1.407465
PE-Y7730 42.676215 + j1.767491 68.455946 + j1.421319
PE-Y7733 104.125 + j1.877083 158.300104 +
j1.505208
PE- 12.253385 + j1.635616 27.389704 + j1.340729
7604G3M
PE- 12.253385 + j1.635616 27.389704 + j1.340729
7604G4M
PE- 113.567708 + j2.047309 172.65575 + j1.64171

7601VG3M
PE- 113.567708 + j2.047309 172.65575 + j1.64171
7601VG4M
PE-KM7604 4.78993 + j1.645572 20.888346 + j1.390625
PE-SM7714 15.927083 + j1.918489 106.801953 +
j1.462395
SM8605 71.367187 + j0.853385 101.90026 + j0.681197
SM8606 71.367187 + j0.853385 101.90026 + j0.681197
KM8607 7.000781 + j0.694791 13.52125 + j0.574713
SM8610 71.367187 + j0.853385 101.90026 + j0.681197
SM8614A 45.9375 + j0.828125 69.838281 + j0.664062
SM8641 68.496093 + j0.819053 97.800824 + j0.653793
SM8645 0.918298 + j0.780277 2.179809 + j0.630295
PE-SM5611 2.979166 + j0.358854 19.977343 + j0.273541
PE-YM5611C 31.992187 + j0.382552 45.679427 + j0.305364
PE-YM5612 17.607638 + j2.12092 118.071223 +
j1.616701
PE-Y5160 42.676215 + j1.767491 68.455946 + j1.421319
PE-Y5619 42.676215 + j1.767491 68.455946 + j1.421319
PE-Y5951 44.901041 + j1.859635 72.024739 + j1.495416
PE-Y5952 44.901041 + j1.859635 72.024739 + j1.495416
PE-SM5962 44.901041 + j1.859635 72.024739 + j1.495416

2.6 Load Model
Calculating the connected load
The operating load will be calculated using the following equation
kW output x Load Factor x Demand Factor

Operating Load (kW)  Equation (2.9)
Effeciency
Operating Load (kVA)  Operating Load (kW)/power factor Equation (2.10)
Table 2.23 Medium Voltage Load Data

Eqpt. ID Description Load Duty Voltage kW P.F Eff. Load Demand FLC (A)
Type (kV) Output Factor Factor
PE- Vent Induction Continuous 6.9 540 0.79 0.94 0.91 1 60.846
KM5806 Recovery Motor
compressor
Motor
PE- Mixer Motor Induction Continuous 6.9 4850 0.87 0.96 0.91 1 485.894
YM7601 Motor
PE- Blower Motor Induction Continuous 6.9 315 0.84 0.95 0.79 1 33.029
KM8639 Motor
PE- Blower Motor Induction Continuous 6.9 250 0.82 0.95 0.76 1 26.853
KM8601 Motor

Table 2.24 Low Voltage Load Data for MCC8
Voltage kW Load Demand

Eqpt.ID Description Load Type Duty P.F Eff. FLC (A)
(kV) Output Factor Factor
GM- ICA Charge Induction Continuous 0.48 35 0.86 0.91 0.61 1 53.793
1412 Pump Motor
GM- ICA Charge Induction Continuous 0.48 35 0.86 0.91 0.87 1 53.793
1413 Pump Motor
GM- T2 Charge VFD- Continuous 0.48 0.2 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.85 0.358
1504 Pump Induction
Motor
PE- BMC-200 Induction Continuous 0.48 1.8 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 3.220
YM4078 Slurry Feed Motor
Tank
Agitator
Motor
PE- Modifier D Induction Continuous 0.48 1.3 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 2.326
YM4089 Feed Tank Motor
Agitator
motor
PE- Slurry Feed VFD- Continuous 0.48 2.2 0.83 0.85 0.8 0.85 3.751
GM4351 Pump Motor Induction
Motor
PE- Slurry Feed VFD- Continuous 0.48 2.2 0.83 0.85 0.8 1 3.751
GM4355 Pump Motor Induction
Motor

Cont. Table 2.24 Low Voltage Load Data for MCC8
PE- Slurry Feed Induction Continuous 0.48 1.3 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 2.326
YM4352 Tank Motor
Agitator
Motor
PE- DC Feed VFD- Continuous 0.48 0.2 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.85 0.358
GM4353 pump Motor Induction
Motor
PE- T3 Feed VFD- Continuous 0.48 0.2 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 0.358
GM4354 Pump motor Induction
Motor
PE- T3 Induction Continuous 0.48 0.66 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 1.181
GM4356 Residence Motor
Time pot
Agitator
Motor
PE- DC Induction Continuous 0.48 0.66 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 1.181
GM4357 Residence Motor
Time pot
Agitator
Motor
PE- T3/DC Feed Induction Continuous 0.48 0.2 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.85 0.358
GM4358 pump motor Motor
PE- Cylinder Induction Continuous 0.48 3.73 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.5 6.673
SM4360 Roller motor Motor
PE- Additive Lift Induction Continuous 0.48 15 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.5 26.837
SM6825 motor Motor

PE- Drum Induction Continuous 0.48 3.7 0.83 0.73 0.8 0.5 7.345
SM6828 Dumper Motor
motor
PE- Solid Feeder Continuous 0.48 43 0.8 1 0.68 1 125
SM6800 Additive
Package
PE- Talc bulk Induction Continuous 0.48 3.5 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.5 6.262
SM6853 bag Motor
discharger
motor
PE- Bag Dump Induction Continuous 0.48 1.1 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.85 1.968
KM6831 station Motor
-1 exhaust fan
motor
-1 exhaust fan
motor
PE- Bag Induction Continuous 0.48 1.5 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.5 2.684
YCM683 Compactor Motor
2 motor
-1 exhaust fan
motor

-1 exhaust fan
motor
-1 exhaust fan
motor
PE- Bag Induction Continuous 0.48 1.5 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 2.684
YCM683 Compactor Motor
5 motor
PE- Talc surge Induction Continuous 0.48 0.37 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 0.662
YM6851 bin filter Motor
motor
PE- Mixer feed Feeder Continuous 0.48 11 0.8 0.8 0.8 1 20.673
Y6860 hopper and
vent filter
PE- Granular Feeder Continuous 0.48 11 0.8 0.81 0.8 1 20.418
D6810 resin surge
and vent
filter
MNDB Main normal Feeder Continuous 0.48 298.7 0.87 1 0.43 1 412.966
distribution
board
WRP-01 Welding Feeder Intermitten 0.48 238 0.85 1 0.8 1 336.788
socket t
MCC 480V Feeder Continuous 0.48 173.3 0.85 1 0.8 1 245.162
EM2 Emergency
MCC EM2

PE-GM- Vent Induction Continuous 0.48 1.1 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 1.968
5814-1 Recovery Motor
Ref
Compressor
Oil Pump
PE- Glycol pump Induction Continuous 0.48 18.5 0.83 0.92 0.8 1 29.078
GM5821 motor Motor 2
PE- Low Induction Continuous 0.48 6.3 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 11.271
GM5812 pressure Motor
condensate
return pump
PE- High Induction Continuous 0.48 21 0.83 0.68 0.87 1 44.427
GM5815 pressure Motor 5
condensate
return pump
PE- Interstage Induction Continuous 0.48 25 0.86 0.75 0.87 1 46.068
GM5825 condensate Motor 9
return pump
PE- Vent Induction Continuous 0.48 155 0.86 0.94 0.91 1 228.436
VM5814 Recovery Motor 9
Ref
Compressor
Motor
PE- Main Cooling Induction Continuous 0.48 4 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 7.156
GM5806 Pump motor Motor
A-2
PE- Aux Cooling Induction Continuous 0.48 4 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 7.156
GM5806 pump motor Motor

B2
PE- Lube oil Induction Continuous 0.48 2.2 0.83 0.77 0.8 0.5 4.124
GM5806 pump motor Motor 3
BD-2
GM8102 Hexene-1 Induction Continuous 0.48 7.5 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 13.418
unloading Motor
pump
GM8103 Hexene-1 Induction Continuous 0.48 37 0.86 0.81 0.8 1 63.888
A feed pump Motor
GM8103 Hexene-1 Induction Continuous 0.48 37 0.86 0.81 0.8 1 63.888
S feed pump Motor

Table 2.25 Low Voltage Load Data for MCC9
Voltage kW Load Demand FLC

Eqpt.ID Description Load Type Duty P.F Eff
(kV) Output Factor Factor (A)
PE- Pelletizer VFD- Continuous 0.48 75 0.86 0.86 0.91 0.85 121.97
YM7607 Motor Induction
Motor
PE- Barring unit Induction Continuous 0.48 42 0.85 0.934 0.87 1 63.633
7601M1 motor motor
PE- Pellet dryer Induction Continuous 0.48 17 0.85 0.922 0.8 1 26.091
YM7610 motor motor
PE- Pelleting Induction Continuous 0.48 63 0.88 0.944 0.91 1 91.219
GM7612 water pump motor
motor
PE- Lube oil Induction Continuous 0.48 20 0.83 0.917 0.8 1 31.607
7601VG pump motor motor
1M
PE- Lube oil Induction Continuous 0.48 20 0.83 0.917 0.8 1 31.607
2M
CP-7601 YM7601 Continuous 0.48 1 0.81 0.9 0.91 1 1.650
starter
control panel
PE- Lube oil Induction Continuous 0.48 4.6 0.82 0.853 0.8 1 7.910
7604G1 return pump motor
M-A motor

7604G1 return pump motor

M-B motor
7604K1 Cooling fan Induction Continuous 0.48 3.7 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 6.620
M for PE- motor
YM7604
CP-7604 PE-YM7604 Continuous 0.48 2 0.83 1 0.8 1 2.898
thyristor
control panel
PE- Hydraulic oil Induction Continuous 0.48 8.6 0.8 0.887 0.8 1 14.577
7601G1 pump motor motor
M
PE- hydraulic oil Induction Continuous 0.48 17 0.85 0.922 0.8 1 26.091
7605G1 pump motor motor
M for S/C
PE- Pellet dryer Induction Continuous 0.48 6.3 0.85 0.874 0.8 1 10.200
KM7615 exhaust fan motor
dryer
PE- Pellet Induction Continuous 0.48 11.3 0.69 0.888 0.8 1 22.183
Y7730 screener motor
PE- Pellet Mass Induction Continuous 0.48 3.8 0.83 0.81 0.8 0.5 6.799
Y7733 flowmeter motor
motor
PE- Hot oil pump Induction Continuous 0.48 15 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 26.837
7604G3 motor
M
PE- Hot oil pump Induction Continuous 0.48 15 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 26.837
7604G4 motor

M
3M for mixer
motor
4M for mixer
motor
PE- Meltpump Induction Continuous 0.48 17 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 30.415
KM7604 purge air fan motor
CP- Hot oil Continuous 0.48 20 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 35.782
7600 heater
control panel
PE- Pellet rotary Induction Continuous 0.48 1.5 0.83 0.81 0.59 1 2.684
SM7714 feeder motor
SM8605 Elutriator Induction Continuous 0.48 2.2 0.83 0.81 0.83 1 3.936
rotary feeder motor
motor
SM8606 Elutriator Induction Continuous 0.48 0.4 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 0.716
Filter rotary motor
feeder motor
KM8607 Wash Air fan Induction Continuous 0.48 37 0.83 0.81 0.85 1 66.197
motor motor
SM8610 Aim grade Induction Continuous 0.48 2.2 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 3.936
bin rotary motor
feeder

SM8614 Transition Induction Continuous 0.48 2.2 0.83 0.81 0.83 1 3.936
A bin rotary motor
feeder motor
SM8641 Aim grade Induction Continuous 0.48 2.2 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 3.936
bin rotary motor
feeder
SM8645 Pellet Induction Continuous 0.48 150 0.86 0.94 0.67 1 223.18
Blending motor 4
blower
motor
PE- Seed Bed VFD- Continuous 0.48 1.5 0.83 0.81 0.49 0.85 2.684
S5961 rotary feeder Induction
no 1 Motor
PE- Product Induction Continuous 0.48 11 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 19.680
SM5611 purge bin motor
rotary feeder
motor
PE- Lube oil fan Induction Continuous 0.48 0.38 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 0.680
YM5611 motor motor
C
PE- Particle Induction Continuous 0.48 2.5 0.83 0.81 0.8 1 4.473
YM5612 screener motor
motor
PE- Product Continuous 0.48 11 0.83 1 0.8 1 15.941
Y5160 purge bin
filter
PE- Low product Continuous 0.48 11 0.83 1 0.8 1 15.941

Y5619 purge bin
filter
PE- Seed bed Continuous 0.48 4 0.93 1 0.8 1 5.173
Y5951 resin storage
bin filter no
1
PE- Seed bed Continuous 0.48 4 0.93 1 0.8 1 5.173
Y5952 resin storage
bin filter no
2
PE- Seed bed Induction Continuous 0.48 4 0.93 0.81 0.8 1 6.387
SM5962 rotary feeder motor
motor
TR-Ex Packaging Continuous 0.48 312 0.87 1 0.8 1 431.35
Panel

Using Microsoft Excel sheet developed by the Author,
connected load values are calculated based on Equations 2.9 and
2.10. The results are summarized in Tables 2.26, 2.27 and 2.28.
Table 2.26 Summary of Connected Load for Medium-voltage

Load
Equipment CONNECTED LOAD
Description
ID kW kVAR kVA
PE-KM5806 Vent 574.468 445.836 727.175
Recovery
Compressor
Motor
PE-YM7601 Mixer Motor 5052.083 2863.148 5806.992
PE-KM8639 Blower 331.579 214.179 394.737
Motor
PE-KM8601 Blower 263.158 183.685 320.924
Motor
Table 2.27 Summary of Connected Load for Low-voltage Load

of MCC8
Description
ID kW KVAR kVA
GM-1412 ICA Charge 38.4615 22.8217 44.7227
Pump
GM-1413 ICA Charge 38.4615 22.8217 44.7227
Pump
GM-1504 T2 Charge 0.2469 0.1659 0.2975
Pump
PE-YM4078 BMC-200 2.2222 1.4933 2.6774
Slurry Feed
Tank Agitator
Motor
PE-YM4089 Modifier D 1.6049 1.0785 1.9337
Feed Tank
Agitator motor
PE-GM4351 Slurry Feed 2.5882 1.7393 3.1184
Pump Motor
PE-GM4355 Slurry Feed 2.5882 1.7393 3.1184
Pump Motor
PE-YM4352 Slurry Feed 1.6049 1.0785 1.9337
Tank Agitator

Motor
PE-GM4353 DC Feed Pump 0.2469 0.1659 0.2975
Motor
PE-GM4354 T3 Feed Pump 0.2469 0.1659 0.2975
motor
PE-GM4356 T3 Residence 0.8148 0.5476 0.9817
Time pot
Agitator Motor
Time pot
Agitator Motor
PE-GM4358 T3/DC Feed 0.2469 0.1659 0.2975
pump motor
motor
motor
PE-SM6828 Drum Dumper 5.0685 3.4060 6.1066
motor
PE-SM6800 Solid Additive 18.1000 13.5750 22.6250
Package
discharger
motor
PE-KM6831-1 Bag Dump 1.3580 0.9126 1.6362
station
exhaust fan
motor
PE-KM6832-1 Bag Dump 1.3580 0.9126 1.6362
station
exhaust fan
motor
motor
PE-KM6833-1 Bag Dump 1.3580 0.9126 1.6362
station
exhaust fan
motor
PE-KM6834-1 Bag Dump 1.3580 0.9126 1.6362
station
exhaust fan
motor
PE-KM6835-1 Bag Dump 1.3580 0.9126 1.6362
station
exhaust fan
motor

motor
filter motor
PE-Y6860 Mixer feed 13.7500 10.3125 17.1875
hopper and
vent filter
PE-D6810 Granular resin 13.5802 10.1852 16.9753
surge and vent
filter
MNDB Main normal 298.700 169.2811 343.3333
distribution 0
board
WRP-01 Welding socket 238.000 147.4992 280.0000
0
MCC EM2 480V 173.250 107.3707 203.8235
Emergency 0
MCC EM2
PE-GM-5814-1 Vent Recovery 1.3580 0.9126 1.6362
Ref
Compressor Oil
Pump
PE-GM5821 Glycol pump 20.0651 13.4838 24.1748
motor
condensate
return pump
condensate
return pump
PE-GM5825 Interstage 32.9381 19.5443 38.3001
condensate
return pump
Ref 8
Compressor
Motor
PE-GM5806A-2 Main Cooling 4.9383 3.3185 5.9497
Pump motor
PE-GM5806B2 Aux Cooling 4.9383 3.3185 5.9497
pump motor
PE- Lube oil pump 2.8461 1.9126 3.4290
GM5806BD-2 motor
GM8102 Hexene-1 9.2593 6.2223 11.1557
unloading
pump

GM8103A Hexene-1 feed 45.6790 27.1043 53.1151
pump
GM8103S Hexene-1 feed 45.6790 27.1043 53.1151
pump
Table 2.28 Summary of Connected Load for Low-voltage Load

of MCC9
Description
ID kW KVAR kVA
PE-YM7607 Pelletizer 87.209 51.747 101.406
Motor
PE-7601M1 Barring unit 44.968 27.869 52.903
motor
PE-YM7610 Pellet dryer 18.438 11.427 21.692
motor
PE-GM7612 Pelleting 66.737 36.021 75.838
water pump
motor
PE-7601VG1M Lube oil 21.810 14.657 26.277
pump motor
PE-7601VG2M Lube oil 21.810 14.657 26.277
pump motor
CP-7601 YM7601 1.111 0.804 1.372
starter
control panel
PE-7604G1M- Lube oil 5.393 3.764 6.577
A return pump
motor
PE-7604G1M- Lube oil 5.393 3.764 6.577
B return pump
motor
7604K1M Cooling fan 4.568 3.070 5.503
for PE-
YM7604
CP-7604 PE-YM7604 2.000 1.344 2.410
thyristor
control panel
PE-7601G1M Hydraulic oil 9.696 7.272 12.120
pump motor
PE-7605G1M hydraulic oil 18.438 11.427 21.692
pump motor
for S/C
PE-KM7615 Pellet dryer 7.208 4.467 8.480
exhaust fan

dryer
PE-Y7730 Pellet 12.725 13.349 18.442
screener
PE-Y7733 Pellet Mass 4.691 3.153 5.652
flowmeter
motor
PE-7604G3M Hot oil pump 18.519 12.445 22.311
PE-7604G4M Hot oil pump 18.519 12.445 22.311
PE-7601VG3M Lube oil 2.114 1.585 2.642
pump motor
for mixer
motor
PE-7601VG4M Lube oil 2.114 1.585 2.642
pump motor
for mixer
motor
PE-KM7604 Meltpump 20.988 14.104 25.286
purge air fan
CP-7600 Hot oil 24.691 16.593 29.749
heater
control panel
PE-SM7714 Pellet rotary 1.852 1.244 2.231
feeder
SM8605 Elutriator 2.716 1.825 3.272
rotary feeder
motor
SM8606 Elutriator 0.494 0.332 0.595
Filter rotary
feeder motor
KM8607 Wash Air fan 45.679 30.696 55.035
motor
SM8610 Aim grade 2.716 1.825 3.272
bin rotary
feeder
SM8614A Transition 2.716 1.825 3.272
bin rotary
feeder motor
SM8641 Aim grade 2.716 1.825 3.272
bin rotary
feeder
SM8645 Pellet 159.574 94.686 185.552
Blending
blower motor
PE-S5961 Seed Bed 1.852 1.244 2.231
rotary feeder
no 1

PE-SM5611 Product 13.580 9.126 16.362
purge bin
rotary feeder
motor
PE-YM5611C Lube oil fan 0.469 0.315 0.565
motor
PE-YM5612 Particle 3.086 2.074 3.719
screener
motor
PE-Y5160 Product 11.000 7.392 13.253
purge bin
filter
PE-Y5619 Low product 11.000 7.392 13.253
purge bin
filter
PE-Y5951 Seed bed 4.000 1.581 4.301
resin storage
bin filter no 1
PE-Y5952 Seed bed 4.000 1.581 4.301
resin storage
bin filter no 2
PE-SM5962 Seed bed 4.938 1.952 5.310
rotary feeder
motor
TR-Ex Packaging 312.000 176.819 358.621
Panel
Calculating the operating load:

Operating Load (kW) 
Efficiency
Operating Load(kW)
Operating Load (kVA) 
power factor
Operating Load (kVAR)  Operating Load (kVA)2  Operating Load(kW)2

The operating load for PE-KM5806 is calculated as:
For PE-KM5806
Operating Load (kW) 
Effeciency
540 x 0.91 x 1
Operating Load (kW)   522.766 kW
0.94
Operating Load(kW)
Operating Load (kVA) 
power factor
522.766
Operating Load (kVA)   661.729 kVA
0.79
Operating Load (kVAR)  Operating Load (kVA)2  Operating Load(kW)2
Operating Load (kVAR)  661.7292  522.7662  405.711 kVAR

the medium-voltage loads and the results are summarized in Table
2.29.
Table 2.29 Calculated Results of the Operating Load for

Medium-voltage Loads
Equipment OPERATING LOAD
Description
ID P(Kw) Q(kVAR) S(kVA)
PE-KM5806 Vent Recovery 522.766 405.711 661.729
Compressor
Motor
PE-YM7601 Mixer Motor 4597.396 2605.464 5284.363
PE-KM8639 Blower Motor 261.947 169.201 311.842
PE-KM8601 Blower Motor 200.000 139.601 243.902

The same calculation procedure as the medium-voltage
loads is repeated for the rest of the low-voltage loads and the
results are summarized in Tables 2.30 and 2.31.
Table 2.30 Calculated Results of the Operating Load for Low-

voltage Loads of MCC8
Description P(Kw) Q(kVAR) S(kVA)
ID
GM-1412 ICA Charge Pump 23.4615 13.9213 27.2809
GM-1413 ICA Charge Pump 33.4615 19.8549 38.9088
GM-1504 T2 Charge Pump 0.1679 0.1128 0.2023
PE-YM4078 BMC-200 Slurry 1.7778 1.1947 2.1419
Feed Tank
Agitator Motor
PE-YM4089 Modifier D Feed 1.2840 0.8628 1.5469
Tank Agitator
motor
PE-GM4351 Slurry Feed Pump 1.7600 1.1827 2.1205
Motor
PE-GM4355 Slurry Feed Pump 2.0706 1.3914 2.4947
Motor
PE-YM4352 Slurry Feed Tank 1.2840 0.8628 1.5469
Agitator Motor
PE-GM4353 DC Feed Pump 0.1679 0.1128 0.2023
Motor
PE-GM4354 T3 Feed Pump 0.1975 0.1327 0.2380
motor
PE-GM4356 T3 Residence 0.6519 0.4380 0.7854
Time pot Agitator
Motor
Time pot Agitator
Motor
PE-GM4358 T3/DC Feed pump 0.1679 0.1128 0.2023
motor
motor
motor
PE-SM6828 Drum Dumper 2.0274 1.3624 2.4426
motor
PE-SM6800 Solid Additive 12.3080 9.2310 15.3850
Package

discharger motor
PE-KM6831- Bag Dump station 0.9235 0.6206 1.1126
1 exhaust fan
motor
1 exhaust fan
motor
PE- Bag Compactor 0.7407 0.4978 0.8925
YCM6832 motor
1 exhaust fan
motor
1 exhaust fan
motor
1 exhaust fan
motor
PE- Bag Compactor 1.4815 0.9956 1.7849
YCM6835 motor
filter motor
PE-Y6860 Mixer feed hopper 11.0000 8.2500 13.7500
and vent filter
PE-D6810 Granular resin 10.8642 8.1481 13.5802
surge and vent
filter
MNDB Main normal 128.4410 72.7909 147.6333
distribution board
WRP-01 Welding socket 190.4000 117.9993 224.0000
MCC EM2 480V Emergency 138.6000 85.8966 163.0588
MCC EM2
PE-GM- Vent Recovery 1.0864 0.7301 1.3089
5814-1 Ref Compressor
Oil Pump
PE-GM5821 Glycol pump 16.0521 10.7871 19.3398
motor
condensate
return pump
condensate
return pump
PE-GM5825 Interstage 28.6561 17.0035 33.3211
condensate

return pump
Ref Compressor
Motor
PE- Main Cooling 3.9506 2.6548 4.7598
GM5806A-2 Pump motor
PE- Aux Cooling 3.9506 2.6548 4.7598
GM5806B2 pump motor
PE- Lube oil pump 1.1384 0.7650 1.3716
GM5806BD- motor
2
GM8102 Hexene-1 7.4074 4.9778 8.9246
unloading pump
GM8103A Hexene-1 feed 36.5432 21.6835 42.4921
pump
GM8103S Hexene-1 feed 36.5432 21.6835 42.4921
pump
Table 2.31 Calculated Results of the Operating Load for Low-

voltage Loads of MCC9
Description
ID P(Kw) Q(kVAR) S(kVA)
PE-YM7607 Pelletizer Motor 67.456 40.026 78.438
PE-7601M1 Barring unit 39.122 24.246 46.026
motor
PE-YM7610 Pellet dryer 14.751 9.142 17.354
motor
PE-GM7612 Pelleting water 60.731 32.779 69.012
pump motor
PE- Lube oil pump 17.448 11.725 21.022
7601VG1M motor
PE- Lube oil pump 17.448 11.725 21.022
7601VG2M motor
CP-7601 YM7601 starter 1.011 0.732 1.248
control panel
PE- Lube oil return 4.314 3.011 5.261
7604G1M-A pump motor
PE- Lube oil return 4.314 3.011 5.261
7604G1M-B pump motor
7604K1M Cooling fan for 3.654 2.456 4.403
PE-YM7604
CP-7604 PE-YM7604 1.600 1.075 1.928
thyristor control
panel

PE-7601G1M Hydraulic oil 7.756 5.817 9.696
pump motor
PE-7605G1M hydraulic oil 14.751 9.142 17.354
pump motor for
S/C
PE-KM7615 Pellet dryer 5.767 3.574 6.784
exhaust fan
dryer
PE-Y7730 Pellet screener 10.180 10.679 14.754
PE-Y7733 Pellet Mass 1.877 1.261 2.261
flowmeter motor
PE- Hot oil pump 14.815 9.956 17.849
7604G3M
PE- Hot oil pump 14.815 9.956 17.849
7604G4M
PE- Lube oil pump 1.691 1.268 2.114
7601VG3M motor for mixer
motor
PE- Lube oil pump 1.691 1.268 2.114
7601VG4M motor for mixer
motor
PE-KM7604 Melt pump purge 16.790 11.283 20.229
air fan
CP-7600 Hot oil heater 19.753 13.274 23.799
control panel
PE-SM7714 Pellet rotary 1.093 0.734 1.316
feeder
SM8605 Elutriator rotary 2.254 1.515 2.716
feeder motor
SM8606 Elutriator Filter 0.395 0.265 0.476
rotary feeder
motor
KM8607 Wash Air fan 38.827 26.092 46.780
motor
SM8610 Aim grade bin 2.173 1.460 2.618
rotary feeder
SM8614A Transition bin 2.254 1.515 2.716
rotary feeder
motor
SM8641 Aim grade bin 2.173 1.460 2.618
rotary feeder
SM8645 Pellet Blending 106.915 63.440 124.320
blower motor
PE-S5961 Seed Bed rotary 0.771 0.518 0.929
feeder no 1
PE-SM5611 Product purge 10.864 7.301 13.089
bin rotary feeder
motor
PE-YM5611C Lube oil fan 0.375 0.252 0.452
motor
PE-YM5612 Particle screener 2.469 1.659 2.975
motor
PE-Y5160 Product purge 8.800 5.914 10.602
bin filter
PE-Y5619 Low product 8.800 5.914 10.602
purge bin filter
storage bin filter
no 1
storage bin filter
no 2
PE-SM5962 Seed bed rotary 3.951 1.561 4.248
feeder motor
TR-Ex Packaging Panel 249.600 141.455 286.897
The sum of real, reactive and apparent power from Table

2.29 is summarized in Table 2.32. These values represent the total
operating load of medium-voltage system with PE2 running at
maximum capacity.
Table 2.32 Medium-voltage Operating Load

TOTAL OPERATING LOAD
P2 5.58210 MW
Q2 3.31997 MVAR
S2 6.50183 MVA
The sum of real, reactive and apparent power from Table

2.30 and 2.31 are summarized in Tables 2.33 and 2.34. These
values represent the total operating load of low-voltage system with
PE2 running at maximum capacity.

For MCC8 480V loads:
Table 2.33 Low-voltage Operating Load for MCC8

P3 0.894639 MW
Q3 0.548985 MVAR
S3 1.050065 MVA
For MCC9 480V Loads:
Table 2.34 Low-voltage Operating Load for MCC9

P4 0.789850 MW
Q4 0.480991 MVAR
S4 0.926013 MVA
Values of operating load are still on power units and are

converted in per-unit quantities using the equations below.
Converting to per-unit values based on 10MVA:

P
PPU  ACTUAL
SBASE
Q ACTUAL
QPU 
SBASE
S ACTUAL
SPU 
SBASE
SBASE=10MVA
For medium-voltage motor loads, the real, reactive and

apparent powers are converted to per-unit values.
5.58210MVA
P2PU   0.558210 pu
10MVA
3.31997 MVA
Q2PU   0.331997 pu
10MVA
6.50183 MVA
S2PU   0.650183 pu
10MVA

Table 2.35 Medium-voltage Operating Load at 10MVA Base
P2PU 0.558210 pu
Q2PU 0.331997 pu
S2PU 0.650183 pu
For low-voltage loads, the real, reactive and apparent

powers are converted to per-unit values.

0.894639 MVA
P3PU   0.0894639 pu
10MVA
0.548985 MVA
Q3PU   0.0548985 pu
10MVA
1.050065 MVA
S3PU   0.1050065 pu
10MVA

0.789850 MVA
P4PU   0.0789850 pu
10MVA
0.480991 MVA
Q 4PU   0.0480991 pu
10MVA
0.926013 MVA
S 4PU   0.0926013 pu
10MVA
Table 2.36 Low-voltage Operating Load for MCC8 at 10MVA

Base
P3PU 0.0894639 pu
Q3PU 0.0548985 pu
S3PU 0.1050065 pu

Table 2.37 Low-voltage Operating Load for MCC9 at 10MVA
Base
P4PU 0.0789850 pu
Q4PU 0.0480991 pu
S4PU 0.0926013 pu
Values from Table 2.35, 2.36 and 2.37 represent the normal
operating load with the PE2 plant running at its full capacity of 24
tons/hr. These values will be used in the load flow analysis to
determine the bus voltages, power flows, current flows and power
factors.

2.7 Impedance Networks
In accordance with IEEE “violet book” STD 551-2006 [4],

there are three types of fault currents, namely, first cycle current
(also called momentary), interrupting current, and time delayed
current. These different fault currents correspond to the different
networks in which we can calculate the fault current. These network
models are summarized in Table 2.38 below.
Table 2.38 Summary of Impedance Network for ANSI

Approved Short Circuit Calculation
Network Sequence Impedance

Momentary Positive
Negative
Zero
Interrupting Positive
Negative
Zero
Time Delayed Positive
Negative
Zero
Aside from the abovementioned method, the impedance

networks of the motors for each voltage level and bus are reduced
to its Thevenin’s equivalent impedance.

Typical network impedance diagram is shown in Figure 2.17
below.
ZEqA-Equivalent Thevenin’s network impedance of medium-voltage
motors which includes PE-KM5806, PE-YM7601, PE-KM8639 and PE-
KM8601.
ZEqB-Equivalent Thevenin’s network impedance of Non-VFD driven

motors of MCC8.
ZEqC-Equivalent Thevenin’s network impedance of Non-VFD driven

motors of MCC9.
Figure 2.17 Typical impedance networks

All impedance network diagrams will be derived based in
Table 2.38.
Momentary Networks
For motor, equivalent impedance will be modelled by

applying the multiplying factor in Table 2.39 third column. These
factors can be used for multi-voltage system that will allow a single
and combined momentary network calculation for both
high/medium and low-voltage system.
Table 2.39 Momentary Reactance Values (IEEE 399-1997)
Using the above table from IEEE “Brown book” IEEE 399-1997 [1],
the values of reactance are derived as follows:
X"d,MOM  ANSI Multiplier x X"d Equation (2.8)
1.0  Induction Motor above 1000hp


ANSI Multiplier  1.2 - Induction motor 50hp and above
1.67  induction below 50hp


For PE-KM5806 (more than 50hp but less than 1000hp, ANSI
multiplier=1.2)
X"d,MOM  ANSI Multiplier x X"d
X"d,MOM  1.2 x 3.0224
X"d,MOM  3.6268 pu
R ,MOM  ANSI Multiplier x R
R ,MOM  1.2 x 0.4534 pu
R ,MOM  0.5440 pu
" "
ZMOM,1 PU  Z2 PU  0.5440  j3.6268 p.u
Adding the motor impedance to the cable impedance

Z1,CABLE= 0.008415 + j0.007008 pu
ZEQ = Z1,CABLE + Z”MOM,1
ZEQ = 0.008415 + j0.007008 + 0.5440  j3.6268
ZEQ = 0.552438 +j3.633829 pu
Calculation results for the rest of the medium and low-
voltage motors are summarized in Tables 2.40 and 2.41.

Table 2.40 Calculated Results of Momentary Impedance for
Medium and Low-voltage Motors
Original Values ANSI Momentary Values
Equipment
multiplie
ID R (pu) X"d (pu) R (pu) X"d (pu)
r
PE-KM5806 0.4534 3.0224 1.2 0.5440 3.6268
PE-YM7601 0.0312 0.3115 1.0 0.0312 0.3115
PE-KM8639 0.6833 4.5554 1.2 0.8200 5.4665
PE-KM8601 0.8405 5.6031 1.2 1.0086 6.7238
GM-1412 18.8232 44.8172 1.7 31.4348 74.8448
GM-1413 18.8232 44.8172 1.7 31.4348 74.8448
PE-YM4078 280.1555 667.0370 1.7 467.8597 1113.951
PE-YM4089 408.6993 973.0936 1.7 682.5278 1625.066
PE-YM4352 408.6993 973.0936 1.7 682.5278 1625.066
PE-GM4356 839.2697 1998.261 1.7 1401.580 3337.096
PE-GM4357 839.2697 1998.261 1.7 1401.580 3337.096
PE-SM4360 96.9398 230.8090 1.7 161.8894 385.4510
PE-SM6825 31.5565 75.1346 1.7 52.6994 125.4748
PE-SM6828 105.6886 251.6395 1.7 176.5000 420.2380
PE-SM6853 123.9721 295.1717 1.7 207.0334 492.9368
PE-KM6831-1 394.4567 939.1827 1.7 658.7428 1568.435
PE-KM6832-1 394.4567 939.1827 1.7 658.7428 1568.435
PE-YCM6832 289.2683 688.7340 1.7 483.0780 1150.185
PE-KM6833-1 394.4567 939.1827 1.7 658.7428 1568.435
PE-KM6834-1 394.4567 939.1827 1.7 658.7428 1568.435
PE-KM6835-1 394.4567 939.1827 1.7 658.7428 1568.435
PE-YCM6835 289.2683 688.7340 1.7 483.0780 1150.185
PE-YM6851 1172.709 2792.165 1.7 1958.424 4662.915
PE-GM-5814-1 394.457 939.183 1.7 658.7428 1568.435
PE-GM5821 22.883 54.484 1.7 38.2152 90.9885
PE-GM5812 68.873 163.984 1.7 115.0186 273.8538
PE-GM5815 17.473 41.603 1.7 29.1806 69.4777
PE-GM5825 16.851 40.122 1.7 28.1414 67.0033
PE-VM5814 3.137 7.469 1.2 3.7643 8.9626
PE-GM5806A-2 108.476 258.275 1.7 181.1543 431.3197
PE-GM5806B2 108.476 258.275 1.7 181.1543 431.3197
PE- 188.219 448.141 1.7 314.3260 748.3953
GM5806BD-2
GM8102 57.854 137.747 1.7 96.6156 230.0372
GM8103A 14.581 34.717 1.2 17.4974 41.6604
GM8103S 14.581 34.717 1.2 17.4974 41.6604

PE-7601M1 10.2108 24.3113 1.2 12.2529 29.1736
PE-YM7610 25.5025 60.7203 1.7 42.5892 101.4029
PE-GM7612 7.2945 17.3679 1.2 8.7534 20.8415
PE-7601VG1M 21.0523 50.1245 1.7 35.1573 83.7080
PE-7601VG2M 21.0523 50.1245 1.7 35.1573 83.7080
PE-7604G1M-A 86.1693 205.1650 1.7 143.9028 342.6256
PE-7604G1M-B 86.1693 205.1650 1.7 143.9028 342.6256
7604K1M 100.5179 239.3284 1.7 167.8650 399.6785
PE-7601G1M 46.7866 111.3966 1.7 78.1336 186.0323
PE-7605G1M 25.5025 60.7203 1.7 42.5892 101.4029
PE-KM7615 63.6988 151.6638 1.7 106.3770 253.2785
PE-Y7730 36.0823 85.9104 1.7 60.2575 143.4703
PE-Y7733 114.1848 271.8687 1.7 190.6887 454.0207
PE-7604G3M 28.927 68.873 1.7 48.3078 115.0186
PE-7604G4M 28.927 68.873 1.7 48.3078 115.0186
PE-7601VG3M 222.481 529.717 1.7 371.5437 884.6278
PE-7601VG4M 222.481 529.717 1.7 371.5437 884.6278
PE-KM7604 21.877 52.089 1.7 36.5353 86.9888
PE-SM7714 289.268 688.734 1.7 483.0780 1150.185
SM8605 197.228 469.591 1.7 329.3714 784.2176
SM8606 1084.756 2582.753 1.7 1811.542 4313.196
KM8607 11.216 26.705 1.2 13.4595 32.0465
SM8610 197.228 469.591 1.7 329.3714 784.2176
SM8614A 197.228 469.591 1.7 329.3714 784.2176
SM8641 197.228 469.591 1.7 329.3714 784.2176
SM8645 2.981 7.099 1.2 3.5777 8.5182
PE-SM5611 39.446 93.918 1.7 65.8743 156.8435
PE-YM5611C 1141.848 2718.687 1.7 1906.887 4540.207
PE-YM5612 173.561 413.240 1.7 289.8468 690.1115
PE-Y5160 48.698 115.948 1.7 81.3263 193.6340
PE-Y5619 48.698 115.948 1.7 81.3263 193.6340
PE-Y5951 150.056 357.275 1.7 250.5927 596.6493
PE-Y5952 150.056 357.275 1.7 250.5927 596.6493
PE-SM5962 121.545 289.393 1.7 202.9801 483.2859

Motor and Cable at 10MVA Base for Momentary Network
Equipment ID Zeq
PE-KM5806 0.552438 +j3.633829

PE-YM7601 0.040638 +j0.321415
PE-KM8639 0.82583 +j5.471353
PE-KM8601 1.019452 +j6.732829
GM-1412 37.002591 +j76.282964
GM-1413 37.002591 +j76.282964
PE-YM4078 591.726919 +j1115.432908
PE-YM4089 806.395012 +j1626.547414
PE-YM4352 782.60595 +j1626.262952
PE-GM4356 1490.1741 +j3338.155448
PE-GM4357 1490.1741 +j3338.155448
PE-SM4360 202.3152 +j386.48993
PE-SM6825 57.284837 +j127.050124
PE-SM6828 223.667948 +j420.802066
PE-SM6853 254.201408 +j493.500781
PE-KM6831-1 705.910732 +j1568.999173
PE-KM6832-1 705.910732 +j1568.999173
PE-YCM6832 530.245995 +j1150.749799
PE-KM6833-1 705.910732 +j1568.999173
PE-KM6834-1 705.910732 +j1568.999173
PE-KM6835-1 705.910732 +j1568.999173
PE-YCM6835 530.245995 +j1150.749799
PE-YM6851 2005.592404 +j4663.479343
PE-GM-5814-1 799.426357 +j1570.117402
PE-GM5821 48.348904 +j92.341204
PE-GM5812 136.456078 +j275.195423
PE-GM5815 36.384805 +j70.763962
PE-GM5825 35.345562 +j68.289575
PE-VM5814 6.146216 +j10.230938
PE-GM5806A-2 236.76103 +j432.748746
PE-GM5806B2 193.605648 +j432.819493
PE-GM5806BD-2 397.523939 +j749.895118
GM8102 114.479667 +j231.810072
GM8103A 22.287317 +j43.306017
GM8103S 22.287317 +j43.306017
PE-7601M1 17.042835 +j30.819157

PE-YM7610 54.842593 +j103.038493
PE-GM7612 10.69397 +j22.490353
PE-7601VG1M 39.947275 +j85.353537
PE-7601VG2M 39.947275 +j85.353537
PE-7604G1M-A 188.803802 +j344.485257
PE-7604G1M-B 188.803802 +j344.485257
7604K1M 212.765992 +j401.538091
PE-7601G1M 95.997631 +j187.805223
PE-7605G1M 47.368374 +j103.044752
PE-KM7615 134.449886 +j255.035445
PE-Y7730 102.933735 +j145.237777
PE-Y7733 294.813695 +j455.897785
PE-7604G3M 60.561187 +j116.654194
PE-7604G4M 60.561187 +j116.654194
PE-7601VG3M 485.111369 +j886.675073
PE-7601VG4M 485.111369 +j886.675073
PE-KM7604 41.325243 +j88.634412
PE-SM7714 499.00511 +j1152.104269
SM8605 400.738569 +j785.070962
SM8606 1882.90979 +j4314.05006
KM8607 20.460309 +j32.741287
SM8610 400.738569 +j785.070962
SM8614A 375.308882 +j785.045702
SM8641 397.867475 +j785.03663
SM8645 4.495953 +j9.298503
PE-SM5611 68.853442 +j157.202369
PE-YM5611C 1938.879138 +j4540.589578
PE-YM5612 307.454454 +j692.232387
PE-Y5160 124.002482 +j195.40146
PE-Y5619 124.002482 +j195.40146
PE-Y5951 295.493726 +j598.508885
PE-Y5952 295.493726 +j598.508885
PE-SM5962 247.881115 +j485.145527

Equivalent Thevenin’s Momentary Network for Medium-voltage
Motors (ZEQA,MOM)
0.5524 0.0406 0.8258 1.0195

ZEQA,MOM
+ j3.633829 +j0.321415 +j5.471353 +j6.732829
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
Reference Reference Reference Reference Reference
KM5806 YM7601 KM8639 KM8601
Figure 2.18 Momentary impedance of medium-voltage

motors and motor cables
Calculating for the equivalent impedance ZeqA with impedance

values from Table 2.40.
0.5524 0.0406 0.8258 1.0195
ZEQA,MOM
+j3.633829 +j0.321415 +j5.471353 +j6.732829
Figure 2.19 Equivalent circuit of medium-voltage motors and

motor cables for momentary networks
       
1
 " 1 " 1 " 1 " 1 
ZEQA,MOM   ZKM5806  Z YM7601  ZKM8601  ZK8639 
 

ZEQA ,MOM  0.5524  j3.633829 1  0.0406  j0.321415 1
 0.8258  j5.471353 1  1.0195  j6.732829 

1

ZEQA ,MOM  0.035107  j0.269004 pu

0.035107
0.035107 Thevenin’s
Equivalent
ZEQA,MOM +j0.269004 for Medium
+j0.269004 Voltage
Motors
1pu
Reference
Figure 2.20 Thevenin’s equivalent circuit of medium-voltage

motors and motor cables for momentary networks
Since the positive and negative impedance are the same,

values of positive and negative sequence impedance are
summarized as follows:
ZEQA , MOM , pos  ZEQA , MOM , neg  0.035107  j0.269004 pu
Positive Sequence Negative Sequence

Impedance Network Impedance Network
0.035107
0.035107
+j0.269004
+j0.269004
1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 2.21 Equivalent network of medium-voltage motors

for momentary positive and negative sequence

Equivalent Thevenin’s Momentary Network for Low-voltage Motors
of MCC8 (ZEQB,MOM)
37.0026 37.0026 591.7269 22.2873

ZEQB
+j76.282964 +j76.282964 +j1115.432908 +j43.306017
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
GM-1412 GM-1413 PE-YM4078 GM8103S
Figure 2.22 Momentary impedance of low-voltage motors

and motor cables of MCC8
Calculating for the equivalent impedance ZEQB with impedance

37.0026 37.0026 591.7269 22.2873

ZEQB,MOM
+j76.282964 +j76.282964 +j1115.432908 +j43.306017
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
GM-1412 GM-1413 PE-YM4078 GM8103S
Figure 2.23 Equivalent circuit of low-voltage motors and

motor cables of MCC8 for momentary networks
1
ZEQB,MOM 
1 1 1 1
   ... 
Z"GM-1412 Z"GM-1413 "
ZPE- YM4078 Z"GM8103S


ZEQB,MOM   Z"GM-1412

1
 Z"GM-1413  
1
 Z"GM-1413
1
 ...   
   
1
" 1 1 
 ZPE- YM4078  Z"GM8103S 


ZEQB,MOM  37.0026  j76.282964 1  37.0026  j76.282964 1
 591.7269  j1115.4329 08 1  ...  22.2873  j43.306017 1

1

ZEQB,MOM  2.189525  j4.056443 pu

2.189525 Equivalent
ZEQA,MOM for Low
+J4.056443 Voltage
+J4.056443 Motors of
MCC8
1pu
Reference
Figure 2.24 Thevenin’s equivalent circuit of low-voltage

motors and motor cables of MCC8 for momentary networks

ZEQB , MOM, pos  ZEQB , MOM , neg  2.189525  j4.056443 pu

2.189525 2.189525
+J4.056443 +J4.056443
1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 2.25 Equivalent network of low-voltage motors of

MCC8 for momentary positive and negative sequence

Equivalent Thevenin’s Momentary Network for Low-voltage Motors
of MCC9 (ZEQC,MOM)
54.8426 247.8811
17.0428 10.6940
ZEQB,MOM
+j103.038493
+j30.819157
+j485.145527
+j22.490353
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
GM-1412 GM-1413 PE-YM4078 GM8103S
Figure 2.26 Momentary Impedance of Low-voltage Motors

and Motor Cables of MCC9
Calculating for the equivalent impedance ZEQB with impedance

54.8426 10.6940 247.8811

17.0428
ZEQB,MOM
+j103.038493
+j30.819157 +j22.490353 +j485.145527
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
PE-7601M1 PE-YM7610 PE-GM7612 PE-SM5962
Figure 2.27 Momentary Equivalent Circuit of Low-voltage

Motors and Motor Cables of MCC9
 "
ZEQC,MOM   ZPE


1 "
-7601M1  ZPE- YM7610
1 "
 ZPE 
-GM7612
1

 ...  
 
1
" 1 
 ZPE-SM5962 

ZEQC,MOM  17.0428  j30.819157 1  54.8426  j103.03849 31
 10.6940  j22.490353 1  ...  247.8811  j485.14552 71

1

ZEQB,MOM  1.486806  j2.906046 pu

1.486806 Equivalent
ZEQC,MOM for Low
+J2.906046 Voltage
+J2.906046 Motors of
MCC9
1pu
Reference
Figure 2.28 Equivalent Circuit of Low-voltage Motors and

Motor Cables of MCC9 for Momentary Network

ZEQC , MOM , pos  ZEQC , MOM, neg  1.486806  j2.906046 pu

1.486806 1.486806
+J2.906046 +J2.906046
1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 2.29 Equivalent Network of Low-voltage Motors of

MCC9 for Momentary Positive and Negative Sequence

Table 2.42 Summary of Results for MV and LV motors
Thevenin’s Impedance for Momentary Networks
Impedance (pu) Impedance (pu)
MV Motors
0.035107+j0.269004 0.035107+j0.269004
(ZEQA,MOM)
LV Motors
MCC8 2.189525+j4.056443 2.189525+j4.056443
(ZEQB,MOM)
LV Motors
MCC9 1.486806+j2.906046 1.486806+j2.906046
(ZEQC,MOM)

Momentary Network Diagram
From previous results of transformer model, cable model,
motor model and connection point equivalent impedance, the
positive and negative sequence momentary impedance is shown in
Figures 2.30, 2.31 and 2.32.
BUS1
0.000639
0.000048
ZTL1
+ j0.000137
j0.019257
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.035107 0.001451 0.001613

ZEQA ZTL2 ZTL3
+j0.269004 j0.001007 j0.001119
1pu
0.036692711 0.036692711
Reference ZTRL3A ZTRL3B
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
2.189525 1.486806
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j4.056443 +j2.906046
1pu 1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 2.30 Momentary Positive Sequence Network

BUS1
0.000639 0.000048
ZTL1
+ j0.019257 j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.035107 0.001451 0.001613

ZEQA ZTL2 ZTL3
+j0.269004 j0.001007 j0.001119
0.036692711 0.036692711
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
2.189525 1.486806
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j4.056443 +j2.906046
Reference Reference
Figure 2.31 Momentary Negative Sequence Network

ZGEN EQ,ZERO =0.000555+ J0.017761
BUS1
Reference
ZTL1,ZERO=0.000199+j0.000043
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
ZTL2,ZERO=0.006843+j0.000325 ZTL3,ZERO =0.007604+j0.000361
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692+j0.230430 Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692+j0.230430
BUS3 Reference BUS4 Reference
Figure 2.32 Momentary Zero Sequence Network

Interrupting Networks
Interrupting networks for motor equivalent impedance are

derived as follow:
Table 2.43 Interrupting Reactance values (IEEE 399-2016)
Using the above table from IEEE “Brown book” IEEE 399-1997 [5],
the values of reactance are derived as follows:
X"d,MOM  ANSI Multiplier x X"d Equation (2.11)
 1.5  Induction Motor above 1000hp


ANSI Multiplier   3.0 - Induction motor 50hp and above
neglect  induction below 50hp


For PE-KM5806 (more than 50hp but less than 1000hp, ANSI
multiplier=3.0)
X "d,INT  ANSI Multiplier x X "d
X"d,INT  3.0 x 3.0224
X"d,INT  9.0671 pu
R ,MOM  ANSI Multiplier x R
R ,MOM  3.0 x 0.4534 pu
R ,MOM  1.3601 pu
Z"INT,1 PU  Z"2 PU  1.3601  j9.0671 p.u
Adding the motor impedance to the cable impedance
Z1,CABLE= 0.008415 + j0.007008 pu
ZEQ = Z1,CABLE + Z”MOM,1
ZEQ = 0.008415 + j0.007008 + 1.3601  j9.0671
ZEQ = 0.051829+j0.427677 pu

Calculated results for the rest of the medium and low-
voltage motors are summarized in Tables 2.44 and 2.45.
Table 2.44 Calculated Results of Interrupting Impedance for

Medium and Low-voltage Motors
Original Values Interrupting Values
Equipment ANSI
ID X"d multiplier
R (pu) R (pu) X"d (pu)
(pu)
PE-KM5806 0.4534 3.0224 3.0 1.3601 9.0671
PE-YM7601 0.0312 0.3115 1.5 0.0467 0.4673
PE-KM8639 0.6833 4.5554 3.0 2.0499 13.6662
PE-KM8601 0.8405 5.6031 3.0 2.5214 16.8094
PE-VM5814 3.137 7.469 3.0 9.4107 22.4064
GM8103A 14.581 34.717 3.0 43.7435 104.1511
GM8103S 14.581 34.717 3.0 43.7435 104.1511
PE-7601M1 10.2108 24.3113 3.0 30.6323 72.9340
PE-GM7612 7.2945 17.3679 3.0 21.8835 52.1037
KM8607 11.216 26.705 3.0 33.6488 80.1162
SM8645 2.981 7.099 3.0 8.9441 21.2956

Motor and Cable at 10MVA Base for Interrupting Network
Equipment ID ZEQ (PU)
PE-KM5806 1.368473 +j9.074062

PE-YM7601 0.056215 +j0.477183
PE-KM8639 2.055787 +j13.671062
PE-KM8601 2.532298 +j16.818471
PE-VM5814 11.792625 +j23.674769
GM8103A 48.533397 +j105.796685
GM8103S 48.533397 +j105.796685
PE-7601M1 35.422194 +j74.579535
PE-GM7612 23.824093 +j53.75255
KM8607 40.649602 +j80.811032
SM8645 9.862435 +j22.075842

Equivalent Thevenin’s Interrupting Network for Medium-
voltage Motors (ZEQA)
1.3685 0.0562 2.0558 2.5323

ZEQA,INT
+ j9.0741
+j0.4772 +j13.6711 +j16.8185
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
KM5806 YM7601 KM8639 KM8601
Figure 2.33 Interrupting Impedance of Medium-voltage

Motors and Motor Cables
Equivalent impedances ZEQB are calculated with impedance values

from Table 2.40.
1.3685 0.0562 2.0558 2.5323
ZEQA
+j9.0741 +j0.4772 +j13.6711 +j16.8185
Figure 2.34 Equivalent Circuit of Medium-voltage Motors and

Motor Cables
       
1
 " 1 " 1 " 1 " 1 
ZEQA,INT   ZKM5806  Z YM7601  ZKM8601  ZK8639 
 

ZEQA ,INT  1.3685  j9.0741 1  0.0562  j0.4772 1
 2.0558  j13.6711 1  2.5323  j16.8185  

1
ZEQA ,INT  0.051829  j0.427677 pu

0.051829
Equivalent
ZEQA for Medium
+j0.427677
+j0.427677 Voltage
Motors
1pu
Reference
Figure 2.35 Equivalent Circuit of Medium-voltage Motors and

Motor Cables for Interrupting Network

ZEQA , INT , pos  ZEQA , INT , neg  0.051829  j0.427677 pu

0.051829 0.051829
+j0.427677 +j0.427677
1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 2.36 Equivalent Network of Medium-voltage Motors

for Interrupting Positive and Negative Sequence

Equivalent Thevenin’s Interrupting Network for Low-voltage
Motors of MCC8 (ZEQB,MOM)
48.5334 48.5334
11.7926
ZEQB,INT
+j23.674769 +j105.796685 +j105.796685
1pu 1pu 1pu
Reference Reference Reference Reference
PE-VM5814 GM8103A GM8103S
Figure 2.37 Interrupting Impedance of Low-voltage Motors


from Table 2.40.
48.5334
11.7926 48.5334
ZEQB,INT
+j23.674769 +j105.796685
+j105.796685
1pu 1pu 1pu
PE-VM5814 GM8103A GM8103S

Motor Cables of MCC8 for Interrupting Networks
     
1
 " 1 " 1 " 1 
ZEQB,INT   ZPE- VM5814  ZGM8103A  ...  ZGM8103S 
 

ZEQB,INT  11.7926  j23.674769 1  48.5334  j105.79668 51
 ...  48.5334  j105.79668 51 

1
ZEQB,INT  7.945445  j16.359467 pu

7.945445
Equivalent
ZEQB,INT for Low
+j16.359467 Voltage
+j16.359467 Motors of
MCC8
1pu
Reference


ZEQB , INT , pos  ZEQB , INT , neg  7.945445  j16.359467 pu

7.945445 7.945445
+j16.359467 +j16.359467
1pu
Reference Reference

MCC8 for Interrupting Positive and Negative Sequence

Equivalent Thevenin’s Interrupting Network for Low-voltage
Motors of MCC9 (ZEQC,INT)
23.8241 9.8624
35.4222 40.6496
ZEQB,INT
+j53.7526
+j74.5795
+j22.0758
+j80.8110
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
PE-7601M1 PE-GM7612 KM8607 SM8645
Figure 2.41 Interrupting Impedance of Low-voltage Motors


from Table 2.40.
23.8241 40.6496 9.8624

35.4222
ZEQB,INT
+j53.7526
+j74.5795 +j80.8110 +j22.0758
PE-7601M1 PE-GM7612 KM8607 SM8645
Figure 2.42 Interrupting Equivalent Circuit of Low-voltage

Motors and Motor Cables of MCC9
 "
ZEQC,INT   ZPE


-7601M1
1
 Z"
PE-GM7612
1
 Z"
 
KM8607
1
 ...   
 
1
1 
 Z"SM8645 

ZEQC ,INT  35.4222  j74.5795 1  23.8241  j53.7526 1
 40.6496  j80.8110 1  ...  9.8624  j22.0758 1

1

ZEQC,INT  5.104858  j11.154007 pu

5.104858 5.104858 Thevenin’s
Equivalent
ZEQC,INT for Low
+j11.154007 Voltage
+j11.154007 Motors of
MCC9
1pu
Reference


ZEQC , INT , pos  ZEQC , INT , neg  5.104858  j11.154007 pu

5.104858 5.104858
+j11.154007 +j11.154007
1pu
Reference Reference

MCC9 for Momentary Positive and Negative Sequence

Table 2.46 Summary of Results for MV and LV Motors
Thevenin’s Impedance for Interrupting Networks
Impedance (pu) Impedance (pu)
MV Motors
0.051829+j0.427677 0.051829+j0.427677
(ZEQA,INT)
LV Motors
MCC8 7.945445+j16.359467 7.945445+j16.359467
(ZEQB,INT)
LV Motors
MCC9 5.104858+j11.154007 5.104858+j11.154007
(ZEQC,INT)
From previous results of transformer model, cable model,

motor model and connection point equivalent impedance, the
positive and negative sequence momentary impedance is shown in
the figures 2.45, 2.46 and 2.47.

BUS1
0.000685 0.000048
ZTL1
+j0.021452 j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.051829 0.001451 0.001613

ZEQA ZTL2 ZTL3
+j0.427677 j0.001007 j0.001119
1pu
0.036692711 0.036692711
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
7.945445 5.104858
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j16.359467 +j11.154007
1pu 1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 2.45 Interrupting Positive Sequence Network

BUS1
0.000048
0.000685 ZTL1
+j0.021452 j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.051829 0.001451 0.001613

ZEQA ZTL2 ZTL3
+j0.427677 j0.001007 j0.001119
1pu
0.036692711 0.036692711
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
7.945445 5.104858
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j16.359467 +j11.154007
1pu 1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 2.46 Interrupting Negative Sequence Network

ZGEN EQ,ZERO =0.000555+ J0.017761
BUS1
Reference
ZTL1,ZERO=0.000199+j0.000043
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
ZTL2,ZERO=0.006843+j0.000325 ZTL3,ZERO =0.007604+j0.000361
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692+j0.230430 Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692+j0.230430
Figure 2.47 Interrupting Zero Sequence Network

2.8 Admittance Network
From the admittance values derived from transformers and

cables in this chapter, the admittances are calculated and presented
below in Figure 2.48.
Bus 1 V1
I12
y12 =[(yTL1)-1+ (yTRM1)-1]-1
y12 =0.959989-j32.341297
I”12
Bus 2 V2
I23 I24
S2=P2+jQ2
S2=0.5582+ j0.332 y23 =[(yTL2)-1+(yTRL3A)-1]-1 y24 =[(yTL3)-1+(yTRL3B)-1]-1
y23 =0.693282-j4.206570 y24 =0.695415-j4.203698
I”23 I”24
Bus 3 Bus 4 V
V3 4
S3=P3+jQ3 S4=P4+jQ4
S3=0.08946+j0.054898 S4=0.07898+j0.048099
Figure 2.48 System Admittance diagram

CHAPTER 3
LOAD FLOW STUDY
This load flow study analyses two (2) system conditions.

The first condition is a system at normal loading without capacitor
and with all transformers set at nominal tap. This will establish the
base condition where all the necessary power system parameters
are calculated. The second condition is a system at normal loading
condition with power factor correction capacitors on various steps
and with the necessary taps set at all transformers. The power
system parameters that will be evaluated using this load flow study
are (1) the voltage on each bus, (2) the % voltage drop and the
terminal voltage on each load, (3) the transformer loading, (4) the
bus bar loading, (5) the power factor of system.
3.1 Methodology
A load flow study is a steady-state analysis whose aim is to

determine the voltages, currents, and real and reactive power flows
in a system under a given load condition.
This load flow study utilizes the Gauss-Seidel Method to
calculate the bus voltages. It is selected over other methods due to
its accuracy and simple approach in calculation that individual bus
voltages can be calculated iteratively via manual calculation or with
the aid of simple Microsoft excel sheet.
The load flow analysis will consist of two (2) study cases
representing two (2) operating modes namely steady-state without
capacitor and steady-state with capacitor. On each study case, a
three-step procedure will be followed.
Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis Page 107

Step1. Bus Voltage Calculations
This step uses Kirchhoff’s Current Law where bus voltage

equations are derived by balancing the currents flowing into the bus
from the currents leaving the bus. The vector sum of the currents
entering the bus is equal to the vector sum of the currents leaving
the bus.
∑IIN=∑IOUT
IIN
Bus i Vi
IOUT
Figure 3.1 Current flow to a bus
For each load element, the current will be represented in

terms of complex power S and bus voltage V.
S*
2
I
V2*
Bus i Vi
Si=Pi+jQi
Figure 3.2 Current flow through a load element
Where: S* and V* are conjugates of complex power S and bus

voltage V respectively.
The current flowing through an admittance element Yij is given as

Iij  yij(Vi  Vj )

For a transformer element with admittance Yij and a tap ratio of 1:a,
the current flowing into bus j (Iij”) is given as:
V Vj
Iij"  Yij( i  )
a a2
While the current flowing out of bus i (Iij) is given as:
Vj
Iij  Yij(Vi  )
a
And the relation between these two current is:
Iij  a*Iij"
Bus i Vi
Bus i Vi
Iij
yij
yij
Iij Vx
tap
” 1:a
Iij
Vj Bus j Vj
Bus j
Figure 3.3 Current flow through an admittance element

(left), Current flow through admittance with tap changing
transformer (right)
The derived current equation yields a non-linear equation

which can only be solved using iterative method such as Gauss-
Seidel, Newton-Raphson, etc. The author used Microsoft Excel
2010TM and developed iteration formula that calculates voltages at
each bus.

Iteration voltage
Iteration
Admittances values
Power
output at
Figure 3.4 Voltage Calculation/Iteration via excel sheet
The author further utilized the Microsoft Excel 2010’s

capability to calculate complex qualities by enabling the analysis
tool pack add-in as shown in Figure 3.5.
Figure 3.5 Microsoft Excel complex quantity calculation

add-ins
Voltage drop on each load is determined using the

calculated bus voltage.
Step 2. Calculation of Current Flow, Voltage drop, Power Flow and
Power Factor
After calculating the voltage on each bus, the current and
power flow can be derived from the following equation. From Figure
3.3 the current flow (Iij) into bus Vj is given as
Iij=yij(Vi-Vj) Equation (3.1)
The power Sij from into bus Vj is given as
Sij=VijIij* Equation (3.2)

Given complex power in polar format S/θ0, the power factor will be
calculated as
PF=cos θ
If θ is positive, PF is said to be lagging and leading if θ is negative.
yij is th complex admittance between bus i and bus j

Iij is the complex current flow from bus i into bus j
Sij is the complex power (apparent power) flow from bus i into bus j
Vi and Vj are complex bus voltages of bus i and bus j respectively
Step 3. Evaluation of Results
Based on the results of bus voltages, voltage drops on

each loads, current and power flows and power factor will be
evaluated.
The summary of Load Flow case study process is shown in
Figure 3.6.
CASE STUDY PROCESS
STEP 1:
CALCULATION OF BUS VOLTAGES AND PHASE
ANGLES
STEP 2:
CALCULATION OF POWER AND CURRENT
FLOWS
STEP 3:
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
Figure 3.6 Load flow case study process flow chart

3.2 Load Flow Analysis for Case 1 (Steady-state without
Capacitor)
This study case analyzes the system under normal loading

condition. All three power transformers TRM1, TRL3A and TRL3B are
on-line, all loads of PE-2 plant are running at maximum capacity of
24 Tons/hr. and without power factor correction capacitor on-line to
establish base line data and evaluate the impact of the capacitors to
the system.
3.2.1 Admittance and Power Data
Bus 1 which is the generator bus will be the swing bus

where the voltage is constant at 1/00 p.u and the active and
reactive power will be calculated from this bus. Bus 2, Bus 3 and
Bus 4 are the load bus where voltage will be calculated.
Table 3.1 Summary of Bus Properties for Study Case 1

Bus Type Known Values Unknown
Values
Bus 1 Generator Bus V1 /δ10=1/00 p.u P and Q
(swing)
Bus 2 Load Bus P and Q V2 /δ20
Chapter 3-Load Flow Analysis-Case 1 Page 112

Bus 1 V1
I12
y12 =[(yTL1)-1+ (yTRM1)-1]-1
y12 =0.959989-j32.341297
I”12
Bus 2 V2
I23 I24
S2=P2+jQ2
S2=0.5582+ j0.332 y23 =[(yTL2)-1+(yTRL3A)-1]-1 y24 =[(yTL3)-1+(yTRL3B)-1]-1
y23 =0.693282-j4.206570 y24 =0.695415-j4.203698
I”23 I”24
Bus 3 Bus 4 V
V3 4
S3=P3+jQ3 S4=P4+jQ4
S3=0.08946+j0.054898 S4=0.07898+j0.048099
Figure 3.7 Admittance network for Case 1
From Chapter 2, values of admittances and power schedule

are summarized in Table 3.2 and Table 3.3 respectively.
Table 3.2 Summary of Admittances

Admittances Values (mho p.u)
y12 0.959989-j32.341297
y23 0.693282-j4.206570
y24 0.695415-j4.203698
Table 3.3 Scheduled Power

Real Reactive P (p.u) @ Q (p.u) @
Bus No Power P Power Q 10MVA 10MVA
(MW) (MVAR) base base
S2 Bus 2 5.58210 3.31997 0.558210 0.331997
S3 Bus 3 0.8946 0.54898 0.08946 0.054898
S4 Bus 4 0.7898 0.48099 0.07898 0.048099

3.2.2 Bus Voltage Calculation
Bus voltages are calculated using Gauss-Seidel Method

which is a numerical method for calculating non-linear equations.
These non-linear voltage equations are derived as follows:
Derivation of voltage equations:
➢ For Bus no. 2 (6.9kV Bus V2)
From figure 3.7 at Bus 2 by KCL, ∑ I = 0,

Current flowing into Bus 2 from Bus 1 and considering transformer
tap aTRM1 of TRM1 using Equation 3.1:
 V V2 
I12"  y12  1

 aTRM1 a 2
 TRM1 
Currents flowing out from Bus 2 to Bus 3 and considering

transformer tap aTRL3A of TRL3A using Equation 3.1:
 V3 
I23  y 23  V2  
 a TRL3A 

transformer tap aTRL3B of TRL3B using Equation 3.1:
 V4 
I24  y 24  V2  
 a TRL3B 
And current due to power out of Bus 2:
S *2
V2*

By KCL, vector sum of currents into Bus 2 equals vector sum of
currents out of Bus 2.
 V V2   V3   V4  S*
y12  1   y23  V2    y24  V2 
 
 2

 aTRM1 a 2
 aTRL3A   aTRL3B
*
 V2
 TRM1 
Arranging the current equation yields a non-linear equation for

voltage V2.
 S*
2 y12 V1 V3 V4
  y 23  y 24
V2* a TRM1 a TRL3A a TRL3B
V2 
y12
 y 23  y 24
a TRM12
If we let V2(k) be the initial estimate of voltage V2 then the iterative

equation V2(k+1) will be
 S*
2y V V3(k) V4(k)
 12 1  y23  y24
V*(k) aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
Equation (3.3)
V2(k  1)  aTRM1 2
y12
 y23  y24
aTRM12
➢ Bus 3 MCC8 480V bus V3
From figure 3.7 at Bus 3 by KCL, ∑ I = 0,
Current flowing into Bus 3 using Equation 3.1:
 V V3 
I23"  y23  2
 
 aTRL3A a 2
 TRL3A 
S *3
V3*
By KCL, vector sum of currents in equals vector sum of current out

of Bus 3.

 V V3  S*
y 23  2
  3
 aTRL3A a 2 *
 TRL3A  V3

voltage V3.
  S* y V 
 3
 23 2 
 V* a TRL3A 
V3   3 
 y 23 
 
 a TRL3A 2 
 

  S*
 3 y V (k) 

 23 2
 V *(k) a TRL3A 
(k  1)
V3  3  Equation (3.4)
 y 23 
 
 a TRL3A 2 
 
➢ Bus 4 MCC9 480V V4
From figure 3.7, at bus 3 by KCL, ∑ I = 0,
Current flowing into the Bus 4 using Equation 3.1:

 V V4 
I24"  y 24  2
 
 aTRL3B a 2 
 TRL3B 
S *4
V4*
By KCL, vector sum of currents in equals vector sum of currents out

of Bus 4.

 V V4  S*4
y 24  2
 
 a TRL3B a 2
V4*
 TRL3B 

voltage V4.
  S* y V 
 4
 24 2 
 V* a TRL3B 
V4   4 
 y 24 
 
 a TRL3B 2 
 

  S*
 4 y V (k) 

 24 2
 V *(k) a TRL3B 
(k 1)
V4  4  Equation (3.5)
 y 24 
 
 a TRL3B 2 
 
Gauss-Siedel Iteration for bus voltage
Bus voltage estimates at

V2(0)= V3(0)= V4(0)= 1/00 V p.u
and V1(k)= 1/00 V p.u (for all values of k)
For TRM1, TRL3A and TRL3B,

tap=+ 2.5% (0.95, 0.975, 1.0, 1.025, 1.05)
Transformer taps (Primary) are selected at principal tap
aTRM1=1; aTRL3A=1; aTRL3B=1
Complex power values from Table 3.2.

S2=0.558210 + j 0.331997 p.u
S3=0.08946 + j 0.054898p.u
S4=0.07898+ j 0.048099 p.u

Taking the conjugates of the complex power
S2*=0.558210 - j 0.331997p.u
S3*=0.08946 – j 0.054898p.u
S4*=0.07898 – j 0.048099 p.u
Admittance values from Table 3.2

y12=0.959989-j32.341297 p.u
y23=0.693282-j4.206570 p.u
y24=0.695415-j4.203698 p.u
(y12 + y23 + y24) = 2.348687-j40.751566 p.u
k=0, 1st iteration

For V2(1) using Equation 3.3
 S*
2 y12 V1 V3(0) V4(0)
  y 23  y 24
V2*(0) a TRM1 a TRL3A a TRL3B
V2(1) 
y12
 y 23  y 24
a TRM12
 0.558210 + j 0.331997*
V2(1)  1 1 
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
2.348687 - j40.751566 2.348687 - j40.751566

0.558210 - j 0.3319971  0.695415 - j4.2036981
2.348687 - j40.751566
V2(1) = 0.991093-j0.013184p.u

 S*
3 y 23 V2(0)

V3*(0) a TRL3A
V3(1) 
y 23
a TRL3A 2
  (0.0894638  j0.0548985)* 
V3(1)  1   1
 1(0.693282 - j4.206570) 
V3(1) = 0.983882-j0.018611p.u
 S*4 y 24 V2(0)

V4*(0) a TRL3B
V4(1) 
y 24
a TRL3B 2
(1)
  (0.0789849  j0.0480991)* 
V4  1   1
 0.695415 - j4.2036981 
V4(1) = 0.985837-j0.016446 p.u
k=1, 2nd iteration

 S*
2 y12 V1 V3(1) V4(1)
  y 23  y 24
*(1) a a a TRL3B
V2 TRM1 TRL3A
V2(2) 
y12
 y 23  y 24
a TRM12

 0.558210 + j 0.331997*
V2(2)  1
0.990201 - j0.014405* 
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
2.348687 - j40.751566 2.348687 - j40.751566

0.693282 - j4.2065700.983882 - j0.018611
2.348687 - j40.751566

0.695415 - j4.2036980.985837 - j0.016446
2.348687 - j40.751566
V2(2) = 0.988081-j0.017155 p.u
 S*
3 y 23 V2(1)

V3*(1) a TRL3A
V3(2) 
y 23
a TRL3A 2
 (0.0894638  j0.0548985)*
V3(2) 
1(0.693282 - j4.206570)0.983882 - j0.018611*
 0.991093 - j0.013184
V3(2) = 0.974359-j0.031784p.u
 S*4 y V (1)
 24 2
V4*(1) a TRL3B
V4(2) 
y 24
a TRL3B 2
  (0.0789849  j0.0480991)* 
V4(2)  1   
 0.695415 - j4.2036980.985837 - j0.016446* 
 0.991093 - j0.013184
V4(2) = 0.976452-j0.029623p.u
Calculating the errors
Calculating the real term errors (ereal) and imaginary term

errors (eimaginary) of voltages between the first iteration and the
second iteration
V2(1) = 0.991093-j0.013184 p.u

V2(2) = 0.988081-j0.017155 p.u
ereal =|0.991093 -0.988081| =0.003011922 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.013184 – 0.017155| =0.003971283 (>1x10-6)
V3(1) = 0.983882-j0.018611 p.u

V3(2) = 0.974359-j0.031784 p.u
ereal =|0.983882-0.974359| =0.00952263 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.018611 – j0.031784 | = 0.013172916(>1x10-6)
V4(1) = 0.985837-j0.016446 p.u

V4(2) = 0.976452-j0.029623p.u
ereal =|0.985837-0.976452| =0.009384458 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.016446 – j0.029623| = 0.013176597(>1x10-6)
Since all errors are still greater than 1x10-6 then further
iterations are required until all errors are less than 1x10-6 in which
case the solution is said to converge to the correct value.

K=2, 3rd iteration
For V2(3) using equation 3.3
(2) (2)
 S*
2 y V V3 V4
 12 1  y 23  y 24
V2*(2) a TRM1 a TRL3A a TRL3B
V2(3) 
y12
 y 23  y 24
a TRM12
 0.558210 + j 0.331997*
V2(3) 1
0.987138 - j0.018375* 
0.959989 - j32.341297 1
2.348687 - j40.751566 2.348687 - j40.751566

0.693282 - j4.2065700.973467 - j0.033004
2.348687 - j40.751566

0.695415 - j4.2036980.97556 - j0.030843
2.348687 - j40.751566
V2 (3) = 0.986328-j0.020102p.u
 S*
3 y 23 V2(2)

V3*(2) a TRL3A
V3(3) 
y 23
a TRL3A 2
 (0.0894638  j0.0548985)*
V3(3) 
1(0.693282 - j4.206570)0.973467 - j0.033004*
 0.988081 - j0.017155
V3(3) = 0.970934-j0.035697p.u

 S*4 y V (2)
 24 2
V4*(2) a TRL3B
V4(3) 
y 24
a TRL3B 2
  (0.0789849  j0.0480991)* 
V4(3)  1   
 0.695415 - j4.2036980.97556 - j0.030843* 
 0.988081 - j0.017155
V4(3) = 0.973079-j0.033543p.u

errors (eimaginary) of voltages between the 2nd iteration and the third
iteration:
V2(2) = 0.988081-j0.017155 p.u
V2(3) = 0.986328-j0.020102 p.u
ereal =|0.988081-0.986328| =0.001752721 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.017155 -0.020102| =0.002946738 (>1x10-6)
V3(2) = 0.974359-j0.031784 p.u

V3(3) = 0.970934-j0.035697 p.u
ereal =|0.974359-0.970934| =0.003425034 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.031784 – 0.035697 | =0.003913351 (>1x10-6)
V4(2) = 0.976452-j0.029623 p.u

V4(3) = 0.973079-j0.033543 p.u
ereal =|0.976452-0.973079| =0.003372922 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.029623 -0.033543 | =0.003920754 (>1x10-6)

Again, since all errors are still greater than 1x10-6,
continuous iterations are required until the errors become less than
1x10-6 to converge to the correct value.
Repeating the same calculation procedure using the load
flow sheet developed by the Author up to 15 iterations yield an
error of e<1x10-6, equivalent to five (5) decimal places of accuracy.
The result of the whole calculation is summarized in Table 3.4 while
the voltage error values are summarized in Table 3.5. It shows the
error on the 15th iteration to be at least 3x10-7 which is less than
the set reference value to converge.
Table 3.4 Bus Voltage Calculation Results after k=15
k V2 (Bus 2) V3 (Bus 3) V4 (Bus 4)
1 0.991093-j0.013184 0.983882-j0.018611 0.985837-j0.016446

2 0.988081-j0.017155 0.974359-j0.031784 0.976452-j0.029623
3 0.986328-j0.020102 0.970934-j0.035697 0.973079-j0.033543
4 0.985653-j0.020985 0.969046-j0.038635 0.971209-j0.036482
5 0.98531-j0.021637 0.968282-j0.039498 0.970456-j0.037348
6 0.985159-j0.021832 0.967909-j0.040148 0.970086-j0.037999
7 0.985093-j0.021975 0.96774-j0.040338 0.969919-j0.038188
8 0.985059-j0.022018 0.967666-j0.04048 0.969847-j0.038331
9 0.985047-j0.022049 0.967629-j0.040522 0.96981-j0.038373
10 0.985039-j0.022058 0.967614-j0.040553 0.969796-j0.038404
11 0.985037-j0.022065 0.967606-j0.040562 0.969788-j0.038413
12 0.985035-j0.022067 0.967604-j0.040569 0.969785-j0.03842
13 0.985035-j0.022069 0.967602-j0.04057 0.969783-j0.038422
14 0.985034-j0.022069 0.967601-j0.040572 0.969783-j0.038423
15 0.985034-j0.022069 0.967601-j0.040572 0.969782-j0.038424

Table 3.5 Voltage Calculation Error Values
Accuracy
k V2 V3 V4
ereal eimaginary ereal eimaginary ereal eimaginary
1 0.008907 0.0131846 0.016118 0.0186112 0.0141628 0.01644644

2 0.003012 0.0039713 0.0095226 0.0131729 0.0093845 0.0131766
3 0.001753 0.0029467 0.003425 0.0039134 0.0033729 0.00392075
4 0.000675 0.0008832 0.0018876 0.0029381 0.0018705 0.00293904
5 0.000343 0.000652 0.000764 0.0008634 0.000753 0.00086607
6 0.00015 0.0001945 0.0003735 0.0006499 0.0003697 0.00065017
7 6.68E-05 0.0001433 0.0001692 0.0001892 0.0001669 0.00018988
8 3.32E-05 4.255E-05 7.347E-05 0.0001428 7.263E-05 0.00014288
9 1.29E-05 3.13E-05 3.725E-05 4.122E-05 3.675E-05 4.1391E-05
10 7.31E-06 9.259E-06 1.435E-05 3.121E-05 1.417E-05 3.1221E-05
11 2.46E-06 6.803E-06 8.149E-06 8.935E-06 8.046E-06 8.9773E-06
12 1.6E-06 2.005E-06 2.781E-06 6.785E-06 2.741E-06 6.7865E-06
13 4.65E-07 1.471E-06 1.774E-06 1.928E-06 1.752E-06 1.9381E-06
14 3.47E-07 4.322E-07 5.34E-07 1.468E-06 5.255E-07 1.4682E-06
15 8.66E-08 3.169E-07 3.842E-07 4.144E-07 3.796E-07 4.1664E-07
Calculation results:
V2(15) = 0.985034-j0.022069 p.u
V3(15) =0.967601-j0.040572 p.u
V4(15) =0.969782-j0.038424 p.u
Converting V2(15) to polar form:

V2 = (0.985034)2+(-0.022069)2 /Arctan(-0.022069/0.985034)0
V2 = 0.985281/-1.2830 p.u
Actual value of bus voltage is

V2 =(0.985281/-1.2830 )(Vbase)= (0.985281/-1.2830 )(6.9kV)
V2 = 6.798/-1.2830 kV

V3 = (0.967601)2+(-0.040572)2 /Arctan(-0.040572 /0.967601)0
V3 = 0.968451/-2.4010 p.u

V3 =(0.968451/-2.4010)(Vbase)=( 0.968451/-2.4010)(480V)
V3= 464.856/-2.4010 V

V4 = (0.969782)2+(-0.038424)2 /Arctan(-0.038424/0.969782)0
V4 = 0.970543/-2.2690 p.u

V4 =(0.970543/-2.2690)(Vbase)=( 0.970543/-2.2690)(480V)
V4= 465.8609/-2.2690 V

3.2.3 Current, Power Flow and Power Factor Calculation
Bus 1 V1=1/ 00 V p.u
S12-1
yTL1
I12
yTRM1 S12-2
Bus 2 V2=0.985281/-1.2830 V p.u
yTL2 S23-2 y24

S24-2
I24
S2=0.5582 + j0.332 I23
yTRL3A S23-3 y24
S24-4
Bus 3 Bus 4
V3=0.968451/-2.4010 p.u V4=0.970543/-2.2680 p.u
S3=P3+jQ3 S4=P4+jQ4
S3=0.08946+j0.054898 S4=0.07898+j0.048099
Figure 3.8 Admittance Network with Power and Current

Flows
Current Flows
Using Equation 3.1 and admittance values from Table 3.2 to

calculate the current flows:
Current flow from bus 1 to bus 2 (I12) as referred from the primary
side (13.8kV) of TRM1:
I12=y12(V1-V2)
I12=(0.959989-j32.341297) (1-0.9850347+j0.022069)
I12= 0.728131-j0.462808 p.u
Converting to polar form:

I12 = (0.728131)2+ (-0.462808)2/Arctan(-0.462808/0.728131)
I12= 0.862767/-32.441480 p.u

Actual value of I12 is
I12= (I12 p.u)( Ibase 13.8kV)
I12= (0.862767/-32.4410)(418.36976)
I12= 360.955671/-32.4410 A
As referred to secondary:
I12= 360.955671 x (13.8/6.9)
I12=721.91 A
Current flow from bus 2 to bus 3 (I23)

I23=y23(V2-V3)
I23=(0.693282-j4.206570)(0.9850347-j0.022069-0.9676013
+j0.04057)
I23= 0.0899208 - j0.060507 p.u

I23 = (0.0899208)2+ (-0.0607507)2 /Arctan(-0.0607507/0.0899)
I23= 0.108382/-33.9370 p.u

I23= (I23 p.u)( Ibase 480V)
I23= (0.108382/-33.9370)(12028.13061)
I23= 1303.643/-33.9370 A

I24=y24(V2-V4)
I24=(0.695415-j4.203698) (0.985034-j0.022069 -
0.969782+j0.038424)
I24= 0.079354-j0.0527418 p.u

I24 = (0.079354)2 + (-0.0527418)2/Arctan(-0.0527418/0.079354)
I24= 0.095283/-33.6100 p.u

I24= (I24 p.u)( Ibase 480V)
I24= (0.095283/-33.6100)( 12028.13061)
I24= 1146.079/-33.6100 A
Power Flow and Power Factor
Using Equation 3.2 and the calculated bus voltages as well

as the calculated currents and power flows, power factor will be
calculated as follow:
For power out from Bus 1 to TRM1:

S1TRM1= V1I12*
S1TRM1= (1)(0.728131-j0.462808)*
S1TRM1= (0.728131+j0.4462808) p.u
S1TRM1 = (0.728131)2+(0.4462808)2/Arctan(0.4462808/0.728131)
S1TRM1= 0.862767/32.4410 p.u
Actual value of S12 is

S1TRM1= (S12p.u)( Sbase )
S1TRM1= (0.862767/32.4410)(10MVA)
S1TRM1= 8.627/32.4410 MVA
Calculating the Power Factor

PF1TRM1=cos(32.4410)
PF1TRM1= 0.84395 lagging at bus 1

Power Flow from TRM1 to Bus 2:
STRM12= V2I12*
STRM12= (0.985034-j0.022069)(0.728131-j0.462808)*
STRM12= 0.727448+j0.439813 p.u

STRM12 = (0.727448)2+ (0.439813)2/Arctan(0.439813/0.727448)
STRM12= 0.850068/31.1570 p.u

STRM12= (S12p.u)( Sbase )
STRM12= (0.850068/31.1570)(10MVA)
STRM12= 8.50068/31.1570 MVA

PFTRM12=cos(31.157)
PFTRM12= 0.85575 lagging at Bus 2
For power out from Bus 2 to TRL3A:

S2TRL3A= V2I23*
S2TRL3A = (0.985034-j0.022069)(0.089920 - j0.060507)*
S2TRL3A = 0.089910+j0.057561 p.u

S2TRL3A = (0.089910)2+ (0.057561)2/Arctan(0.057561/0.089910)
S2TRL3A = 0.106787/32.6530 p.u
Actual value of S2TRL3A is

S2TRL3A = (S2TRL3Ap.u)( Sbase )
S2TRL3A = (0.106787/32.6530 )(10MVA)
S2TRL3A = 1.06787/32.6530 MVA

PF2TRL3A=cos(32.6530)
PF2TRL3A= 0.84196 lagging
For power out from TRL3A to Bus 3:

STRL3A3= V3I23*
STRL3A3= (0.967601-j0.0405728)( 0.0899208 - j0.060507)*
STRL3A3= 0.089462+j0.0548983 p.u
STRL3A3 = (0.089462)2+(0.0548983)2/Arctan(0.089462/0.0548983)
STRL3A3= 0.104963/31.5360 p.u
Actual value of STRL3A3 is

STRL3A3= (STRL3A3p.u)( Sbase )
STRL3A3= (0.104963/31.5360)(10MVA)
STRL3A3= 1.04963/31.5360 MVA

PFTRL3A3=cos(31.5360)
PFTRL3A3=0.85232 lagging
For power out from Bus 2 to TRL3B:
S2TRL3B= V2I24*
S2TRL3B = (0.985034-j0.022069)(0.079354-j0.052741)*
S2TRL3B = 0.079331+j0.0502011 p.u

S2TRL3B = (0.079331)2+(0.0502011)2/Arctan(0.0502011/0.079331)
S2TRL3B= 0.09388/32.3260 p.u
Actual value of S2TRL3B is

S2TRL3B= (S2TRL3B p.u)( Sbase )

S2TRL3B= (0.09388/32.3260)(10MVA)
S2TRL3B= 0.9388/32.3260 MVA
Calculating the power factor

PF2TRL3B=cos(32.3260)
PF2TRL3B=0.84502 lagging
For power out from TRL3B to Bus 4:

STRL3B4= V4I24*
STRL3B4= (0.968546-j0.039988)(0.079362-j0.052937)*
STRL3B4= 0.078983+j0.048098 p.u

STRL3B4 = (0.078983)2+ (0.048098)2/Arctan(0.048098/0.078983)
STRL3B4= 0.092476/31.3410 p.u
Actual value of STRL3B4 is

STRL3B4= (S24p.u)( Sbase )
STRL3B4= (0.092476/31.3410)(10MVA)
STRL3B4= 0.92476/31.3410 MVA
PFTRL3B4=cos(31.340)
PFTRL3B4= 0.85409 lagging

3.2.4.1 Bus Voltage Evaluation
Table 3.6 Summary of Bus Voltage Calculation

Actual Bus Per-unit Permissible Remarks
Voltage (kV) (p.u) Voltage
(p.u)
V2 6.798/-1.28530 kV 0.985281 0.98 Acceptable
V3 464.856/-2.4010 V 0.968451 0.98 Not Acceptable
V4 465.860/-2.2690 V 0.970543 0.98 Not Acceptable
The above result shows that the bus voltage on Bus 2

(6.9kV bus) is above the minimum permissible limit. The secondary
voltage of both TRL3A and TRL3B are both below the permissible
limit and can still be improved by changing the transformer primary
tap from the nominal tap 3 to off-nominal tap 4 (–2.5% tap
position). The per-unit tap a will be 1/0.975 or 1.02564 and the
re-calculation result using the Microsoft Excel load flow sheet
developed by the author is shown in Table 3.7. The result shows a
significant improvement of the bus voltages at Bus 2 (0.993 per-
unit) and Bus 3 (0.995 per-unit) under normal load condition.
Table 3.7 Summary of Bus Voltage Calculation after Changing

the Taps of TRL3A and TRL3B to -2.5% Off-nominal
Actual Bus Per-unit (p.u) Remarks
Voltage (kV)
V2 6.799/-1.2830 kV 0.985281 Acceptable
V3 476.776/-2.4010 V 0.993283 Acceptable
V4 477.806/-2.2690 V 0.995429 Acceptable
3.2.4.2 Voltage Drop Evaluation
According to PEC Chapter 2.10.2.1 fine print note number

4, 2.15.1.2 and fine print note number 2, the recommended
maximum combined voltage drop for both feeders and branch
circuit should not exceed 5%, and the maximum voltage drop on

the branch circuit or feeder should not exceed 3%. As per JG
Summit Design Standards, under normal condition the maximum
permissible voltage drop on feeder shall be 2% and 3% on branch
circuit. On the other hand, during a transient event such as motor
starting, the maximum permissible voltage drop at the motor being
started is 15% while 10% for the other loads. These
recommendations are related to equipment performance and line
loss issue.
Therefore, the voltage drop should be one of the
fundamental considerations in system design. This section will
calculate the voltage drop for:
1. Transformer Feeder Cables
2. Medium Voltage Motors
3. 480V Loads
➢ Voltage Drop for Transformer Feeder Cables
The voltage drop of transformer feeder cable is calculated

using the equation below:
Mag[I]  Mag[Z]
%VD  x100
Mag[V] Equation (3.6)
3
Where Mag[I], Mag[Z] and Mag[V] are magnitude of

complex load current, cable impedance of the load and voltage of
the bus where the load is connected, respectively.

Table 3.8 Summary of Transformer Cable Ratings
Cable Rating
Eqpt
Cable Type Size Wire/ Length R XL
ID
(mm2) Φ (m) (Ω /km) (Ω/km)
TL1 1C- 630 5 115 0.04 0.1138
CV(8.7/15kV),
Cu/XLPE/CTS/
AWA/PVC
TL2 3C- 185 1 54 0.128 0.0888

CV(6/10(12)k
V)
TL3 3C- 185 1 60 0.128 0.0888

CV(6/10(12)k
V)
Source: Resistance and Reactance values from Cable vendor-Fujikura Federal

Cables SDN. BHD.
Presented below are the calculations of the percent voltage

drop using the resistances and reactances from Table 3.8, as well as
the current and voltages derived from Section 3.2.3.
Voltage drop for TRM1 feeder cable TL1

For ZTL1:
[R per km  jXper km ][length]
Z TL1 
wire per phase
[0.04  j0.1138][115 / 1000]

Z TL1 
5
Z TL1  0.00092  j0.0026174 

Mag[ZTL1] = (0.00092)2+ (0.0026174)2 = 0.002774 Ω

%VDTL1:
MagI12   MagZ TL1 
%VD TL1  x 100%
MagV1 
3
%VDTL1 
360.9550.002774 x 100%
13800
3
%VDTL1=0.013%
Voltage Drop for TRL3A feeder cable TL2

For ZTL2:
Z TL1 
wire per phase
[0.128  j0.0888][54 / 1000]

Z TL1 
1
Z TL1  0.006912  j0.0047952 

Mag[ZTL2] = (0.006912)2+ (0.0047952)2 = 0.008412 Ω
%VDTL2:
%VD TL2  x 100%
MagV2 
3
%VD TL2 
1303.6430.008412 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDTL2=0.2794%
Voltage Drop for TRL3B feeder cable TL3

For ZTL3:
Z TL1 
wire per phase
[0.128  j0.0888][60 / 1000]

Z TL1 
1

Z TL1  0.00768  j0.005328 
Mag[ZTL3] = (0.00768)2+ (0.005328)2 = 0.009347 Ω
%VDTL3:
%VD TL3  x 100%
MagV2 
3
%VD TL3 
1146.079 0.009347 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDTL3=0.27292%

Voltage Drop without Capacitor
Eqpt Acceptance
From To %VD Remarks
ID Criteria
TRM1 <3% Acceptable

TL1 Bus 1 0.013
Primary
<3% Acceptable
Primary
TL2 Bus 2 0.279
of TRL3A
<3% Acceptable
Primary
TL3 Bus 2 0.273
of TRL3B
The above result for transformer feeder % voltage drop

shows acceptable values for all transformer feeders.

➢ Voltage Drop for Medium Voltage Motors during Normal Running
Condition
3.10 Summary of Motor Feeder Cable Ratings
Eqpt Size Wire Length R X

Cable Type
ID (mm2) /Φ (m) (Ω /km) (Ω/km)
CBL- 3C- 185 1 313 0.128 0.1066
KM5806 CV(6/10(12kV))
CBL- 1C- 240 1 458 0.0986 0.1027
YM7601 CV(6/10(12kV))
CBL- 3C- 185 1 218 0.128 0.1066
KM8639 CV(6/10(12)kV)
CBL- 3C- 185 1 405 0.128 0.1066
KM8601 CV(6/10(12)kV)
Cables SDN. BHD.
Calculating the percent voltage drop using the resistances

and reactances from Table 3.10, as well as the current and voltages
derived from Section 3.2.3:
Voltage Drop for PE-KM5806 (running condition):

For ZCBL-KM5806:
ZCBL -KM5806 
wire per phase
[0.128  j0.1066][313 / 1000]

ZCBL -KM5806 
1
ZCBL KM5806  0.0401  j0.0334 
Mag[ZCBL-KM5806] = (0.0401)2+ (0.0334)2 = 0.052138Ω

%VDCBL-KM5906:
MagI  MagZ
%VD  x 100%
MagV 
3
%VDKM5806 
60.8460.052138 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDKM5806=0.081%

For ZCBL-YM7601:
ZCBL - YM7601 
wire per phase
[0.0986  j0.1027][458 / 1000]

ZCBL - YM7601 
1
ZCBL KM5806  0.0452  j0.0047 
Mag[ZCBL-YM7601] = (0.0452)2+ (0.0047)2 = 0.06520Ω
%VDKM7601:
%VD  x 100%
MagV 
3
%VDKM7601 
485.8940.06520 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDKM7601=0.807%

For ZCBL-KM8639:
ZCBL -KM8639 
wire per phase
[0.0986  j0.1027][218 / 1000]

ZCBL -KM8639 
1
ZCBL KM8639  0.0279  j0.0232 
Mag[ZCBL-KM8639] = (0.0279)2+ (0.0232)2 = 0.03631Ω
%VDKM8639:
%VD  x 100%
MagV 
3
%VDKM8639 
33.0290.03631 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDKM8639=0.031%

For ZCBL-KM8601:
ZCBL -KM8601 
wire per phase
[0.0986  j0.1027][405 / 1000]

ZCBL -KM8601 
1
ZCBL KM8601  0.0518  j0.0432 
Mag[ZCBL-KM8601] = (0.0518)2+ (0.0432)2 = 0.06746Ω

%VDKM8601:
%VD  x 100%
MagV 
3
%VDKM8601 
26.8530.06746 x 100%
6798.445
3
%VDKM8601=0.046%
Table 3.11 Summary of %Voltage Drop and Terminal Voltage

for MV Motor Feeder Cables without Capacitor
Terminal
Equipment % Acceptance
Description Voltage Remarks
ID VD Criteria (V)
PE-KM5806 Vent <3% Acceptable
Recovery (normal
0.081 6797.43
compressor running)
Motor
PE-YM7601 Mixer Motor <3% Acceptable
0.807 (normal 6797.20
running)
PE-KM8639 Blower Motor <3% Acceptable
0.031 (normal 6798.12
running)
PE-KM8601 Blower Motor <3% Acceptable
0.046 (normal 6797.92
running)
The running % voltage drop of all MV motors shows

acceptable results as summarized in Table 3.11. A detailed large
motor starting analysis will be presented in Chapter 6 to analyze the
effects of large motor starting to the power system under study.

➢ Voltage Drop for 480V Loads
Table 3.12 Cable Ratings for MCC8 Loads
Size Wire Length R X

Eqpt ID Cable Type
(mm2) /Φ (m) (Ω/km) (Ω/km)
CLB-GM- 3C+PE- 70 1 374 0.343 0.0886

1412 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL-1413 3C+PE- 70 1 374 0.343 0.0886
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL-YM4078 3C+PE- 2.5 1 302 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 302 9.45 0.113
YM4089 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 244 9.45 0.113
YM4352 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 216 9.45 0.113
GM4356 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 216 9.45 0.113
GM4357 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 4C+PE- 6 1 237 3.93 0.101
SM4360 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 4C+PE- 95 1 426 0.248 0.0852
SM6825 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
SM6828 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
SM6853 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
KM6831-1 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
KM6832-1 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
YCM6832 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
KM6833-1 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
KM6834-1 CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-KM6835- 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
1 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
YCM6835 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 115 9.45 0.113
YM6851 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -GM- 3C+PE- 2.5 1 343 9.45 0.113
5814-1 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 35 1 349 0.669 0.0893

GM5821 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 16 1 336 1.47 0.092
GM5812 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 50 1 336 0.494 0.0882
GM5815 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 50 1 336 0.494 0.0882
GM5825 CV(0.6/1kV)
PE-VM5814 3C+PE- 150 1 343 0.16 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 6 1 326 3.93 0.101
GM5806A-2 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 6 1 326 0.88 0.106
GM5806B2 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 4 1 326 5.88 0.106
GM5806BD- CV(0.6/1kV)
2
CBL - 3C+PE- 25 1 444 0.927 0.092
GM8102 CV(0.6/1kV)
GM8103A 3C+PE- 95 1 445 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 95 1 445 0.248 0.0852
GM8103S CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 4C+PE- 150 1 403 0.160 0.085
SM6800 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -Y6860 3C+PE- 35 1 349 0.669 0.089
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -D6810 3C+PE- 35 1 349 0.669 0.089
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -MNDB 4C+PE- 240 1 37 0.100 0.085
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL-WRP-01 4C+PE- 120 1 446 0.197 0.085
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL-MCC 4C+PE- 240 1 37 0.100 0.085
EM2 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL-GM- MCC8 to 3 1 30 9.450 0.113
1504 VFD
3C+PE-
CV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to 4 1 307 5.520 0.116
Motor 4C-
NYCY(750V)
CBL- MCC8 to 3 1 30 9.450 0.113
GM4351 VFD
3C+PE-
CV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to 4 1 249 5.520 0.116
Motor 4C-
NYCY(750V)

CBL - MCC8 to 3 1 30 9.450 0.113
GM4355 VFD
3C+PE-
CV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to 4 1 249 5.520 0.116
Motor 4C-
NYCY(750V)
CBL - MCC8 to 3 1 30 9.450 0.113
GM4353 VFD
3C+PE-
CV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to 4 1 257 5.520 0.116
Motor 4C-
NYCY(750V)
CBL - MCC8 to 3 1 30 9.450 0.113
GM4354 VFD
3C+PE-
CV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to 4 1 257 5.520 0.116
Motor 4C-
NYCY(750V)
CBL - MCC8 to 3 1 30 9.450 0.113
GM4358 VFD
3C+PE-
CV(0.6/1kV)
VFD to 4 1 257 5.520 0.116
Motor 4C-
NYCY(750V)
Cables SDN. BHD.
Table 3.13 Cable Ratings for MCC9 Loads
Size Wire Length R X

Eqpt ID Cable Type
(mm2) /Φ (m) (Ω /km) (Ω/km)
CBL-7601M1 3C+PE- 95 1 445 0.248 0.0852

CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -YM7610 3C+PE- 35 1 422 0.669 0.0893
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 240 1 448 0.0998 0.0848
GM7612 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 50 1 445 0.248 0.0852
7601VG1M CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 50 1 445 0.248 0.0852
7601VG2M CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 10 1 444 2.33 0.0965
7604G1M-A CV(0.6/1kV)

CBL - 3C+PE- 10 1 444 2.33 0.0965
7604G1M-B CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL- 3C+PE- 10 1 444 2.33 0.0965
7604K1M CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 25 1 444 0.927 0.092
7601G1M CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 50 1 444 0.248 0.0852
7605G1M CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -KM7615 3C+PE- 16 1 440 1.47 0.092
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -Y7730 3C+PE- 10 1 422 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -Y7733 3C+PE- 4 1 408 5.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL-PE- 3C+PE- 35 1 422 0.669 0.0893
7604G3 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL-PE- 3C+PE- 35 1 422 0.669 0.0893
7604G4 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 4 1 445 5.88 0.106
7601VG3M CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 4 1 445 5.88 0.106
7601VG4M CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL- PE- 3C+PE- 50 1 445 0.248 0.0852
KM7604 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -SM7714 3C+PE- 6 1 417 0.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL- 3C+PE- 2.5 1 174 9.45 0.113
SM8605 CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL-SM8606 3C+PE- 2.5 1 174 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -KM8607 3C+PE- 25 1 174 0.927 0.092
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -SM8610 3C+PE- 2.5 1 174 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 4 1 180 5.88 0.106
SM8614A CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -SM8641 3C+PE- 2.5 1 167 9.45 0.113
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL SM8645 3C+PE- 240 1 212 0.0998 0.0848
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -SM5611 3C+PE- 6 1 78 0.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL - 3C+PE- 2.5 1 78 9.45 0.113
YM5611C CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -YM5612 3C+PE- 6 1 461 0.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -Y5160 3C+PE- 10 1 422 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -Y5619 3C+PE- 10 1 422 2.33 0.0965

CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -Y5951 3C+PE- 10 1 444 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -Y5952 3C+PE- 10 1 444 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -SM5962 3C+PE- 10 1 444 2.33 0.0965
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL TR-Ex 3C+PE- 240 1 37 0.0996 0.0848
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL CP-7601 3C+PE- 4 1 445 5.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL CP-7604 3C+PE- 4 1 445 5.88 0.106
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL CP-7600 3C+PE- 50 1 445 0.248 0.0852
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -YM7607 VFD to 185 1 412 0.121 0.0947
Motor 4C-
NYCY(750V)
MCC9 to 120 1 35 0.197 0.0852
VFD 3C+PE-
CV(0.6/1kV)
CBL -S5961 VFD to 4 1 89 5.52 0.116
Motor 4C-
NYCY(750V)
MCC9 to 6 1 405 0.88 0.106
VFD C+PE-
CV(0.6/1kV)
Cables SDN. BHD.
With the calculated bus voltage at Bus 3, 464.9V, the %

voltage drop for MCC 8 loads are calculated as follows:
Voltage Drop for GM-1412 (running condition)

For ZCBL-GM-1412
ZCBL -GM-1412 
wire per phase
[0.343  j0.0886][374 / 1000]

ZCBL -GM-1412 
1
ZCBL  GM-1412  0.128  j0.033 
Mag[ZCBL  GM-1412 ]  0.1282  0.0332  0.132 

%VDGM1412:
%VDGM1412  x 100%
MagV 
3
%VDGM1412 
53.7930.132 x 100%
464.9
3
%VDGM1412=2.656%
Voltage Drop for GM-1413 (running condition)
For ZCBL-GM-1413:
ZCBL -GM-1413 
wire per phase
[0.343  j0.0886][374 / 1000]

ZCBL -GM-1413 
1
ZCBL  GM-1413  0.128  j0.033 
Mag[ZCBL  GM-1413 ]  0.1282  0.0332  0.132 
%VDGM1413:
%VDGM1413  x 100%
MagV 
3
%VDGM1413 
53.7930.132492613 x 100%
464.9
3
%VDGM1413=2.656%

Voltage drop for PE-YM4078 (running condition)
For ZCBL-YM4078:
ZCBL - YM4078 
wire per phase
[9.45  j0.113][302 / 1000]

ZCBL - YM4078 
1
ZCBL  YM4078  2.854  j0.034 
Mag[ZCBL  YM4078 ]  2.8542  0.0342  2.854 
%VDYM4078:
%VD YM4078  x 100%
MagV 
3
%VD YM4078 
2.8662.854 x 100%
464.9
3
%VDYM4078=3.048%
Voltage drop for PE-YM4089 (running condition)

For ZCBL-YM4089:
ZCBL - YM4089 
wire per phase
[9.45  j0.113][302 / 1000]

ZCBL - YM4089 
1
ZCBL  YM4089  2.854  j0.034 
Mag[ZCBL  YM4089 ]  2.8542  0.0342  2.854 

%VDYM4089:
%VD YM4089  x 100%
MagV 
3
%VD YM4089 
2.3262.854 x 100%
464.9
3
%VDYM4089=2.473%
By repeating the same calculation to the rest of the 480V

loads, the % voltage drop for each load is determined and
summarized in Tables 3.14 and 3.15 for MCC8 and MCC9 loads,
respectively.
Table 3.14 Summary of Voltage Drop Calculation for MCC8

Loads without Capacitor and TRL3A
-2.5% Off Nominal
Nominal Tap
Tap
Equipment ID % VD % VD
Terminal Terminal
(% of (% of
Voltage Voltage
Terminal Terminal
(V) (V)
Voltage) Voltage)
GM-1412 2.656 458.357 2.589 470.273
GM-1413 2.656 458.357 2.589 470.273
PE-YM4078 3.048 454.558 2.972 466.475
PE-YM4089 2.473 456.485 2.412 468.402
PE-YM4352 1.998 458.082 1.948 470.000
PE-GM4356 0.898 461.801 0.876 473.720
PE-GM4357 0.898 461.801 0.876 473.720
PE-SM4360 2.317 457.114 2.259 469.032
PE-SM6825 1.117 462.366 1.089 474.285
PE-SM6828 2.974 454.805 2.900 466.722
PE-SM6853 2.536 456.275 2.472 468.193
PE-KM6831-1 0.797 462.144 0.777 474.064
PE-KM6832-1 0.797 462.144 0.777 474.064
PE-YCM6832 1.087 461.162 1.060 473.081
PE-KM6833-1 0.797 462.144 0.777 474.064
PE-KM6834-1 0.797 462.144 0.777 474.064
PE-KM6835-1 0.797 462.144 0.777 474.064
PE-YCM6835 1.087 461.162 1.060 473.081
PE-YM6851 0.268 463.943 0.261 475.862
PE-GM-5814-1 2.377 456.808 2.318 468.726
PE-GM5821 2.552 457.273 2.488 469.190
PE-GM5812 2.078 458.158 2.026 470.076
PE-GM5815 2.791 457.023 2.721 468.939
PE-GM5825 2.894 456.929 2.822 468.845
PE-VM5814 5.292 457.494 5.160 469.398
PE-GM5806A-2 3.417 453.478 3.332 465.394
PE-GM5806B2 0.770 462.513 0.751 474.432
PE-GM5806BD-2 2.946 454.957 2.873 466.874
GM8102 2.068 458.450 2.016 470.368
GM8103A 2.778 458.948 2.708 470.863
GM8103S 2.778 458.948 2.708 470.863
PE-SM6800 0.741 463.639 0.722 475.558
PE-Y6860 1.814 459.330 1.769 471.248
PE-D6810 1.792 459.397 1.747 471.316
MNDB 0.745 464.498 0.726 476.417
WRP-01 12.004 445.141 11.704 456.984
MCC EM2 0.442 464.617 0.431 476.536
GM-1504 0.655 462.627 0.639 474.546
0.234 464.067 0.228 475.986
PE-GM4351 0.655 462.627 0.639 474.546
2.105 457.783 2.053 469.701
PE-GM4355 0.655 462.627 0.639 474.546
2.105 457.783 2.053 469.701
PE-GM4353 0.655 462.627 0.639 474.546
0.196 464.195 0.191 476.115
PE-GM4354 0.655 462.627 0.639 474.546
0.196 464.195 0.191 476.115
PE-GM4358 0.655 462.627 0.639 474.546
0.196 464.195 0.191 476.115

Table 3.15 Summary of Voltage Drop Calculation for MCC9
Loads without Capacitor and TRL3B
-2.5% Off Nominal
Nominal Tap
Tap
Equipment % VD % VD
ID (% of Terminal (% of Terminal
Terminal Voltage (V) Terminal Voltage (V)
Voltage) Voltage)
PE-7601M1 2.827 459.604 2.757 471.545
PE-YM7610 2.763 457.735 2.694 469.677
PE-GM7612 1.990 464.979 1.940 476.922
PE-7601VG1M 1.371 462.790 1.337 474.734
PE-7601VG2M 1.371 462.790 1.337 474.734
PE-7604G1M-A 2.973 456.116 2.898 468.059
PE-7604G1M-B 2.973 456.116 2.898 468.059
7604K1M 2.548 457.445 2.485 469.388
PE-7601G1M 2.187 459.011 2.132 470.955
PE-7605G1M 1.129 463.381 1.101 475.326
PE-KM7615 2.517 457.725 2.454 469.668
PE-Y7730 6.747 443.921 6.579 455.852
PE-Y7733 6.065 445.612 5.913 457.546
PE-7604G3 2.842 457.385 2.771 469.327
PE-7604G4 2.842 457.385 2.771 469.327
PE-7601VG3M 2.910 456.150 2.837 468.093
PE-7601VG4M 2.910 456.150 2.837 468.093
PE-KM7604 1.320 462.905 1.287 474.849
PE-SM7714 0.369 464.732 0.360 476.677
SM8605 2.406 457.678 2.346 469.622
SM8606 0.438 464.364 0.427 476.309
KM8607 3.850 454.207 3.754 466.147
SM8610 2.406 457.678 2.346 469.622
SM8614A 1.549 460.609 1.510 472.553
SM8641 2.310 458.005 2.252 469.948
SM8645 2.304 464.735 2.246 476.677
PE-SM5611 0.506 464.313 0.493 476.258
PE-YM5611C 0.186 465.223 0.182 477.168
PE-YM5612 0.680 463.783 0.663 475.728
PE-Y5160 5.833 446.829 5.687 458.764
PE-Y5619 5.833 446.829 5.687 458.764
PE-Y5951 1.992 459.652 1.942 471.595
PE-Y5952 1.992 459.652 1.942 471.595
PE-SM5962 2.459 458.210 2.397 470.153
TR-Ex 0.776 465.478 0.757 477.423
CP-7601 1.605 460.358 1.565 472.302
CP-7604 2.820 456.340 2.750 468.283
CP-7600 1.552 462.389 1.514 474.333
PE-YM7607 2.871 463.960 2.799 475.900
0.737 464.494 0.719 476.439
PE-S5961 0.490 464.198 0.478 476.143
0.681 463.780 0.664 475.725
Based on the % voltage drop calculation results for 480V

loads, there are several equipment that has unacceptable voltage
drop as shown in Table 3.16.
Table 3.16 Summary of 480V Loads with Unacceptable %VD
Equipment % VD
Description Size (mm2)
ID (Normal)
PE-VM5814 Vent Recovery Ref 150 5.292
Compressor Motor
PE- Main Cooling Pump motor 6 3.417
GM5806A-2
PE-Y7730 Pellet screener 10 6.747
PE-Y7733 Pellet Mass flowmeter motor 4 6.065
KM8607 Wash Air fan motor 25 3.850
PE-Y5160 Product purge bin filter 10 5.833
PE-Y5619 Low product purge bin filter 10 5.833
For each 480V motor from the above table that has
unacceptable voltage drop, recommendations with re-calculations
are as follows:
For PE-VM5814:
Add one (1) more wire (150mm2) per phase to reduce the total
impedance with the tap of TRL3A at -2.5%:
%VD VM5814  x 100%
MagV 
3
%VD VM5814 
228.4360.031 x 100%
476.776
3
%VDVM5814=2.580%
For PE-GM5806A-2:
impedance with the tap of TRL3A at -2.5%:
%VDGM5806A -2  x 100%
MagV 
3
%VDGM5806A -2 
7.1560.641 x 100%
476.776
3
%VDGM5806A-2=1.666%
For YM7730:
Change the wire size from 1 x 3C-10mm2 to 2 x 3C-16mm2
%VD YM7730  x 100%
MagV 
3
%VD YM7730 
18.4410.311 x 100%
477.806
3
%VDYM7730=2.078%
For YM7733:
impedance.
%VD YM7733  x 100%
MagV 
3
%VD YM7733 
6.7991.2 x 100%
477.806
3
%VDYM7733=2.957%

For YM8607:
impedance.
%VDKM8607  x 100%
MagV 
3
%VDKM8607 
63.8880.081 x 100%
477.806
3
%VDKM8607=1.877%
For Y5160:
Add one (1) more wire(10mm2) per phase to reduce the total
impedance.
%VD Y5160  x 100%
MagV 
3
%VD Y5160 
15.9410.492 x 100%
477.806
3
%VDY5160=2.843%
For Y5619:
Add one (1) more wire(10mm2) per phase to reduce the total
impedance.
%VD Y5619  x 100%
MagV 
3
%VD Y5619 
15.9410.492 x 100%
477.806
3
%VDY5619=2.843%

Table 3.17 Summary of Calculations after Correction
Size Z % VD % VD
Eqpt. ID wire/Φ I (A)
(mm2) (Ω) Before After
PE-VM5814 150 2 (1) 228.436 0.031 5.292 2.580

PE-GM5806A-2 6 2 (1) 7.156 0.641 3.417 1.666
PE-YM7730 16(10) 2 (1) 18.441 0.311 6.747 2.078
PE-YM7733 4 2 (1) 6.799 1.200 6.065 2.957
KM8607 25 2 (1) 63.888 0.081 3.850 1.877
PE-YM5160 10 2 (1) 15.941 0.492 5.833 2.843
PE-Y5619 10 2 (1) 15.941 0.492 5.833 2.843
Based on the above results, after correcting the wire sizes

and increasing the number of conductors per phase, the percent
voltage drop of 480V loads becomes satisfactory. Total cost of the
modifications will pay for itself due to the savings in reducing the
line loss and running the motor efficiently so the recommendation is
justified.
3.2.4.3 Bus Bar Loading Evaluation
Table 3.18 Current Flows and Bus bar Loading

Panel Bus Bar Current Current Flow at Remarks
Rating Flow at -2.5%Nominal
(A) Nominal Tap (A)
Tap (A)
6.9kV 4000 721.91 721.91 Satisfactory
Switchgear
480V MCC8 1600 1305.23 1271.053 Satisfactory
480V MCC9 1600 1146.08 1117.428 Satisfactory
As shown in Table 3.18, the result of current flow

calculation shows a normal loading condition for all bus bars.
3.2.4.4 Transformer Loading Evaluation

The result of the power flow calculation shows normal
loading conditions for all power transformers at normal load case.

JG Summit site operating standard recommends that the power
transformer loading be maintained below 60% (ONAN) on continues
basis and below 80% on intermittent basis (1-5 days). Based on the
calculated loading at operating condition, TRM1 can still be allowed
to handle future requirement of about 40% and is sufficient.
However, it should be noted that consideration must be taken when
adding large induction motors and a motor starting impact study
must be conducted to evaluate the system voltages during starting.
Table 3.19 Transformer Loading on Case 1

Rated Capacity Loading %
Transformer Remarks
(MVA-@ONAN) (MVA) Loading
TRM1 40 8.5 21.25 Satisfactory
TRL3A 3 1.049 34.99 Satisfactory
TRL3B 3 0.924 30.83 Satisfactory
3.2.4.5 Power Factor Evaluation
Table 3.20 Summary of Power Factor
Location Apparent Power Power Factor Remarks

Flow (MVA)
Primary side 8.627/32.4410 84.395 Lagging Satisfactory

of TRM1 (>80 % LAG)
Secondary 8.5/31.1570 85.575 Lagging Satisfactory
Side of TRM1 (>80 % LAG)
of TRL3A (>80 % LAG)
Bus 3 1.04/31.5360 85.232 Lagging Satisfactory
(>80 % LAG)
of TRL3B (>80 % LAG)
Bus 4 0.924/31.3410 85.409 Lagging Satisfactory
(>80 % LAG)
As presented in Table 3.20, the result of power factor

calculation shows a normal loading condition for all voltage level.

However, on the basis of the normal reactive power requirement for
MCC8 and MCC9 which is 548kVAR and 480kVAR respectively, a
600kVAR capacitor bank with 6 steps at 100kVAR per step can be
used for each bus to further improve the voltage regulation at
nominal tap. A simulation was conducted using the load flow excel
sheet developed by the author and the result shows an
improvement on the bus voltages of about 98.6p.u (473V) and 98.8
p.u (474V) for MCC8 and MCC9 respectively at normal loading and
nominal tap. This also improved the TRL3A and TRL3B loading to
29.8% and 26.3% respectively. In this case, without adjusting the
transformer tap, adding automatic power factor correction (APFC)
capacitors for both MCC8 and MCC9 will improve the voltage
regulation.

3.3 Load Flow Analysis for Case 2
(Steady-state with Capacitors at Bus 2)
In this study case, the system performance and effects of

the power factor correction capacitors to the whole electrical system
of PE2 expansion under normal loading condition will be evaluated.
All three power transformers TRM1, TRL3A and TRL3B are on-line
and all loads of PE-2 plant are running at maximum capacity of 24
Tons/hr.
3.3.1 Admittance and Power Data
As summarized in Table 3.21, Bus 1 which is the generator

bus will be the swing bus where the voltage is constant at 1/00 p.u
and the active and reactive power flows will be calculated from this
bus. Bus 2, Bus 3 and Bus 4 are the load buses where voltages will
be calculated. Automatic switching power factor correction
capacitors are connected to Bus 2.
Table 3.21 Summary of Bus Properties for Study Case 2

Bus Type Known Unknown
Bus 1 Generator Bus V1 /δ10=1/00 p.u P and Q
Bus 2 Load Bus with Cap P and Q V2 /δ20

Bus 1 V1
I12
y12 =[(yTL1)-1+ (yTRM1)-1]-1
y12 =0.959989-j32.341297
I”12
Bus 2 V2
I23 I24
y23 =[(yTL2)-1+(yTRL3A)-1]-1 y24 =[(yTL3)-1+(yTRL3B)-1]-1

S2=P2+jQ2 Q3=0.3
y23 =0.693282-j4.206570 y24 =0.695415-j4.203698
S2=0.5582+ j0.332 To 1.8
I”23 I”24
Bus 3 Bus 4 V
V3 4
S3=P3+jQ3 S4=P4+jQ4
S3=0.08946+j0.054898 S4=0.07898+j0.048099
Figure 3.9 Admittance network for Case 2
From Chapter 2, values of the admittance are summarized in Table

3.22.
Table 3.22 Summary of Admittances

Admittances Values (mho p.u)
y12 0.959989-j32.341297
y23 0.693282- j4.206570
y24 0.695415-j4.203698
From Chapter 2, power schedule is summarized in Table 3.23.
Table 3.23 Scheduled Power

P (p.u) @ Q (p.u) @
Q
Bus No P (MW) 10MVA 10MVA
(MVAR)
base base
S2 Bus 2 5.582100 3.319970 0.558210 0.331997
S3 Bus 3 0.894600 0.548980 0.089460 0.054898
S4 Bus 4 0.789800 0.480990 0.078980 0.048099
Q2 Bus 2 - 0.3 to 1.8 0.03 to
capacitive 1.8

3.3.2. Bus Voltage Calculation
Derivation of voltage equations

 Bus no. 2 6.9kV Bus V2
From Figure 3.9 at bus 2 by KCL, ∑ ,

Current flowing into Bus 2 from Bus 1 and considering transformer
tap aTRM1 of TRM1 using Equation 3.1:
 V V2 
I12"  y12  1 
 aTRM1 a 2
 TRM1 

transformer tap aTRL3A of TRL3A using Equation 3.1:
 V3 
I23  y23  V2  
 aTRL3A 

transformer tap aTRL3B of TRL3B using Equation 3.1:
 V4 
I24  y24  V2  
 a TRL3B 
S*
2
V2*
The current injected from the capacitor bank
Qcap
Scap   j
V2*
By KCL, vector sum of currents in to Bus 2 equals vector sum of

currents out of Bus 2.
 V
y12  1 
V2 
  y  V  V3  
  y24  V2 
V4  S*
  2 
 
Scap *
 aTRM1 a 2  23  2
 TRM1   a TRL3A   a TRL3B  V2* V2*

voltage V2.
 S*
2 S*
cap y V V3 V4
  12 1  y23  y24
V2* V2* aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
V2 
y12
 y23  y24
aTRM12

  y
 S*2  S*cap 12V1  y23
V3(k)
 y24
V4(k)
V2*(k) aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
Equation (3.7)
V2(k 1) 
y12
 y23  y24
aTRM12

 Bus 3 MCC8 480V bus V3
From Figure 3.9 at bus 3 by KCL, ∑ ,

 V V3 
I23"  y23  2  
 aTRL3A a 2
 TRL3A 
S*
3
V3*

of Bus 3.
 V V3  S*
 2   3
 aTRL3A a 2
V3*
 TRL3A 

voltage V3.
 S*
3 y23V2

V3* aTRL3A 
V3 
y23
aTRL3A 2

 S*
3 y V (k)
 23 2
(k) aTRL3A 
(k 1) V3*
V3  Equation (3.8)
y23
aTRL3A 2

 Bus 4 MCC9 480V bus V4
From Figure 3.9 at Bus 3 by KCL, ∑ ,

 V V4 
I24 "  y24  2  
 aTRL3B a 2
 TRL3B 
And current due to power out of the Bus 4:
S*4
V4*
of Bus 4.
 V V4  S*
y24  2   4
 aTRL3B a 2
V4*
 TRL3B 

voltage V4.
 S*4 y24 V2

V4* aTRL3B
V4 
y24
aTRL3B2

y24 V2(k)
 S*4

*(k) aTRL3B
(k 1) V4
y24
aTRL3B2

In summary, the following equations derived from the
above admittance network will be used to calculate the bus
voltages.
 S* 
2  j Q cap  V3(k) V4(k)
 y12 V1  y 23  y 24
V2*(k) aTRL3A aTRL3B
Equation (3.7)
V2(k 1)  aTRM1
y12  y 23  y 24
 S*
3y V (k)
 23 2
(k) aTRL3A 
(k 1) V3*
y23
aTRL3A 2
y24 V2(k)
 S*4

*(k) aTRL3B
(k 1) V4
y24
aTRL3B2

Gauss-Siedel iteration for bus voltage
Bus voltage estimates at
V2(0)= V3(0)= V4(0)= 1/00 V p.u
and V1(k)= 1/00 V p.u (for all values of k)
For TRM1, TRL3A and TRL3B,

tap=+ 2.5% (0.95, 0.975, 1.0, 1.025, 1.05)
Transformer taps (Primary) are selected at nominal value
aTRM1=1; aTRL3A=1; aTRL3B=1
Complex power values from Table 3.3

S2=0.558210 + j 0.331997 p.u
S3=0.089460 + j 0.054898 p.u
S4=0.078980 + j 0.048099 p.u
QCAP= 0.03 pu
Taking the conjugates of the complex power

S2*=0.558210 - j 0.331997 p.u
S3*=0.089460 - j 0.054898 p.u
S4*=0.078980 - j 0.048099 p.u
Admittance values from Table 3.2

y12=0.959989-j32.341297 p.u
y23=0.693282-j4.206570 p.u
y24=0.695415-j4.203698 p.u
(y12 + y23 + y24) = 2.348687-j40.751566 pu

k=0, 1st iteration
 S* 
2   jQcap
*
 y V V3(0) V4(0)
 12 1  y23  y24
V2*(0) aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
V2(1) 
y12
 y23  y24
aTRM12
 0.558210 + j 0.331997*   j0.03*

V2(1)  1 1 
0.959989 - j32.341297  1
2.348686 - j40.751565 2.348686 - j40.751565
V2(1) = 0.991826-j0.0132226 p.u
 S*
3 y23 V2(0)

V3*(0) aTRL3A
V3(1) 
y23
aTRL3A 2
(1)   (0.08946  j0.05490)* 

V3  1    1
 1(0.69328 - j4.20657) 
V3(1) = 0.983882-j0.018611 p.u
 S*4 y V (0)
 24 2
V4*(0) aTRL3B
V4(1) 
y24
aTRL3B2
(1)   (0.078980  j0.048099)* 

V4  1    1

1 0.695415 - j4.203698
  
V4(1) = 0.985837-j0.016446 p.u

k=1, 2nd iteration
 S* 
2   jQcap
*
 y V V3 (1)
V4 (1)
 12 1  y 23  y 24
V2*(1) aTRM1 aTRL3A aTRL3B
V2(2) 
y12
 y 23  y 24
aTRM12
 0.558210 + j 0.331997*   j0.03*
V2(2)  1
00.99094 - j0.01445* 
0.959989 - j32.341997  1
2.348686 - j40.751565 2.348686 - j40.751565

0.69328 - j4.206570.98388 - j0.01861
2.34869 - j40.75157

0.69542 - j4.203700.98584 - j0.01645 
2.34869 - j40.75157
V2(2) = 0.988826-j0.017198 p.u
 S*
3 y 23 V2(1)

V3*(1) aTRL3A
V3(2) 
y 23
aTRL3A 2
 (0.08946  j0.05490)*
V3(2) 
1(0.69328 - j4.20657)0.98388 - j0.01861*
 0.99183 - j0.01323 
V3(2) = 0.975093-j0.031826 p.u
 S*4 y V (1)
 24 2
V4*(1) aTRL3B
V4(2) 
y24
aTRL3B2

  (0.07898  j0.04810)* 
V4(2)  1   
 0.69542 - j4.203700.98584 - j0.01645* 
 0.99183 - j0.01323
V4(2) = 0.977186-j0.029665 p.u

errors (eimaginary) of voltages between the first iteration and the
second iteration
V2(1) = 0.991826-j0.013226 p.u
V2(2) = 0.988826-j0.017198 p.u
ereal =|0.991826-0.988826| =0.0030002 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.013226 - 0.017198| =0.0039714 (>1x10-6)
V3(1) = 0.983882-j0.018611 p.u

V3(2) = 0.975093-j0.031826 p.u
ereal =|0.983882-0.975093| =0.008789 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.018611 - 0.031826 | =0.0132152 (>1x10-6)
V4(1) = 0.985837-j0.016446 p.u

V4(2) = 0.977186-j0.029665 p.u
ereal =|0.985837-0.977186| =0.008650 (>1x10-6)
eimaginary =|0.016446 - 0.029665 | =0.013218 (>1x10-6)
Since all errors are still greater than 1x10-6, further

iterations are required until these errors become less than 1x10-6 in
which case the solution is said to converge to the correct value.
Repeating the same calculation procedure using the load
flow sheet developed by the author up to 15 iterations yield an error
e<1x10-6, equivalent to five (5) decimal places of accuracy. The
result of the calculation is summarized in Table 3.24. The values of

error summarized in Table 3.25 shows that the 15 iteration satisfies
the condition e<1x10-6.
Table 3.24 Bus Voltage Calculation Results after k=15

k V2 (Bus 2) V3 (Bus 3) V4 (Bus 4)
1 0.991826-j0.013226 0.983882-j0.018611 0.985837-j0.016446

2 0.988826-j0.017198 0.975093-j0.031826 0.977186-j0.029665
3 0.987229-j0.020140 0.971692-j0.035725 0.973836-j0.033573
4 0.986561-j0.021020 0.969961-j0.038659 0.972121-j0.036508
5 0.986251-j0.021669 0.969207-j0.039516 0.971378-j0.037368
6 0.986103-j0.021862 0.968867-j0.040162 0.971042-j0.038015
7 0.986043-j0.022004 0.968701-j0.040350 0.970878-j0.038203
8 0.986011-j0.022046 0.968634-j0.040491 0.970813-j0.038344
9 0.985999-j0.022077 0.968598-j0.040532 0.970777-j0.038385
10 0.985992-j0.022086 0.968585-j0.040563 0.970764-j0.038416
11 0.98599-j0.0220930 0.968577-j0.040571 0.970756-j0.038425
12 0.985989-j0.022095 0.968575-j0.040578 0.970754-j0.038431
13 0.985988-j0.022096 0.968573-j0.040580 0.970752-j0.038433
14 0.985988-j0.022096 0.968573-j0.040581 0.970752-j0.038435
15 0.985988-j0.022097 0.968572-j0.040582 0.970751-j0.038435

Table 3.25 Voltage Calculation Error Values
Accuracy
V2 V3 V4
k
ereal eimaginary ereal eimaginary ereal eimaginary
1 0.008173 0.013226 0.01611 0.018611 0.01416 0.016446
2 0.003000 0.003971 0.00878 0.013215 0.00865 0.013218
3 0.001597 0.002942 0.00340 0.003899 0.00335 0.003908
4 0.000667 0.000880 0.00173 0.002933 0.00171 0.002934
5 0.000310 0.000648 0.00075 0.000857 0.00074 0.000860
6 0.000147 0.000193 0.00034 0.000646 0.00033 0.000646
5.986E- 0.000188
7 0.0001419 0.000166 0.0001874 0.000164
05 2
3.249E- 0.000141
8 4.215E-05 6.64E-05 0.0001414 6.56E-05
05 5
1.142E-
9 3.088E-05 3.63E-05 4.071E-05 3.58E-05 4.09E-05
05
7.101E-
10 9.144E-06 1.28E-05 3.078E-05 1.27E-05 3.079E-05
06
2.154E-
11 6.686E-06 7.91E-06 8.803E-06 7.81E-06 8.847E-06
06
1.544E-
12 1.974E-06 2.46E-06 6.666E-06 2.42E-06 6.668E-06
06
4.001E-
13 1.441E-06 1.71E-06 1.895E-06 1.69E-06 1.905E-06
07
14 3.34E-07 4.244E-07 4.67E-07 1.437E-06 4.59E-07 1.437E-06
7.291E-
15 3.092E-07 3.69E-07 4.06E-07 3.65E-07 4.083E-07
08
Calculation of results:
V2(15) = 0.985988-j0.022097 p.u
V3(15) = 0.968572-j0.040582 p.u
V4(15) = 0.970751-j0.038435 p.u

V2 = (0.985988)2+(-0.022097)2 =/Arctan(-0.022097/0.985988)0
V2 = 0.986235/-1.2830 p.u

V2 =(0.986235/-1.2830 )(Vbase)= (0.986235/-1.2830 )(6.9kV)
V2 = 6.805/-1.2830 kV
V3 = (0.968572)2+(-0.040582)2 =/Arctan(-0.040582/0.968572)0
V3 = 0.969422/-2.3990 p.u

V3 =(0.969422/-2.3990)(Vbase)=( 0.969422/-2.3990)(480V)
V3= 465.322/-2.3990 V

V4 = (0.970751)2+(-0.038435)2 /Arctan(-0.038435/0.970751)0
V4 = 0.971512/-2.2670 p.u
V4 =(0.971512/-2.2670)(Vbase)=( 0.971512/-2.2670)(480V)
V4= 466.325/-2.2670 V

3.3.3 Current, Power Flow and Power Factor Calculation
 Current Flows
Using Equation 3.1 and admittance values from Table 3.22
to calculate the current flows:
Current flow from bus 1 to bus 2 (I12) as referred from the primary
side (6.9kV) of TRM1
I12=y12(V1-V2)
I12=( 0.959989-j32.341297) (1- 0.985988+j0.022097)
I12= 0.728104-j0.431945 p.u

I12 = (0.728104)2+ (-j0.431945)2/Arctan(-j0.431945 /0.728104)
I12= 0.846588/-30.6790 p.u

I12= (I12 p.u)( Ibase 13.8kV)
I12= (0.846588/-30.6790 )(418.36976)
I12= 354.187/-30.6790 A

I23=y23(V2-V3)
I23=(0.693282-j4.206570) (0.985988-j0.022097 -
0.968572+j0.0405823)
I23= 0.089832-j0.0604435 p.u

I23 = (0.089832)2+ (-0.0604435)2 /Arctan(-0.0604435/0.089832)
I23= 0.108274/-33.935 0 p.u

I23= (I23 p.u)( Ibase 480V)
I23= (0.108274/-33.9350)(12028.13061)
I23= 1302.338/-33.9350 A

I24=y24(V2-V4)
I24=(0.695415-j4.203698) (0.985988-j0.022097-
0.970751+j0.0384)
I24= 0.079277-j0.0526870 p.u

I24 = (0.079277)2 + (-0.0526870)2/Arctan(-0.0526870/0.079277)
I24= 0.095188/-33.6080 p.u

I24= (I24 p.u)( Ibase 480V)
I24= (0.095188/-33.6080 )( 12028.13061)
I24= 1144.936 /-33.6080 A
 Power Flow and Power Factor

Using Equation 3.2 and the calculated bus voltages as
well as the calculated currents and power flows, power factor will be
calculated as follow:
For power out from Bus 1 to TRM1:

S12= V1I12*
S12= (1)(0.728104-j0.431945)*
S12= (0.728104-j0.431945) p.u

S12 = (0.728104)2+ (-0.431945)2/Arctan(0.431945/0.728104)

S12= 0.846588/30.6790 p.u
S12= (S12p.u)( Sbase )
S12= (0.846588/30.6790)(10MVA)
S12= 8.4658/30.6790 MVA

PF12=cos(30.6790)
PF12= 86.004 lagging at bus 1

the buses and the results are summarized in Table 2.26.
Table 2.26 Power Flow and Power Factor Summary

APPARENT Remarks
POWER FACTOR
LOCATION POWER FLOW
(%)
(MVA)
Primary side of 8.465/30.6790 86.004 Lagging Satisfactory (>80
TRM1 % LAG)
Secondary Side 8.349/29.3950 87.126 Lagging Satisfactory (>80
of TRM1 % LAG)
TRL3A % LAG)
Bus 3 1.049/31.5360 85.232 Lagging Satisfactory (>80
% LAG)
TRL3B % LAG)
Bus 4 0.92476/31.3410 85.409 Lagging Satisfactory (>80
% LAG)
The same calculation procedure is repeated to compute the

bus voltages, current flows, power flows and power factor for all
capacitor steps scenarios using the load flow sheet developed by the
Author. In these calculations, nominal tap and off nominal tap at -
2.5% for both TRL3A and TRL3B are considered.

3.3.4.1 Bus Voltage Evaluation
Table 3.27 Bus Voltages on Different Capacitor Steps (Case 1

and Case 2)
kVAR TAP 0 TAP-2.5%
V2 (pu) V3(pu) V4(pu) V2 (pu) V3(pu) V4(pu)
0 case1 0.985281 0.968451 0.970543 0.985281 0.993283 0.995429
(6.798kV) (464.856V) (465.860V) (6.799kV) (476.776V) (477.806V)
300 0.986235 0.96942 0.971512 0.985281 0.993283 0.995429
(6.805kV) (465.322V) (466.325V) (6.798kV) (476.776V) (477.806V)
600 0.987187 0.970391 0.972479 0.987187 0.995273 0.997414
case 2 (6.811kV) (465.788V) (466.790V) (6.811kV) (477.731V) (478.759V)
900 0.988137 0.971359 0.973444 0.988137 0.996265 0.998404
(6.818kV) (466.252V) (467.253V) (6.818kV) (478.207V) (479.234V)
1200 0.98908 0.972324 0.974407 0.989086 0.997255 0.999392
case 2 (6.824kV) (466.715V) (467.715V) (6.824kV) (478.682V) (479.708V)
1500 0.990032 0.973287 0.975368 0.990032 0.998243 1.000378
(6.831kV) (467.178V) (468.176V) (6.831kV) (479.157V) (480.181V)
1800 0.990977 0.974249 0.97632pu 0.990977 0.999229 1.001361
case 2 (6.837kV) (467.639V) (468.637V) (6.837kV) (479.630V) (480.653V)
Remarks Acceptable Not Not Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable
Acceptable Acceptable
Bus Voltage of 6.9kV is satisfactory at 6.798kV and is

further improved by the capacitors with the maximum value of
6.837kV. Bus voltages on 480V MCC8 and MCC9 are both below
permissible limit at 464V and 465V, respectively. This condition can
be corrected by changing the primary transformer tap from nominal
value to -2.5% which improve the bus voltage to at least 477V and
478V for MCC8 and MCC9, respectively. These voltages are further
improved by the power factor correction capacitors, increasing the
voltages to a maximum of 480V for both MCC8 and MCC9.

3.3.4.2 Voltage Drop Evaluation

Voltage Drop with Capacitors
Point kVAR
Eqpt
ID
From To 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
TRM1
TL1 Bus 1 0.012 0.012 0.0119 0.0117 0.01152 0.01135
Primary
Primary
TL2 Bus 2 of 0.278 0.278 0.27776 0.27722 0.27668 0.27614
TRL3A
Primary
TL3 Bus 2 of 0.272 0.271 0.27132 0.2708 0.27027 0.26975
TRL3B
Table 3.29 Summary of %Voltage Drop and Terminal Voltage

for MV Motor Feeder Cables with Capacitor
%
Equipment % VD
Description VD
ID 300 (Max)
1800 (Min)
PE-KM5806 Vent Recovery
compressor Motor 0.08074 0.08035
PE-YM7601 Mixer Motor 0.80641 0.80255
PE-KM8639 Blower Motor 0.03052 0.03038
PE-KM8601 Blower Motor 0.0461 0.04588
The percent (%) voltage drop values are almost invariant

with the effect of the power factor correction capacitors. Based on
the results, the % voltage drop of transformer feeders and medium-
voltage motors are all within permissible values. On the other hand,
there are seven (7) low voltage loads that has a %voltage drop
above permissible value. As a recommendation, additional cable per
phase can improve the % voltage drop as discussed in detailed in
section 3.2.4.2.

3.3.4.3 Bus Bar Loading Evaluation

Capacitor Steps with nominal tap at TRL3A/B
Panel kVAR
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
6.9kV Switchgear 708 695 683 672 661 652
480V MCC8 1302 1301 1299 1298 1297 1295
480V MCC9 1144 1143 1142. 1141 1140 1139

Capacitor Steps with -2.5% tap at TRL3A/B
Panel kVAR
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
6.9kV Switchgear 708 695 683 672 661 652
480V MCC8 1270 1269 1267 1266 1264 1263
480V MCC9 1116 1115 1114 1113 1111 1110
Based on the calculation for both cases, all bus bars sizes
are correct and will be able to carry the load current. The loading
performance is further improved by the power factor correction
capacitor and tap change on both TRL3A and TRL3B. For 6.9kV bus
bar, it has been shown that the capacitors reduce the current flow
to as low as 652A at 1800kVAR which is about 9.68% reduction
from current calculated without power factor correction capacitors.
On the other hand for both MCC8 and MCC9, the bus currents are
reduced by changing the primary tap from nominal to -2.5%. These
currents are further reduced by the capacitor to as low as 1263A
and 1110A for MCC8 and MCC9, respectively. This represents about
3.23% reduction on MCC8 and 3.14% reduction for MCC9 currents
from the current based on nominal tap.

3.3.4.4 Transformer Loading Evaluation
Table 3.32 Transformer Loading at Various Capacitor Steps

Panel kVAR
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
TRM1 20.87 20.52 20.18 19.87 19.58 19.31
TRL3A 34.99 34.99 34.99 34.99 34.99 34.99
TRL3B 30.83 30.83 30.83 30.83 30.83 30.83
All three transformers are not overloaded. TRM1 has a

maximum loading of 21.25% at ONAN with a maximum loading
reduction due to power factor correction capacitors of 19.31%. This
represents about 2% maximum improvement on TRM1 loading.
3.4 Overall Load Flow Evaluation

Table 3.33 Summary Load Flow Results
CASE 1 CASE 2 Recommendations
Bus Voltage
-6.9kV bus Satisfactory Satisfactory
-MCC 8 bus Not Not Change tap settings
satisfactory satisfactory of TRL3A to tap 4
-MCC 9 bus Not Not Change tap settings
satisfactory satisfactory of TRL3B to tap 4
Voltage Drop
-6.9kV loads Satisfactory Satisfactory
-MCC 8 Loads Not Not Increase cable sizing
satisfactory satisfactory of load branch circuit
-MCC 9 Loads Not Not (Table 3.16 & 3.17)
satisfactory satisfactory
Transfomer Loading
-TRM1 Satisfactory Satisfactory
with 2%
improvement
-TRL3A Satisfactory Satisfactory
with
-TRL3B Satisfactory Satisfactory
with
Busbar Loading Satisfactory Satisfactory
Power Factor Satisfactory Satisfactory Install 600kVAR
AFPC Capacitor bank
on MCC8 and MCC9

CHAPTER 4
SHORT-CIRCUIT STUDY
One of the objectives of a short-circuit study is to evaluate

the short-circuit current rating of a protection device such as close
and latch (Making) rating of MV circuit breakers and interrupting
(Breaking) rating of the MV and LV circuit breakers. The calculation
results of this study will also be used in protective device
coordination as well as on arc-flash analysis. This short-circuit study
will perform both ANSI momentary and interrupting calculations of
three-phase faults, single line-to-ground faults, line-to-line faults
and double line-to-ground faults on various fault points within the
PE2 expansion system.
4.1 Methodology
According to Philippine Electrical Code Part 1 2009 Article

1.10.1.9, “Equipment intended to interrupt current at fault levels
shall have an interrupting rating sufficient for the nominal circuit
voltage and the current that is available at the line terminals of the
equipment”. Therefore, a short-circuit study is essential in selecting
the interrupting and making capacity of circuit breakers and fuses.
Calculated values of short-circuit current are also used in Protective
Device Coordination and Arc-Flash Study.
Fault points are selected such that the short-circuit
condition occurs on the immediate point of the downstream
terminals of the protection equipment and is summarized in Table
4.1 and Figure 4.1.
Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation Page 179

Table 4.1 Summary of Fault Points
Fault Fault Location Fault Type Networks/
Point Calculation
F1 13.8kV Power Plant Bus Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary,
and downstream of LL, DLG Interrupting
BAC901
F2 Primary terminals of Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary,
TRM1 LL, DLG Interrupting
F3 6.9kV switchgear (bus) Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary,
LL, DLG Interrupting
F4 Primary terminals TRL3A Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary,
F5 Primary terminals TRL3B Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary,
F6 MCC8 Bus Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F7 MCC9 Bus Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F8 PE-KM5806 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F9 PE-YM7601 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
LL, DLG
LL, DLG
F12 PC001 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
F13 GM1412 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
LL, DLG
F15 VM5814 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F16 GM8103A Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F17 GM8103S Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F18 MNDB Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F19 EMBD Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F20 YM7607 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F21 SM8645 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary

LL, DLG
LL, DLG
F23 7601M1 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F24 KM8607 Terminals Bolted-3ph,SLG, Momentary
LL, DLG
F1 is a fault point occurring just downstream of BAC 901

breaker while F2 is fault on high voltage terminal of TRM1. F3, F4
and F5 are fault points on 6.9kV buses while F6 and F7 are fault
points on 480V buses. F8 up to F24 are fault points on critical 480V
loads. These fault locations are shown in Appendix B (Single Line
Diagram-Fault Point Locations).
This study used the detailed recommendations from IEEE
Std. 551-2006 “Violet Book” in calculating the fault currents and
evaluation of equipment ratings [4] as well as ANSI IEEE C37.010-
1999 [5]. The calculations will have two major parts namely
Momentary short-circuit calculations and Interrupting short-circuit
calculations. Momentary and Interrupting fault current will be
calculated for fault points F1 to F5 as these fault points occur on
medium voltage part and the calculated fault currents will be used
to evaluate both the making and breaking or interrupting capacity
of the protective devices. On the other hand, only Momentary fault
currents will be calculated for fault points F6 to F24 and the
calculated fault currents will be used to evaluate the interrupting
capacity of low voltage protective devices.
With both momentary and interrupting calculations, three-
phase, single line-to-ground, line-to-line and double line-to-ground
fault currents are calculated. The E/Z method is used while separate
X and R network reduction is utilized to calculate the X/R ratio at
fault point necessary in determining the AC and DC decrement
factors. These fault currents will be used to evaluate the short-
circuit ratings of the protection devices as summarized in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2 Protection Device Short-circuit Rating Evaluation
Summary
SHORT- LV
CIRCUIT POWER FUSE MV VCB LV ACB MCC
CURRENT B
I Rated
MOM,SYM, Interrupting
RMS Capacity
I Rated Rated Making
MOM,ASY Asymmetrical (Peak) or Rated Interrupting
M,PEAK Interrupting Peak C&L
I Rated
MOM,ASY Asymmetrical
M,RMS Interrupting RMS
I Rated
INT,ASYM, Interrupting
RMS capacity
It should be clearly noted that motors driven by PWM type

VFD are not expected to contribute fault currents and therefore not
included in the short-circuit impedance network. This is because in
standard PWM VFD, no energy can be transferred back to the AC
line since the overvoltage condition forces the input rectifier section
of the drive into an off or non-conducting state.
For capacitor bank, since each capacitor is installed with a
current limiting reactor, the contribution of capacitor during short-
circuit condition is also neglected. Moreover, IEEE “Violet Book”
recommends the exclusion of capacitor contribution on short-circuit
studies [4].

4.2 Momentary Short-Circuit Calculation
The Momentary short-circuit calculation also called Half

(1/2) Cycle Calculation will be used to evaluate the protective
device duties at ½ cycle after the fault. For medium-voltage circuit
breakers, the calculated peak value of the asymmetrical momentary
short-circuit current is used to check the closing and latching
capability also called making current. For Low-voltage ACBs, MCCBs
and Fuses, the calculated peak asymmetrical and the RMS
asymmetrical value of the momentary short-circuit currents will be
used to evaluate the interrupting capacity, also known as breaking
capacity, of the protective devices summarized in Table 4.2.
Momentary calculation will be performed on fault points F1 up to
F24.
4.2.1 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase Faults
A three-phase fault occurs when all the three ungrounded

conductors come in contact with each other as illustrated in Figure
4.2. The magnitude of the fault current I FAULT (in per-unit) is
calculated as:
VPREFAULT Equation (4.1)
IFAULT 
ZTH
Where:
VPRE-FAULT is the pre-fault per-unit voltage. It will be assumed

that pre-fault voltage is 1.0 per-unit
ZTH is the Thevenin’s Equivalent per-unit Impedance at Fault

point

The value of per-unit fault current IFAULT is then converted
to actual value using the equation below.
IFAULT ACTUAL=IFAULT PER-UNIT x IBASE
Where: IBASE is the base current at the fault point
Ph-A
Ph-B
Ph-C
IFAULT ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Equipment Grounding
Figure 4.2 Three-phase bolted fault
The resulting IFAULT ACTUAL is the momentary symmetrical

RMS value of the three-phase fault current at fault point or
IMOM,SYM,RMS. The asymmetrical root-mean-square and the peak
asymmetrical value of the short-circuit current will be calculated
using IEEE Violet book approximation [4] as shown below.
-2 
IMOM, ASYM,RMS  IMOM,SYM,RMS x 1  2e X/R

Equation (4.2)
 -2 
 
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK  IMOM,SYM,RMS x 2 1  e X/R 
 
  Equation (4.3)
 X / R 
3
  0.49  0.1e  Equation (4.4)

4.2.1.1 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase Faults for Main
Buses
For 13.8kV Bus (Fault Point F1)
Using the impedance model from Chapter 2, the positive

sequence impedance network with fault on F1 is shown below in
Figure 4.3.
F1
BUS1
0.000639
0.000048
ZTL1
+ j0.000137
j0.019257
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.035107 0.001451 0.001613

ZEQA ZTL2 ZTL3
+j0.269004 j0.001007 j0.001119
1pu
0.036692711 0.036692711
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
2.189525 1.486806
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j4.056443 +j2.906046
1pu 1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 4.3 Momentary positive sequence impedance with

fault at Bus 1

F1
BUS1
0.000639
0.000917086
ZTRM1 + ZTL1
+ +j0.030893
j0.019257
0.035107 2.2276687 1.525111

Reference
ZEQA
+0.269004i +4.287880 +3.137595
1pu 1pu 1pu
Reference Reference Reference
F1
BUS1
0.000639
0.000917086
+ j0.019257
+j0.03089395
0.0404044
Reference
+j0.237222
1pu
Reference
F1
BUS1
0.000639 0.0413215
+ +j0.268116
j0.019257
1pu
Reference Reference

equivalent impedance calculation diagram
1
 
 1 
1 
   
ZTH,F1,MOM   ZTL2  ZTRL3A  ZEQB 1  ZTL3  ZTRL3B  ZEQC 1  ZEQA 1

 1 
 ZTRM1  ZTL1   ZCON

  

0.0007394
+j0.0179826
1pu
Reference

Equivalent Circuit at fault point F1
ZTH,F1,MOM  0.0007394  j0.0179826 pu
Calculating for the separate R and X

For R
F1
BUS1
0.000639 0.000048
ZTL1
Reference 0.000869086
BUS2
REQA 0.034015 0.001451 RTL3 0.001613

RTL2
Reference RTRL3A 0.036692711 RTRL3B 0.036692711

BUS3 BUS4
REQB 1.750735 REQC 1.185925
Reference Reference
Figure 4.6 Momentary positive sequence resistance with

fault at Bus 1

F1
BUS1
0.000639
Reference Reference
0.0006274
Reference
equivalent resistance with fault at bus 1
1
 
 1 
1 

    
R   R TL2  R TRL3A  REQB 1  R TL3  R TRL3B  REQC 1  REQA 1  R TRM1  R TL1   RCON
1 

  
R=0.0006274 pu
For X F1
BUS1
j0.000137
j0.019257 ZTL1
Reference j0.030756955
BUS2
XEQA j0.001007 XTL3 j0.001119

XTL2
j0.269004
Reference XTRL3A j0.230430227 XTRL3B j0.230430227
BUS3 BUS4
XEQB j4.056443 XEQC j2.906046
Reference Reference
Figure 4.8 Momentary positive sequence reactance with fault

at Bus 1

F1
BUS1
j0.019257 j0.265121
Reference Reference
j0.017952
Reference
equivalent reactance with fault at Bus 1
1
 
 1 
1 
    
X   XTL2  XTRL3A  XEQB 1  XTL3  XTRL3B  XEQC 1  XEQA 1

1 
 XTRM1  XTL1   XCON

  
X=j0.017952 pu
Calculating for the Momentary three-phase Fault at F1
Momentary symmetrical rms fault current IMOM,SYM,RMS :

VPREFAULT
IMOM,SYM,RMS 
ZTH,F1,MOM
VPREFAULT  1.0 pu
1.0
IMOM,SYM,RMS 
0.0007394  j0.0179826
IMOM,SYM,RMS  2.282737 - j55.515243 pu
IMOM,SYM,RMS=55.56215/-87.6450 p.u.

Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS=55.56215/-87.6450 x IBASE 13.8kV
IMOM,SYM,RMS=55.56215/-87.6450 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS= 23,245.483 A
Calculating the Motor and System Contribution to fault

1x836.739
IMotor   3477.16A
0.04040443  j0.2372222
1x836.739
ISystem   16,676.4A
0.00155608  j0.0501509
Momentary asymmetrical rms fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS :
-2 
From the calculation results of momentary symmetrical rms values,
Using separated X and R reduction, X/R ratio is calculated as
0.017952
X /R   28.612
0.000627
-2
IMOM,ASYM,RMS  23,245.483 x 1  2e28.612
IMOM,ASYM,RMS  37,523.193 A
Momentary asymmetrical peak fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS :

 -2 
 
 
 
 X / R 
3
  0.49  0.1e 

  0.49  0.1e

 28.612 
3  0.4899
 -2x0.4899x 
 28.612 
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK  23245.483 x 2 1  e 
 
 
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK  62,394.567 A

the major buses (F2, F3, F4, F5, F6 and F7) using Microsoft Excel
sheet developed by the Author and the results are summarized in
Tables 4.3 and 4.4. The results also include the fault current
contributions from both System and load as summarized in Table
4.4. The positive sequence impedance will be used in later
calculations of momentary single line-to-ground, line-to-line and
double line-to-ground faults.
Table 4.3 Summary of Momentary Fault Point Impedances

and X/R for Main Buses
Separately
Fault Positive Seq.
Fault Location Reduced
Point Impedance (pu)
X/R
F1 13.8kV Power 0.000739 + j0.017982 28.612
Plant Bus
F2 Primary terminals 0.000783 + j0.0181 26.826
of TRM1
F3 6.9kV switchgear 0.002274 + j0.041512 27.768
(bus)
TRL3A
TRL3B
F6 MCC8 Bus 0.043135 + j0.257877 6.574
F7 MCC9 Bus 0.043743 + j0.252115 6.447

Table 4.4 Summary of Momentary Three-Phase Fault
Fault IMOM,SYM,RMS IMOM,ASYM, IMOM,ASYM,

Fault Location
Point (A) RMS (A) PEAK (A)
13.8kV Power
F1 23,245.483 37,523.193 62,394.567
Plant Bus
Primary
F2 terminals of 23,091.652 37,107.764 61,772.309
TRM1
6.9kV
F3 switchgear 20,126.295 32,421.524 53,938.763
(bus)
Primary
F4 terminals 19,616.625 29,705.332 50,154.45
TRL3A
Primary
F5 terminals 19,565.408 29,439.931 49,779.202
TRL3B
F6 MCC8 Bus 46,003.586 61,187.319 106,226.737
F7 MCC9 Bus 47,006.429 62,268.447 108,186.321
(Continuation) Table 4.4 Summary of Momentary Three-

Phase Fault Contributions
I SYSTEM I LOAD
Fault Contribution Contribution
Fault Location
Point (A, sym (A, sym
RMS) RMS)
F1 13.8kV Power Plant Bus 21,713.60 1,542.19
Primary terminals of
F2 21,558.56 1,543.01
TRM1
F3 6.9kV switchgear (bus) 16,676.38 3,477.16
F4 Primary terminals TRL3A 19,456.65 173.22
F5 Primary terminals TRL3B 19,341.16 239.97
F6 MCC8 Bus 43,542.54 2,609.34
F7 MCC9 Bus 43,501.20 3,684.74

4.2.1.2 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase Faults at MV Loads
For momentary three-phase fault at KM5806

Calculating the individual momentary three-phase fault at motor
terminals for individual medium-voltage motors:
BUS1
0.000639
0.000048
ZTL1
+ j0.000137
j0.019257
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
2.2276687 1.525111
Zth
+4.287880 +3.137595
1pu 1pu
Figure 4.10 Simplification of Equivalent Impedance at

terminals of KM5806 (F8)
   
1

   1 
ZTH   ZTL2  ZTRL3A  ZEQB 1  ZTL3  ZTRL3B  ZEQC 1  ZCON  ZTRM1  ZTL1 
 
ZTH = 0.0020197 + j0.049027 pu

0.5524 0.0406 0.8258 0.0020197
1.0195
+ j3.633829 +j0.321415 +j5.471353 +j6.732829

+ j0.049027
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
KM5806 YM7601 KM8639 KM8601 Zth
0.008415
0.0406 0.8258 0.0020197
1.0195
+ j0.007008
F8
0.5440 3Ph +j0.321415 +j5.471353 +j6.732829
+ j0.049027
+j3.6268
1pu 1pu 1pu 1pu
1pu
Reference Reference Reference Reference
Reference
KM5806 YM7601 KM8639 KM8601 Zth
Figure 4.11 Simplification To Thevenins Equivalent

Impedance at terminals of KM5806 (F8)
1
 1 
         
1  1 
 " 1 " 1 " 1 " 1  "
ZTH,F8,MOM    ZTH  ZYM7601  ZKM8601  ZK8639   ZTLKM5860   ZKM5806 
 
   
ZTH,F8,MOM=0.010480+j0.049115 pu
Momentary symmetrical rms fault current IMOM,SYM,RMS :
VPREFAULT
IMOM,SYM,RMS 
Z TH,F8,MOM
1.0
IMOM,SYM,RMS 
0.010480 + j0.049115

IMOM,SYM,RMS  4.2837123 - j19.755751 pu
0
IMOM,SYM,RMS=20.214/-77.765 pu
Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS=20.214/-77.7650 x IBASE 6.9kV
IMOM,SYM,RMS=20.214/-77.7650 x 836.739 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS= 16,914.55 A
Calculating for the Motor and System Contribution to fault

1x836.739
IMotor   228.157  81.4690 A
0.544  j3.6268
ISystem  (20.214  77.765)(836.739)  (228.157  81.469)
ISystem  16,686.16A

the medium-voltage motors using Microsoft Excel sheet developed
by the Author and the results are summarized in Table 4.5. The
results also include the fault current contributions from both System
and load.
Table 4.5 Summary of calculation for momentary three-

phase fault current and fault point impedance at motor
terminals of each MV motors and Power Factor Capacitor
Motor Fault IMotor ISYSTEM IMOM,SYM,RMS Momentary Positive
at (A) (A) (A) (Total) Sequence Impedance
PE-KM5806 228 16,687 16,914.55 0.010482 + j 0.048345
PE-YM7601 2672 14,263 16,924.59 0.009012 + j 0.04861
PE-KM8639 151 17,650 17,800.91 0.008043 + j 0.046312
PE-KM8601 123 15,935 16,057.54 0.013011 + j 0.050458
PC001 19,783.26 0.00308+j0.042183

4.2.1.3 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase Faults at LV Loads
GM1412 F13
Using the circuit simplification from F6 and calculating the

equivalent motor-cable impedance other than GM1412 will result on
the following circuit:
5.56775+j1.438211 F13
3Ph
0.040286 18.823231
2.325952
+j0.273285
+j4.283648
+j44.8172173
GM1412
Figure 4.12 Simplification To Thevenins Equivalent

Impedance at terminals of GM1412 (F12)
Fault point impedance
ZTH,F13,MOM= 5.036830 + j2.010275 p.u
VPREFAULT
IMOM,SYM,RMS 
Z TH,F8,MOM
1.0
IMOM,SYM,RMS 
5.036830 + j2.010275
IMOM,SYM,RMS  0.171257 - j0.068351 pu
IMOM,SYM,RMS=0.184393 p.u

Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS=0.184393 x IBASE 480V
IMOM,SYM,RMS=0.184393 x 12028.13 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS= 2217.91 A

the low-voltage critical motors using Microsoft Excel sheet
developed by the Author and the results are summarized in Table
4.6.
Table 4.6 Three-phase Fault Current for Critical 480V Loads
IMOM,
Fault Point
Fault Point IMOM, SYM,RMS (p.u) SYM,RMS
Impedance (p.u)
(A)
GM1412
5.03683 + j 2.01027 0.17125 - j 0.06835 2052
(F13)
GM1413
5.03683 + j 2.01027 0.17125 - j 0.06835 2052
(F14)
KM5814
1.75164 + j 1.47179 0.33463 - j 0.28117 4195
(F15)
GM8103A
4.31435 + j 2.09191 0.18766 - j 0.09099 2315
(F16)
GM8103S
4.31435 + j 2.09191 0.18766 - j 0.09099 2315
(F17)
MNDB (F18) 0.20308 + j 0.39405 1.03337 - j 2.00513 27132
EMBD (F19) 0.20308 + j 0.39405 1.03337 - j 2.00513 27132
YM7607
0.343 + j 0.38154 1.30307 - j 1.44947 23444
(F20)
SM8645
0.79707 + j 0.94461 0.52177 - j 0.61835 8498
(F21)
GM7612
1.70714 + j 1.78667 0.27955 - j 0.29258 4375
(F22)
7601M1
4.11122 + j 2.13814 0.19145 - j 0.09956 2316
(F23)
KM8607
6.09 + j 1.83224 0.15057 - j 0.0453 1692
(F24)

4.2.2 Calculation of Momentary Single Line-to-ground Faults
A single line-to-ground fault occurs when one of the phase

conductors comes in contact with the ground or equipment ground
as illustrated in Figure 4.13. For Analytical convenience, phase A is
“traditionally” chosen as the faulted line. The magnitude of the fault
current IFAULT (in per-unit) is calculated as
I
Ia1  Ia2  Ia0  aFAULT
3 Equation (4.5)
3Vpre  fault
IaFAULT,pu  3Ia1  3Ia2  3Ia0 
Z1  Z2  Z0  3ZFAULT
3Vpre  fault
IaFAULT,pu 
Z1  Z2  Z0  3ZFAULT Equation (4.6)
Where: Ia1, Ia2, Ia0 is the positive, negative and zero

sequence current component of IaFAULT.
Z1, Z2, Z0, is the Thevenin’s equivalent positive, negative and zero
sequence impedance respectively.
VPRE-FAULT is the Thevenin’s equivalent Voltage.
In this study, the fault impedance ZFAULT is assumed to be
zero or bolted fault condition. In that case, Equation 4.6 can be
reduced to:
3Vpre  fault
IaFAULT,pu 
Z1  Z2  Z0 Equation (4.6)

Ph-A
Ph-B
Ph-C
IFAULT ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Source
Equipment Grounding
Figure 4.13 Illustration of bolted single line-to-ground fault
The actual value is then calculated using the equation below
IaFAULT,actual  IaFAULT,pu x IBASE
For X/R, the separately reduced X and R from positive

sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence impedance
network will be used as recommended by IEEE “Violet Book” [10].
XsepPositive  XsepNegative  XsepZero

X /R 
R sepPositive  R sepNegative  R sepZero Equation (4.7)

4.2.2.1 Calculation of Single Line-to-ground Fault for Main Buses
For Bus 1 (Fault Point F1)

The fault point impedance derived from three-phase fault
calculation at F1 is the positive sequence impedance for fault point
with the driving voltage equal to 1 pu as shown in Figure 4.14.
Z TH,F1,MOM,1  Z TH,F1,MOM  0.0007394  j0.0179826 pu
0.0007394
+j0.0179826 Ia1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.14 Momentary positive sequence impedance for

fault point 1
Consequentially, the negative sequence network is equal to

the positive sequence network impedance as shown in Figure 4.15.
0.0007394
+j0.0179826 Ia2
Reference
Figure 4.15 Momentary negative sequence impedance for

fault point 1

The zero sequence impedance at fault point F1 will derive
as follows:
ZGEN EQ,ZERO =0.000555+ j0.017761

F1
BUS1SLG
Reference
ZTL1,ZERO=0.000199+j0.000043
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
ZTL2,ZERO=0.006843 ZTL3,ZERO
+j0.000325 =0.007604+j0.000361
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692 Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692
+j0.230430 +j0.230430
Figure 4.16 Momentary zero sequence impedance diagram
0.000555
+ j0.017761 Ia0
Reference
Figure 4.17 Momentary zero sequence impedance for fault

point 1
Z TH,F1,MOM,0  0.000555  j0.017761 pu

Using these three impedance networks and from the
relation on Equation 4.5 where Ia1=Ia2=Ia0, the equivalent network
diagram is shown below where the three impedance networks are
connected in series.
0.000555
ZMOM,ZERO,F1
+j0.017761
0.0007394
ZMOM,NEG,F1
+j0.0179826
0.0007394
+j0.0179826 ZMOM,POS,F1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.18 Momentary equivalent impedance networks for

fault point 1
Using Equation 4.6 and Figure 4.18, the SLG fault current is
calculated below.
3VPREFAULT
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG 
Z TH,F1,MOM,1  Z TH,F1,MOM,2  Z TH,F1,MOM,0
3(1)

0.0007394  j0.0179826  0.0007394  j0.0179826  0.000555 + J0.017761
3(1)

0.0020338  j0.0537263
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG  2.1107975 - j55.758635 pu

0
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG  55.7985/-87.832 pu
Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG  55.7985/-87.8320 x IBASE 13.8kV
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG  55.7985/-87.8320 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG  23,344.393 A
Momentary asymmetrical rms fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS,SLG :

-2 
From the calculation results of momentary symmetrical rms

values, Using separated X and R reduction, X/R ratio is calculated as
X /R 
R sepPositive  R sepNegative  R sepZero
0.017952  0.017952  0.017761
X /R   29.652
0.0006274  0.0006274  0.000555
-2
IMOM,ASYM,RMS  23,344.393 x 1  2e 29.652
IMOM,ASYM,RMS  37,772.456 A
Momentary asymmetrical peak fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS,SLG

 -2 
 
 
 

  X / R 
0.49  0.1e  3
  0.49  0.1e

 29.652 
3  0.489
 -2x0.498x 
 
IMOM, ASYM,PEAK  23,344.393 x 2 1  e 29.652 
 
 
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK  62,772.059A

Calculating the system and load contribution to fault current
System Contribution (ISYSTEM)

ISYSTEM  Ia1pu  Ia2pu  Ia0pu xIBASE 
 Ia0puZ1,LOAD Ia0puZ2,LOAD 
ISYSTEM     Ia0pu xIBASE
 Z1,SYSTEM  Z1,LOAD Z2,SYSTEM  Z2,LOAD 
Referring to the network simplification at Figure 4.3 for Momentary

Positive Impedance we get
Z1SYSTEM = Z2SYSTEM = 0.000639 + j0.019257 pu
Z1LOAD = Z2LOAD = 0.0413215 + j0.268116 pu
I0pu 
I
MOM,SYM,RMS,SLG
  0.703599 - j18.586211 pu
3
ISYSTEM   0.703599 - j18.586211 0.0413215 + j0.268116

0.000639 + j0.019257  0.0413215 + j0.268116

0.703599 - j18.586211 0.0413215 + j0.268116
0.000639 + j0.019257  0.0413215 + j0.268116
 0.703599 - j18.586211   x (418.369)
ISYSTEM  22,318.64 A
Load Contribution (ILOAD)
 
ILOAD  Ia1pu  Ia2pu  Ia0pu xIBASE
 Ia0puZ1,SYSTEM Ia0puZ2,SYSTEM 
ILOAD     Ia0pu xIBASE
 Z1,SYSTEM  Z1,LOAD Z2,SYSTEM  Z2,LOAD 

ILOAD   0.703599 - j18.586211 0.000639 + j0.019257
0.000639 + j0.019257  0.0413215 + j0.268116

0.703599 - j18.586211 0.000639 + j0.019257
0.000639 + j0.019257  0.0413215 + j0.268116
 0.703599 - j18.586211   x (418.369)
ILOAD  1,032.50 A

the major buses (F2, F3, F4 , F5, F6 and F7) using Microsoft Excel
sheet developed by the Author and results are summarized in Table
4.7. This table summarizes the Momentary Symmetrical,
Momentary Asymmetrical and Momentary Peak asymmetrical
currents for the main buses. Table 4.8 provides a summary of
current contributions from the Load and the System for each of the
main buses.
Table 4.7 Summary of Momentary Single Line-to-ground

Faults
Momentary Single Line-to-ground Faults
Fault
Fault Location IMOM,SYM,RMS IMOM,ASYM, IMOM,ASYM,
Point
(A) RMS (A) PEAK (A)
13.8kV Power
F1 23,344.39 37,772.46 62,772.06
Plant Bus
Primary
F2 terminals of 23,218.87 37,192.39 61,962.16
TRM1
6.9kV
F3 switchgear 22,886.87 37,003.65 61,506.19
(bus)
Primary
F4 terminals 22,245.65 30,954.18 53,252.87
TRL3A
Primary
F5 terminals 22,171.50 30,419.29 52,486.52
TRL3B
F6 MCC8 Bus 47,714.93 63,272.95 109,910.03
F7 MCC9 Bus 48,430.04 64,041.41 111,303.31

Table 4.8 Summary of Single Line-to-ground Fault Current
Contributions for Main Buses
Fault Fault Location I SYSTEM I LOAD

Point Contribution Contribution
(A, sym RMS) (A, sym RMS)
F2 Primary terminals of TRM1 22,191.03 1,034.34
F6 MCC8 Bus 46,011.25 1,804.28
F7 MCC9 Bus 46,019.14 2,530.89

4.2.2.2 Calculation of Momentary Single Line-to-ground Faults for
MV and LV Loads
From the zero-sequence impedance model of Chapter 2, the

zero-sequence network impedance for MV Loads is constructed.
Since all the power transformers connected to the power plant bus
are delta-wye grounded including TRM1, the network diagram can
be isolated and simplified as shown in the figure below. On each
fault point, the Thevenin’s equivalent impedance is the sum of TRM1
zero sequence impedance and the MV load cable zero sequence
impedance as summarized in Table 4.9.
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
0.039669 0.027628 0.027628 0.003802

0.030023
+J 0.001886 +j0.004011 +j0.001314 +j0.001314

+j0.00018
F8 F9 F10 F11 F12

SLG SLG SLG SLG SLG
Figure 4.19 Simplified MV load zero sequence impedance

network

Table 4.9 Thevenin’s Equivalent Impedances for Fault on MV
Loads
Fault Momentary Positive Momentary Negative Momentary Zero
Point Sequence Impedance Sequence Impedance Sequence Impedance
F8 0.010482+j0.048345 0.010482+j0.048345 0.040418+j0.028413
F9 0.009012+j0.048610 0.009012+j0.048610 0.030772+j0.030538
F10 0.008043+j0.046312 0.008043+j0.046312 0.028377+j0.027841
F11 0.013011+j0.050458 0.013011+j0.050458 0.052077+j0.028968
F12 0.00308+j0.042183 0.00308+j0.042183 0.004551+j0.026707
Table 4.10 Thevenin’s Equivalent Impedances for Fault on LV

Loads
Fault Positive Negative Zero Sequence
Point Sequence Sequence Impedance
Impedance Impedance
GM1412 5.03683 + 5.03683 + 12.35077 +
j2.01027 j2.01027 j1.38294
GM1413 5.03683 + 5.03683 + 12.35077 +
j2.01027 j2.01027 j1.38294
KM5814 1.75164 + 1.75164 + 5.02091 +
j1.47179 j1.47179 j1.25913
GM8103A 4.31435 + 4.31435 + 6.50309 +
j2.09191 j2.09191 j1.56311
GM8103S 4.31435 + 4.31435 + 6.50309 +
j2.09191 j2.09191 j1.56311
MNDB 0.20308 + 0.20308 + 0.41054 +
j0.39405 j0.39405 j0.33754
EMBD 0.20308 + 0.20308 + 0.41054 +
j0.39405 j0.39405 j0.33754
YM7607 0.343 + 0.343 + 0.54528 +
j0.38154 j0.38154 j0.33539
SM8645 0.79707+ 0.79707 + 2.2165 +
j0.94461 j0.94461 j0.86072
GM7612 1.70714 + 1.70714 + 4.64308 +
j1.78667 j1.78667 j1.56237
7601M1 4.11122 + 4.11122 + 11.12113 +
j2.13814 j2.13814 j1.56311
KM8607 6.09 + 6.09 + 13.55794 +
j1.83224 j1.83224 j0.80514

The same procedure used in calculating the momentary
single line-to-ground fault current for faults on Main Buses and
current contributions is repeated using Microsoft Excel sheet and
the results are summarized in Tables 4.11, 4.12, 4.13 and 4.14.

Fault Current for MV Loads
Fault Point IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG (A)

(F8) PE-KM5806 18,013.59
(F9) PE-YM7601 18,354.72
(F10) PE-KM8639 19,548.60
(F11) PE-KM8601 16,562.86
(F12) PC001 22,495.35

Fault Current for LV Loads
Fault Point IMOM,SYM,RMS,SLG (A)
(F13) GM1412 1,564.38
(F14) GM1413 1,564.38
(F15) KM5814 3,796.78
(F16) GM8103A 2,229.31
(F17) GM8103S 2,229.31
(F18) MNDB 25,946.37
(F19) EMBD 25,946.37
(F20) YM7607 21,868.29
(F21) SM8645 7,678.70
(F22) GM7612 3,776.52
(F23) 7601M1 1,785.85
(F24) KM8607 1,381.32

Table 4.13 Summary of Calculation Results for Momentary
Single Line-to-ground Fault Current Contributions on Fault
Current on MV Loads
Positive
Ia1 pu
Motor Fault at I0pu Sequence
Contribution
Impedance
PE- System 3.161-j6.4423 0.0106+j0.0489 3.1241-j6.3529
KM5806 Motor 0.544+j3.6268 0.0369-j0.0894
PE- System 2.6089-j6.8307 0.0115+j0.0575 2.2885-j5.7214
YM7601 Motor 0.0311+j0.3115 0.3204-j1.1092
PE- System 2.6965-j7.3058 0.0081+j0.0467 2.675-j7.2432
KM8639 Motor 0.8199+j5.4664 0.0214-j0.0626
PE- System 3.4001-j5.6546 0.0131+j0.0508 3.3786-j5.6088
KM8601 Motor 1.0085+j6.7237 0.0214-j0.0457
Table 4.13 (continuation)

Negative
Ia2 pu
Motor Fault at Sequence
Contribution
Impedance
PE-KM5806 System 0.0106+j0.0489 3.1241-j6.3529
Motor 0.544+j3.6268 0.0369-j0.0894
PE-YM7601 System 0.0115+j0.0575 2.2885-j5.7214
Motor 0.0311+j0.3115 0.3204-j1.1092
PE-KM8639 System 0.0081+j0.0467 2.675-j7.2432
Motor 0.8199+j5.4664 0.0214-j0.0626
PE-KM8601 System 0.0131+j0.0508 3.3786-j5.6088
Motor 1.0085+j6.7237 0.0214-j0.0457

Table 4.13 (continuation)
Ia0 pu
Motor Fault at ISLG pu ISLG (A)
Contribution
PE- System 3.161-j6.4423 9.4092-j19.1482
KM5806 17,851.94
Motor 0 0.0738-j0.1789
161.99
PE- System 2.6089-j6.8307 7.186-j18.2736
YM7601 16,430.04
Motor 0 0.6408-j2.2185
1,932.23
PE- System 2.6965-j7.3058 8.0467-j21.7922
KM8639 19,437.80
Motor 0 0.0429-j0.1252
110.82
PE- System 3.4001-j5.6546 10.1575-j16.8723
KM8601 16,478.69
Motor 0 0.0428-j0.0915
84.63
PC001 22,495.35

4.2.3 Calculation of Momentary Line-to-line Faults
A line-to-line fault occurs when two of the three-phase

conductors come in contact with each other as illustrated in Figure
4.20. For Analytical convenience, phase B and phase C are
“traditionally” chosen as the faulted lines. The magnitude of the
fault current IFAULT (in per-unit) is calculated as
Ia  0; Ib  Ic  IFAULT
Ia0  1 1 1  Ia 
I   1 1 a a2  Ib 
 a1  3 
Ia2  1 a2 a  Ic 
Ia0  1 1 1  0 
I   1 1 a a2   Ib 
 a1  3 
Ia2  1 a2 a   Ib 
Ia0  0
Ia1 
1
3
 1

aIb  a2Ib  (a  a2 )Ib
3
Ia2 
3

1 2 1

a Ib  aIb  (a2  a)Ib
3
Ia1  Ia2
Ph-A
Ph-B
IFAULT
Ph-C
ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Figure 4.20 Illustration of bolted line-to-line fault
The derived relation between symmetrical components of

currents shows that Ia1=-Ia2 and Ia0=0. This means that one can
construct an equivalent sequence network where the positive and

negative sequence impedance can be connected in parallel as
shown in Figure 4.21. Using this network, the positive sequence
current can be calculated in terms of the sequence impedance
values.
Z1 Z2
Va1 Ia1 Ia2 Va2
VF
Figure 4.21 Equivalent sequence impedance network for line-

to-line fault.
VF Equation (4.8)
Ia1  Ia2 
Z1  Z2
Using these values of positive and negative sequence

currents, Phase values of the fault current I b and Ic can be derived
using the matrix equation for sequence and phase domain currents.
Ia  1 1 1  Ia0 
I   1 a2 a  Ia1 
 b 
Ic  1 a a2  Ia2 
Ia  0
IFAULT  Ib  (a2Ia1  aIa2 )

Since Ia1=-Ia2, above equation can be simplified as
IFAULT  Ib  (a2Ia1  aIa2 )   j 3 Ia1 Equation (4.9)
Ic  IFAULT  j 3 Ia1 Equation (4.10)

4.2.3.1 Calculation of Line-to-line Fault for Main Buses
The fault point impedance derived from 3-phase fault

0.0007394
+j0.0179826 Ia1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.22 Momentary positive sequence impedance for
fault point 1

0.0007394
+j0.0179826 Ia2
Reference
Figure 4.23 Momentary negative sequence impedance for
fault point 1
Using these three impedance networks and from the relation

on Equation 4.8 where Ia1=-Ia2 and Ia0=0, the equivalent network

diagram is shown in Figure 4.24 where the two impedance networks
are connected in parallel.
0.0007394 0.0007394
+j0.0179826 +j0.0179826
1 pu
Ia1 Ia2
Figure 4.24 Equivalent sequence impedance for fault point 1
Using Equation 4.8, the value of the positive and negative

sequence impedance is calculated below.
VF
Ia1  Ia2 
ZTH,MOM,1  ZTH,MOM,2
1
Ia1 
0.0007394  j0.0179826  0.0007394  j0.0179826
1
Ia1 
0.001478  j0.035965
Ia1  1.141368  j27.757621 pu
Ia2  Ia1  -1.141368  j27.757621 pu
Using Equation 4.9 and 4.10 to calculate the line b and c fault
current
Ib  Ic   j 3 Ia1   j 3 1.141368  j27.757621

Ib  -48.077611 - j1.976908 pu
Ib=48.118/-117.640 pu
Actual value
Ib=48.118/-117.640 x IBASE 13.8kV
Ib=48.118/-117.640 x 418.369 A

IMOM,SYM,RMS,LL = Ib= 20,131.179/-117.640 A
Momentary asymmetrical rms fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS,LL :

-2 

values, using separated X and R reduction, X/R ratio is calculated as
For X/R ratio

XsepPositive  XsepNegative
X /R 
R sepPositive  R sepNegative
0.017952  0.017952
X /R   28.612
0.0006274  0.0006274
-2
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,LL  20,131.179 x 1  2e28.612
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,LL  32,496.039 A
Momentary asymmetrical peak fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS,SLG :

 -2 
 
 
 
  X / R 
3
 0.49  0.1e 
  0.49  0.1e

 28.612 
3  0.489
 -2x0.498x 
 
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,LL  20,131.179 x 2 1  e 28.612 
 
 
IMOM, ASYM,PEAK,LL  54,035.28 A

Calculating the current contribution:
  j 3 Ia1Z1LOAD 
IbSYSTEM   xIBASE
Z
 1SYSTEM  Z 
1LOAD 
  j 3 Ia1Z1SYSTEM 
IbLOAD   xIBASE
Z
 1SYSTEM  Z 
1LOAD 
Referring to the network simplification in Figure 4.4 for Momentary

Positive Impedance:
Z1LOAD = Z2LOAD = 0.0413215 + j0.268116 pu
  j 3 1.1413  j27.7570.04132 + j0.268

IbSYSTEM   x418.369
 0.000639 + j0.019257  0.0413 + j0.268 
IbSYSTEM  18,804.53 A
  j 3 1.1413  j27.7570.000639 + j0.019257

IbLOAD   x418.369
 0.000639 + j0.019257  0.0413 + j0.268 
IbSYSTEM  1,335.58 A

sheet and results are summarized in Table 4.14. This table
summarizes the Momentary Symmetrical, Momentary Asymmetrical
and Momentary Peak asymmetrical currents for the main buses.
Table 4.15 summarizes the current contributions from the Load and
the System for each of the main buses.

Table 4.14 Summary of Momentary Line-to-line Faults
Momentary Line-to-line Faults
Fault Fault
Point Location IMOM,ASYM,PEAK
IMOM,SYM,RMS (A) IMOM,ASYM,RMS (A)
(A)
13.8kV
F1 Power Plant 20,131.18 32,496.04 54,035.28
Bus
Primary
F2 terminals 19,997.96 32,136.27 53,496.39
of TRM1
6.9kV
F3 switchgear 17,429.88 28,077.86 46,712.34
(bus)
Primary
F4 terminals 16,988.50 25,725.57 43,435.03
TRL3A
Primary
F5 terminals 16,944.14 25,495.73 43,110.05
TRL3B
F6 MCC8 Bus 39,840.27 52,989.77 91,995.05
F7 MCC9 Bus 40,708.76 53,926.06 93,692.10
Table 4.15 Summary of Momentary Line-to-line Fault Current

Contributions for Main Buses
I SYSTEM I LOAD
Fault
Fault Location Contribution Contribution
Point
F6 MCC8 Bus 37,708.95 2,259.76
F7 MCC9 Bus 37,673.14 3,191.08
4.2.3.2 Calculation of Line-to-line Fault for MV and LV Loads
The line-to-line fault for MV and LV loads are calculated

using the positive and negative sequence impedance derived from
momentary three-phase and single line-to-ground fault calculation.
Repeating the same procedure used for calculating the momentary
line-to-line fault for the main buses using Microsoft Excel, the
calculation results are summarized in Table 4.16 ad 4.17.

Table 4.16 Calculation Results for Momentary Line-to-line
Fault for MV Loads
Fault Ia1 (pu) Ib (pu) Ib (A)
Point Mom, Sym, RMS Mom, Sym, RMS Mom, Sym,
RMS
PE- 2.141856-j9.877875 -17.108982-j3.709803 14,648.4280
KM5806
PE- 1.843597-j9.943964 -17.223451-j3.193204 14,657.1222
YM7601
PE- 1.820142-j10.480192 -18.152226-j3.152579 15,416.0407
KM8639
PE- 2.395899-j9.291376 -16.093135-j4.149820 13,906.2400
KM8601
PC001 0.860868-j11.790259 -20.421328-j1.491067 17,132.809
Table 4.17 Calculation Results for Momentary Line-to-line

Fault for LV Loads
Fault Ia1 (pu) Ib (pu) Ib (A)
Point Mom, Sym, RMS Mom, Sym, RMS Mom, Sym,
RMS
(F13) 0.085628-j0.034175 -0.059194-j0.148313 1,920.77
GM1412
(F14) 0.085628-j0.034175 -0.059194-j0.148313 1,920.77
GM1413
(F15) 0.167318-j0.140587 -0.243504-j0.289804 4,552.95
KM5814
(F16) 0.093832-j0.045496 -0.078802-j0.162522 2,172.51
GM8103A
(F17) 0.093832-j0.045496 -0.078802-j0.162522 2,172.51
GM8103S
(F18) 0.516685-j1.002566 -1.736496-j0.894925 23,497.42
MNDB
(F19) 0.516685-j1.002566 -1.736496-j0.894925 23,497.42
EMBD
(F20) 0.651537-j0.724739 -1.255285-j1.128496 20,303.14
YM7607
(F21) 0.260886-j0.309178 -0.535513-j0.451867 8,427.93
SM8645
(F22) 0.139779-j0.146292 -0.253385-j0.242105 4,215.33
GM7612
(F23) 0.095726-j0.049784 -0.08623-j0.165802 2,247.88
7601M1
(F24) 0.075286-j0.02265 -0.039232-j0.1304 1,637.93
KM8607

4.2.4 Calculation of Momentary Double Line-to-ground Faults
A double line-to-ground fault occurs when two of the three-

phase conductors touch each other and at the same time come in
contact with the equipment grounding as illustrated in Figure 4.25.
For analytical convenience, phase B and phase C are “traditionally”
chosen as the faulted lines. The magnitude of the fault current I FAULT
(in per-unit) is calculated as
Ph-A
ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)
Ph-B
IBFAULT
Ph-C
ICFAULT
Source
IN
Equipment Grounding
Figure 4.25 Illustration of bolted double line-to-ground fault
For Double line-to-ground fault, the conditions are as follows

1. Line A current is approximately zero (IA=0)
2. Vector Sum of IB and IC is IN
3. VB=VC=0
Using condition 1 Ia=0, since Ia=Ia0+Ia1+Ia2
Ia0+Ia1+Ia2 = 0
Using the relation between the sequence voltage and phase voltage
and condition 3 (VB=VC=0)

Va0  1 1 1  Va 
 V   1 1 a a2  Vb 
 a1  3 
Va2  1 a2 a   Vc 
Va0  1 1 1  Va 
 V   1 1 a a2   0 
 a1  3 
Va2  1 a2 a   0 
1 1 1
Va0  Va; Va1  Va; Va2  Va
3 3 3
So it follows that
Va0  Va1  Va2
Now, using the relation derived from condition 1 and 3, the

sequence networks can be arranged as follows.
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0

+ + +
ZPOS ZNEG ZZERO

Va1 Va2 Va0
VF
- - -
Figure 4.26 Interconnected sequence networks for double
line-to-ground fault
Using the above sequence diagram in Figure 4.26, the

1 Z2Z0
VF  Ia1(Z1  )  Ia1(Z1  )
1 1 Z0  Z2

Z2 Z0
VF
Ia1 
Z2Z0 Equation (4.11)
(Z1  )
Z0  Z2

Using current division to determine the I a2 and Ia0
 Z2 
Ia0  Ia1 
Equation (4.12)
 Z0  Z2 
 Z0 
Ia2  Ia1 
Z  Z Equation (4.13)
 0 2 
Then, using the relation between the sequence currents and phase
Ia  1 1 1  Ia0 
I   1 a2 a  I 
currents  b    a1  Equation (4.14)
2
Ic  1 a a  Ia2 
Ia  Ia0  Ia1  Ia2
Ib  Ia0  a2Ia1  aIa2
Ic  Ia0  aIa1  a2Ia2
For the ground current IN
IN  Ib  Ic Equation (4.15)
Actual value
IaFAULT,actual  IaFAULT,pu x IBASE
For X/R, the separately reduced X and R from positive

sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence impedance
network will be used.
X sep,2 X sep,0
X sep,1 
X sep,2  X sep,0
X /R 
R sep,2 R sep,0
R sep,1  Equation (4.16)
R sep,2  R sep,0

4.2.4.1 Calculation of Double Line-to-ground Fault for Main Buses
The fault point impedances derived from single line-to-

ground fault calculation at F1 are
ZTH,F1,MOM,1  ZTH,F1,MOM  0.0007394  j0.0179826 pu
ZTH,F1,MOM,0  0.000555  j0.017761 pu
Using these values, the sequence network is presented in the figure

below.
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0
0.0007394 0.0007394 0.000555
j0.0179826 j0.0179826 j0.017761
1 pu

line-to-ground fault at F1
Calculating the positive sequence current I a1 using Equation 4.11

VF
Ia1 
Z2Z0
(Z1  )
Z0  Z2
1
Ia1 
0.0007394  j0.0179826 
0.0007394 j0.01798260.000555  j0.017761
0.0007394  j0.0179826  0.000555  j0.017761
Ia1  1.4641 - j37.091449 pu

Calculating the zero-sequence current Ia0 using Equation 4.12
 Z2 
Ia0  Ia1 
 Z0  Z2 
 0.0007394  j0.0179826 
Ia0  Ia1  
 0.000555  j0.017761  0.0007394  j0.0179826 
Ia0  -0.645262  j18.667654 pu
Calculating the negative sequence current Ia2 using Equation 4.13
 Z0 
Ia2  Ia1 
 Z0  Z2 
 0.0007394  j0.0179826 
Ia2  Ia1  
 0.000555  j0.017761  0.0007394  j0.0179826 
Ia2  -0.818737  j18.423794 ipu
Calculating the phase currents using Equation 4.14
Ia  1 1 1  - 0.645262  j18.667654

I   1 a2 a   01.4641 - j37.091449 
 b   
Ic  1 a a2  - 0.818737  j18.423794
Ia  0
Ib  -49.045505  j26.024573 pu
Ib = 55.522/152.0480 pu
Ic  47.109717  j29.978391 pu
0
Ic = 55.839/32.47 pu
Calculating the ground current using Equation 4.15
IN  Ib  Ic
IN  -49.045505  j26.024573  47.109717  j29.978391

IN  -1.935787  j56.002964 pu
IN = 56.036/91.9790 pu

Actual value
Ib  55.522/152.0480 x IBASE 13.8kV
Ib  55.522/152.0480 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,b  23228.862/152.0480 A
Ic  55.839/32.470 x IBASE 13.8kV
Ic  55.839/32.470 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,c  23361.439/32.470 A
0
IN  56.036/91.979 x IBASE 13.8kV
0
IN  56.036/91.979 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS,N  23,443.897/91.9790 A
Momentary asymmetrical rms fault currents
-2 

values, Using separated X and R reduction, X/R ratio is calculated as
For X/R ratio using Equation 4.16
X sep,2 X sep,0
X sep,1 
X sep,2  X sep,0
X /R 
R sep,2 R sep,0
R sep,1 
R sep,2  R sep,0
0.017952 x 0.017761
0.017952 
X /R  0.017952  0.017761  29.156
0.0006274 x 0.000555
0.0006274 
0.0006274  0.000555

-2
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,b  23,228.862 x 1  2e 29.156
IMOM, ASYM,RMS,b  37,543.784 A
-2
IMOM,ASYM,RMS,c  23,361.439 x 1  2e 29.156
IMOM, ASYM,RMS,c  37,758.063 A
Momentary asymmetrical peak fault currents

 -2 
 
 
 
  X / R 
3
 0.49  0.1e 
  0.49  0.1e

 29.156 
3  0.489
 -2x0.489x 
 
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,b  23,228.862 x 2 1  e 29.156 
 
 
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,b  62,409.251 A
 -2x0.489x 
 
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,c  23,361.439 x 2 1  e 29.156 
 
 
IMOM,ASYM,PEAK,c  37,758.063 A
Calculating the current contribution:

 a2I 
a1puZ1,LOAD aIa2puZ2,LOAD
IBSystem     Ia0pu xIBASE
 Z1,SYSTEM  Z1,LOAD Z2,SYSTEM  Z2,LOAD 
 
 a2I aIa2puZ2,SYSTEM 
a1puZ1,SYSTEM
IBLOAD    xIBASE
 

 aIa1puZ1,LOAD a2Ia2puZ2,LOAD 
ICSystem     Ia0pu xIBASE
 
 aI
a1puZ1,SYSTEM a2Ia2puZ2,SYSTEM 
ICLOAD    xIBASE
 
Referring to the network simplification in Figure 4.3 for

Momentary Positive Impedance,
Z1LOAD = Z2LOAD = 0.0413215 + j0.268116 pu
Z1LOAD + Z1SYSTEM = Z2LOAD + Z2SYSTEM = 0.0419605+j0.287373 pu

Z1,LOAD 0.0413215 + j0.268116
  0.9340  j7.4030 pu
Z1,SYSTEM  Z1,LOAD 0.0419605 + j0.287373
Z1,SYSTEM 0.000639 + j0.019257
  0.06592  j7.4030 pu
Z1,SYSTEM  Z1,LOAD 0.0419605 + j0.287373

  
IBSystem   a2Ia1pu  aIa2pu * 

Z1,LOAD  
  Ia0pu xIBASE
 Z1,SYSTEM  Z1,LOAD  
Substituting the values to calculate the current contributions
IBSystem  22,012.50 A
IBLOAD  1,358.84 A
ICSystem  22,034.85 A
ICLOAD  1,362.17 A
INSystem  22928.75 A
INLOAD  518.45 A

sheet and results are summarized in Table 4.18, 4.19 and 4.20
These tables summarize the Momentary Symmetrical, Momentary
Asymmetrical and Momentary Peak asymmetrical currents for the
main buses of phase B, phase C and neutral, respectively. Table
4.21, 4.22, 4.23 summarize the current contributions from the Load
and the System for each of the main buses.
Table 4.18 Summary of Momentary Double Line-to-ground

Faults for Phase B
Fault Fault DLG FAULT CURRENT PHASE B Ib
Point Location IMOM,SYM,
RMS(A) IMOM,ASYM IMOM,ASYM,
,RMS(A) PEAK (A)
F1 13.8kV Power
Plant Bus 23,228.86 37,543.78 62,409.25
F2 Primary
terminals of 23,149.79 37,244.80 61,982.52
TRM1
F3 6.9kV
switchgear 21,744.04 35,126.22 58,397.82
(bus)
F4 Primary
terminals 22,336.41 32,863.58 55,852.39
TRL3A
F5 Primary
terminals 22,382.07 32,659.18 55,608.18
TRL3B
F6 MCC8 Bus
46,811.78 62,162.35 107,952.32
F7 MCC9 Bus
47,565.81 62,950.86 109,391.00

Faults for Phase C
Fault Fault DLG FAULT CURRENT PHASE C Ic

RMS(A) IMOM,ASY IMOM,ASY
M,RMS(A) M,PEAK (A)
F1 13.8kV Power 23,361.44 37,758.06 62,765.45
Plant Bus
F2 Primary 23,161.97 37,264.40 62,015.14
terminals of
TRM1
F3 6.9kV 22,057.77 35,633.02 59,240.39
switchgear
(bus)
F4 Primary 20,152.43 29,650.28 50,391.31
terminals
TRL3A
F5 Primary 19,943.15 29,100.40 49,548.71
terminals
TRL3B
F6 MCC8 Bus 47,022.97 62,442.79 108,439.34
F7 MCC9 Bus 47,947.66 63,456.22 110,269.17

Faults for Neutral Short-circuit Current
Fault Fault DLG FAULT NEUTRAL CURRENT In
RMS(A) IMOM,ASY IMOM,ASY
M,RMS(A) M,PEAK (A)
F1 13.8kV Power
Plant Bus 23,443.90 37,891.34 62,986.99
F2 Primary
terminals of
TRM1 23,347.50 37,562.89 62,511.88
F3 6.9kV
switchgear
(bus) 26,523.46 42,847.08 71,233.87
F4 Primary
terminals
TRL3A 25,605.38 37,673.21 64,026.46
F5 Primary
terminals
TRL3B 25,474.63 37,171.76 63,291.65
F6 MCC8 Bus 49,558.20 65,809.37 114,285.81
F7 MCC9 Bus 49,941.53 66,095.00 114,854.64

Faults Current Contribution for Phase B
I SYSTEM I LOAD
Fault
Point
F2 Primary terminals of 21,939.59 1,351.47
TRM1
F4 Primary terminals TRL3A 21,286.85 1,191.03
F5 Primary terminals TRL3B 21,329.92 1,191.12
F6 MCC8 Bus 44,417.90 2,696.67
F7 MCC9 Bus 45,119.75 2,751.79

Faults Current Contribution for Phase C
I SYSTEM I LOAD
Fault
Point
F4 Primary terminals TRL3A 19,081.06 1,132.43
F5 Primary terminals TRL3B 18,879.37 1,125.75
F6 MCC8 Bus 44,402.31 2,702.05
F7 MCC9 Bus 45,266.37 2,761.50

Faults Current Contribution for Neutral
I SYSTEM I LOAD
Fault
Point
F1 13.8kV Power Plant Bus 22,928.76 518.45
F2 Primary terminals of
TRM1 22,834.47 516.32
F3 6.9kV switchgear (bus) 25,940.65 586.56
F6 MCC8 Bus 48,469.24 1,095.96
F7 MCC9 Bus 48,844.15 1,104.44
4.2.4.2 Calculation of Momentary Double Line-to-ground Faults at

MV and LV Loads
Double line-to-ground fault for MV and LV loads are

calculated using the positive, negative and zero sequence
impedance derived from momentary three-phase and single line-to-
ground fault calculation. The same procedure used in calculating the
momentary double line-to-ground fault current for faults on main
buses and current contributions is repeated using Microsoft Excel

sheet the results are summarized in Table 4.24, 4.25, 4.26 and
4.27.
Table 4.24 Summary of Per-unit Sequence Fault Current for

Momentary Double Line-to-ground Fault on MV Loads
Motor
Ia1 (pu) Ia0 (pu) Ia2 (pu)
Fault at
PE- 4.495422 - -4.707132 + 0.211710 +
KM5806 j12.588457 j5.421164 j7.167293
PE- 3.917636 - -4.148078 + 0.230442 +
YM7601 j13.168263 j6.448597 j6.719665
PE- 4.0390 - -4.437715 + 0.398714 +
KM8639 j13.972787 j6.985188 j6.987598
PE- 4.695331 - -4.598863 + -0.09646 +
KM8601 j11.418670 j4.254588 j7.164081
1.516717 - -1.31169 + -0.20502 +
PC001
j16.936973 j10.293428 j6.643545
Table 4.25 Summary of Per-unit Sequence Fault Current for

Momentary Double Line-to-ground Fault on LV Loads
Motor Fault
Ia1 (pu) Ia0 (pu) Ia2 (pu)
at
GM1412 0.102 - -0.0327 - -0.0692-
j0.036808 j0.005264 j0.031543
GM1413 0.102 - -0.0327 - -0.0692-
j0.036808 j0.005264 j0.031543
KM5814 0.2053 - -0.076 - -0.1292-
j0.153457 j0.025741 j0.127716
GM8103A 0.1202 - -0.0529 - -0.0673-
j0.053469 j0.015946 j0.037523
GM8103S 0.1202 - -0.0529 - -0.0673-
j0.053469 j0.015946 j0.037523
MNDB 0.7503 - -0.4672 - -0.283-
j1.24644 j0.487746 j0.758693
EMBD 0.7503 - -0.4672 - -0.283-
j1.24644 j0.487746 j0.758693
YM7607 0.8781 - -0.4532 - -0.4248-
j0.891114 j0.332749 j0.558364
SM8645 0.3367 - -0.1517 - -0.185-
j0.34786 j0.077363 j0.270497
GM7612 0.1776 - -0.0758 - -0.1018-

j0.16323 j0.033877 j0.129353
7601M1 0.1139 - -0.0364- -0.0774-
j0.053429 j0.007289 j0.04614
KM8607 0.0901 - -0.0297- -0.0603-
j0.024195 j0.003088 j0.021106

Fault Current on MV Loads
Fault Point Contribution Ib (A) Ic (A) IN (A)

From
PE-KM5806 Total 20,559.40 12,994.81 18,022.26
System 20,342.56 12,837.64 17,941.40
Motor 219.95 181.62 81.03
PE-YM7601 Total 20,353.26 14,164.53 19,247.16
System 17,852.87 12,358.83 18,237.81
Motor 2,549.73 2,173.84 1,013.09
PE-KM8639 Total 21,644.47 14,919.71 20,773.65

System 21,503.94 14,811.92 20,714.78
Motor 144.97 122.84 58.88

PE-KM8601 Total 19,328.27 11,698.25 15,726.68
System 19,210.24 11,614.48 15,686.72
Motor 118.66 97.19 40.18

PC001 22,072.13 20,955.39 26,047.69

Fault Current on LV Loads
Fault Point Ib (A) Ic (A) IN (A)

GM1412 2,133.42 1,882.78 1,198.04
GM1413 2,133.42 1,882.78 1,198.04
KM5814 5,256.68 4,245.71 2,898.31
GM8103A 2,529.84 2,242.56 1,994.77

GM8103S 2,529.84 2,242.56 1,994.77
MNDB 29,382.43 23,193.47 24,372.40
EMBD 29,382.43 23,193.47 24,372.40
YM7607 24,477.24 20,764.36 20,290.83
SM8645 10,028.84 7,770.08 6,146.84
GM7612 4,979.34 3,903.19 2,996.91
7601M1 2,518.89 2,159.30 1,342.72
KM8607 1,818.63 1,625.54 1,080.89

4.3 Interrupting Short-Circuit Calculation
The interrupting short-circuit calculation will be used to

evaluate the protective device duties at 1 ½ to 4 cycles after the
fault. The calculated symmetrical value of the short-circuit current
will be adjusted to account for the ac and dc decrement resulting to
asymmetrical value which will be used to evaluate the interrupting
capacity of the medium-voltage circuit breakers as summarized in
Table 4.2. Interrupting short-circuit calculation will be performed on
fault points where medium-voltage circuit breakers are used.
4.3.1 Calculation of Interrupting Three-phase Fault for Main Buses
Using the same set of equations from the Momentary

Calculations, the interrupting calculations will be performed on fault
points where medium-voltage circuit breakers are used as
overcurrent protection device.
Using the impedance model from Chapter 2, the positive

sequence impedance with fault on F1 is shown in Figure 4.28.

BUS1 F1
0.000685 0.000048
ZTL1
+j0.021452 j0.000137
0.000869086
Reference
ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2
0.051829 0.001451 0.001613

ZEQA ZTL2 ZTL3
+j0.427677 j0.001007 j0.001119
1pu
0.036692711 0.036692711
0.j230430227 0.j230430227
BUS3 BUS4
7.945445 5.104858
ZEQC
ZEQB
+j16.359467 +j11.154007
1pu 1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 4.28 Interrupting positive sequence impedance with

fault at Bus 1

F1
BUS1
0.000639
0.000917
ZTL1
+ +j0.030893
j0.019257
5.143164
0.051829 7.98358
Reference
+j0.427677
+j11.385556
+j16.59090
1pu 1pu 1pu

F1
BUS1
0.000685 0.000917
+j0.021452 +j0.030893
0.05596569
Reference
+j0.404413
1pu
Reference
F1
BUS1
0.000685 0.0568827
+j0.021452 +j0.435307
1pu
Reference Reference
Figure 4.29 Thevenin’s Equivalent interrupting positive

sequence impedance calculation diagram

0.0007465
+j0.020453
1pu
Reference

sequence impedance at fault point F1
1
 
 1 
1 

    
ZTH,F1,INT   ZTL2  ZTRL3A  ZEQB 1  ZTL3  ZTRL3B  ZEQC 1  ZEQA 1  ZTRM1  ZTL1   ZCON
1 

  
ZTH,F1,INT  0.0007465  j0.0204532 pu
Calculating for the separate R and X
For R
F1
BUS1
0.000685 0.000048
ZTL1
Reference 0.000869086
BUS2
REQA 0.051829 RTL3

RTL2 0.001451 0.001613
Reference RTRL3A 0.036692711 RTRL3B 0.036692711

BUS3 BUS4
REQB 7.945445 REQC 5.104858
Reference Reference
Figure 4.31 Interrupting positive sequence resistance with

fault at Bus 1

F1
BUS1
0.000685 0.0519012
Reference Reference
0.00067607
Reference

sequence resistance with fault at Bus 1
1
 
 1 
1 

    
R   R TL2  R TRL3A  REQB 1  R TL3  R TRL3B  REQC 1  REQA 1  R TRM1  R TL1   RCON
1 

  
R=0.00067607 pu
For X
F1
BUS1
j0.000137
j0.021452 ZTL1
Reference j0.030756955
BUS2
XEQA j0.001007 XTL3 j0.001119

XTL2
j0.427677
Reference XTRL3A j0.230430227 XTRL3B j0.230430227
BUS3 BUS4
XEQB j16.359467 XEQC j11.154
Reference Reference
Figure 4.33 Interrupting positive sequence reactance with
fault at Bus 1

F1
BUS1
j0.021452 j0.433095
Reference Reference
j0.020439
Reference
Figure 4.34 Thevenin’s Equivalent momentary positive
sequence reactance with fault at Bus 1
1
 
 1 
1 

    
X   XTL2  XTRL3A  XEQB 1  XTL3  XTRL3B  XEQC 1  XEQA 1  XTRM1  XTL1   XCON
1 

  
X=j0.020439 pu
Calculating for the Interrupting 3phase Fault at F1
Interrupting symmetrical rms fault current IINT,SYM,RMS :
VPREFAULT
IINT,SYM,RMS 
ZTH,F1,INT
1.0
IINT,SYM,RMS 
0.0007465  j0.020453
IINT,SYM,RMS  1.782150 - j48.826877 pu
IINT,SYM,RMS=48.859/-87.9090 pu

Actual Value
IINT,SYM,RMS=48.859/-87.9090 x IBASE 13.8kV
IINT,SYM,RMS=48.859/-87.9090 x 418.369 A
IINT,SYM,RMS= 20,441.254 A
0.020439
X /R   30.232
0.00067607
The table below shows the summary of results by

performing the same calculation procedure as the above for the rest
of the major buses (F2, F3, F4 and F5) using Microsoft Excel. Table
4.28 summarizes the interrupting three-phase short-circuit currents
for the main buses. These values along with other interrupting fault
currents will be used to evaluate the interrupting capacity of
medium-voltage circuit breakers.
Table 4.28 Summary of Interrupting Three-phase Short-

circuit Currents and X/R ratio.
Fault Separately
Fault Location IINT,SYM,RMS (A)
Point Reduced X/R
F1 13.8kV Power 20,441.254 30.232
Plant Bus
F2 Primary 20,316.761 28.450
terminals of
TRM1
F3 6.9kV 18,016.418 29.820
switchgear (bus)
F4 Primary 17,606.617 15.755
terminals TRL3A
F5 Primary 17,562.726 14.986
terminals TRL3B

4.3.2 Calculation of Interrupting Single Line-to-ground Faults for
Main Buses
Using the same set of equation as in the Momentary


Z TH,F1,INT,1  Z TH,F1,INT  0.0007465  j0.0204532 pu
0.0007465
+j0.020453 Ia1
1pu
Reference
sequence impedance for fault point 1


0.0007465
+j0.020453 Ia2
Reference
Figure 4.36 Thevenin’s Equivalent interrupting negative

The zero-sequence impedance at fault point F1 will derived

as follow:
ZGEN EQ,ZERO =0.000555+ j0.017761

F1
BUS1SLG
Reference
ZTL1,ZERO=0.000199+j0.000043
Z TRM1,ZERO=0.000749+j0.026527
Reference
BUS2
ZTL2,ZERO=0.006843 ZTL3,ZERO
+j0.000325 =0.007604+j0.000361
Z TRL3A,ZERO=0.036692 Z TRL3B,ZERO=0.036692
+j0.230430 +j0.230430
Figure 4.37 Interrupting zero-sequence impedance diagram

0.000555
+ j0.017761 Ia0
Reference
Figure 4.38 Thevenin’s Equivalent interrupting zero

ZTH,F1,INT,0  0.000555  j0.017761 pu

relation on equation 4.5 where I a1=Ia2=Ia0, the equivalent network
diagram is shown below where the three impedance networks are
connected in series.
0.000555
ZINT,ZERO,F1
+j0.017761
0.0007465
ZINT,NEG,F1
+j0.020453
0.0007465
+j0.020453 ZINT,POS,F1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.39 Interrupting equivalent impedance networks for

fault point 1

Using Equation 4.6 and Figure 4.39, the SLG fault current is
calculated below.
3VPREFAULT
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG 
Z TH,F1,INT,1  Z TH,F1,INT,2  Z TH,F1,INT,0
3(1)

0.0007465  j0.0204532  0.0007465  j0.0204532  0.000555 + J0.017761
3(1)

0.002048  j0.058667
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG  1.782952 - j51.073351 pu

0
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG  51.104/-88 pu
Actual Value
0
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG  51.104/-88 x IBASE 13.8kV
0
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG  51.104/-88 x 418.369 A
IINT,SYM,RMS,SLG  21,380.522 A

For X/R ratio
X /R 
R sepPositive  R sepNegative  R sepZero
0.020439  0.020439  0.017761
X /R   30.747
0.00067607  0.00067607  0.000555

of the major buses (F2, F3, F4 , F5, F6 and F7) using the Microsoft
Excel sheet. Table 4.29 summarizes the interrupting three-phase
short-circuit currents for the main buses. These values along with
other interrupting fault currents will be used to evaluate the
interrupting capacity of medium-voltage circuit breakers.

Table 4.29 Summary of Interrupting Single Line-to-ground
Faults
Interrupting Single Line-to-
Fault
Fault Location ground Faults
Point
IINT,SYM,RMS (A) X/R
F1 13.8kV Power
30.747
Plant Bus 21,380.522
F2 Primary terminals
26.792
of TRM1 21,271.385
F3 6.9kV switchgear
30.908
(bus) 21,019.777
8.933
TRL3A 20,490.260
8.291
TRL3B 20,426.803

4.3.3 Calculation of Interrupting Line-to-line Faults for Main Buses
Using the same set of equations as in Momentary

points where Medium-voltage Circuit breakers are used as

0.0007465
+j0.020453 Ia1
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.40 Thevenin’s equivalent interrupting positive



0.0007465
+j0.020453 Ia2
Reference
Figure 4.41 Thevenin’s equivalent interrupting negative


relation on equation 4.5 where I a1=-Ia2 and Ia0=0, the equivalent
network diagram is shown in Figure 4.42 where the two impedance
networks are connected in parallel.
0.0007465 0.0007465
+j0.020453 +j0.020453
1 pu
Ia1 Ia2
Figure 4.42 Equivalent Sequence Impedance for Fault point 1
Using Equation 4.8, the value of the positive and negative

sequence impedance is calculated below.
VF
Ia1  Ia2 
Z TH,INT,1  Z TH,INT,2

1
Ia1 
0.0007465  j0.0204532  0.0007465  j0.0204532
1
Ia1 
0.001493  J0.040906
Ia1  0.891075 - J24.413438 pu
Ia2  Ia1  -0.891075  j24.413438 pu
Using Equation 4.9 and 4.10 to calculate the line b and c fault
current
Ib   j 3 Ia1
Ib   j 3 0.891075 - j24.413438
Ib  -42.285316 - j1.543387 pu
Ib=42.313/-117.9090 pu
Actual Value
Ib=42.313/-117.9090 x IBASE 13.8kV
Ib=42.313/-117.9090 x 418.369 A
IINT,SYM,RMS,LL = Ib=-Ic = 17,702.645 A

of the major buses (F2, F3, F4, and F5) using the Microsoft Excel
sheet. Table 4.30 shows the summary of the interrupting line-to-
line short-circuit currents for the main buses. These values along
with other interrupting fault currents will be used to evaluate the
Table 4.30 Summary of Interrupting Line-to-line Faults

Fault Interrupting Line-to-line Faults
Fault Location
Point IINT,SYM,RMS (A)
F1 13.8kV Power Plant
Bus 17,702.645
F2 Primary terminals of
TRM1 17,594.831
F3 6.9kV switchgear
(bus) 15,602.676
TRL3A 15,247.777
TRL3B 15,209.767

4.3.4 Calculation of Interrupting Double Line-to-ground Faults for
Main Buses
Using the same set of equations as in Momentary


The fault point impedances derived from single line-to-
ground fault calculation at F1 are
ZTH,F1,INT,2  ZTH,F1,INT  0.0007465  j0.0204532 pu
Z TH,F1,INT,0  0.000555  j0.017761 pu
Using these values, the sequence network is arranged in figure

below.
Ia1 Ia2 Ia0

0.0007465 0.0007465 0.000555
+j0.020453 +j0.020453
+j0.017761
1 pu

line-to-ground fault at F1

Calculating the positive sequence current Ia1 using Equation 4.11
VF
Ia1 
Z2Z0
(Z1  )
Z0  Z2
1
Ia1 
0.0007465  j0.0204532 
0.0007465  j0.0204532 0.000555  j0.017761
0.000555  j0.017761  0.0007465  j0.0204532
Ia1  1.187014 - j33.336138 pu
Calculating the zero-sequence current Ia0 using Equation 4.12
 Z2 
Ia0  Ia1 
 Z0  Z2 

Ia0  Ia1 
0.0007465  j0.0204532  

 0.000555  j0.017761  0.0007465  j0.0204532 
Ia0  -0.591878  j17.845399 pu
Calculating the negative sequence current Ia2 using Equation 4.13

 Z0 
Ia2  Ia1 
Z
 0  Z2

Ia2  Ia1 
0.000555  j0.017761 

 0.000555  j0.017761  0.0007465  j0.0204532 
Ia2  -0.595135  j15.490739 ipu
Calculating the phase currents using Equation 4.14
Ia  1 1 1  - 0.591878  j17.845399

I   1 a2 a   1.187014 - j33.336138 
 b 
Ic  1 a a2  - 0.595135  j15.490739
Ia  0
Ib  -43.173133  j25.224712 pu
Ib = 50.002/149.7030 pu
Ic  41.397499  j28.311486pu
0
Ic = 50.152/34.367 pu

Calculating the ground current using Equation 4.15
IN  Ib  Ic
IN  -43.173133  j25.224712  41.397499  j28.311486
IN  -1.775634  j53.536199 pu
IN = 53.565/91.8990 pu
Actual Value
Ib = 50.002/149.7030 x IBASE 13.8kV
Ib = 50.002/149.7030 x 418.369
IINT,SYM,RMS,b  20,919.31/149.7030 A
0
Ic = 50.152/34.367 x IBASE 13.8kV
0
Ic = 50.152/34.367 x 418.369
IINT,SYM,RMS,c  20,982.334/34.3670 A
IN = 53.565/91.8990 x IBASE 13.8kV
IN = 53.565/91.8990 x 418.369
IINT,SYM,RMS,N  22410.202/91.8990 A
Calculating the separate X/R
(X0  X1  X2 ) (0.0204532  0.0204532  0.01776)

X /R  
(R 0  R1  R2 ) (0.0007465  0.0007465  0.0005555)
X / R  28.645
The table below shows the summary of results after

of the major buses (F2, F3, F4 , and F5) using the Microsoft Excel

sheet. Summarize in Table 4.31 are the interrupting double line-to-
ground short-circuit currents for the main buses. These values along
with other interrupting fault currents will be used to evaluate the
Table 4.31 Summary of Interrupting Double Line-to-ground

Faults
Fault Fault DLG FAULT CURRENTS

Point Location IINT,SYM,RMS,B IINT,SYM,RMS,C IINT,SYM,RMS,N
13.8kV Power
F1 20919.31 20982.334 22410.202
Plant Bus
Primary
F2 terminals of 20858.892 20812.409 22320.105
TRM1
6.9kV
F3 switchgear 19986.624 20138.408 25224.338
(bus)
Primary
F4 terminals 20551.363 18459.184 24417.64
TRL3A
Primary
F5 terminals 20593.303 18271.82 24301.009
TRL3B

4.3.5 Summary of Interrupting Calculation
Based on the results of interrupting short-circuit

calculations for three-phase, single line-to-ground, line-to-line and
double line-to-ground faults, the maximum interrupting short-circuit
currents is summarized in Table 4.32. For fault point F1, F2 and F3,
maximum fault current will occur on a single line-to-ground fault.
For fault point F4 and F5, the maximum fault current will occur in a
double line-to-ground fault although these values are close to the
single line-to-ground fault values. These maximum values will be
adjusted to account for the AC and DC decrement and shall be used
to check the interrupting capacity of the medium-voltage circuit
breakers.
Table 4.32 Summary of Interrupting Short-Circuit

Calculations
Fault 3- DLG
Fault Location SLG LL
Point Phase Ib Ic
13.8kV Power
F1 20.44 17.70 20.91 20.98
Plant Bus 21.38
Primary
20.31
F2 terminals of 17.59 20.85 20.81
21.27
TRM1
6.9kV
18.01
F3 switchgear 15.60 19.98 20.13
21.01
(bus)
Primary
F4 terminals 17.60 15.24 20.55 18.45
20.49
TRL3A
Primary
F5 terminals 17.56 15.20 20.59 18.27
20.426
TRL3B

Adjustment Factor
As per ANSI C37.010-1999, AC and DC decrement curve as

shown in Figure 4.43 shall be applied for a three-phase short-circuit
current that is fed mainly from generators through a reactance
external to the generator that is less than 1.5 times the generator
per-unit sub transient reactance [5].
On this study, the fault current is assumed to be
predominantly local therefore the figure below for AC and DC
decrement adjustment factor of single line-to-ground fault will be
used to derive the adjustment factor.
4.4.5.1 Adjustment Factor for Single Line-to-ground Fault at Fault

Point F1
40
30.747
30
20
10
X/R
Factor
1.1133
Source: IEEE Std C37.010-1999 Table 9
Figure 4.44 Single Line-to-ground fault multiplying factors

that includes effects of AC and DC decrement as applied to
F2.
Using Microsoft Visio Scaling of the curve in Figure 4.44,

X/R scale: 15 vertical units/10x/r
Factor Scale: 15 horizontal units/0.1factor

For X/R = 30.747, Converting to vertical scale
15 units
x 30.747  46.1205 vertical units which is 17 horizontal
10 x / r
 0.1 factor 
17Horizontal units x   1  1.1133
 15 horizontal units 
Adjustment Factor=1.1133
The Asymmetrical RMS of Interrupting Single-Line-to-ground Fault

is
IAsym,RMS,INT=1.1133 x 21,380.522 = 23,802.935 A
4.4.5.2 Adjustment Factor for Single Line-to-ground Fault Point F2
40
30
26.792
20
10
X/R
Factor
1.0836
Figure 4.45 Line-to-ground fault multiplying factors that

includes effects of AC and DC decrement as applied to F2.


For X/R = 26.792 , Converting to vertical scale
15 units
x 26.792  40.188 vertical units which is 12.55 hor. units
10 x / r
 0.1 factor 
12.55 Horizontal units x   1  1.0836
is
IAsym,RMS,INT=1.0836 x 21,271.39 = 23,049.672 A

Point F3
40
30.908
30
20
10
X/R
Factor
1.1146

Figure 4.46 Single Line-to-ground fault multiplying factors
that includes effects of ac and dc decrement as applied to F3.

For X/R = 30.908 , Converting to vertical scale

15 units
x 30.908  46.362 vertical units which is 17.2 hor. units
10 x / r
 0.1 factor 
17.2 Horizontal units x   1  1.1146

is
IAsym,RMS,INT=1.1146 x 21,019.777 = 23,428.643 A

Point F4 and F5
Since the X/R =8.417 and is less than 10, the adjustment
factor is 1.0
is IAsym,RMS,INT,F4= 20,551.363
4.4.5.5 Adjustment Factor for Double Line-to-ground Fault at Fault

Point F4 and F5
Since the X/R=7.849 and is less than 10, the adjustment

factor is 1.0
The Asymmetrical RMS of Interrupting Double-Line-to-ground Fault
is IAsym,RMS,INT,F5=20,593.303A

4.33 Summary of Adjusted Interrupting Short-Circuit
Currents
Sym, RMS Asym,RMS
Fault Point Fault Location
(kA) (kA)
F1 13.8kV Power Plant Bus 23.80

21.38
F2 Primary terminals of TRM1 23.05
21.27
F3 6.9kV switchgear (bus) 23.43
21.01
F4 Primary terminals TRL3A 20.55
20.55
F5 Primary terminals TRL3B 20.59
20.59

Table 4.34 Summary of Short-Circuit Calculation
ISC F1 (kA) ISC at F2 (kA) ISC at F3 (kA) ISC at F4 (kA)
ANSI
13.8kV Power Plant Primary terminals of 6.9kV switchgear Primary terminals
Fault Type Bus TRM1 (bus) TRL3A
NETWORK
Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym,
RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak
Three-Phase 23.24 37.52 62.39 23.09 37.1 61.77 20.12 32.42 53.93 19.61 29.7 50.15
Single-Line- 23.34 37.77 62.77 23.21 37.19 61.96 22.88 37 61.5 22.24 30.95 53.25
to-ground
Line-to-Line 20.13 32.49 54.03 19.99 32.13 53.49 17.42 28.07 46.71 16.98 25.72 43.43
Momentary
Double-line- 23.22 37.54 62.4 23.14 37.24 61.98 21.74 35.12 58.39 22.33 32.86 55.85
to-ground Ib
Double-line- 23.36 37.75 62.76 23.16 37.26 62.01 22.05 35.63 59.24 20.15 29.65 50.39
to-ground Ic
Three-Phase 20.44 20.31 18.01 17.6
Single-Line- 21.38 23.80 21.27 23.04 21.01 23.42 20.49 20.49
to-ground
Line-to-Line 17.7 17.59 15.6 15.24
Interrupting
Double-line- 20.91 20.85 19.98 20.55
to-ground Ib
Double-line- 20.98 20.81 20.13 18.45
to-ground Ic
Note: highlighted values are the maximum values of short-circuit current within the same ANSI network and fault point location

(Continuation) Table 4.34 Summary of Short-Circuit Calculation
ISC at F5 (kA) ISC at F6 (kA) ISC at F7 (kA)
Primary terminals
ANSI
Fault Type MCC8 Bus MCC9 Bus
NETWORK TRL3B
Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym,
RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak
Three-Phase 19.56 29.43 49.77 46 61.18 106.2 47 62.26 108.2
Single-Line-to-ground 22.17 30.41 52.48 47.71 63.27 109.9 48.43 64.04 111.3
Momentary Line-to-Line 16.94 25.49 43.11 39.84 52.98 91.99 40.7 53.92 93.69
Double-line-to-ground Ib 22.38 32.65 55.6 46.81 62.16 108 47.56 62.95 109.4
Double-line-to-ground Ic 19.94 29.1 49.54 47.02 62.44 108.4 47.94 63.45 110.3
Three-Phase 17.56
Single-Line-to-ground 20.42
Interrupting Line-to-Line 15.2
Double-line-to-ground Ib 20.59 20.59
Double-line-to-ground Ic 18.27
Note: highlighted values are the maximum values of short-circuit current within the same ANSI network and fault point location

ANSI
PE-KM5806 PE-YM7601 PE-KM8639 PE-KM8601
Fault Type Terminals Terminals Terminals Terminals
NETWORK
Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym, Sym, Asym, Asym,
RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak RMS RMS Peak
Three-Phase 16.91 16.92 17.8 16.06
Single-Line- 18.01 18.35 19.55 16.562
to-ground
Line-to-Line 14.65 14.66 15.416 13.91
Momentary
Double-line- 20.56 20.35 21.64 19.33
to-ground Ib
Double-line- 12.99 14.16 14.92 11.7
to-ground Ic

ANSI
Fault Type PC001 Terminals GM1412 Terminals GM1413 Terminals
NETWORK
Three-Phase 19.78 2.22 2.22
Single-Line-to-ground 22.49 1.56 1.56
Momentary Line-to-Line 17.13 1.920 1.920
Double-line-to-ground Ib 22.07 2.133 2.133
Double-line-to-ground Ic 20.95 1.882 1.882
ANSI
Fault Type KM5814 Terminals GM8103A Terminals GM8103S Terminals
NETWORK
Three-Phase 5.26 2.51 2.51

ANSI
Fault Type MNDB Terminals EMBD Terminals YM7607 Terminals
NETWORK
Three-Phase 27.13 27.13 23.44
ANSI
Fault Type SM8645 Terminals GM7612 Terminals 7601M1 Terminals
NETWORK
Three-Phase 9.73 4.87 2.60

ISC at F24 (kA)
ANSI
Fault Type KM8607 Terminals
NETWORK
Sym,
RMS
Three-Phase 1.89
Single-Line-to-ground 1.381
Momentary Line-to-Line 1.637
Double-line-to-ground Ib 1.818
Double-line-to-ground Ic 1.625


13.8kV Power Plant Primary terminals of 6.9kV switchgear Primary terminals
ANSI Fault Bus TRM1 (bus) TRL3A
NETWORK Type ISYSTEM ILOAD ISYSTEM ILOAD ISYSTEM ILOAD ISYSTEM ILOAD
( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym,
RMS) RMS) RMS) RMS) RMS) RMS) RMS) RMS)
Three- 21.71 1.542 21.558 1.543 16.676 3.477 19.456 0.173
Phase
Single- 22.318 1.032 22.191 1.034 20.270 2.636 22.124 0.130
Line-to-
ground
Line-to- 18.804 1.335 18.670 1.336 14.442 3.011 16.849 0.150
Line
Momentary Double- 22.012 1.358 21.939 1.351 20.719 1.188 21.286 1.191
line-to-
ground
Ib
Double- 22.034 1.362 21.846 1.351 20.911 1.197 19.081 1.132
line-to-
ground
Ic

ISC F5 (kA) ISC at F6 (kA) ISC at F7 (kA)

Primary Terminal of TRL3B MCC8 MCC9
ANSI ILOAD
Fault Type ISYSTEM ILOAD ISYSTEM ILOAD ISYSTEM
NETWORK (
( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym, ( Sym,
Sym,
RMS) RMS) RMS) RMS) RMS)
RMS)
Three-Phase 19.341 0.239 43.542 2.609 43.501 3.684
Single-Line-to- 22.002 0.181 46.011 1.804 46.019 2.530
ground
Line-to-Line 16.749 0.207 37.708 2.259 37.673 3.191
Momentary
Double-line-to- 21.329 1.191 44.417 2.696 45.119 2.751
ground Ib
Double-line-to- 18.879 1.125 44.402 2.702 45.266 2.761
ground Ic

4.4 Equipment Evaluation of Short-Circuit Capacity
4.4.1 Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers
For medium-voltage circuit breaker, the rated short-circuit

making current and the rated short-circuit interrupting current will be
compared against the calculated momentary and interrupting
currents. Figure below shows the medium-voltage circuit breaker
specification sheet for an MV breaker from Hyundai Electric.
Source: Hyundai Heavy Industries and PE Capacity Expansion Project files.

Figure 4.47 Specifications for Medium-voltage Circuit Breaker.
Figure 4.48 shows the circuit breaker specification for the

TRM1 primary circuit breaker. Highlighted values in the specification
are the rated making and breaking capacity of HD4 17 SF6 circuit
breaker which will be used for the evaluation of TRM1 primary side
circuit breaker.

Source: ABB.
Figure 4.48 Specifications for Medium-voltage Circuit Breaker.
From Table 4.34, the maximum fault currents for both

momentary and interrupting network at fault points F1, F2 and F3
were identified. These currents are used to evaluate the medium-
voltage circuit breakers based on Table 4.2. From this table, the rated
short-circuit making current (peak) will be compared against the
calculated maximum value of the momentary peak asymmetrical
short-circuit current that can occur at fault point F1, F2 and F3.
Likewise, the rated short-circuit breaking current will be compared
against the calculated maximum value of the interrupting
asymmetrical RMS short-circuit current that can occur at fault points
F1, F2 and F3. For the safe operation of these circuit breakers, the
rated short-circuit making current (peak) and the rated short-circuit
breaking current should be greater than the calculated maximum
fault current values. The proximity between the breaker rating and
the calculated value is quantified to perform proper evaluation. This
quantification is sometimes called Percent Safety Margin [18].
Percent Safety Margin is calculated as
Fault Current Rating - Calculated fault level
%Safety M arg in  x100
Calculated fault level
As per JGSPC’s Electrical Standard, at the time of order the

Safety Margin shall be not less than 10%. This means that fault

current rating of the equipment must be at least 10% higher than the
calculated fault level.
Table 4.35 Momentary Rating Evaluation Summary for

Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Circuit Breaker Maximum Calculated

Ratings Momentary Fault Current
Safety Margin
Rated
Short-circuit (%)/remarks
short- Peak
CB Tag Type where (acceptable/
circuit Asym.
Make/ Maximum not
Making Short-
Model Short-circuit acceptable)
Current circuit
Condition
(kA (kA)
occur
Peak)
ABB/HD4 99.13
52TRM1P 125 62.77 SLG Fault at F1
17 (acceptable)
Hyundai/H 111.36
52TRM1S 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3
VF2178 (acceptable)
Hyundai/H 111.36
52TRL3A 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3
VF2172F (acceptable)
Hyundai/H 111.36
52TRL3B 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3
Hyundai/H 111.36
52KM5806 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3
Hyundai/H 111.36
52YM7601 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3
Hyundai/H 111.36
52KM8639 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3
Hyundai/H 111.36
52KM8601 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3
Hyundai/H 111.36
52KM7604 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3
Hyundai/H 111.36
52PC001-1 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3
Hyundai/H 111.36
52PC001-2 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3
Hyundai/H 111.36
52PC001-3 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3
Hyundai/H 111.36
52PC001-4 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3
Hyundai/H 111.36
52PC001-5 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3
Hyundai/H 111.36
52PC001-6 130 61.51 SLG Fault at F3

Table 4.36 Interrupting Rating Evaluation Summary for
Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Circuit Breaker Calculated

Ratings Interrupting Ratings
Short- Safety Margin
Rated
circuit Type (%)/remarks
Short- Asym.
where (acceptable/
CB Tag circuit RMS
Make/ Maximum not
Interrupti Short-
Model Short- acceptable)
ng Rating circuit
circuit
(Asym. (kA)
Condition
RMS)
occur
ABB/HD4 SLG Fault at 110.08
52-TRM1 50 23.8
17 F1 (acceptable)
Hyundai/H SLG Fault at 113.49
52-TRM1 50 23.42
VF2178 F3 (acceptable)
52-TRL3A 50 23.42
VF2172F F3 (acceptable)
52-TRL3B 50 23.42
52-KM5806 50 23.42
52-YM7601 50 23.42
52-KM8639 50 23.42
52-KM8601 50 23.42
52-KM7604 50 23.42
52PC001-1 50 23.42
52PC001-2 50 23.42
52PC001-3 50 23.42
52PC001-4 50 23.42
52PC001-5 50 23.42
52PC001-6 50 23.42
In Table 4.35 and 4.36, the summaries of evaluation for

medium-voltage circuit breakers are presented. Safety margins for
each circuit breaker are all satisfactory with no less than 90% safety
margins. This is more than the JGSPC’s requirement of no less than
10% and therefore acceptable.

4.4.2 Low-Voltage Air Circuit Breakers
For low-voltage air circuit breakers, the rated breaking

capacity and the rated making capacity will be evaluated against the
momentary calculation results. The figure below shows the air circuit
breaker specification sheet.

Figure 4.49 Specifications for low-voltage air circuit breaker
From Table 4.34, the maximum momentary fault current at

fault point F6 and F7 are identified and can occur on a single line-to-
ground fault. These currents will be used to evaluate the low-voltage
air circuit breakers based on Table 4.2. From this table, the rated
short-circuit making current (peak) will be compared against the
calculated maximum value of the momentary peak asymmetrical
short-circuit current that can occur at fault point F6 and F7. Likewise,
the rated short-circuit breaking current will be compared against the
calculated maximum value of the interrupting asymmetrical RMS
short-circuit current that can occur at the said fault points.

Table 4.37 Making Rating Evaluation Summary for Low-
voltage Air Circuit Breakers
Short-
Rated circuit
Maximum
short- Type Safety Margin
Calculated
circuit where (%)/remarks
Make/ Peak
ACB Tag Making Maximum (acceptable/
Model Short- not
Current Short-
circuit acceptable)
(kA circuit
(kA)
Peak) Condition
occur
52-TRL3A Hyundai/ 154 109.9 SLG at F6 40.13
HiAN20 (acceptable)
52-TRL3B Hyundai/ 154 111.3 SLG at F7 38.36
HiAN20 (acceptable)
Table 4.38 Breaking Rating Evaluation Summary for Low-

voltage Air Circuit Breakers
Short-
circuit
Rated
Maximum Type
short- Safety Margin
Calculated where
Make/ circuit (%)/remarks
ACB Tag Sym.RMS Maximum
Model Breaking (acceptable/not
Short- Short-
Current acceptable)
circuit (kA) circuit
(kA Peak)
Condition
occur
Hyundai/ 46.61
52-TRL3A 70 47.71 SLG at F6
HiAN20 (acceptable)
Hyundai/ 44.55
52-TRL3B 70 48.43 SLG at F7
HiAN20 (acceptable)
In Table 4.37 and 4.38, the summaries of evaluation for low-

voltage air circuit breakers are presented. Safety margins for each
circuit breaker are all satisfactory and exceeded the JGSPC’s
requirement of not less than 10%, therefore, acceptable.
4.4.3 Molded Case Circuit Breakers
For Molded Case Circuit Breakers (MCCB), the rated breaking

capacity will be evaluated based on the calculated short-circuit from
momentary calculations. Figure 4.5 shows the MCCB specification
sheet.

Figure 4.50 Specifications for molded case circuit breaker
In Table 4.39 and 4.40, the summaries of evaluation for

molded case circuit breakers are presented. Safety margins for each
circuit breaker are all satisfactory with no less than 100% safety
margins. This surpassed the JGSPC’s requirement of not less than
10% and therefore acceptable.
Table 4.39 Breaking Rating Evaluation Summary for Molded

Case Circuit Breakers of MCC8
Maximum
Breaking Safety Margin
Calculated
Capacity (%)/remarks
MCCB Tag Model Sym.RMS
Sym. RMS (acceptable/no
Short-
(kA) t acceptable)
circuit (kA)
GM-1412 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
GM-1413 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
GM-1504 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-YM4078 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)

PE-YM4089 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-GM4351 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-GM4355 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-YM4352 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-GM4353 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-GM4354 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-GM4356 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-GM4357 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-GM4358 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60

(acceptable)
PE-SM4360 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-SM6825 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-SM6828 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-SM6800 UPB250L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-SM6853 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-KM6831-1 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-KM6832-1 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-YCM6832 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-KM6833-1 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-KM6834-1 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-KM6835-1 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-YCM6835 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-YM6851 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-Y6860 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-D6810 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
MNDB UPB400L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
EMDB UPB400L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-GM-5814-1 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60

(acceptable)
PE-GM5821 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60

(acceptable)
PE-GM5812 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)

PE-GM5815 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-GM5825 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60

(acceptable)
PE-VM5814 UPB400L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE-GM5806A- UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
2 (acceptable)
PE-GM5806B2 UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
(acceptable)
PE- UPB100L 100 47.71 109.60
GM5806BD-2 (acceptable)
Table 4.40 Breaking Rating Evaluation Summary for Molded

Case Circuit Breakers of MCC9
Maximum
Breaking Safety Margin
Calculated
Capacity (%)/remarks
MCCB Tag Model Sym.RMS
Sym. RMS (acceptable/no
Short-circuit
(kA) t acceptable)
(kA)
PE-YM7607 UPB250L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-7601M1 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-YM7610 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-GM7612 UPB250L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-7601VG1M UPB250L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-7601VG2M UPB250L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
CP-7601 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-7604G1M-A UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-7604G1M-B UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
7604K1M UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
CP-7604 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-7601G1M UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-7605G1M UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-KM7615 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-Y7730 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-Y7733 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-7604G3 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-7604G4 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48

(acceptable)
PE-7601VG3M UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-7601VG4M UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-KM7604 UPB250L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-7604E2 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-SM7714 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
SM8605 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
SM8606 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
KM8607 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
SM8610 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
SM8614A UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
SM8641 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
SM8645 UPB250L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-S5961 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-SM5611 UPB250L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-YM5611C UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-YM5612 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-Y5160 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-Y5619 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-Y5951 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-Y5952 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
PE-SM5962 UPB100L 100 48.43 106.48
(acceptable)
4.5 Breaker Continuous Current Rating Evaluation

The continuous current rating of circuit breakers for
transformer and medium-voltage loads are evaluated and the
calculations are presented on Tables 4.41 and 4.42. The evaluation
for low-voltage circuit breakers are presented on Chapter 5 Tables
5.22 and 5.23 and based on the evaluation, all low-voltage circuit
breaker continuous current ratings are satisfactory.

Table 4.41 Continuous Current Rating Evaluation for
Transformers Circuit Breaker
TRM1 TRL3A TRL3B
Primary
Circuit Breaker
Cont. Current 2500 1250 1250
Rating (A)
Calculated Circuit (@52MVA, FLA (@3MVA, FLA (@3MVA, FLA
Breaker 2176A) 251A) 251A)
Continuous 1.25x2176 1.25x251 1.25x251
Current Rating (A) 2719.4 (marginal) 314 (acceptable) 314
(@40MVA, 1673A ) (acceptable)
1.25x1673
2091.25
Secondary
Circuit Breaker
Cont. Current 4000 2000 2000
Rating (A)
Calculated Circuit Bus rating is 4000A Bus Rating is 2000A Bus Rating is
Breaker therefore 4000A therefore 2000A 2000A
Continuous Breaker is satisfactory Breaker is therefore 2000A
satisfactory Breaker is
Current Rating
As per Bus Rating satisfactory
(A) evaluation on Chapter As per Bus Rating
5.4, 4000A is evaluation on As per Bus Rating
satisfactory Chapter 5.4, 2000A evaluation on
is satisfactory Chapter 5.4,
2000A is
satisfactory
Based on the calculations above, the primary circuit breakers

for TRM1 is marginally sized at 52MVA and is recommended for
replacement to the next higher size (3000A) to allow full load
operation at 52MVA ONAF.

Evaluation for Medium-Voltage Loads
KM 5806 YM7601 KM8639 KM8601 PC001
CB 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250
Rating
(A)
Calc. 1.25x60. 1.25x486 1.25x33 1.25x27 1.5x151
Rating 85 =607.5 =41.25 =33.75 =227
(A) =76 correctly correctly correctly correctly
correctly sized sized sized sized
sized
Based on the calculations above, all the circuit breaker sizes
for medium-voltage loads are correctly sized.

CHAPTER 5
PROTECTION COORDINATION
Article 2.40.1.12 and 2.40.9.1 of Philippine Electrical

Code I 2009 requires overcurrent protection coordination to
minimize the hazard to personnel and equipment. This chapter
provides protection setting calculations and coordination for all
medium voltages loads, all power transformers and major low-
voltage loads. Microsoft Excel ™ is utilized to perform the
calculations and the protection coordination.
5.1 Protection Coordination Guidelines

5.1.1 Coordination time
According to IEEE “Buff book” Standard 242-2001,
coordination time interval (CTI) should be maintained between
curves of protection devices in series to ensure correct selective
operation and to reduce nuisance tripping [6]. It is therefore
required to assign a suitable CTI based on the protection device
operating time and accuracy. For this study, CTI is calculated as
follows:
CTI  (Device operating Times)  (measureme nt and relay timing Errors)  Safety Margin
(2ErRe lay  ErCT )
CTI  (OTCB  OTRELAYO / S )  xOTRELAY  OTSAFETY
100
Where, OTCB is Circuit breaker interrupting time (taken as 75ms)

OTRELAY O/S is Relay overshoot time (taken as 20ms)
OTRELAY is the maximum operating time of relay (taken as
1000ms)
ErRELAY is Relay timing error (taken as +/- 2%)
ErCT is the CT error (taken as +/-5%)
Chapter 5-Protective Device Coordination Page 281

OTSAFETY is the safety margin (taken as 15ms)
((2x2)  5)
CTI  (75  20)  1000  15  200ms
100
CTI  200 ms
Therefore, the coordination time interval is 200ms.
5.1.2 Protection for Medium-Voltage Motor

For medium-voltage motor branch circuit, the following motor
protection scheme shall apply. This motor protection scheme is
based on ANSI IEEE standard C37.96-2000 [7].
50P/51P-Phase Instantaneous and Time overcurrent relay for
phase overcurrent protection. The 51 pickup shall be set at 115% of
motor FLA using ANSI Very Inverse time-current curve while 50
pickup shall be set at 200% of motor LRA.
50G-Ground Instantaneous relay for ground overcurrent protection
shall be 30% of the motor full load current
49-Motor overload relay protection for thermal protection.
46-Phase Unbalance relay which is to be set at 15% of the rated
motor current
37-Load Loss/under current relay which is to be set at 40% of the
rated motor current
5.1.3 Protection for Power Transformer

The Primary side circuit breaker protection relay shall
compose of a phase time overcurrent element. The primary phase
time-overcurrent relay (51) shall be set between 100 to 200% of
transformer rated full-load current with ANSI very inverse curve.
This complies with the requirement of PEC I 2009 PEC I Table
4.50.1.3(a) on the maximum setting of overcurrent protection for
transformer over 600V for supervised location for circuit breaker
which is 300% of transformer rated current. This protection serves
as a back-up for a short-circuit at the secondary side of the

transformer. Primary ground fault protection pickup setting shall be
set at 30% of the primary full load current.
The secondary side circuit breaker protection relay shall
have the same elements as the primary side protection and shall
serve as overcurrent protection of the secondary bus. The
secondary phase time-overcurrent relay (51) shall be set at 110%
of the transformer rated full-load current with ANSI very inverse
curve. For secondary ground fault protection, pickup setting shall be
set at 30% of the full load current.
5.1.4 Protection for MV Capacitor Bank

Damage curve for the capacitor bank is based on the
vendor’s rapture curve. The phase time-overcurrent relay (51) shall
be set at 150% of the capacitor’s rated full-load current with ANSI
very inverse curve. The phase instantaneous overcurrent relay shall
be set at 200% of the capacitor inrush current. The phase
instantaneous ground relay shall be set at 30% of the capacitor’s
rated full-load current.
5.1.5 Protection for LV Motors

50P/51P-Phase Instantaneous and Time overcurrent relay for
phase overcurrent protection. The 51 pickup shall be set at 125% of
motor FLA using ANSI Very Inverse time-current curve while 50
pickup shall be set at 200% of motor LRA.
50G-Ground Instantaneous relay for ground overcurrent protection
shall be 20% of the circuit breaker rated current.
49-Motor overload relay protection for thermal protection.
5.1.6 Protection for LV Panel

Long-time setting- shall be set at 125% of the panel full load
current.

Short-time setting- shall be set at 400 to 800% of the Long-time
setting
Instantaneous current setting- shall be set at 600 to 800% of
breaker rated current
Ground Fault setting- shall be set at 20-30% of the breaker rated
current
5.2 Equipment Operating Curves and Damage Curves
5.2.1 Transformers and Feeder Cables TCC Landmark

Damage points for TRM1,TRL3A and TRL3B are based on
IEEE C57.109-1993 and calculated as Category IV liquid-immersed
transformers (30,000kVA and above) for TRM1 and Category II
liquid-immersed transformers (501-5000kVA) for TLR3A/B as shown
in Table 5.1, 5.2 respectively. For both TRM1 and TRL3A/B, the
magnetizing Inrush point is calculated at 12 times the transformer’s
full load current and is shown in Table 5.3 and 5.4.
Table 5.1 Thermal and Mechanical Damage Curve for TRM1

TRM1 Thermal Damage Curve
Time Current at Wye (A) Current at Delta (A)
(s) (58% of Current at Wye)
1800 2xIFL = 6693.92 3882.47
300 3xIFL =10040.87 5823.71
60 4.75xIFL =15898.05 9220.87
30 6.3xIFL =21085.84 12229.78
10 11.3xIFL =37820.63 21935.96
2 25xIFL =83673.95 48530.89
TRM1 Mechanical Damage Curve
5000Z(p 0.5xIFL /Zpu =10459.24 6066.36
u)2
8 0.5xIFL /Zpu=10459.24 6066.36
2 1xIFL /Zpu =20918.49 12132.72

Table 5.2 Thermal and Mechanical Damage Curve for
TRL3A/3B TCC
TRL3A Damage Curve
Time(s) Current at Wye (A) Current at Delta (A)
1800 2 xIFL =7216.87 4,185.79
300 3 xIFL = 10825.31 6,278.68
60 4.75 xIFL = 17140.08 9,941.25
30 6.3 xIFL = 22733.16 13,185.2
10 11.3 xIFL = 40775.36 23,649.7
2 25 xIFL = 90210.97 52,322.4
TRL3A Mechanical Damage Curve
2551Z(pu)2 0.7 xIFL /Zpu =36084.39 20,928.9
4.08 0.7 xIFL /Zpu =36084.39 20,928.9
2 1 xIFL /Zpu =51549.13 29,898.5
Table 5.3 Magnetizing Inrush Point for TRM1

Inrush Point
Current (A) Time (S)
11866.667 0.053
5506.667 0.993
2746.667 2.297
1133.333 5.007
Table 5.4 Magnetizing Inrush Point for TRL3A/B

Inrush Point
Current(A) Time
22,953.629 0.0157
15,766.129 0.107
63,76.008 0.430
463.709 3.521
The short-circuit damage curve for TL1, TL2 and TL3

transformer feeder cable is based on IEEE STD 242-2001 [6] and is
calculated below and summarized in Table 5.5 and 5.6.
2
 ISC  5  234.5  TF 
 A  t  1.18x10 log10  234.5  Ti  Equation 5.1
   
Where Isc is short-circuit current (sym RMS)

A conductor size in mm2
t time in secs (0.01 to 10 seconds)
TF is short-circuit current Temperature rating (2500C for XLPE)
Ti is the continuous current Temperature rating (900C to XLPE)
Table 5.5 Short-circuit Damage Curve for TL1 (5x630mm2
XLPE)
Time ISC Current
(secs) (A)
0.1 4514580
1 451458
10 142763.55
100 45145.8
1000 14276.35
Table 5.6 Short-circuit Damage curve for TL2/TL3

(1x185mm2 XLPE)
Time ISC Current
(secs) (A)
0.01 265142
1 26514
10 8384.5
100 2651.4
1000 838.45
5.2.2 Medium-Voltage Motors TCC Landmark

Motor starting curves represent the time-current
characteristic at normal operating condition of the motor including
the acceleration time, the locked rotor current and the normal full
load current. The points for the medium voltage motors are
summarized in Tables 5.7 to 5.10. The running overload curve
represents the stator thermal capability from rated full load current
back to the current drawn at breakdown torque while the motor is
running [8]. A reduced stator insulation life will occur if the motor is
operated beyond this region. The accelerating thermal limit curve
(also called starting overload curve) represents the rotor thermal

capability during acceleration from locked rotor up to the
breakdown torque for a specified terminal voltage. Both curves for
all Medium voltage motors are shown in Tables 5.11 to 5.18.
Table 5.7 Starting Curve for KM5806

Starting Curve
Time (S) Current (A)
3000 60.85
1000 60.85
5 60.85
3 60.85
2.3 60.85
2.1 231.21
1 265.47
0.9 266.82
0.8 267.72
0.7 268.80
0.6 269.97
0.5 271.06
0.4 271.78
0.3 272.41
0.2 273.31
0.01 273.31
Table 5.8 Starting Curve for YM7601

Starting Curve
3000 485.89
1000 485.89
5 485.89
4 485.89
3.5 485.89
3 2325.20
2 2539.88
1 2628.22
0.9 2637.06
0.8 2642.36
0.7 2648.54
0.6 2654.73
0.5 2659.14

0.4 2667.09
0.3 2669.74
0.2 2672.40
0.01 2672.40

Starting Curve
7000.00 33.03
100.00 33.03
5.50 34.24
5.45 34.37
5.40 34.51
5.35 34.67
5.30 34.84
5.25 35.03
5.20 35.24
5.15 35.48
5.10 35.73
5.05 36.02
5.00 36.33
5.00 163.49
4.98 165.31
4.97 167.13
4.96 168.94
4.94 170.76
4.92 172.58
4.88 174.39
4.83 176.21
4.76 178.03
4.65 179.84
4.50 181.66
0.10 181.66
0.01 181.66

Starting Curve
7000.00 26.85
100.00 26.85
5.50 27.84

5.45 27.94
5.40 28.06
5.35 28.18
5.30 28.32
5.25 28.48
5.20 28.65
5.15 28.84
5.10 29.05
5.05 29.28
5.00 29.54
5.00 132.92
4.96 134.40
4.95 135.87
4.94 137.35
4.92 138.83
4.89 140.31
4.85 141.78
4.79 143.26
4.72 144.74
4.63 146.21
4.50 147.69
0.10 147.69
0.01 147.69
Table 5.11 Running Overload Curve for KM5806

Running OL (Cold)
7000 77.25
6000 78.15
5000 79.60
4000 81.40
3000 83.56
2000 87.71
1000 96.00
900 97.44
800 98.89
700 101.23
600 104.29
500 107.54
400 112.41
300 118.72
200 130.43

Table 5.12 Starting Overload Curve for KM5806
Starting OL (Cold)
40 212.73
30 249.24
20 303.60
Table 5.13 Running Overload Curve for YM7601

Running OL (Cold)
7000 615.76
6000 633.42
5000 655.51
4000 681.13
3000 713.82
2000 764.17
1000 871.95
900 895.80
800 917.01
700 947.04
600 980.61
500 1024.79
400 1077.79
300 1157.30
200 1245.65
100 1387.00
Table 5.14 Starting Overload Curve for YM7601

Starting OL (Cold)
20 1707.24
10 2256.30
9 2357.89
8 2436.52
7 2546.06
6 2674.16

Running OL (Cold)
7000 43.96
6000 44.56
5000 45.52
4000 46.72
3000 48.16
2000 50.92
1000 56.45
900 57.41
800 58.37
700 59.93
600 61.97
500 64.14
400 67.38
300 71.58
200 79.39
100 96.32

Starting OL (Cold)
20 116.05
10 153.37
9 160.28
8 165.63

Running OL (Cold)
7000 35.73
6000 36.22
5000 37.00
4000 37.98
3000 39.15
2000 41.40
1000 45.89
900 46.67
800 47.45
700 48.72
600 50.38
500 52.14
400 54.77
300 58.19
200 64.54
100 78.30

Starting OL (Cold)
20 94.34
10 124.68
9 130.30
8 134.64

Damage curve points for MV motor branch circuit cable will
based on the same philosophy as the transformer feeder cables and
are summarized in Table 5.19.
Table 5.19 Short-circuit Damage Curve for Branch Circuit

Cables of Various Load
Time Current (A)
(secs) KM5806 YM7601 KM8639 KM8601
(185mm ) 2 (240mm ) 2 (185mm ) 2 (185mm2)
0.01 265,142.00 429,960.00 265,142.00 265,142.00
1 26,514.20 42,996.00 26,514.20 26,514.20
10 8,384.53 13,596.53 8,384.53 8,384.53
100 2,651.42 13,819.52 2,651.42 2,651.42
1000 838.45 4,428.16 838.45 838.45
(Continuation) Table 5.19 Short-circuit Damage Curve for

Branch Circuit Cables of Various Load
Time Current (A)
(secs) PC01 VM5814 MNDB KM8645
(185mm ) 2 (150mm ) 2 (240mm2) (240mm2)
0.01 265,142.00 214,980.00 343,968.00 343,968.00
1 26,514.20 21,498.00 34,396.80 34,396.80
10 8,384.53 6,798.26 10,877.22 10,877.22
100 2,651.42 2,149.80 3,439.68 3,439.68
1000 838.45 679.83 1,087.72 1,087.72

5.3 Setting Calculations and TCC Curves
5.3.1 Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation for MV Loads
For KM5806 Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation

a. 51PYKM5806-Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
CT ratio: 125:1
ZCT ratio: 50:1
51 Pickup Current Setting
Set at 115% of rated motor current
= (1.15) x (60.84) x (1/125)
= 0.55 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.55)x(125)
=68.75 A
51 Curve is ANSI Very Inverse
51 Time Dial Setting

KM5806 LRC is 273.8 A and acceleration time is about
2.1 seconds therefore a 2 seconds margin above the knee of
the motor curve or above 2.1 seconds is sufficient to avoid
nuisance tripping during motor starting.
t
TD 
3.922
 0.0982
2
 I 
   1
 IP 
2.1  2
TD   11.32
3.922
 0.0982
2
 273.8 
  1
 68.75 

Say TD=11.33
b. 50PKM5806-Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay

50 Pickup current setting
200% of the LRA
=2x273.8x(1/125)
=4.38 In
50 Pickup current
=4.38x125
=547.5 A
50 Time delay
Instantaneous time delay is set at 0.05 seconds.
c. 49KM5806-Overload Relay
=(1.15)x(60.84)x(1/125)
=0.55 In
49 pickup current
=(0.55)x(125)
=68.75 A
d. 50GKM5806-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

50G pickup current setting
Set at 80% of ZCT ratio or 30% of full load
current(60.86A) whichever is smaller
= (0.8) x (50) x (1/50)
=0.8 In
Or
= (0.3) x (60.86) x (1/50)
=0.365 In

So use 0.365 In
50G Pickup Current
=(0.365)x(50)
=18.3 A
50G Time delay

For PC001 Phase Fault Protection Calculation

a. 51PPC001-Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
Set at 150% of capacitor rated current
=(1.5)x(150)x(1/400)
=0.56 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.56)x(400)
=224
51 Curve is ANSI Short Inverse
51 Time Dial Setting

PC001 inrush current is 617.5 A at 0.1 seconds
therefore a margin of 1 second above the inrush is sufficient
to avoid nuisance tripping during energization.
0.1  1
TD   5.93
0.2663
 0.03393
2
 617.5 
  1
 224 
Say TD=6

b. 50PPC001-Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
50 pickup current setting
200% of Inrush current (617.5A)
=2x617.5 x(1/400)
=3.08 In
50 Pickup current
=3.08 x 400
=1232 A
50 Time delay
c. 50GPC001-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

50G Pickup current setting
Set at 80% of ZCT ratio
= (0.8) x (50) x (1/50)
=0.8 In
50G Pickup Current
=(0.8)x(50)
=40A
50G Time delay

Calculation for the rest of the medium voltage motors is
repeated using the same procedure and summarize in Table 5.20.
Table 5.20 Summary of Phase and Ground Protection

Calculation Results for MV Loads
KM 5806 YM7601 KM8639 KM8601 PC001
Relay Hi-Map Hi-Map Hi-Map Hi-Map Hi-Map
CT Ratio 125:1 1000:1 50:1 50:1 400:1
ZCT Ratio 50:1 50:1 50:1 50:1 50:1
51 pickup Current 0.55 0.55 0.75 0.61 0.56
Setting (A)
51 pickup current 68.75 550 37.5 30.5 224

(A)
51 curve ANSI Very ANSI Very ANSI ANSI ANSI
Inverse Inverse Very Very Short
Inverse Inverse inverse
TD 11.4 12 20 20 6
50 pickup current 4.38 5.34 7.26 5.9 3.08
setting (A)
50 pickup current 547.5 5340 363 295 1232

(A)
50 Time delay 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
49 pickup Current 0.55 0.55 0.75 0.61 NA
Setting
49 pickup current 68.75 550 37.5 30.5 NA
TD 12 3 3.5 3.8 NA
50G pickup 0.365 0.8 0.198 0.8 0.9
current setting (A)
50G pickup 18.3 40 9.9 8 40
current (A)
50G Time delay 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
(s)
Based on the above table, the continuous current rating of

all circuit breakers for medium-voltages load are all satisfactory.

5.3.2 Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation for LV Loads
Only critical and the biggest LV Loads are presented for
coordination purposes. These loads are VM5814 for MCC8 and
SM8645 for MCC9.
For VM5814 Phase and Ground Fault Protection

a. Long Time Setting (LT)
Set at 125% of the motor full load current (228.4)
=1.25x228.4
=285.5A, Next available setting is 290A which is 127% of the
motor full load current and is less than 250% which the PEC
article 4.30.4.2 and Table 4.30.4.2 requires for Inverse Time
Breaker setting.
b. Short Time Setting (ST)
Set at 800% of the Long Time setting
=8x290A
=2320A
c. Instantaneous setting
Set at 200% of the LRA (1484.8A)
=2x1484.8A
=2969.7A next available setting is 800% of LT
d. Overload Setting
=(1.15)x(228.43)x(5/300)
=4.37 In
49 Pickup Current
=(4.37)x(300/5)
=262.2A
e. Ground Fault Protection Setting
Set at 20% of the LT setting (290A)
=0.2 x 290A

=58 A
Time delay is set at 0.1 secs (to allow coordination with
upstream breaker)
Figure 5.1 Protection Setting Values for VM5814

For SM8645 Phase and Ground Fault Protection
Set at 125% of the motor full load current (223)
=1.25x223
=278.5A, Next available setting is 290A which is 162% of the
motor full load current and is less than 250% which the PEC
Article 4.30.4.2 and Table 4.30.4.2 requires for Inverse Time
Breaker setting.
=8x290A
=2320A
Set at 200% of the LRA (1562)
=2x1562A
=3124 A next available setting is 1000% of LT
d. Overload Setting
=(1.15)x(223)x(5/300)
=4.27 In
49 Pickup Current
=(4.27)x(300/5)
=256.2A

Figure 5.2 Protection Setting sheet for SM8645

For YM7607-VFD panel Phase and Ground Fault Protection
Set at 125% of the VFD input current (264)
=1.25x264
=330A, Next available setting is 340 A
=8x340A
=2720A
=8x340A
=2720 A or set at 800% of In(400A)=3200A
d. Ground Fault Protection Setting
=0.2 x 340A
=68 A
Time delay is set at 0.1 secs (to allow coordination with
upstream breaker).

Figure 5.3 Protection Setting sheet for YM7607 VFD Panel

5.3.3 Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation and
Coordination for Transformers
For TRL3A Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation

and Coordination
CT Information for TRL3A:

CT Ratio (primary) = 630:1
CT Ratio (secondary) =4000:5
ZCT Ratio (primary) = 50:1
NCT Ratio (secondary) = 4000:1
a. 51PTRL3AS-Secondary Side Inverse Time Overcurrent

Relay
Based on PEC article 4.30.8.3, setting shall not exceed the
bus current rating. Therefore, set pick up at 2000A based on
bus current rating of MCC8
51 pickup current=(2000)x(5/4000)
51 pickup current =2.5 or 2.5In
Protection Curve is ANSI Extreme Inverse
Time Dial Setting

Time dial setting is set to provide TRL3A secondary
phase protection with at least 0.2 second coordination time
clearance (interval) from the phase and ground protection of
the load that has the highest fault at load side terminals. This
fault is a double line-to-ground fault at MNDB terminals at
29,382 A. Phase instantaneous time delay is 0.03 second and
the ground instantaneous time delay is 0.1 second. Since the
ground relay of this load has a higher time delay setting, this

has to coordinate with the phase protection of the TRL3A
secondary which is a demonstration of coordination between
phase and ground protection. For ANSI Extreme Inverse
t
TD 
5.64
 0.02434
2
 I 
   1
 IP 
0.1  0.2
TD   5.93
5.64
 0.02434
2
 29,382 
  1
 2000 
TD is set at 5.93
At three-phase fault current of 43.5kA at the secondary

terminals of TRL3A downstream of the circuit breaker, the
tripping time is
 
 
 5.64 
t  0.02434 5.93  0.2151 second
  43,500  2 
  1 
  2000  
b. 50GTRL3AS-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

50G Pickup Current Setting
Set at 30% of TRL3A full load current (3608 A)
=0.3 x 3608 x (1/4000)
=0.27 In
50G Pickup Current

=0.27 x 4000
=1082.5 A

Time delay is set at 0.3 second to provide 0.2 second
coordination time interval from ground fault relay of MNDB
which is set at 0.1 second trip time from single line-to-ground
fault that can occur on load side terminals (25,950 A at
MNDB).
The current setting is less than the maximum
permitted by PEC 2009 article 2.30.7.6 (a) (<1200A) and
complies with its requirement of setting the time delay less
than 1 second for ground fault current greater than 3000A.
c. 51PTRL3AP-Primary Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay

Set at 110% of transformer rated current
=(1.1)x(251.02)x(1/630)
=0.44 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.44)x(630)
=277
This setting is less than 300% (753 A) of TRL3A FLA as

required by PEC I 2009 Table 4.50.1.3.

Time Dial Setting
Time dial setting should satisfy all of the conditions below
(i) Should allow Transformer Inrush (1596.7 A at
0.0157s)
t
TD 
3.922
 0.0982
2
 I

  1
 IP

0.1157
TD   0.526
3.922
 0.0982
2
 1596.7 
  1
 277 
TD>>0.526
(ii) Should be at least 1 second below transformer

mechanical damage curve
Time dial is set such that the proximity of the protection
curve from the lowest point of mechanical damage
curve (29kA at 2 seconds) is more than 1 second
TD 
2  1  5.76
3.922
 0.0982
2
 29000 
  1
 277x6.9 / 0.48 
TD<5.76
(iii) Should coordinate with the secondary time
overcurrent relay at maximum through fault as
seen by the primary overcurrent relay. The
Maximum though fault is a single line-to-ground
fault at 46kA at the secondary terminals however
for a single line-to-ground fault at secondary, only
58% or about 26.54kA can be seen by the primary
overcurrent relay. The same is true for a double

line-to-ground fault at 44.4kA where the primary
overcurrent relay will only see 63% of the fault
current or about 27.9kA. Therefore we used the
three-phase fault current at 43.5kA as the basis for
coordinating primary and secondary overcurrent
protective relay. At 43.5kA, secondary time
overcurrent relay will trip at about 0.2151 second.
Using this trip time, the time dial is calculated as
t
TD 
3.922
 0.0982
2
 I 
   1
 IP 
0.2151  0.2
TD   3.16
3.922
 0.0982
2
 43500x0.48 / 6.9 
  1
 277 
Time dial of 3.16 satisfies both inrush condition and

transformer damage curve condition 0.526<<TD<5.76.
The fault current at the primary of terminals of TRL3A (F4) is

a single line-to-ground fault at 22.124kA and tripping time is
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 3.16  0.3122 second
  22,124  2 
  1 
  277  
d. 50GTRL3AP-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

Set at 30% of transformer rated current (251 A)
=0.3 x 251 x (1/50)

=1.51 In
50G Pickup Current

=1.51 x 50
=90.36 A
Time delay is set at 0.05 second since a ground fault on the
secondary side of a delta wye grounded transformer is not going to
trip the primary ground overcurrent relay.
For TRL3B Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation

and Coordination
CT Ratio (primary)= 630:1

CT Ratio (secondary)=4000:5
ZCT Ratio (primary)=50:1
NCT Ratio (secondary)= 4000:1
a. 51PTRL3BS-Secondary Side Inverse Time Overcurrent

Relay
Based on PEC article 4.30.8.3, setting shall not exceed the
bus current rating. Therefore, set pick up at 2000A based on
bus current rating of MCC9
51 pickup current =(2000)x(5/4000)
51 pickup current =2.5 or 2.5In
Time Dial Setting

Time dial setting is set to provide TRL3B secondary
clearance (interval) from the phase and ground protection of
the load that has the highest fault at load side terminals. This

fault is a double line-to-ground fault at YM7607 terminals at
24,477 A. Phase instantaneous time-delay is 0.03 second and
the ground instantaneous time-delay is 0.1 second.
t
TD 
5.64
 0.02434
2
 I 
   1
 IP 
0.1  0.2
TD   4.82
5.64
 0.02434
2
 24477 
  1
 2000 
TD is set at 4.82

terminals of TRL3B downstream of the circuit breaker, using
the same time dial setting the tripping time is
 
 
 5.64 
t  0.02434 4.82  0.1749 second
  43,500  2 
  1 
  2000  
b. 50GTRL3BS-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

Set at 30% of TRL3B full load current (3608 A)
=0.3 x 3608 x (1/4000)
=0.27 In
50G Pickup Current

=0.27 x 4000
=1082.5 A

coordination time interval from ground fault relay of YM7601
which is set at 0.1 second trip time.
The current setting is less than the maximum
permitted by PEC 2009 article 2.30.7.6 (a) (<1200A) and
complies with its requirement of setting the time delay less
than 1 second for ground fault current greater than 3000A.
c. 51PTRL3BP-Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay

=(1.1)x(251.02)x(1/630)
=0.44 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.44)x(630)
=277 A
This setting is less than 300% (753 A) of TRL3A FLA as
required by PEC I 2009 Table 4.50.1.3.
Time Dial Setting

(i) Should allow Transformer Inrush (1596.7 A at
0.0157s)
t
TD 
3.922
 0.0982
2
 I 
   1
 IP 

0.1157
TD   0.526
3.922
 0.0982
2
 1596.7 
  1
 277 
TD>>0.526

curve (29kA at 2 seconds) is more than 1 second
TD 
2  1  5.76
3.922
 0.0982
2
 29000 
  1
 277x6.9 / 0.48 
TD<5.76

overcurrent relay at maximum through fault as seen
by the primary overcurrent relay. The Maximum
though fault is a single line-to-ground fault at 46kA
at the secondary terminals however for a single line-
to-ground fault at secondary, only 58% or about
26.7kA can be seen by the primary overcurrent
relay. The same is true for a double line-to-ground
fault at 45kA where the primary overcurrent relay
will only see 63% of the fault current or about
28.35kA. Therefore we used the three-phase fault
current at 43.5kA as the basis for coordinating
primary and secondary overcurrent protective relay.
At 43.5kA, primary time overcurrent relay will trip at

about 0.1749 second. Using this trip time, the time
dial is calculated as
t
TD 
3.922
 0.0982
2
 I 
   1
 IP 
0.1749  0.2
TD   2.85
3.922
 0.0982
2
 43500x0.48 / 6.9 
  1
 277 

d. 50GTRL3BP-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

Set at 80% of ZCT ratio (50)
=0.8 x 50/50
=0.8 In
50G Pickup Current

=0.8 x 50
=40 A
50G time delay set at 0.05 second

For TRM1 Phase and Ground Fault Protection Calculation and
Coordination
a. 51PTRM1S-Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
=(1.1)x(3346.95)x(1/4000)
=0.92 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.92)x(4000/1)
=3680
This setting is less than 300% of TRM1 FLA as required by
PEC I 2009 Table 4.50.1.3. The above setting is based on the
40MVA (ONAN). This setting is also equal to the bus rating of TRM1.
51 Curve
ANSI Very Inverse curve
Time Dial Setting

Time dial setting is set to provide TRM1 secondary
clearance (interval) from the phase protection of the load that
has the slowest time delay at the highest fault current. To
check, trip time of both TRL3A and TRL3B are determined and
the slowest is selected.

For TRL3A, at single line-to-ground fault (22,124 A) at the
primary terminals, the trip time is
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 3.16  0.3122 second
  22,124  2 
  1 
  277  
For TRL3B, at single line-to-ground fault (22,000 A) at the

primary terminals, the trip time is
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 2.85  0.281 second
  22,000  2 
  1 
  277  
Therefore, since TRL3A has the slowest tripping time, we will

use it to coordinate with the secondary phase protection of
TRM1.
t
TD 
3.922
 0.0982
2
 I 
   1
 IP 
0.3122  0.2
TD   2.441
3.922
 0.0982
2
 22,124 
  1
 3680 
TD is set at 2.441

terminals of TRM1 downstream of the circuit breaker, using
the same time dial setting the tripping time is
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 2.441  0.729 second
  16,676  2 
  1 
  3680  
b. 50GTRM1S-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

Set at 30% of TRL3B full load current (3346.95 A)
=0.3 x 3346.95 x (1/4000)
=0.25 In
50G Pickup Current

=0.25 x 4000
=1004 A
coordination time interval from the instantaneous ground
fault relay of the loads.
c. 51PTRM1P-Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay

51 pickup Current Setting
=(1.1)x(1673.47)x(1/2000)
=0.92 In
51 Pickup Current
=(0.92)x(2000/1)
=1840 A

This setting is less than 300% (5020 A) of TRM1 FLA as
required by PEC I 2009 Table 4.50.1.3. The above setting is
based on the 40MVA (ONAN).
Time Dial Setting

(i) Should allow Transformer Inrush (5933 A at 0.052s)
t
TD 
3.922
 0.0982
2
 I


  1
 IP

0.052
TD   0.1
3.922
 0.0982
2
 5933 
  1
 1840 
TD>>0.1

curve (27,194 A at 2 seconds) is more than 1 second
TD 
2  1  5.835
3.922
 0.0982
2
 27,194 
  1
 1840x2 
TD<5.83

overcurrent relay at maximum through fault as seen
by the primary overcurrent relay. At 16.676kA,
primary time overcurrent relay will trip at about
0.729 second. Using this trip time, the time dial is
calculated as
t
TD 
3.922
 0.0982
2
 I 
   1
 IP 
0.729  0.2
TD   3.31
3.922
 0.0982
2
 16,676 / 2 
  1
 1840 

d. 50GTRM1P-Instantaneous Ground Overcurrent Relay

Set at 80% of ZCT ratio (50)
=0.8 x 50/50
=0.8 In
50G Pickup Current
=0.8 x 50
=40 A
50G time delay set at 0.05 second

Table 5.21 Summary of Phase and Ground Fault Protection
Settings for Power Transformers
TRM1 TRL3A TRL3B
Primary 51 pickup Current 0.92 0.44 0.44
Setting (A)
Primary 51 pickup current 1840 277 277
(A)
Primary 51 curve ANSI Very ANSI Very ANSI Very
Inverse Inverse Inverse
Primary 51 TD 3.31 3.16 2.85
Primary 50G pickup current 0.8 1.51 0.8
setting (A)
Primary 50G pickup current 40 90.36 40
(A)
Primary 50G Time delay (s) 0.05 0.05 0.05
Secondary 51 pickup Current 0.92 2.5 2.5

Setting (A)
Secondary 51 pickup current 3680 2000 2000
(A)
Secondary 51 curve ANSI Very ANSI ANSI
Inverse Extreme Extreme
Inverse Inverse
Secondary TD 2.441 5.93 4.82
Secondary 50G pickup 0.25 0.27 0.27
current setting (A)
Secondary 50G pickup 1004 1082 1082
current (A)
Secondary 50G Time delay 0.25 0.3 0.3
(s)
5.3.4 Low-voltage Protection Settings Evaluation

The overcurrent protection settings and the overload
settings for low-voltage equipment are verified by calculating the
required values and evaluations are summarized on Tables 5.22 and
5.23. Based on the evaluation, all the low-voltage protection
settings are acceptable and satisfactory.

Table 5.22 MCC8 480V LOADS Protection Settings and Equipment Grounding Conductor
Instantaneous Trip Breaker Adjustable Electronic
MCCB-Adjustable Electronic Type (Hyundai-UPB) UMP-C (HYUNDAI-DIGITAL MOTOR PROTECTION RELAY) Equipment Grounding Conductor Evaluation
Type(Hundai-UPB)
FLC (A)
I FL (A)
HP From Calculated Ground Fault
Feeder No Equipment ID Description Load Type Name Long Short Required Minimum
Rating Table Amp Inst. (Max) up to Actual
Plate Rating Time Time Rating Calculated Motor Over Current Time PE Size Equipment Grounding
4.30.14.4 Frame Set Remarks 8xFLC from Current Set Set Remarks Remarks Remarks
(A) Set Set (A) 1.25 x Nameplate FLC Load Set (A) Setting Delay (mm2) Conductor (mm2) (Table
(A) (A) PEC table (A)
(A) (A) (A) (s) 2.50.6.13 PEC 2009)
4.30.14.4
1 GM-1412 ICA Charge Pump Induction Motor 50 65 53.79 125 50 8x65=520 400 8 Satisfactory 1.25x53.79=67.24 67.24 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 70 8 Satisfactory
2 GM-1413 ICA Charge Pump Induction Motor 50 65 53.79 125 50 8x65=520 400 8 Satisfactory 1.25x53.79=67.24 67.24 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 70 8 Satisfactory
3 PE-YM4078 BMC-200 Slurry Feed Tank Agitator Motor Induction Motor 2 3.4 2.87 125 2.5 8x3.4=27.2 20 8 Satisfactory 1.25x2.86=3.58 3.58 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
4 PE-YM4089 Modifier D Feed Tank Agitator motor Induction Motor 2 3.4 2.33 125 2.5 6x3.4=20.4 15 6 Satisfactory 1.25x2.32=2.9 2.91 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
5 PE-YM4352 Slurry Feed Tank Agitator Motor Induction Motor 2 3.4 2.33 125 2.5 6x3.4=20.4 15 6 Satisfactory 1.25x2.32=2.9 2.91 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
6 PE-GM4356 T3 Residence Time pot Agitator Motor Induction Motor 1 2.10 1.18 125 2.5 6x2.1=12.6 15 6 Satisfactory 1.25x1.18=1.47 1.48 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
7 PE-GM4357 DC Residence Time pot Agitator Motor Induction Motor 1 2.10 1.18 125 2.5 6x2.1=12.6 15 6 Satisfactory 1.25x1.18=1.47 1.48 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
8 PE-SM4360 Cylinder Roller motor Induction Motor 5 7.60 6.67 125 6.3 8x7.6=60.8 50.4 8 Satisfactory 1.25x6.67=8.34 8.34 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 6 2 Satisfactory
9 PE-SM6825 Additive Lift motor Induction Motor 20 27.00 26.84 125 32 6x27=162 192 6 Satisfactory 1.25x26.83=33.54 33.55 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 95 5.5 Satisfactory
10 PE-SM6828 Drum Dumper motor Induction Motor 5 7.60 7.35 125 6.3 8x7.6=60.8 50.4 8 Satisfactory 1.25x7.34=9.18 9.18 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
11 PE-SM6853 Talc bulk bag discharger motor Induction Motor 5 7.60 6.26 125 6.3 8x7.6=60.8 50.4 8 Satisfactory 1.25x6.26=7.82 7.83 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
12 PE-KM6831-1 Bag Dump station exhaust fan motor Induction Motor 1 2.10 1.97 125 2.5 6x2.1=12.6 15 6 Satisfactory 1.25x1.96=2.46 2.46 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
14 PE-YCM6832 Bag Compactor motor Induction Motor 2 3.40 2.68 125 3.2 6x3.4=20.4 19.2 6 Satisfactory 1.25x2.68=3.35 3.35 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
18 PE-YCM6835 Bag Compactor motor Induction Motor 2 3.40 2.68 125 3.2 6x3.4=20.4 19.2 6 Satisfactory 1.25x2.68=3.35 3.35 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
19 PE-YM6851 Talc surge bin filter motor Induction Motor 0.5 1.10 0.66 125 2.5 6x1.1=6.6 15 6 Satisfactory 1.25x0.66=0.82 0.83 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
20 PE-GM-5814-1 Vent Recovery Ref Compressor Oil Pump Induction Motor 1.5 3.00 1.97 125 2.5 6x3=18 15 6 Satisfactory 1.25x1.96=2.46 2.46 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
21 PE-GM5821 Glycol pump motor Induction Motor 25 34.00 29.08 125 32 7x34=238 224 7 Satisfactory 1.25x29.07=36.34 36.35 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 35 5.5 Satisfactory
22 PE-GM5812 Low pressure condensate return pump Induction Motor 10 14.00 11.27 125 12.5 7x14=98 87.5 7 Satisfactory 1.25x11.27=14.08 14.09 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 16 2 Satisfactory
23 PE-GM5815 High pressure condensate return pump Induction Motor 30 40.00 44.43 125 50 7x40=280 350 7 Satisfactory 1.25x44.42=55.53 55.53 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 50 5.5 Satisfactory
24 PE-GM5825 Interstage condensate return pump Induction Motor 40 52.00 46.07 125 50 7x52=364 350 7 Satisfactory 1.25x46.06=57.58 57.58 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 50 5.5 Satisfactory
25 PE-VM5814 Vent Recovery Ref Compressor Motor Induction Motor 200 240.00 228.44 400 400 290 2320 3200 Satisfactory 285.55 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 150 22 Satisfactory
26 PE-GM5806A-2 Main Cooling Pump motor Induction Motor 5 7.60 7.16 125 6.3 8x7.6=60.8 50.4 8 Satisfactory 1.25x7.15=8.94 8.95 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 6 2 Satisfactory
27 PE-GM5806B2 Aux Cooling pump motor Induction Motor 5 7.60 7.16 125 6.3 8x7.6=60.8 50.4 8 Satisfactory 1.25x7.15=8.94 8.95 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 6 2 Satisfactory
28 PE-GM5806BD-2 Lube oil pump motor Induction Motor 3 4.80 4.12 125 3.2 7x4.8=33.6 22.4 7 Satisfactory 1.25x4.12=5.15 5.16 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 4 2 Satisfactory
29 GM8102 Hexene-1 unloading pump Induction Motor 10 14.00 13.42 125 12.5 8x14=112 100 8 Satisfactory 1.25x13.41=16.77 16.77 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 25 3.5 Satisfactory
30 GM8103A Hexene-1 feed pump Induction Motor 50 65.00 63.89 125 63 8x65=520 504 8 Satisfactory 1.25x63.88=79.85 79.86 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 95 8 Satisfactory
31 GM8103S Hexene-1 feed pump Induction Motor 50 65.00 63.89 125 63 8x65=520 504 8 Satisfactory 1.25x63.88=79.85 79.86 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 95 8 Satisfactory
32 PE-SM6800 Solid Additive Package Feeder 125.00 250 250 125 250 N/A Satisfactory 25 0.1 Satisfactory 150 14 Satisfactory
33 PE-Y6860 Mixer feed hopper and vent filter Feeder 20.67 125 100 30 60 N/A Satisfactory 25 0.1 Satisfactory 35 5.5 Satisfactory
34 PE-D6810 Granular resin surge and vent filter Feeder 20.42 125 100 30 60 N/A Satisfactory 25 0.1 Satisfactory 35 5.5 Satisfactory
35 MNDB Main normal distribution board Feeder 412.97 400 400 400 800 N/A Satisfactory 80 0.1 Satisfactory 240 30 Satisfactory
36 WRP-01 Welding socket Feeder 336.79 400 400 400 800 N/A Satisfactory 80 0.1 Satisfactory 120 30 Satisfactory
37 MCC EM2 480V Emergency MCC EM2 Feeder 245.16 400 400 400 800 N/A Satisfactory 80 0.1 Satisfactory 240 30 Satisfactory
6.20 125 100 15 Satisfactory 3 2 Satisfactory
GM-1504 T2 Charge Pump VFD-Induction Motor
38
39 PE-GM4351 Slurry Feed Pump Motor VFD-Induction Motor
VFD-Induction Motor
40 PE-GM4355 Slurry Feed Pump Motor
41 PE-GM4353 DC Feed pump Motor VFD-Induction Motor
PE-GM4354 T3 Feed Pump motor VFD-Induction Motor
42
43 PE-GM4358 T3/DC Feed pump motor VFD-Induction Motor
Page 321
Table 5.23 MCC9 480V LOADS Protection Settings and Equipment Grounding Conductor Summary
Instantaneous Trip Breaker Adjustable Electronic
MCCB-Adjustable Electronic Type (Hyundai-UPB) UMP-C (HYUNDAI-DIGITAL MOTOR PROTECTION RELAY) Equipment Grounding Conductor Evaluation
Type(Hundai-UPB)
FLC (A)
I FL (A) Ground Fault
HP From Calculated
Feeder No Equipment ID Description Load Type Name Long Short Required Minimum
Rating Table Amp Inst. (Max) up to Actual
Plate Rating Time Time Rating Calculated Motor Over Current Time PE Size Equipment Grounding
4.30.14.4 Frame Set Remarks 8 x FLC from Current Set Set Remarks Remarks 2 Remarks
(A) Set Set (A) 1.25 x Nameplate FLC Load Set (A) Setting Delay (mm ) Conductor (mm2) (Table
(A) (A) PEC table (A)
(A) (A) (A) (s) 2.50.6.13 PEC 2009)
4.30.14.4
1 PE-7601M1 Barring unit motor Induction motor 60 77 65.17 125 63 8x77=616 504 8 Satisfactory 1.25x65.16=81.45 81.46 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 95 8 Satisfactory
2 PE-YM7610 Pellet dryer motor Induction motor 25 68 26.09 125 32 6x68=408 192 6 Satisfactory 1.25x26.09=32.61 32.61 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 35 5.5 Satisfactory
3 PE-GM7612 Pelleting water pump motor Induction motor 100 124 91.22 250 100 7x124=868 700 7 Satisfactory 1.25x91.21=114.02 114.02 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 240 14 Satisfactory
4 PE-7601VG1M Lube oil pump motor Induction motor 30 40 31.61 125 32 7x40=280 224 7 Satisfactory 1.25x31.6=39.5 39.51 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 50 5.5 Satisfactory
5 PE-7601VG2M Lube oil pump motor Induction motor 30 40 31.61 125 32 7x40=280 224 7 Satisfactory 1.25x31.6=39.5 39.51 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 50 5.5 Satisfactory
6 PE-7604G1M-A Lube oil return pump motor Induction motor 7.5 11 7.72 125 6.3 8x11=88 50.4 8 Satisfactory 1.25x7.72=9.65 9.65 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 10 2 Satisfactory
7 PE-7604G1M-B Lube oil return pump motor Induction motor 7.5 11 7.72 125 6.3 8x11=88 50.4 8 Satisfactory 1.25x7.72=9.65 9.65 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 10 2 Satisfactory
8 7604K1M Cooling fan for PE-YM7604 Induction motor 4.95979 7.6 6.62 125 6.3 8x7.6=60.8 50.4 8 Satisfactory 1.25x6.61=8.27 8.27 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 10 2 Satisfactory
9 PE-7601G1M Hydraulic oil pump motor Induction motor 15 21 14.22 125 12.5 8x21=168 100 8 Satisfactory 1.25x14.22=17.77 17.78 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 25 3.5 Satisfactory
10 PE-7605G1M hydraulic oil pump motor for S/C Induction motor 25 34 26.09 125 32 6x34=204 192 6 Satisfactory 1.25x26.09=32.61 32.61 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 50 5.5 Satisfactory
11 PE-KM7615 Pellet dryer exhaust fan dryer Induction motor 10 14 10.45 125 12.5 6x14=84 75 6 Satisfactory 1.25x10.44=13.05 13.06 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 16 2 Satisfactory
12 PE-Y7730 Pellet screener Induction motor 15.1475 21 18.44 125 20 7x21=147 140 7 Satisfactory 1.25x18.44=23.05 23.05 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 10 5.5 Satisfactory
13 PE-Y7733 Pellet Mass flowmeter motor Induction motor 5.09383 7.6 6.80 125 6.3 8x7.6=60.8 50.4 8 Satisfactory 1.25x6.79=8.49 8.50 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 4 2 Satisfactory
14 PE-7604G3 Hot oil pump Induction motor 20.1072 27 26.84 125 32 6x27=162 192 6 Satisfactory 1.25x26.83=33.54 33.55 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 35 5.5 Satisfactory
15 PE-7604G4 Hot oil pump Induction motor 20.1072 27 26.84 125 32 6x27=162 192 6 Satisfactory 1.25x26.83=33.54 33.55 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 35 5.5 Satisfactory
16 PE-7601VG3M Lube oil pump motor for mixer motor Induction motor 2.34584 3.4 2.99 125 3.2 7x3.4=23.8 22.4 7 Satisfactory 1.25x2.99=3.73 3.74 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 4 2 Satisfactory
17 PE-7601VG4M Lube oil pump motor for mixer motor Induction motor 2.34584 3.4 2.99 125 3.2 7x3.4=23.8 22.4 7 Satisfactory 1.25x2.99=3.73 3.74 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 4 2 Satisfactory
18 PE-KM7604 Meltpump purge air fan Induction motor 25 34 30.41 250 32 7x34=238 224 7 Satisfactory 1.25x30.41=38.01 38.02 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 50 5.5 Satisfactory
19 PE-SM7714 Pellet rotary feeder Induction motor 2.01072 3.4 2.68 125 3.2 6x3.4=20.4 19.2 6 Satisfactory 1.25x2.68=3.35 3.35 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 6 2 Satisfactory
20 SM8605 Elutriator rotary feeder motor Induction motor 2.94906 4.8 3.94 125 3.2 8x4.8=38.4 25.6 8 Satisfactory 1.25x3.93=4.92 4.92 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
21 SM8606 Elutriator Filter rotary feeder motor Induction motor 0.53619 1.1 0.72 125 2.5 6x1.1=6.6 15 6 Satisfactory 1.25x0.71=0.89 0.89 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
22 KM8607 Wash Air fan motor Induction motor 49.5979 65 63.89 125 63 8x65=520 504 8 Satisfactory 1.25x63.88=79.85 79.86 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 25 8 Satisfactory
23 SM8610 Aim grade bin rotary feeder Induction motor 2.94906 4.8 3.94 125 3.2 8x4.8=38.4 25.6 8 Satisfactory 1.25x3.93=4.92 4.92 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
24 SM8614A Transition bin rotary feeder motor Induction motor 2.94906 4.8 3.94 125 3.2 8x4.8=38.4 25.6 8 Satisfactory 1.25x3.93=4.92 4.92 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 4 2 Satisfactory
25 SM8641 Aim grade bin rotary feeder Induction motor 2.94906 4.8 3.94 125 3.2 8x4.8=38.4 25.6 8 Satisfactory 1.25x3.93=4.92 4.92 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
26 SM8645 Pellet Blending blower motor Induction motor 200 240 223.18 250 400 290 2320 4000 Satisfactory 278.98 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 240 22 Satisfactory
27 PE-SM5611 Product purge bin rotary feeder motor Induction motor 14.7453 21 19.68 250 20 7x21=147 140 7 Satisfactory 1.25x19.68=24.6 24.60 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 6 5.5 Satisfactory
28 PE-YM5611C Lube oil fan motor Induction motor 0.50938 2.1 0.68 125 2.5 6x2.1=12.6 15 6 Satisfactory 1.25x0.67=0.84 0.85 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 2.5 2 Satisfactory
29 PE-YM5612 Particle screener motor Induction motor 3.35121 4.8 4.47 125 3.2 8x4.8=38.4 25.6 8 Satisfactory 1.25x4.47=5.59 5.59 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 6 2 Satisfactory
30 PE-Y5160 Product purge bin filter Feeder 14.7453 21 15.94 125 100 19.926 40 N/A Satisfactory 10 3.5 Satisfactory
31 PE-Y5619 Low product purge bin filter Feeder 14.7453 21 15.94 125 100 19.926 40 N/A Satisfactory 10 3.5 Satisfactory
32 PE-Y5951 Seed bed resin storage bin filter no 1 Feeder 5.36193 7.6 5.17 125 100 15 30 N/A Satisfactory 10 2 Satisfactory
33 PE-Y5952 Seed bed resin storage bin filter no 2 Feeder 5.36193 7.6 5.17 125 100 15 30 N/A Satisfactory 10 2 Satisfactory
34 PE-SM5962 Seed bed rotary feeder motor Induction motor 5.36193 7.6 6.39 125 100 6.3 8x7.6=60.8 50.4 8 Satisfactory 1.25x6.38=7.98 7.98 0.5 0.2 Satisfactory 10 2 Satisfactory
35 TR-Ex Packaging Panel Feeder 431.35 400 400 400 800 N/A Satisfactory 240 30 Satisfactory
36 CP-7601 YM7601 starter control panel Feeder 1.65 125 100 15 30 N/A Satisfactory 4 2 Satisfactory
37 CP-7604 PE-YM7604 control panel Feeder 2.90 125 100 15 30 N/A Satisfactory 4 2 Satisfactory
38 CP-7600 Hot oil heater control panel Feeder 35.78 125 100 50 30 N/A Satisfactory 50 5.5 Satisfactory
121.97 68 0.1 Satisfactory
39 PE-YM7607 Pelletizer Motor VFD-Induction Motor
264.00 400 400 340 2720 3200 Satisfactory 120 30 Satisfactory
2.68
40 PE-S5961 Seed Bed rotary feeder no 1 VFD-Induction Motor
Page 322
5.3.5 Time Current Curves
TCC for Phase OC Protection for KM5806
1000
KM5806 KM5806
FULL LOAD CABLE
2
CURVE (185mm
1per Ph)
RUNNING THERMAL
OL LIMIT OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
100 VCB:52KM5806 LIMIT
OLR:49KM5806
PU:68.75A/TD:12
STARTING
OL LIMIT
VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 51PTRM1P
VCB:52KM5806
PU:1840A/TD:3.31
OCR: 50/51PKM5806
10 50PU:547.5A/51PU:68.75A
50Td:0.05s/51TD:11.4 VCB:52TRM1S
OCR: 51PTRM1S
TIME (S)
PU:3680A/TD:2.441
1 Backup
Trip Time
=563ms
CTI=562ms
0.1
KM5806
STARTING
CURVE
0.01 F8:(DLG) 20.34kA (max)
1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00

CURRENT (A) AT 6.9kV BASE
Figure 5.4 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of KM5806

TCC for Phase OC Protection for YM7601
KM5806
CABLE
10000 2
(240mm
1per Ph)
YM7601 THERMAL
FULL LOAD OL
CURVE &
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
1000 RUNNING
OL LIMIT
VCB:YM7601 VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 50/51YM7601 OCR: 51PTRM1P
50PU:5340A/51PU:550A PU:1840A/TD:3.31
50Td:0.05s/51TD:12
100 VCB:52TRM1S
VCB:52YM7601 OCR: 51PTRM1S
OLR:49YM7601 PU:3680A/TD:2.441
PU:550A/TD:3
TIME(S)
10
STARTING
OL
1 LIMIT
Backup
Trip Time
=664ms
CTI=614ms
0.1
YM7601
STARTING
CURVE
0.01 @F9,(DLGFault IB) 17.85kA (MAX)

1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
Figure 5.5 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of YM7601

TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for KM8639
1000 KM8639
CABLE
(185mm2
KM8639 1per Ph)
FULL LOAD THERMAL
CURVE OL
&
SHORT
RUNNING CIRCUIT
OL LIMIT LIMIT
100 VCB:52KM8639
OCR: 50/51KM8639 VCB:52TRM1P
50PU:363A/51PU:37.5A OCR: 51PTRM1P
50Td:0.05s/51TD:20 PU:1840A/TD:3.31
VCB:52KM8639
OLR:49KM8639
PU:37.5A/TD:3.5 VCB:52TRM1S
OCR: 51PTRM1S
10 STARTING PU:3680A/TD:2.441
OL LIMIT
TIME(S)
1
Backup
Trip Time
=528ms
CTI=478ms
0.1
KM8639
STARTING
CURVE
0.01 @F10,(DLGFault IB) 21.5kA MAX

1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
Figure 5.6 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of KM8639

TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for KM8601
1000
RUNNING KM8601
OL CABLE
2
LIMIT (185mm
1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
VCB:52KM8639 &
OCR: 50/51KM8639 SHORT
50PU:295A/51PU:30.5A CIRCUIT
100 50Td:0.05s/51TD:20
LIMIT
VCB:52KM8639
OLR:49KM8639
PU:37.5A/TD:3.5 VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 51PTRM1P
PU:1840A/TD:3.3
1
KM8601
OPERATING VCB:52TRM1S
10 CURVE OCR: 51PTRM1S
PU:3680A/TD:2
.441
TIME (S)
1
Backup
Trip Time
=604ms
CTI=554ms
0.1
@F11, (DLGFault IB) 19.2kA (MAX)

0.01
1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00
Figure 5.7 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of

KM8601

TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for PC01
1000
PC01
CABLE
VCB:52PC01 (185mm2
OCR: 51/50PPC01 1per Ph)
50PU:1232A THERMAL
51PU:224A/TD:6 OL
&
100 SHORT
PC01 CIRCUIT
OPERATING LIMIT
CURVE
VCB:52TRM1P
OCR: 51PTRM1P
1800kVAR PU:1840A/TD:3.31
CAPACITOR
DAMAGE
CURVE
10 (10% VCB:52TRM1S
Probability) OCR: 51PTRM1S
PU:3680A/TD:2
TIME (S)
Backup
Trip Time
=503ms
CTI=453ms
0.1
@F12,(SLGFault) 22.49 kA (MAX)

0.01
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Figure 5.8 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of PC001

TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for VM5814
1000
MCCB:52KM5814
LTD:290A @T:12s KM5814
STD:800% of LTD (6x290A)=2320A CABLE
2
@T:0.3s (150mm
INST:800% of 400A =3200A 1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
100 MC5814:
&
SHORT
OLR:49KM5814 CIRCUIT
PU:5.25
LIMIT
TD:25
KM5814
OPERATING
CURVE
10
VCB:52TRL3AS
TIME (S)
OCR: 51PTRL3AS
PU:2000A/TD:5.93
0.1
CTI>1s
0.01 @F15,(DLGFault IB) 5.256kA

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
CURRENT (A) AT 480V BASE
VM5814

TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for MNDB
1000
MAX 400A
MNDB
MCCB:52MNDB CABLE
LTD:400A @T:12s 2
(240mm
STD:200% of LTD (2x400A)=800A
1per Ph)
@T:0.3s
THERMAL
INST:300% of 400A =1200A
OL
100 &
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
VCB:52TRL3AS
10 OCR: 51PTRL3AS
PU:2000A/TD:5.93
TIME (S)
SHORT CIRCUIT
WITHSTAND
25kA 1 sec
0.1 CTI=270ms
@F18,(DLGFault IB)
29382A (MAX)
0.01
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
MNDB

TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for TRL3A
1000
3MVA (OA) FULL LOAD TL2
2
CURRENT (3,608) (185mm
1per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
VCB: 52TRL3AP SHORT
OCR: 51PTRL3AP CIRCUIT
LIMIT
100 CT Ratio: 630:1
ANSI VI
51Pickup: 277A
51TD:3.16
TRL3A (3MVA)
THERMAL
VCB: 52TRL3AS LIMIT
OCR: 51PTRL3AS
CT Ratio:4000:1
ANSI VI TRL3A
10 51Pickup: 2000A (3MVA)
51TD:5.93 MECH.
SC WITHSTAND
RATING LIMIT
TIME (s)
480V SWGR
TRM1 INRUSH
CURVE
CTI
1 =200ms
Trip Time=0.3122s
Trip Time=0.2151s
0.1
@F6,(3PHFault) 43.54 kA
@F4 (SLG) 22.124kA
0.01
1 100 10000 1000000

TRL3A

TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for SM8645
1000
MCCB:52KM8645 KM8645
LTD:290A @T:12s CABLE
2
STD:800% of LTD (6x290A)=2320A (240mm
@T:0.3s 1per Ph)
INST:200% of LRA =3124.57A THERMAL
OL
&
MC: SHORT
OLR:49KM86445
100 PU:5.25
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
TD:25
VCB: 52TRL3AP
OCR: 51PTRL3AP
CT Ratio: 630:1
ANSI VI
51Pickup: 277A
51TD:3.16
10 VCB: 52TRL3AS
OCR: 51PTRL3AS
CT Ratio:4000:1
TIME (S)
ANSI VI
51Pickup: 2000A
51TD:5.93
KM8645
OPERATING
CURVE
1
0.1
CTI=700ms
0.01
@F21,(DLGFault IB) 10.03kA (MAX)
1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00 10000.00 100000.00

SM8645

TCC for Phase Overcurrent Protection for TRL3B
1000
3MVA (OA) FULL LOAD TL3

2
CURRENT (3,608) (185mm
1per Ph)
VCB: 52TRL3BP THERMAL
OCR: 51PTRL3BP OL
CT Ratio: 630:1 &
ANSI VI SHORT
51Pickup: 2 CIRCUIT
51TD: 2.85 LIMIT
100
VCB: 52TRL3BS
OCR: 51PTRL3BS
CT Ratio: 4000:1
TRL3B
ANSI VI
51Pickup: 2000 (3MVA)
THERMAL
51TD: 4.82
LIMIT
TRL3B
10 (3MVA)
MECH.
LIMIT
TRM1 INRUSH
TIME (s)
CURVE
CTI
=200ms
Trip Time=0.281s
Trip Time=0.1749s
0.1
@F5,(SLGFault) 22 kA (MAX)
@F7,(3PHFault) 43.5 kA
0.01
1 100 10000 1000000

TRL3B

TCC for Phase OC Protection for TRM1 and 6.9kV Bus
1000 TL1
2
40MVA (OA) FULL LOAD (630mm
CURRENT (3,346.95A) 5per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
VCB: 52TRM1P
100 OCR: 51PTRM1P 40MVA
CT Ratio: 2000:1 THERMAL
ANSI VI LIMIT
51Pickup:
1840A
40MVA
MECH.
LIMIT
VCB: 52TRM1S
10 OCR: 51PTRM1S
CT Ratio: 4000:1
ANSI VI
TIME (s)
51Pickup:3680A
51TD: 2.441
TRM1
INRUSH
CURVE
1 SC WITHSTAND
Trip Time=0.729s RATING
6.9kV SWGR
0.1
@F3,(3PHFault
)
0.01 16.67 kA
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

Figure 5.14 Time-Current Curve for Phase Protection of TRM1

TCC for Ground Overcurrent Protection for TRL3A and MCC8
1000
TL2
2
GRFT: 50GKM5814 (185mm
50Pickup: 58A 1per Ph)
50TimeDelay:0.1s THERMAL
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
GRFT: 50GMNDB LIMIT
50Pickup: 80A
100 50TimeDelay:0.1s
TRL3A (3MVA)
THERMAL
OCGR: 50GTRL3AS LIMIT
50Pickup: 0.27xIn
50Puckup
current: 1082.5 A TRL3A
50TimeDelay:0.3s (3MVA)
MECH.
10 LIMIT
SC WITHSTAND
TIME (s)
RATING
480V SWGR
TRM1
INRUSH
CURVE
1
CTI=200ms
0.1
@F6,(DLG-N) 48.5 kA
@F6,(SLGFault) 46.kA
@F18 ,(SLG Fault @ MNDB) 25.95kA
@F18,(DLG-N@ MNDB) 24.37kA
@F15,(SLGFault@ VM5814) 3.8kA
@F15,(DLG-N@ VM5814) 2.8kA
0.01
1 100 10000 1000000
Figure 5.15 Time-Current Curve for Ground Protection of

TRL3A and MCC8

TCC for Ground Overcurrent Protection Coordination for
TRL3B and MCC9 Load
1000
TL3
2
(185mm
GRFT: 50GSM8645
1per Ph)
50Pickup: 58A
THERMAL
50TimeDelay:0.1s
OL
&
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
100
GRFT: 50GYM7607
50Pickup: 68A
50TimeDelay:0.1s TRL3B (3MVA)
THERMAL
LIMIT
OCGR: 50GTRL3BS
50Pickup: 0.27xIn TRL3B
(3MVA)
10 50Puckup
MECH.
current: 1082.5 A
50TimeDelay:0.3s LIMIT (58%
adjusted)
TIME (s)
CTI
=200ms
0.1
@F7,(DLG-N) 48.4 kA
@F6,(SLGFault) 46.kA
@F21 ,(SLG Fault @ SM8645)7.67kA
@F21,(DLG-N@ SM8645) 6.15kA
@F20,(SLGFault@ YM7607) 21.86kA
0.01 @F20,(DLG-N@ YM7607)20.29kA
1 100 10000 1000000

TRL3B and MCC9

TCC for Ground OC Protection for TRM1 and 6.9kV Bus
1000
TL1
2
(630mm
50GKM8601 5per Ph)
THERMAL
OL
50GKM8639 &
SHORT
CIRCUIT
LIMIT
100
50GKM5806
40MVA
50GYM7601 THERMAL
LIMIT
and
50GPC001
10
TIME (s)
TRM1
INRUSH
CURVE
SC WITHSTAND
RATING
1 6.9kV SWGR
50GTRL3A
and
50GTRL3B
OCGR: 50GTRM1
50Pickup: 0.25xIn
0.1 50Puckup
current: 1004 A
50TimeDelay:0.25s
SLG-MAX(PC001) 22.495 kA
SLG-MIN(YM7601) 16.43 kA
DLG-N MAX(PC001) 26 kA
0.01 DLG-N MIN(KM8601) 15.68 kA
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

TRM1 and 6.9kV Switchgear

5.4 Cable Evaluation
5.4.1 Medium-voltage Cable Minimum Sizing
Aside from the normal load current flowing into the

conductor, it is expected that the cable should be able to carry
short-circuit current at a specified duration without damaging.
From equation 5.5, the relation between the short-circuit
current I in Ampere, conductor cross-sectional area A in mm2
and tripping time t in seconds is generally referred as the cable
damage equation or curve for a given type of cable having
short-circuit current temperature TF and maximum continuous
current temperature Ti.
2
 ISC  5  234.5  TF 
 A  t  1.18x10 log10  234.5  Ti 
   
From Table 9-2 of IEEE Std 242-2001, for XLPE cable,

as TF=250oC and Ti=90oC. Substituting these temperature
values to above equation yields
I t
A  SC
143
This represents the minimum cross-sectional area

required to withstand the maximum short-circuit current ISC at
tripping time t of the protective device. In this study, the author
will consider the tripping time of the backup protective device
and applying the coordination time interval. This scheme will
ensure that the cable selected is fully protected by the primary
protective device and by the backup protection device in case
the primary protection device fails.

For KM5806
From the TCC of KM5806 in Figure 5.4, the tripping time of
the instantaneous relay at a maximum fault current of 20.34kA is
0.05s and with the same fault current, the tripping of 6.9kV bus
protection is 0.563s. The minimum required cross-sectional area is
I t (20,340) 0.563
A  SC   107.10mm2
143 143
The cross-sectional area of the cable used for KM5806 is
185mm2 which is more than the calculated minimum size of
108.14mm2 therefore the cable used is acceptable.
The table below shows the summary of results by performing

the same calculation procedure for the rest of MV equipment. Based
on the calculation results, all medium-voltage cables used are
satisfactory and can handle short-circuit condition with appropriate
primary and backup protection.
Table 5.24 Summary of Calculation for Minimum Cable

Ampacity for Medium-voltage Cable
Calculated Actual
Minimum Cable
Equipment Isc (A) t (s) Remarks
Cable Size Size
(mm2) (mm2)
KM5806 20,340 0.578 108.14 185 Satisfactory
YM7601 17,850 0.664 101.71 240 Satisfactory
KM8639 21,500 0.528 109.24 185 Satisfactory
KM8601 19,200 0.604 104.34 185 Satisfactory
PC001 22,490 0.503 111.54 185 Satisfactory
TRL3A 22,124 0.415 99.66 185 Satisfactory
TRL3B 22,000 0.375 94.21 185 Satisfactory
TRM1
(primary 22,318 0.929 150.42 630 Satisfactory
Cable)

5.4.2 Equipment Grounding Cable Verification
For Medium-voltage
PEC Sizing for KM5806 equipment grounding conductor
As per PEC 2009 Article 2.50.6.13 (d) Motor Circuits, “Where the
overcurrent device consists of an instantaneous trip circuit breaker
or a motor short-circuit protector, as allowed in 4.30.4.2, the
equipment grounding conductor size shall be permitted to be based
on the rating of the motor overload protective device but shall
not be less than the size shown in Table 2.50.6.13.”
The motor overload pickup setting for KM5806 is 68.75 A
and based in Table 2.50.6.13 (Table 5.25), the minimum size of the
equipment grounding conductor should be 8.0mm2. Note that the
actual equipment grounding conductor is 30mm2 which means that
it can safely handle the fault current flow back to the source.
Table 5.25 Minimum Size of Equipment Conductors (PEC 1-

2009)

The same procedure is repeated for the rest of the medium-
voltage loads and the results are summarized in Table 5.26 below.
Table 5.26 Summary of Equipment Grounding Conductor

Sizing for MV Loads
Motor
Overload Required Actual
Protection/ Minimum Equipment
Remarks
Equipment Rating of Size PEC Grounding
Protective 2.50.6.13 Conductor
Device (mm )2 Size (mm2)
(A)
KM5806 68.5 8 30 Satisfactory
YM7601 550 38 38 Satisfactory
KM8639 37.5 5.5 30 Satisfactory
KM8601 30.5 5.5 30 Satisfactory
PC001 224 22 30 Satisfactory
TRL3A 277 22 30 Satisfactory
TRL3B 277 22 30 Satisfactory
TRM1 1840 125 125 Satisfactory
Based on the sizing evaluation results, the size of

equipment grounding conductors of all medium-voltage loads are
sufficient.
For Low-voltage
From Table 5.22 and 5.23, the comparison of actual
equipment grounding conductor size and the minimum required as
per PEC is presented. Based on these tables, the size of equipment
grounding conductors for all low-voltage loads are sufficient.
5.4.3 Cable Sizing Evaluation
To ensure that the cables used are of the correct size, a
cable sizing verification is performed for each cable used on PE2
expansion. Same calculation is performed on medium-voltage loads
and low voltage loads and results are presented on Table 5.28, 5.29
and 5.30. Ampacities are based on Table 5.31 and 5.32 from cable
vendor.

Table 5.27 Calculation and Evaluation for Transformer Feeder
Cables
Equipment Actual Size Calculated Size Remarks
ID
TRM1 5x3-1C 630mm2 =1.25x 52000/(13.8x1.732x5) Satisfactory

=544A~ Table 5.32, in duct, 571A
Therefore, 5 x 3-1C 630mm2
TRL3A 1-3C 185mm2 =1.25x 3000/(6.9x1.732) Satisfactory
=251A~ Table 5.32, in duct 366A
Therefore, 1-3C 185mm2
TRL3B 1-3C 185mm2 =1.25x 3000/(6.9x1.732) Satisfactory
=251A~ Table 5.32, in duct 366A
On table 5.27, calculation is performed for transformer

feeder cables and found that all cables used are of the correct size.
Table 5.28 Calculation and Evaluation for MV Cables

Equipment Actual Size Calculated Size Remarks
ID
PE-KM5806 1-3C 185mm2 =1.25x60.846 Satisfactory
=76A~ Table 5.32, in air, 421A
(Minimum as per chapter 5.4.1)
PE-YM7601 3-1C 240mm2 =1.25x486/2 Insufficient
=304A~ Table 5.32, in air,562A
Therefore 2 x 3-1C 240mm2
PE-KM8639 1-3C 185mm2 =1.25x33 Satisfactory
=41A~ Table 5.32, in air,421A
Therefore 1-(3/C) 185mm2
PE-KM8601 1-3C 185mm2 =1.25x27 Satisfactory
=34A~ Table 5.32, in air, 421A
PC-001 1-3C 185mm2 =1.35x1800/(1.732x6.9) Satisfactory
=203A Table 5.32, in air, 421A
From Table 5.28, the cable size for PE-YM7601 is

insufficient at one (1) set of 3-1C 240mm2 and must be changed to
two (2) sets of 3-1C 240mm2 by adding another set of 3-1C
240mm2 XLPE cable. All other cables are satisfactory.

Table 5.29 Calculation and Evaluation for LV Cables for MCC8
FLC (A)
Ampacity Actual
HP From PEC Calculated
Equipment ID Required (A) Size Remarks
Rating I Table Size (mm2)
1.25 X FLC (mm2)
4.30.14.4
GM-1412 50 65 =1.25x65=81.25 16.00 70 Satisfactory
GM-1413 50 65 =1.25x65=81.25 16.00 70 Satisfactory
PE-YM4078 2 3.4 =1.25x3.4=4.25 2.50 2.5 Satisfactory
PE-GM4356 1 2.10 =1.25x2.1=2.625 2.50 2.5 Satisfactory
PE-GM4357 1 2.10 =1.25x2.1=2.625 2.50 2.5 Satisfactory
PE-SM4360 5 7.60 =1.25x7.6=9.5 2.50 6 Satisfactory
PE-SM6825 20 27.00 =1.25x27=33.75 4.00 95 Satisfactory

PE-SM6828 5 7.60 =1.25x7.6=9.5 2.50 2.5 Satisfactory
PE-SM6853 5 7.60 =1.25x7.6=9.5 2.50 2.5 Satisfactory

PE-KM6831-1 1 2.10 =1.25x2.1=2.625 2.50 2.5 Satisfactory

PE-YCM6832 2 3.40 =1.25x3.4=4.25 2.50 2.5 Satisfactory
PE-YCM6835 2 3.40 =1.25x3.4=4.25 2.50 2.5 Satisfactory
PE-YM6851 0.5 1.10 =1.25x1.1=1.375 2.50 2.5 Satisfactory
PE-GM-5814-1 1.5 3.00 =1.25x3=3.75 2.50 2.5 Satisfactory
PE-GM5821 25 34.00 =1.25x34=42.5 6.00 35 Satisfactory
PE-GM5812 10 14.00 =1.25x14=17.5 2.50 16 Satisfactory

PE-GM5815 30 40.00 =1.25x40=50 6.00 50 Satisfactory
PE-GM5825 40 52.00 =1.25x52=65 10.00 50 Satisfactory

PE-VM5814 200 240.00 =1.25x240=300 120.00 150 Satisfactory
PE-GM5806A-2 5 7.60 =1.25x7.6=9.5 2.50 6 Satisfactory
PE-GM5806B2 5 7.60 =1.25x7.6=9.5 2.50 6 Satisfactory
PE-GM5806BD-2 3 4.80 =1.25x4.8=6 2.50 4 Satisfactory
GM8102 10 14.00 =1.25x14=17.5 2.50 25 Satisfactory
GM8103A 50 65.00 =1.25x65=81.25 16.00 95 Satisfactory
GM8103S 50 65.00 =1.25x65=81.25 16.00 95 Satisfactory
PE-SM6800 =1.25x150=187.5 35.00 150 Satisfactory
PE-Y6860 =1.25x35=43.75 2.50 35 Satisfactory
PE-D6810 =1.25x35=43.75 2.50 35 Satisfactory
MNDB =1.25x240=300 240.00 240 Satisfactory
WRP-01 =1.25x120=150 35 120 Satisfactory

MCC EM2 =1.25x240=300 120.00 240 Satisfactory

GM-1504 =1.25x2.5=3.125 2.50 3 Satisfactory
=1.25x4=5 2.50 4 Satisfactory
PE-GM4351 =1.25x2.5=3.125 2.50 3 Satisfactory
Table 5.30 Calculation and Evaluation for LV Cables for MCC9

FLC (A)
Ampacity Calculated Actual
HP From PEC
Equipment ID Required (A) Size Size Remarks
Rating I Table
1.25 X FLC (mm2) (mm2)
4.30.14.4
PE-7601M1 60 77 =1.25x77=96.25 25.00 95 Satisfactory
PE-YM7610 25 68 =1.25x68=85 16.00 35 Satisfactory
PE-GM7612 100 124 =1.25x124=155 25.00 240 Satisfactory
PE-7601VG1M 30 40 =1.25x40=50 6.00 50 Satisfactory
PE-7601VG2M 30 40 =1.25x40=50 6.00 50 Satisfactory
PE-7604G1M-A 7.5 11 =1.25x11=13.75 2.50 10 Satisfactory
PE-7604G1M-B 7.5 11 =1.25x11=13.75 2.50 10 Satisfactory
7604K1M 5 7.6 =1.25x7.6=9.5 2.50 10 Satisfactory
PE-7601G1M 15 21 =1.25x21=26.25 2.50 25 Satisfactory
PE-7605G1M 25 34 =1.25x34=42.5 6.00 50 Satisfactory
PE-KM7615 10 14 =1.25x14=17.5 2.50 16 Satisfactory
PE-Y7730 15 21 =1.25x21=26.25 2.50 10 Satisfactory
PE-Y7733 5 7.6 =1.25x7.6=9.5 2.50 4 Satisfactory
PE-7604G3 20 27 =1.25x27=33.75 4.00 35 Satisfactory
PE-7604G4 20 27 =1.25x27=33.75 4.00 35 Satisfactory
PE-7601VG3M 2 3.4 =1.25x3.4=4.25 2.50 4 Satisfactory
PE-7601VG4M 2 3.4 =1.25x3.4=4.25 2.50 4 Satisfactory
PE-KM7604 25 34 =1.25x34=42.5 6.00 50 Satisfactory
SM8605 3 4.8 =1.25x4.8=6 2.50 2.5 Satisfactory
SM8606 0.5 1.1 =1.25x1.1=1.375 2.50 2.5 Satisfactory
KM8607 50 65 =1.25x65=81.25 16.00 25 Satisfactory

SM8614A 3 4.8 =1.25x4.8=6 2.50 4 Satisfactory

SM8645 200 240 =1.25x240=300 120.00 240 Satisfactory
PE-SM5611 15 21 =1.25x21=26.25 2.50 6 Satisfactory
PE-YM5611C 1 2.1 =1.25x2.1=2.625 2.50 2.5 Satisfactory
PE-YM5612 3 4.8 =1.25x4.8=6 2.50 6 Satisfactory
TR-Ex =1.25x431.3=539 2x95 240 Satisfactory
CP-7601 =1.25x1.6=2 2.50 4 Satisfactory
PE-YM7607 =1.25x121.9=152 50.00 185 Satisfactory
=1.25x264=330 120.00 120 Satisfactory

PE-S5961 =1.25x2.6=3 2.50 4 Satisfactory
=1.25x5.1=6 2.50 6 Satisfactory
Based on the above tables, all the low-voltage load cables

for both MCC8 and MCC9 are of the correct sizes.
For Motor Control Center and Switchgear Bus Bar Rating

Bus Bar Rating= 125% x FLC of highest motor load + sum of other
loads
For MCC8
Bus Bar Rating= 1.25(240) + (1671.1) =1972A
Actual Bus Bar Rating for MCC8 is 2000A, therefore it is sufficient
For MCC9
Bus Bar Rating= 1.25(240) + (1455.74) =1756A
Actual Bus Bar Rating for MCC9 is 2000A, therefore it is sufficient
6.9kV Switchgear
Bus Bar Rating= 1.25(485.894) + (772.7) =1380A
Actual Bus Bar Rating is 4000A, therefore it is sufficient

Table 5.31 Ampacity Table for Low-Voltage Cables (Source:
Fujikura Federal Cables Snd. Bhd)
Table 5.32 Ampacity Table for Medium-Voltage Cables

(Source: Fujikura Federal Cables Snd. Bhd)

CHAPTER 6
LARGE MOTOR STARTING ANALYSIS
The objectives of this large motor starting analysis are:

1. Evaluate the effect of starting large induction motors to the
power system voltage and to the transformer loading.
2. Evaluate the starting performance of the large motors by
calculating the normalized torque delivered during starting
(ILR/IFLA)STARTING or the locked-rotor torque based on the motor
terminal voltage. The calculated torque delivered during
starting will be compared against the normalized load torque
(ILR/IFLA)LOAD requirement.
The following motors included on this study are:

1. VRS Motor KM5806 (540kW)
2. Mixer Motor YM7601 (4850kW)
3. Blower Motor KM8639 (315kW)
4. Blower Motor KM8601 (250kW)
5. VRS Refrigeration Compressor VM5814 (155kW)
6. Pellet Blending Blower SM8645 (150kW)
6.1 Methodology
This motor starting study is an extension of the load flow

study conducted on Chapter 2. Using the Load Flow sheet developed
by the author, the starting kVA of each of the large motor is used to
determine the bus voltages, motor terminal voltage and starting
torque. The locked rotor power is calculated as follows:
I 
kVA STARTING   LR xkVA NOMINAL
 IFLA 
kWSTARTING  kVASTARTINGxPFSTARTING
kVAR STARTING  (kVA STARTING)2  (kWSTARTING)2
Chapter 6-Detailed Large Motor Starting Study Page 349

As per IEEE “Brown Book” Std 399-1997, the typical
starting power factor are as follow:
Motors below 1000hp - PFSTARTING = 0.20
Above 1000hp-PFSTARTING = 0.15
Using the starting kVA and starting power factor,
calculation is performed using the Load Flow Calculation sheet
developed by the author.
On the other hand, the starting performance of the motor
will be evaluated by determining the motor terminal voltage during
starting and the starting torque. The starting torque will be
compared against the load starting torque requirement.
The terminal voltage of the motor is given by the equation below:
V 
VTERM  3  6.9kVBUS  ISTARTINGZMOTORCABLE Equation (6.1)
 3 
Given that the torque delivered is proportional to the
square of the motor terminal voltage, the relation between the
normalized locked rotor torque at a given motor terminal voltage is
shown below:
 TLR 
  2
 TN  VX  VX 
 
 TLR   VNOMINAL  Equation (6.2)
 
 TN  VNOMINAL
Where
 TLR 
  is the normalized Locked-rotor torque at
 TN  VX
terminal voltage Vx during starting

 TLR 
  is the normalized locked-rotor torque
 TN  VNOMINAL
at nominal voltage VNOMINAL (see Table 6.1)

In order for the motor to successfully start, the starting
torque of the motor should be greater than the load torque.
Moreover, the voltage drop during starting should not be more than
15% of the nominal voltage rating of the motor. It should be noted
that the basis of the bus voltage calculations on the load flow sheet
is that the TRL3A and TRL3B tap changer is set at -2.5% or tap
number 4.
Table 6.1 Motor Torque Data

Motor Nominal TLR/TN
Motor Tag
Voltage (V) at Nominal Voltage
KM5806 6900 0.8
YM7601 6900 1.625
KM8639 6900 1.25
KM8601 6900 1.15
VM5814 480 2.8
SM8645 480 2.7
6.2 Starting Analysis
➢ For KM5806 Starting Scenario
Calculation of Bus Voltages

kVANOMINAL=727.175 kVA
ILR
 4.5 , PFSTARTING=0.20
IFLA
 I 
kVA STARTING   LR xkVA NOMINAL  (4.5)x(727.175)
 IFLA 
kVASTARTING  3272.287kVA
kWSTARTING  kVASTARTINGx PFSTARTING
 (3272.287)x(0.20)

kWSTARTING  654.457kW
kVAR STARTING  (kVA STARTING)2  (kWSTARTING)2
kVAR STARTING  (3272.287)2  (654.457)2
kVAR STARTING  3206.173kVAR
Using the above starting data, the values of the bus

voltages are calculated using the load flow sheet. It is assumed that
the TRL3A and TRL3B NVTC is set at -2.5% tap.
For this scenario, all other medium-voltage motors are
assumed running. Power Factor Correction System is on-line and in
automatic mode set at 90% at Bus 2. Under these conditions, it is
calculated that three (3) capacitors will be on-line equivalent to
900kVAR and the power factor at Bus 2 will be 90.919%. The
acceleration time of this motor is 2.3 seconds which is faster than
the reaction time of the Power Factor Correction System (PFCS) of
eight (8) seconds therefore the change in Bus 2 power factor during
starting or motor acceleration of KM5806 will not initiate corrective
action by the PFCS and the number of capacitor steps before
starting will be equal to the number of capacitor steps during
starting.
Table 6.2 Bus Voltage Calculation Result for KM5806 Starting

Before Starting During Starting After Starting
(Permissible % (Permissible % (Permissible %
KM5806
of Base of Base of Base
Voltage>98) Voltage>90) Voltage>98)
Bus % of Bus % of Bus % of
Voltage Base Voltage Base Voltage Base
Voltage Voltage Voltage
Bus 2 6827.58 98.95 6756.29 97.91 6818.15 98.81
(6.9kV Bus)
Bus 3 478.89 99.76 473.71 98.69 478.20 99.62
(MCC8)
Bus 4 479.91 99.98 474.75 98.90 479.23 99.84
(MCC9)

The calculation result from Table 6.2 shows that the bus
voltages before, during and after starting of KM5806 motor are all
within the permissible limits which ensures that the other running
motors will not stall and has no adverse effect on the power system.
The number of capacitor steps after the start-up of KM5806 will still
be three (3).
Table 6.3 Total Complex Power Requirement for Starting

KM5806
Complex Power Complex Power Complex Power
Requirement Requirement Requirement
(MW,MVAR,MVA) (MW,MVAR,MVA) (MW,MVAR,MVA)
6.756+j3.266 7.415+j6.603 7.280+j3.704
7.504/25.798 9.929/41.688 8.168/26.965
Based on the load flow result, at normal operating condition

with all other medium-voltage motors running and for reliability,
two (2) generators (8.375MVA each) are required. Based on Table
6.3, the total requirement during KM5806 startup is 7.415MW and
6.603MVAR or 9.929MVA which means that the two generators will
be able to share the load before, during and after KM5806 starting.
In terms of reactive power requirement, the maximum reactive
loading for each generator is about 6.650MVAR (inductive) and
during starting, the total reactive power requirement is 6.603MVAR.
This means that the two generators will share approximately
3.302MVAR of reactive power requirement which is below the
reactive power limit of one generator.
Table 6.3 also indicates that during starting, the total power
flow to TRM1 including the locked rotor MVA of KM5806 is
9.929MVA which is less than the rating of TRM1 (40MVA). This
means that TRM1 can handle KM5806 starting condition.

Calculation of KM5806 Terminal Voltage and Torque
From the results of the bus voltage calculation for KM5806

starting condition, the starting terminal voltage on the said motor is
calculated as
V 
VTERM  3  6.9kVBUS  ISTARTINGZMOTORCABLE
 3 
 6754.53 - j153.88 
VTERM  3   328.152  j65.6300.0400  j0.0333
 3 
VTERM  6756.293 V
This terminal voltage represents the transient value during

starting and is about 97.91% of base voltage (6900V) which is
within the permissible limit of 90%.
Using this voltage, the normalized locked-rotor torque
delivered by the motor (ratio of starting torque to nominal torque)
is calculated.
 TLR 
  2
 TN  VX  VX 
 
 TLR   VNOMINAL 
 
 TN  VNOMINAL
 TLR 
 
 TN  VX  6756.293 
2
 
0.8  6900 
 TLR 
   0.958
 TN  VX
The calculated locked rotor torque during starting of about

0.958 is compared against the load torque requirement during
starting. As shown in Figure 6.1, during starting the load requires a
torque of about 0.4 and the motor can deliver 0.958 which means
that KM5806 can be started successfully.

0.958
0.4
Figure 6.1 Combined Motor and Load Torque-speed curve for

KM5806
Calculating the rest of the large motors using the same

process and based on the motor starting data from Table 6.4 and
6.5.
Table 6.4 Large Motor Starting Data (Lock Rotor kVA)

Motor
kVASTARTING kWSTARTING kVARSTARTING ILR/IFLA PFSTARTING
Tag
KM5806 3,272.29 654.46 3,206.17 4.5 0.2
YM7601 31,938.46 4,790.77 31,577.11 5.5 0.15
KM8639 2,171.05 434.21 2,127.19 5.5 0.2
KM8601 1,765.08 353.02 1,729.42 5.5 0.2
VM5814 1234.4696 246.894 1209.528 6.5 0.2
SM8645 1206.086 241.217 1181.718 6.5 0.2
Table 6.5 Large Motor Starting Data (Lock Rotor Current)

Motor Tag ISTARTING ZMOTORCABLE
KM5806 328.152+j65.63 0.0400+j0.0333
YM7601 2016.186+j1754.082 0.04515+j0.0470
KM8639 178.132+j35.626 0.0279+j0.0232
KM8601 144.823+j28.964 0.0518+j0.0431
VM5814 1456.001+j291.2 0.05488+j0.0292
SM8645 941.054+j188.21 0.02115+j0.01798

The bus voltages and terminal voltage of each motor are
calculated using the load flow calculation sheet developed by the
author.
➢ YM7601 Starting Scenario

calculated that two (2) capacitor steps will be on-line equivalent to
eight (8) seconds therefore the change in power factor during
starting or motor acceleration will not initiate corrective action by
the PFCS and the number of capacitor steps before starting will be
equal to the number of capacitor steps during starting.
Table 6.6 Bus Voltage Calculation Results for DOL Starting of

YM7601
YM7601
Bus 2 (6.9kV 6872.56 99.60 6102.84 88.44 6818.1 98.81
Bus) 5
Bus 3 (MCC8) 482.16 100.31 426.14 88.77 478.21 99.62
Bus 4 (MCC9) 483.18 100.51 427.30 89.02 479.23 99.84
As shown in Table 6.6, the calculation result for the bus

voltages before and after starting the YM7601 showed acceptable
bus voltage. However, during starting, the transient voltage dip on
the three buses are all below the permissible value. It is therefore

recommended to use a suitable Reduce Voltage Starter (RVS) to
limit the starting current and to maintain the bus voltages above
the permissible limit. This will ensure that the running motors are
not going to stall. It is further recommended that an Auto
transformer type RVS should be used. A quick calculation on the
possible values of ILR/IFLA is shown in Table 6.6. These values are
derived from the load flow calculation sheet the author created. For
ILR/IFLA of 5.5 which is the original DOL value, the values of bus
voltages are below acceptable limit of more than 90%. By
decreasing the ratio down to 4.4, the values of the bus voltages
start to increase to permissible value of 90%.
Table 6.7 Simulation for Determining the RVS Tap

ILR/ Permissible % of YM7601 T/Tn T/Tn Delivered
IFLA Base Voltage>90 Terminal Starting Load Torque
Voltage Margin
Bus 2 Bus Bus 4 (V) (%)
3
5.5 88.44 88.77 89.02 6102.35 1.271 0.30 423.67

5 89.59 89.97 90.22 6180.84 1.303 434.63
4.5 90.70 91.15 91.38 6257.10 1.336 445.43
4.4 90.92 91.38 91.61 6272.10 1.342 447.57
4 91.78 92.28 92.51 6331.32 1.368 456.06
3.5 92.84 93.39 93.62 6403.65 1.400 466.54
3.3 93.25 93.82 94.05 6432.09 1.41 470.69
For a ILR/IFLA of 4.4, the percent tap of RVS is calculated as

 IP 
 VS   IP   IFLA 
   I 
 P   IS   S
V 
I 
 FLA 
 IP 
 VS   IFLA 
  I   4.4  0.8
 P  S
V  5.5
I 
 FLA 

Therefore, an RVS with an 80% reduction (tap) can be used
to achieve the permissible voltage dip on all buses during starting.

YM7601 without Auto Transformer
2.677+j1.218 or 7.602+37.244 or 7.281+j3.704 or
2.941/24.466 38.012/78.466 8.168/26.965
Although two(2) generators can supply the steady state

requirement, the starting condition with 38.012MVA or 7.302MW +
37.244MVAR requires running additional 5 generators to supply
primarily the required reactive power without exceeding the reactive
power generation limit of 6.650MVAR per generator. Using the
recommendation for an auto transformer starter of 80% tap, the
new starting power requirement is calculated through the load flow
sheet and results are summarized in Table 6.9. This will require
running additional four (4) generators during starting instead of five
(5) units. These results show that not only the bus voltages are
improved during starting with the use of auto transformer but also
the complex power requirement to start YM7601 becomes less and
hence more economical.
Table 6.8 also indicates that during starting without auto
transformer, the total required power flow to TRM1 to support
starting including the locked rotor MVA of YM7601 is 38.012 MVA
which is less than the rating of TRM1. With the auto transformer
starter, the total required power flow to TRM1 is reduced to
29.971MVA as shown in Table 6.9.

YM7601 with Auto Transformer at 80% Tap
2.677+j1.218 or 6.593+29.237 or 7.281+j3.704 or
2.941/24.466 29.971/77.294 8.168/26.965
➢ KM8639 Starting Scenario

calculated that three (3) capacitor steps will be on-line equivalent to
eight (8) seconds therefore the change in power factor during
starting or motor acceleration will not initiate corrective action by
the PFCS and the number of capacitor steps before starting will be
equal to the number of capacitor steps during starting.
Table 6.10 Bus Voltage Calculation Results for Starting of

KM8639
During Starting After Starting
Before Starting
(Permissible % (Permissible %
KM8639 (Permissible % of
of Base of Base
Base Voltage>98)
Voltage>90) Voltage>98)
Bus 2 6822.13 98.87 6774.93 98.18 6818.1 98.81
(6.9kV Bus) 5
Bus 3 478.50 99.44 475.06 98.97 478.21 99.62
(MCC8)
Bus 4 479.52 99.9 476.10 99.18 479.23 99.84
(MCC9)

The calculation results of voltages based on the above table
before starting, during starting and after starting of KM8639 shows
acceptable values. This means that there will be no voltage issues
when starting KM8639.

KM8639
7.018+j3.519or 7.454 +j5.729 or 7.280+j3.704 or
7.851/26.630 9.402/37.545 8.168/26.965
Calculation results for total complex power requirement

during starting of KM8639 is presented in Table 6.11. It shows that
two (2) generator units is sufficient to supply both steady state
condition and the starting condition of KM8639. Table 6.11 also
indicates that during starting the total required power flow to TRM1
to support starting including the locked rotor MVA of KM8639 is
9.402 MVA which is less than the rating of TRM1 (40MVA).
➢ KM8601 Starting Scenario

acceleration time of this motor is five (5) seconds which is faster
than the reaction time of the Power Factor Correction System
(PFCS) of eight (8) seconds therefore the change in power factor
during starting or motor acceleration of this motor will not initiate
corrective action by the PFCS and the number of capacitor steps

before starting will be equal to the number of capacitor steps during
starting.

KM8601
(V) Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Voltage
Bus 2 (6.9kV 6818.1
6821.14 98.86 6783.08 98.30 98.81
Bus) 5
Bus 3 (MCC8) 478.45 99.67 475.66 99.09 478.21 99.62
Bus 4 (MCC9) 479.47 99.88 476.69 99.31 479.23 99.84
The calculation results from the above table for voltages

before starting, during starting and after starting the KM8601 shows
when starting KM8601.

KM8601
7.038+j4.444 7.435 +j5.347 or 7.280+j3.704 or
8.324/32.271 9.158/35.724 8.168/26.965

during starting of KM8601 is presented in Table 6.13 and shows
that two (2) generator units is sufficient to supply both steady state
condition and the starting condition of KM8601. Table 6.11 also
indicates that during starting the total required power flow to TRM1,
to support starting including the locked rotor MVA of KM8639, is
9.158 MVA which is less than the rating of TRM1 (40MVA).

➢ VM5814 Starting Scenario

acceleration time of this motor is five (5) seconds which is faster
than the reaction time of the Power Factor Correction System
(PFCS) of eight (8) seconds therefore the change in power factor
during starting or motor acceleration of this motor will not initiate
corrective action by the PFCS and the number of capacitor steps
before starting will be equal to the number of capacitor steps during
starting.

VM5814
Before Starting During After Starting
(Permissible Starting (Permissible
% of Base (Permissible % of Base
Voltage>98) % of Base Voltage>98)
Voltage>90)
(V) Voltag (V) Voltag (V) Voltag
e e e
Bus 2 (6.9kV 6820.0 6791.8 6818.1
Bus) 4 98.88 7 98.43 5 98.81
Bus 3 (MCC8) 479.74 99.94 462.26 96.30 478.21 99.62
Bus 4 (MCC9) 479.39 99.87 477.33 99.44 479.23 99.84

before starting, during starting and after starting the VM5814 shows
when starting VM5814.

VM5814
Complex
Power
Complex Power Complex Power
Requirement
Requirement Requirement
Before
Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA) (MW,MVAR,MVA)
(MW,MVAR,MV
A)
TRM1 7.130+j3.598 7.391 +j4.935 or 7.280+j3.704 or
7.986/26.779 8.888/33.731 8.168/26.965
TRL3A 0.730+j0.467 0.984 +j1.725 or 0.876+j0.561 or
0.867/32.626 1.986/60.302 1.041/32.647

during starting of VM5814 is shown in Table 6.15. tells and shows
that two(2) generator units is sufficient to supply both steady state
condition and the starting condition of VM5814. Table 6.15 also
indicates that during starting the total required power flow to TRL3A
to support starting including the locked rotor MVA of KM8639 is
1.986 MVA which is less than the rating of TRL3A (3MVA).
➢ SM8645 Starting Scenario

assumed running. Power Factor Correction System is on-line and
in automatic mode set at 90% at bus 2. Under these conditions,
it is calculated that three (3) capacitors steps will be on-line
equivalent to 900kVAR and the power factor at bus 2 will be
91.357%.

SM8645
SM8645 Before Starting During Starting After Starting
(V) Voltage (V) Voltage (V) Voltage
Bus 2 (6.9kV Bus) 6819.77 98.83 6791.98 98.43 6818.15 98.81

Bus 3 (MCC8) 478.33 99.65 476.31 99.23 478.21 99.62
Bus 4 (MCC9) 480.33 1.00 463.31 96.52 479.23 99.84

before starting, during starting and after starting the SM8645 shows
when starting SM8645.

SM8645
Complex
Power
Complex Power Complex Power
Requirement
Requirement Requirement
Before
Starting
(MW,MVAR,MVA) (MW,MVAR,MVA)
(MW,MVAR,MV
A)
TRM1 7.172+j3.628 7.427 +j4.930 or 7.280+j3.704 or
8.038/26.836 8.914/33.576 8.168/26.965
TRL3B 0.668+j0.422 0.915 +j1.646 or 0.773+j0.489 or
0.790/32.287 1.883/60.924 0.915/32.320

during starting of SM8645 is presented in Table 6.17 and shows
that two (2) generator units is sufficient to supply both steady state
condition and the starting condition of SM8645. Table 6.17 also
indicates that during starting the total required power flow to
TRL3B, to support starting including the locked rotor MVA of
KM8639, is 1.883 MVA which is less than the rating of TRL3B
(3MVA).

The calculation for the terminal voltage and normalized
(with nominal) locked-rotor torque delivered of each of the large
motors is repeated using the same procedure used for KM5806 and
the results are summarized in Table 6.18. Since the torque
delivered by the motors during starting as shown in column four (4)
are all more than the load torque requirement in column five(5), all
the large motors will successfully start its load. Although, the torque
delivered by YM7601 can still drive the load at the given starting
terminal voltage of 6076.942V starting is affecting the bus voltages.
Table 6.18 Summary of Starting Torque Evaluation

Motor
TLOAD/TN
Terminal TLR/TN
TLR/TNOMINAL OMINAL
Motor Voltage at
at Starting Load Remarks
Tag (V)/ Nominal
Voltage Starting
%Voltage Voltage
Torque
Drop
TLR/TNOMINAL@starting
6,718.5 > TLOAD/TNOMINAL
KM5806 0.8 0.76 0.4
/(2.63%) Voltage Drop<15%,
Success Starting
6086.50 > TLOAD/TNOMINAL
YM7601 1.625 1.26 0.3
/(11.8%) Voltage Drop<15%,
Success Starting
TLR/TNOMINAL
6748.67
KM8639 1.25 1.20 0.532 > TLOAD/TNOMINAL
/(2.19%)
Voltage Drop<15%,
Success Starting
TLR/TNOMINAL
6753.32
KM8601 1.15 1.10 0.624 > TLOAD/TNOMINAL
/(2.12%)
Voltage Drop<15%,
Success Starting
TLR/TNOMINAL
358.104 > TLOAD/TNOMINAL
VM5814 /(25.4%) 2.8 1.56 1 Voltage Drop>15%,
Can start the motor
but can affect the
motor life.
TLR/TNOMINAL
436.884 TLR/TNOMINAL@starting
SM8645 2.7 2.24 0.293
/(8.98%) > TLOAD/TNOMINAL
Success Starting

Based on the above calculation results, all large motor can
deliver the required load torque during starting. For VM5814,
although it can deliver the required starting torque, it has high
voltage drop during starting. This reduced voltage can lead to
temperature rise above normal and over time of repeated starting
may result to reduced insulation life of the motor. It is therefore
recommended to increase the cable cross sectional area by
installing additional 150mm2 cable per phase. Using the load flow
sheet, this action will increase the terminal voltage to 405.2V and
decrease the starting voltage drop to 15.58% which is fairly
acceptable.

CHAPTER 7
ARC-FLASH ANALYSIS
The primary objective of an arc-flash study is to determine

the amount of incident energy based on the available perspective
three-phase arc fault current, clearing time of the protective device
during an arc fault, gap between live parts and the working
distance. The calculated incident energies will either be used to
verify that the existing arc-flash rating of the PPE is sufficient or to
specify the arc rating of the new PPE. Another objective of an arc-
flash study is to calculate and define arc-flash boundary or the flash
protection boundary. This boundary is the distance from the arc
source in which the heat energy experienced by the skin is about
1.2 cal/cm2 which is the minimum heat energy required to incur a
curable second degree burn. According to PEC 1 2009 article
1.10.1.16 “1.10.1.16 Flash Protection. Switchboards, panel boards,
industrial control panels, meter socket enclosures, and motor
control centers that are in other than dwelling occupancies and are
likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance
while energized shall be field marked to warn licensed electrical
practitioner or non-licensed electrical practitioner under the
supervision of a licensed electrical practitioner of potential electric
arc-flash hazards. The marking shall be located so as to be clearly
visible to licensed electrical practitioner or non-licensed electrical
practitioner under the supervision of a licensed electrical
practitioner before examination, adjustment, servicing, or
maintenance of the equipment.” The markings must contain
information such as calculated incident energy at a given working
distance, PPE arc-flash rating required, and the flash protection
boundary.
Chapter 7-Arc-Flash Analysis Page 367

This analysis will evaluate 4 medium-voltage arc-flash
points and 6 low-voltage switchgear and low-voltage panels arcing
energy or incident energy, hazard level and will specify the level of
PPE required as well as the flash protection boundaries.
The analysis will be based on IEEE 1584-2004 Guide for
Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations [9]. According to this
standard, the arcing fault current can be calculated using Equation
7.1 for low-voltage systems and Equation 7.2 for medium-voltage
system.
For Low-Voltage
Log(I ARC )  K  0.662 log(ISC )  0.0966V  0.000562G
 0.5588V log(ISC )  0.0034G log(ISC )
Equation (7.1)
Log(IARC)
I ARC  10
For Medium-Voltage
Log(I ARC )  0.00402  0.983 log(ISC )
Equation (7.2)
Log(IARC)
I ARC  10
Where IARC is the arcing current in kA

K is -0.153 for open air and -0.097 for arcing in a box
ISC is bolted three-phase short-circuit current (symmetrical
RMS)
V is the system voltage in kV
G is the conductor gap in mm
The normalized incident (Ein) energy for 0.2 seconds clearing time
and 610mm working distance is give as
Log(Ein)=k1 +k2 + 1.081log(IARC) +0.0011G
Ein=10Log(Ein) Equation (7.3)
The incident energy at a specific location (Ei) is calculated as

Ei=4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610/D)x Equation (7.4)
Where k1 is the open air or box factor (-0.792 for Open and -
0.555 for boxed)
k2 is the ungrounded/grounded factor (0 for ungrounded and
-0.113 for grounded system)
Cf is the calculation factor (1.5 for LV and 1.0 for MV)
D is working distance
X is the distance factor 2.0 for LV & MV open air, 0.973 for MV
switchgear, 1.473 for LV switchgear, 1.641 for MCC and panel
Another objective of arc-flash study is to determine the arc-

flash boundary which is defined by IEEE 1584 as “approach limit at
a distance from exposed live parts within which a person could
receive a second degree burn if an electrical arc-flash were to
occur”. The incident energy at that boundary that can incur such
injury is about 5 Joule/cm2. The arc-flash boundary (DB) is
calculated as
DB=[4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610x/EB)]1/x Equation (7.5)
Where DB is the distance from arc in mm

EB = incident energy at the arc-flash boundary, typically
1.2 cal/cm2 or 5 Joules/cm2
Ein = incident energy normalized
Cf = calculation factor
t = arcing time in seconds from overcurrent device time
current curve
X = distance exponent
Additional calculation using 85% of the estimated arcing

current should also be evaluated to determine if the slightly lower
current would yield a longer clearing time resulting in greater total
incident energy.

Table 7.1 Arc-Flash Hazard Level (IEEE-1584:2004)
Min Incident Max Incident Energy Hazard Level
Energy (cal/cm2) (cal/cm2)
0 Eb 0
Eb + 0.001 4 1
4.001 8 2
8.001 25 3
25.001 40 4
40.001 and above Not available
7.1 Arc-Flash Calculation for Medium-Voltage System
13.8kV Power Plant

Switchgear
52
AFP-1
AFP-2
6.9kV
Switchgear 52
AFP-3
52 52 52 52 52 52 52
TRL3A TRL3B
AFP-4
M M M M
KM5806 YM7601 KM8639 KM8601
To To
MCC8 MCC9
Figure 7.1 Arc-Flash location diagram for medium-voltage

system

Load Side of 52TRM1P
Calculation of Arcing Fault Current

From the result of three-phase short-circuit analysis in Chapter 4,
ISC= 23.25kA. Both the 100% and 85% of arcing fault are
calculated using the Equation 7.2,
Log(IARC )  0.00402  0.983 log(ISC )

IARC  10Log(IARC)
Log(I ARC )  0.00402  0.983 log(23.24)  1.347

I ARC  101.3476  22.239kA
I85%ARC  18.9kA
Using this calculated arcing current, the normalized incident energy

is calculated as
k1=-0.555, k2=-0.113, G=153mm
Ein=10Log(Ein)
Log(Ein)=-0.555-0.113+1.081log(22.239) + 0.0011(153)
Log(Ein)=0.956
Ein=100.956=9.047 joule/cm2
Calculating the incident energy at 85% arcing fault current

Log(Ein)=-0.555-0.113+1.081log(18.9) + 0.0011(153)
Log(Ein)=0.88
Ein=100.88=7.59 joule/cm2

Using this normalized incident energies and Equation 7.3, the
specific incident energy for a working distance (D) of 457mm is
calculated as
Ei=4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610/D)x
Cf=1.0 (for MV System), x=0.973 for MV switchgear
D=600mm
Clearing time of Relay Primary protective device of TRM1 51PTRM1P

at 100% arcing fault is
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 3.31  0.414 second
  22.239 2 
  1 
  1.84  
And the clearing time of the same relay at 85% arcing fault is
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 3.31  0.45 second
  18.9 2 
  1 
  1.84  
Incident energy at 100% arcing fault current is
Ei= 4.184 (1.0) (9.047) (0.414/0.2) (610/600)0.973

Ei=79.63 joule/cm2 or
Ei=79.63 x (1.2/5) cal/cm2 = 19.11 cal/cm2

Ei= 4.184 (1.0) (7.59) (0.45/0.2) (610/600)0.973

Ei=72.61 x (1.2/5) cal/cm2 = 17.43 cal/cm2
As per IEEE 1584, both 100% and 85% incident energies

correspond to a hazard level 3 and would require a PPE rating of 25
cal/cm2.
Arc-Flash Boundary Calculation

Using the Equation 7.5, the arc-flash boundary is calculated as
DB=[4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610x/EB)]1/x
At 100% arcing current:

DB=[4.184 (1) (9.05) (0.414/0.2) (6100.973/5)]1/0.973
DB=10321mm

DB=[4.184 (1) (7.59) (0.45/0.2) (6100.973/5)]1/0.973
DB=9384mm
This result implies that if there is an operational need to

open the 13.8kV load side switchgear (BAC901) at power plant for
maintenance or inspection while energized, a safety barrier of 10.3
meters from the circuit breaker cubicle should be maintained and
only personnel with a 25cal/cm2 arc-flash suit should be allowed to
enter the said barrier.

The calculation results are presented in Table 7.2, 7.3 and
7.4 by applying the same procedure to the rest of the medium-
voltage switchgears
Table 7.2 Calculation Results for Normalized Incident Energy

ARC- En En
Isc Iarc
FLASH Location (j/cm2) (j/cm2)
(kA) (kA)
POINT 100% 85%
1 BAC901 Panel 52TRM1P 23.25 22.24 9.05 7.59
2 6.9kV Incoming Panel 20.13 19.30 7.76 6.51
52TRM1S
3 6.9kV Switchgear 20.13 19.30 7.76 6.51
4 PC001 Panel 19.78 18.98 7.62 6.39
Note: k1=-0.555, k2=-0.113, G=153mm
Table 7.3 Calculation Results for Incident Energy At 100%

Arcing Fault Current Level
ARC-
t E E Hazard
FLASH Location
(s) (J/cm2) (cal/cm2) Level
POINT
1 BAC901 Panel 0.41 79.73 19.14 3
52TRM1P
2 6.9kV Incoming 0.81 134.46 32.27 4
Panel 52TRM1S
3 6.9kV Switchgear 0.60 99.16 22.80 3
4 PC001 Panel 0.05 8.10 1.94 1
Note: Cf=1, D=600mm, x=0.973

Arcing Fault Current Level
ARC-
t E E Hazard
FLASH Location
(s) (J/cm2) (cal/cm2) Level
POINT
1 BAC901 Panel 52TRM1P 0.40 64.89 17.40 3
2 6.9kV Incoming Panel 0.91 126.23 33.65 4
52TRM1S
3 6.9kV Switchgear 0.71 98.02 24.82 3
4 PC001 Panel 0.05 6.80 1.63 1
Note: Cf=1, D=600mm, x=0.973

Table 7.5 Calculation Results for Arc-Flash Boundary (AFB)
for Medium-Voltage Loads
ARC-FLASH AFB (mm) AFB (mm)
Location
POINT 100% 85%
1 BAC901 Panel (52TRM1P) 10332 9368
2 6.9kV Incoming Panel 17678 18456
(52TRM1S)
3 6.9kV Switchgear 12927 13496
4 PC001 Panel 985 823
For both arc-flash point 1 and 4, the highest incident

energies occur at 100% arc current at 19.14 cal/cm2 (Hazard level
3) and 1.94 cal/cm2(Hazard level 1) respectively. These arc-flash
energies and its corresponding arc-protection boundaries will be
used in the arc-flash label as shown in Figure 7.2 and Figure 7.11.
Values of shock protection boundaries are derived from NFPA 70E
table 130.4(C)(a) (see table 7.6) are also shown in the arc-flash
labels.
For arc-flash point 2 and 3, the highest incident energies
occur at 85% arc current (reduced current) at 33.65cal/cm2(Hazard
level 4) and 24.82cal/cm2 (Hazard level 3). This is because on some
situation, a relatively lower current corresponds to a longer tripping
time and could result to relatively higher incident energy. This is the
reason why IEEE-1584 recommends the calculation of both 100%
and 85% arc current. The results of the calculations are reflected in
the arc-flash label as shown in Figure 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8,
7.9 and 7.11.
From the results of the calculation for the MV switchgear, it
is recommended to use an arc-flash resistant suit rated 40cal/cm2
suitable to an arc-flash Hazard level 4. It should be clearly noted
that live maintenance is not preferred but there are situations
where live inspection is required in which case the both the arc-
flash rated suit shall be wear and arc-flash protection boundaries
should be observed where only arc-flash rated suit of appropriate

rating shall be allowed to enter the said boundaries. The PPE
requirement is based on NFPA 70E Table 130.7(C)(16).
Table 7.6 Approach Boundaries to Energized Electrical

Conductors or Circuit Parts for shock Protection for AC
System (NFPA 70E, table 130.4(C)(a))
! WARNING
Arc-Flash and Shock Hazard
Appropriate PPE Required
Equipment ID: 52TRM1P (BAC901 Panel)
Arc-Flash Protection Shock Protection
Flash Protection Boundary(mm): 10332 13.8kVac Shock Hazard When: Open

Hazard Risk: 3
Incident Energy (cal/cm2): 19.14 Limited Approach Boundary: 1.5 m
PPE:
Arc-rated long-sleeve shirt Restricted Approach Boundary: 0.7 m
Arc-rated pants (AR)
Arc-rated coverall (AR) Prohibited Approach Boundary: 0.2 m
Arc-rated arc flash suit jacket (AR)
Arc-rated arc flash suit pants (AR)
Arc-rated arc flash suit hood
Arc-rated gloves, Hard hat
Safety glasses, Hearing protection
Leather work shoes
Date of Calculation: May 25, 2017
Figure 7.2 52TRM1P (BAC901 Panel) Arc-flash and Shock

Hazard Label

! WARNING
Equipment ID: 52TRM1S (6.9kV Incoming Panel)

Hazard Risk: 4
PPE:
Leather work shoes
Figure 7.3 52TRM1S (6.9kV Incoming Panel) Arc-flash and

Shock Hazard Label
! WARNING
Equipment ID: 6.9kV Switchgear-KM5806

Hazard Risk: 3
PPE:
Leather work shoes Date of Calculation: May 25, 2017
Figure 7.4 6.9kV Switchgear-KM5806 Arc-flash and Shock

Hazard Label

! WARNING
Equipment ID: 6.9kV Switchgear-YM7601

Hazard Risk: 3
PPE:
Figure 7.5 6.9kV Switchgear-YM7601 Arc-flash and Shock

Hazard Label
! WARNING

Hazard Risk: 3
PPE:
Leather work shoes

Hazard Label

! WARNING

Hazard Risk: 3
PPE:
Leather work shoes

Hazard Label
! WARNING
Equipment ID: 6.9kV Switchgear-TRL3A Feeder

Hazard Risk: 3
PPE:
Safety glasses, Hearing protection Date of Calculation: May 25, 2017
Leather work shoes
Figure 7.8 6.9kV Switchgear-TRL3A Feeder Arc-flash and

Shock Hazard Label

! WARNING
Equipment ID: 6.9kV Switchgear-TRL3B Feeder

Hazard Risk: 3
PPE:
Leather work shoes
Figure 7.9 6.9kV Switchgear-TRL3B Feeder Arc-flash and

Shock Hazard Label
! WARNING
Equipment ID: 6.9kV Switchgear-PC001 Feeder

Hazard Risk: 3
PPE:
Leather work shoes
Figure 7.10 6.9kV Switchgear-PC001 Feeder Arc-flash and

Shock Hazard Label

! WARNING
Equipment ID: PC001 Panel

Hazard Risk: 1
PPE:
Arc-rated long-sleeve shirt and pants Restricted Approach Boundary: 0.7 m
OR
arc-rated coverall Prohibited Approach Boundary: 0.2 m
AND
Arc-rated face shield
Arc-rated jacket, parka, rainwear
Hard hat, Safety glasses,
Hearing protection
Heavy duty leather gloves
Leather work shoes
Figure 7.11 PC001 Panel Arc-flash and Shock Hazard Label
7.2 Arc-Flash Calculation for Low-Voltage System
AFP-5
52
AFP-6
AFP-7
M
TYPICAL
LV
MOTOR EMDB/MNDB
PANEL
Figure 7.12 Arc-Flash location diagram for low-voltage

system MCC8
AFP-8
52
AFP-9
AFP-10
M
TYPICAL
LV
MOTOR YM7607 VFD
PANEL
Figure 7.13 Arc-flash location diagram for low-voltage

system MCC9
Line side of secondary breaker of TRL3A

 Calculation of Arcing Fault Current
From the result of three-phase short-circuit analysis in Chapter 4,
ISC= 46kA. Both the 100% and 85% of arcing fault are calculated
using the Equation 7.1,
Log(I ARC )  K  0.662 log(ISC )  0.0966V  0.000562G
 0.5588V log(ISC )  0.0034G log(ISC )
I ARC  10Log(IARC)
Log(I ARC )  0.097  0.662 log(46)  0.0966(0.48)  0.000562(32)

 0.5588V log(46)  0.0034G log(46)
I ARC  10Log(1.351)  22.45kA

Using this calculated arcing current, the normalized incident energy
is calculated as
k1=-0.555, k2=-0.113, G=32mm
Ein=10Log(Ein)
Log(Ein)=-0.555-0.113+1.081log(22.45) + 0.0011(32)
Log(Ein)=0.8278
Ein=100.8278=6.727 joule/cm2
Calculating the incident energy at 85% arcing fault current

Log(Ein)=-0.555-0.113+1.081log(19.081) + 0.0011(32)
Log(Ein)=0.7515
Ein=100.7515=5.643 joule/cm2
Using this normalized incident energies and Equation 7.3, the

specific incident energy for a working distance (D) of 457mm is
calculated as
Ei=4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610/D)x
Cf=1.5 (for LV System), x=1.64 for LV switchgear
D=600mm
Clearing time of Relay Primary protective device of TRL3A

51PTRL3AP at 100% arcing fault is
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 3.16  0.692 second
  22.45(0.48 / 6.9) 2 
  1 
 0.27  

And the clearing time of the same relay at 85% arcing fault is
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 3.16  0.845 second
  0.85(22.45)(0.48 / 6.9) 2 
  1 
 0.27  
Ei= 4.184 (1.5) (6.727) (0.692/0.2) (610/600)1.641

Ei=150.09 x (1.2/5) cal/cm2 = 36.02 cal/cm2
Ei= 4.184 (1.5) (5.643) (0.845/0.2) (610/600)1.641

Ei=153.79 x (1.2/5) cal/cm2 = 36.91 cal/cm2
As per IEEE 1584, both 100% and 85% incident energies

correspond to a hazard level 3 and would require a PPE rating of 40
cal/cm2.
 Arc-Flash Boundary Calculation

Using the Equation 7.5, the arc-flash boundary is calculated as
DB=[4.184 Cf Ein (t/0.2) (610x/EB)]1/x

DB=[4.184 (1.5) (6.727) (0.692/0.2) (6101.641/5)]1/1.641
DB=4770mm

DB=[4.184 (1.5) (5.643) (0.845/0.2) (6101.641/5)]1/1.641
DB=4841mm
This result implies that if there is an operational need to

open the line side of secondary breaker of TRL3A of MCC8 for
maintenance or inspection while energized, a safety barrier of 4.8
meters from the circuit breaker cubicle should be maintained and
only personnel with a 40 cal/cm2 arc-flash suit should be allowed to
enter the said barrier.
The results of calculation are presented in Table 7.7, 7.8,
7.9 and 7.10 by repeating the same procedure for the rest of the
medium-voltage switchgears.
Table 7.7 Calculation Results for Normalized Incident Energy

ARC-
FLASH Location Isc Iarc En En
POINT
5 MCC8 480V Incoming 46 22.45 6.727 5.643
6 MCC8 Switchgear 46 22.45 6.727 5.643
7 MNDB/EMDB Panel 46 22.45 6.727 5.643
8 MCC9 480V Incoming 47 22.85 6.859 5.754
9 MCC9 Switchgear 47 22.85 6.859 5.754
10 VFD Panel (typical) 23.44 12.8 3.666 3.075

Arcing Fault Current Level for Low-Voltages Loads
ARC-
E E Hazard
FLASH Location
POINT
(J/cm2) (cal/cm2) Level
5 MCC8 480V 150.14 36.03 4
Incoming
6 MCC8 Switchgear 89.35 21.44 3
7 MNDB/EMDB Panel 6.51 1.56 1
8 MCC9 480V 135.30 32.47 4
Incoming
9 MCC9 Switchgear 72.34 17.36 3
10 VFD Panel (typical) 3.55 0.85 1

Arcing Fault Current Level for Low-Voltages Loads
ARC-
E E Hazard
FLASH Location t (s)
(J/cm2) (cal/cm2) Level
POINT
5 MCC8 480V 0.77 153.79 36.91 4
Incoming
6 MCC8 Switchgear 0.37 93.86 22.53 3
7 MNDB/EMDB Panel 0.03 5.46 1.31 1
8 MCC9 480V 0.75 138.14 33.15 4
Incoming
9 MCC9 Switchgear 0.30 75.79 18.19 3
10 VFD Panel (typical) 0.03 2.97 0.71 1
Table 7.10 Calculation Results for Arc-Flash Boundary (AFB)

for Medium-Voltage Loads
AFB (mm) AFB (mm)
ARC-FLASH POINT Location
100% 85%
5 MCC8 480V Incoming 4770 4841
6 MCC8 Switchgear 3477 3583
7 MNDB/EMDB Panel 704 633
8 MCC9 480V Incoming 4477 4534
9 MCC9 Switchgear 3057 3145
10 VFD Panel (typical) 487 437
Based on the results of Low-voltage arc-flash calculation,

the maximum incident energy will be generated by an arc-flash
event at the line side of secondary breaker of TRL3A/B with a
calculated energy at 100% arcing current of 36.03/32.47 cal/cm2
and at 85% arcing current of 36.91/33.15 cal/cm2. For both
situation, the hazard level is 4 and requires PPE rating of 40cal/cm2
and an arc-flash boundaries of about 4.8m. These distances from
the breaker cubicle must be maintained in case there is a need to
perform live inspection and maintenance. These boundaries should
only be accessed by personnel with appropriate training and
equipped with arc-flash suit rated at 40cal/cm2. As shown in Table
7.9, the minimum arc-flash boundary is at the load side of the LV
VFD panel which is about 437mm and requires an arc-flash suit of
5cal/cm2.

! WARNING
Equipment ID: MCC8 480V Incoming
Flash Protection Boundary(mm): 4841 480Vac Shock Hazard When: Open

Hazard Risk: 4
Incident Energy (cal/cm2): 36.91 Limited Approach Boundary: 1 m
PPE:
Arc-rated coverall (AR) Prohibited Approach Boundary: 25 mm
Leather work shoes
Figure 7.14 MCC8 480V Incoming Arc-flash Label
! WARNING
Equipment ID: MCC8 Switchgear

Hazard Risk: 3
PPE:
Leather work shoes
Figure 7.15 MCC8 Switchgear Arc-flash Label

! WARNING
Equipment ID: MNDB/EMDB Panel

Hazard Risk: 1
PPE:
OR
arc-rated coverall Prohibited Approach Boundary: 25 mm
AND
Hearing protection
Leather work shoes
Figure 7.16 MNDB/EMDB Arc-flash Label
! WARNING
Equipment ID: MCC9 480V Incoming

Hazard Risk: 4
PPE:
Leather work shoes
Figure 7.17 MCC9 480V Incoming Arc-flash Label

! WARNING
Equipment ID: MCC9 Switchgear

Hazard Risk: 3
PPE:
Leather work shoes
Figure 7.18 MCC9 Switchgear Arc-flash Label
! WARNING
Equipment ID: YM7607 Panel

Hazard Risk: 1
PPE:
OR
arc-rated coverall Prohibited Approach Boundary: 25 mm
AND
Hearing protection
Figure 7.19 YM7607 Arc-flash Label

Source: http://www.arcflashsuits.com
Figure 7.20 Sample arc-resistance clothing with 40cal/cm2

rating for Hazard Category 3 and 4
Figure 7.21 Sample arc-flash face shield and protective

jacket with 8cal/cm2 rating for Hazard Category 1

CHAPTER 8
FIRE PUMP
This chapter will conduct an evaluation and provide

recommendations to JG Summit Petrochemical Corporation’s Electric
Fire Pump. The first part will cover the evaluation of existing
installation and its conformance to the provisions of Article 6.95 of
Philippine Electrical Code Part 1 [11]. The second part will provide
recommendations as well as sizing of major equipment and design
analysis. The design analysis will cover voltage drop calculation,
short circuit calculation, device coordination, arc-flash calculation
and Grounding Grid for the Fire Pump Substation Station.
8.1 Evaluation of Existing Installation
8.1.1 Fire Pump System Overview

JGSPC’s fire-fighting system consist of one (1) electric
driven pump, two (2) diesel driven pumps and a jockey pump as
shown in the piping and instrumentation diagram on Figure 8.1.
This system is protecting JGSPC’s critical process equipment such as
vessels, tanks, pumps, compressors, reactors and auxiliary process
equipment. The system is maintaining the water pressure of the fire
water header at 13 bars via a combination of pressure control valve
and a jockey pump. In case of fire, header pressure will drop and
the three main fire pumps will automatically run based on pre-
assigned pressure cut-in values for each pump. If the header
pressure falls below 9 bars, the electric-driven pump will
automatically start, if it continues to drop to 5 bars, the first diesel
engine pump will automatically run and lastly if the pressure drops
below 3 bars, the last diesel-driven engine pump will automatically
start. All these start sequence is trigger by pressure sensing device
Chapter 8-Fire Pump Page 391
installed on each pump. Status of the pump condition is monitored
remotely via plant Distributed Control System by the panel
Operator.
Figure 8.1 P&ID of Fire Water System of JGSPC
8.1.2 Electric Fire Pump Motor Data (GM9900)

The electric driver G9900 is a 600hp, 6.9kV, 3 phase
medium-voltage motor as shown in figure below with the complete
electrical specification shown in Table 8.1.
Figure 8.2 G9900 Fire Pump

Table 8.1 Electrical Specification for G9900 Fire Water Pump
Horsepower 600hp Service factor 1.15
Full load current 47.7A Enclosure TEFC
Voltage 6900V Insulation F
Phase 3 Frame 5810
Locked rotor current 320A Ambient 40oC
Full load RPM 1786 Frequency 60Hz
8.1.3 Fire Pump Controller

Existing fire pump controller is a METRON MV600 UL listed
medium-voltage fire pump controller. This controller is already on
its end-of-life state with several components failing and corroded
panel.
Figure 8.3 Existing Fire Pump Controller Panel
8.1.4 Power Source

Power to the electric-driven fire pump comes from the
6.9kV feeder of TRM. The 3C-25mm2 XLPE MV cable is routed
through cable trays which traverse the process area and into the

fire pump controller as shown in Figure 8.3. This process area is a
fire hazard zone and has a high potential for a fire which may cause
damage to the fire pump cable and impaired the operation of the
fire pump on demand.
8.1.5 Reliability of Existing Source

Based on the power plant interruption record from January
2012 up to May 2017, there were four (4) power plant trips one
with more than four (4) hours downtime as summarized in Table
8.2 below. According to NFPA 20 Annex A.9.3.2, a reliable power
source has not experienced any shutdowns longer than four (4)
continuous hours [13]. This means that the power plant cannot be
considered as a reliable source. The plant has two (2) diesel-driven
fire pumps and with that condition, NEC 695.3 B 2 exception allows
a single source of reliable power [14]. However, for the last five (5)
years, there were several incidents of diesel engine failure during a
scheduled fire pump test run and therefore cannot be considered as
reliable.
Table 8.2 Power Plant Power Interruption Record (from Jan

2013 up to May 2017)
Date and Time Duration Cause
11/30/2014 10:20:48 2hrs Diesel Generator trip
PM (controller issue)
5/22/2016 7:49:07 PM 8hrs Lightning Strikes
10/10/2016 7:54:44 PM 2hrs Diesel generator issue trip
(controller issue)
3/5/2017 8:5:04 AM 2hrs Diesel generator issue
(controller issue)

8.1.6 Design Considerations and Recommendations
1. Since the fire pump motor cable traversed the process area
where fire hazard exists, it is recommended to re-route the
cable outside the process area to ensure the continuity of
power to the fire pump in an event of fire. The cable used is
not a fire resistant cable so it is also recommended to replace
the cable with fire resistant cable with 2 hours fire rating.
Cable tray shall be used on the entire length and will serve
the required mechanical protection.
2. Existing normal power is not tapped ahead of supply and its
circuit is part of normal loads from a common transformer
serving other utilization equipment. It is recommended to
connect the supply from 13.8kV power plant generator bus
utilizing the spare feeder and 630A SF6 Circuit breaker as well
as a dedicated 13.8kV to 6.9kV step down transformer.
3. The plant has two diesel engine driven fire pumps therefore
no alternative power is required as permitted by NEC 695.3 B
2 exception [14]. However, for the last five (5) years, there
were several incidents of diesel engine failure during a
scheduled fire pump test run and these engines are not
reliable. On the other hand, the power plant is deemed not
reliable as there was at least one (1) incident of total power
failure of more than four (4) hours. Moreover, the power plant
itself is being protected by the fire protection system and a
fire event within the power plant area can impaired the
normal power supply to the fire pump. It is therefore
recommended to install a standby generator located within
the fire pump area.
4. The step-down transformer 13.8kV-6.9kV shall be located
within the fire pump area. Oil-immersed/sealed type shall be
used.

5. Existing fire pump controller is already on its end-of-life phase
and shall be replaced with a new UL listed DOL fire pump
controller with NEMA 4X IP rating.

8.2 Design Calculations
Based on the recommendations from 8.1.6, the proposed
design of electric fire pump system is shown below in Figure 8.5.
G
Power Plant
52FP Dedicated Feeder (from

Spare 630A SF6 CB)
(existing)
Cable (new)
TRFP
Transformer BGENFP
13.8kV-6.9kV Backup
(new) G Generator
(new)
Cable (new)
TSFP
(new)
Fire Pump
Controller
FPC (new)
Cable (new)
Fire Pump
GM9900
(existing)
Figure 8.5 Simple Single Line Drawing for Fire pump

On this proposed design, the normal power will be
connected directly to the power plant bus via a spare breaker as
instead of its current set up shown in Figure 8.6. The new cable will
be routed outside of the process area via existing cable tray support
structures. The new stepdown transformer will be installed within
the fire pump area along with the new backup Generator set, new
fire pump controller, new transfer switch panel, switchgear for
backup generator breaker.

8.2.1 Generator Load Calculation (power plant)
To verify that the power plant can provide the load required
by the fire pump motor to supply indefinitely its locked-rotor
current, the required MVA is calculated below.
Re quired Locked Rotor MVA  3 x ILRC x V

Re quired Locked Rotor MVA  (1.732)(320)(6900)
Re quired Locked Rotor MVA  3.824MVA
Each generator has 8.375MVA so at least one generator is

required to successfully start, run and supply the locked-rotor MVA
of the fire pump should there be a fire within the plant.
8.2.2 Standby Generator Sizing (alternative power)

With the consideration of normal starting, running and
locked rotor condition, the size of the standby generator is
approximately
Re quired Locked Rotor MVA  3 x ILRC x V

Re quired Locked Rotor MVA  (1.732)(320)(6900)
Re quired Locked Rotor MVA  3.824MVA
Consider 3.824MVA or 4MVA diesel generator set with

3phase 6900kV 60Hz output wye solidly grounded. However,
voltage drop during motor starting will be calculated later in this
chapter and will determine the minimum generator size required to
satisfy the starting and running voltage drop using typical values of
reactance and X/R ratio as shown on Table 8.3.

Table 8.3 Typical Reactance and X/R ratio for Wye-Grounded
Synchronous Generator
Generator Capacity (MVA) X” X/R
1.00 0.15 22.8176

1.50 0.15 24.6035
2.00 0.15 25.5712
2.50 0.15 26.2547
3.00 0.15 26.8206
3.50 0.15 27.3333
4.00 0.15 27.8207
Source: SKM Power Tools
8.2.3 Transformer Sizing

Transformer is sized at a minimum of 125% of the FLC of
the fire pump motor.
FLC  47.7A
Transformer  1.25 x 3 x IFLC x V
Transformer  (1.25)(1.732)(47.7)(6900)
Transformer  712.6kVA
Say 1MVA but for future expansion consideration where
there is a possibility of adding another fire pump of the same size,
2MVA is selected. Transformer specification will be as follows:
Table 8.4 Transformer Specification (TR-FR)

Capacity 2MVA
Voltage(Primary-Secondary) 13.8kV-6.9kV
Connection (primary/Secondary) Delta/Wye resistance grounded
% Impedance 6
Cooling ONAN
BIL(kV) 110

8.2.4 Fire Pump Controller
The existing fire pump controller shall be replaced with the
same type and rating.
Table 8.5 Fire Pump Controller Specification (FPC)
HP 600hp
Voltage 6.9kV, 3 phase, 60Hz

Enclosure NEMA 4X, free standing
Controller Fused contactor
Interrupting >2kAIC /95kV
Capacity/BIL
8.2.4 Normal Power Protection Settings Calculation

The fire pump will utilize the spare 630A ABB SF6 Circuit
Breaker since its capacity is more than enough to handle the
locked-rotor condition of the fire pump. Only the time-overcurrent
protection function will be used and will be set at 115% of the
locked-rotor current of the fire pump motor.
Primary CT size:
(transformersize) 2,000,000
IFL / Pr imary    83.67A
3(Pr imaryVoltage) 3(13800)
(150% x 83.67A)=125.5A, CT Ratio= 100:5
25VA (burden designation B-1)
Relaying ANSI 10C100 (class C), BIL rating 110kV
Protection Settings Calculation (Primary Overcurrent protection 51):

51 pickup
Set at 115% of LRC
LRC  320A
6.9 5
P.U. Current setting  (1.15)(320)( )( )  9.2 In
13.8 100
P.U Current  (9.2)(100 / 5)  184A

The circuit breaker size of 630A is enough for the locked-
rotor requirement of 184A. Moreover, the setting is less than 300%
of transformer FLA or 252A which complies with PEC 1 table
4.50.1.3(a) for supervised location and primary protection only.
Time dial setting is set such that the protection curve is 200ms
above the TR-FR inrush point 1004A, 0.1sec.
t 0.1  0.2
TD    1.28
3.922 3.922
 0.0982  0.0982
2 2
 I   1004 
   1   1
 IP   184 
8.2.5 Standby Generator Protection Settings Calculation
Generator Full load current:
(Generatorsize) 3,500,000
IFL    292.85A
3(Pr imaryVoltage) 3(6900)
Circuit Breaker Sizing:

Table 8.6 Standby Generator Circuit Breaker Specification
Type Vacuum Circuit Breaker (Generator class VCB)
Current Rating (from 320A locked-rotor current ) use 630A

Voltage 7.2kV (use 15kV)
Pole/frequency 3 pole/60Hz
Interrupting 2.109kA asym IC use 25kAIC
Capacity
BIL 95kV
Enclosure Indoor Type metal clad
Primary CT size:
(150% x 292.85A)=440A, CT Ratio= 500:5
25VA (burden designation B-1)
Relaying ANSI 10C100 (class C), BIL rating 110kV

Phase time overcurrent protection will be set at 115% of
fire pump motor LRC.
LRC  320A and Reference Voltage  6900V

5
P.U. Current setting  (1.15)(320)( )  3.68 In
500
P.U Current  (3.6)(500 / 5)  360A
This setting is less than 125% of generator full load

current. Time dial will be set such that the protection curve is above
the knee point of the generator decrement curve. By adjusting the
excel plot, the suitable time dial setting is found at 2.5.
8.2.6 Cable Sizing
The highest fault at 13.8kV bus is 23,360A and with this

worst case fault current, the tripping time of the protective relay is
 
 
 3.922 
t 2
 0.0982 2  0.126 second
  23360   1 
 184 
  
Adding a margin to this time

t= 0.2 + 0.126 =0.326s
For an XLPE cable at 13.8kV, the minimum cable size is
A
ISC t


23360 0.326 
 93.271mm2
143 143
➢ For primary cable (CABLE No.1):
IAmpacityRe q  1.25xIFLTRANSPRI  1.25 x 83.67  104.59A
From Table 8.7 and considering the minimum cable size of

93.271mm2, use 800m 3 x 1C-95mm2 XLPE 12/20kV aluminum

shielded PE (Fire resistant with 3-hour circuit integrity according to
IEC 60331) using trefoil cable formation in cable tray.
➢ For Transformer Secondary Cable to Transfer Switch (CABLE

No.2):
IAmpacityRe q  1.25(IFLSecTrans )
IAmpacityRe q  1.25 x (83.67)x(13800/6900)  209.175A
From Table 8.7, use 20m 3 x 1C-95mm2 copper XLPE
12/20kV aluminum shielded PE (Fire resistant with 3-hour circuit
integrity according to IEC 60331) using trefoil cable formation in
cable tray.
➢ For Generator Cable to the Transfer Switch (CABLE No.3):
IAmpacityRe q  1.25(IFLGen)
IAmpacityRe q  1.25 x (292.85)  366.07A/2  183A
From Table 8.7, use 20m 2 sets 3 x 1C-95mm2 copper XLPE

integrity according to IEC 60331) using trefoil cable formation in
cable tray.
➢ For Motor Branch Circuit from Transfer Switch (ATS to Fire pump
panel and Fire pump panel to motor) (CABLE No.4):
IAmpacityRe q  1.25(IFLMotor)
IAmpacityRe q  1.25 x (47.7)  59.63A
From Table 8.7, use 35m 3 x 1C-50mm2 copper XLPE

integrity according to IEC 60331) using EMT conduit.

Table 8.7 Cable Specification Sheet for LION Cable
Figure 8.7 Cable Specification Sheet

Table 8.8 Cable Schedule
Length Size Insulation/Volt/ Raceway
Tag From To
(m) (mm )2
Sheathing
Cable 1 52FP TRFP 2400 95 XLPE/12/20kV 6x12 Cable
aluminum tray
Shielded/Polyolefin-
Copolymer
Cable 2 TRFP TSFR 60 95 XLPE/12/20kV 6x12 Cable
aluminum tray
Copolymer
Cable 3 BGEN TSFR 60 95 XLPE/12/20kV 6x12 Cable
aluminum tray
Copolymer
Cable 4 TSFR FPC/ 105 50 XLPE/12/20kV 65mm-
aluminum Conduit
MOTOR
Shielded/Polyolefin
8.2.7 Power Transfer Switch

According to NFPA 20 article 10.8.3.4, the power transfer
switch shall have a rating of not less than 115% of motor full-load
current and shall be suitable for switching the motor locked-rotor
current.
Minimum Rating= 115% of IFL = (1.15) (47.7A) = 54.855A
Table 8.9 Power Transfer Switch Specification

Ampacity 60A or more
Voltage 6900V, 3phase 3W, 60Hz

Type VCB type
Auto/Manual Manual
Enclosure NEMA 4 free standing SS316
Interrupting Rating 25kAIC
BIL Rating 95kV

8.2.6 Voltage Drop Calculation
According to article 6.95.1.7 of PEC 1 2009, voltage drop at
controller line terminals shall not drop more than 15% under motor
starting condition and shall not drop below 5% for under running
condition where the motor is operating at 115% of full load current
rating. Using per-unit calculation, the impedances of cables
transformer and motor are calculated below.
Power plant available fault

From Chapter 4 Table 4.3, the Thevenin’s equivalent impedance at
power plant bus at base 10MVA is
ZPP  (0.000739  j0.017982 ) p u
Cable no. 1 Impedance

For the 800m cable from power plant to transformer, the impedance
is
 
R  R perkm Dis tan ce  0.224 / km0.8km  0.1792
 
XL  2f L perkmDis tan ce  260 0.403x103H / km 0.8km  0.1215419
Z  0.1792  j0.1215419
Z 0.1792  j0.1215419
Zcable 1    0.00940978  j0.0063821 pu
Zbase 19.0440
 
Z0  Z0perkm Dis tan ce  0.8291  j0.6850 / km0.8km
 0.66328  j0.548
0.66328  j0.548
Z0pu   0.034828  j0.028775 pu
19.044
Transformer Impedance
%IZ=6% at 2MVA base, X/R=6.8
SBASE 10
Z  Z2MVAbase  0.06   0.3 pu
S Trans 2

 X
 R
 X
X  Z x sin  tan- 1   0.3 sin (tan- 1(6.8))  0.2968 p.u
 R
Z Trans(1,2,0)  0.04364  j0.2968 pu

20m cable
 
R  R perkm Dis tan ce  0.224 / km0.02km  0.00448
   
XL  2f L perkm Dis tan ce  260 0.403x10 3 H / km 0.02km  0.003038
Z  0.00448  j0.003038
Z 0.00448  j0.003038
Z cable 2    0.000941  j0.000638 pu
Zbase 4.761
 
 0.016582  j0.0137
0.016582  j0.0137
Z0pu   0.0008707  j0.000719 pu
19.044

20m cable
 
R  R perkm Dis tan ce  0.224 / km0.02km / 2  0.00224
   
X L  2f L perkm Dis tan ce  260 0.403x10  3 H / km 0.02km / 2  0.001519
Z  0.00224  j0.001519
Z 0.00224  j0.001519
Z cable 2    0.0004705  j0.000319 pu
Zbase 4.761
 
Z0  Z0perkm Dis tan ce  0.8291  j0.6850 / km0.02km / 2
 0.0041455  j0.003425
0.0041455  j0.003425
Z0pu   0.000217  j0.000179 pu
19.044

35m cable
 
R  Rperkm Dis tan ce  0.448 / km0.035km  0.01568
   
XL  2f L perkm Dis tan ce  260 0.446x10 3 H / km 0.035km  0.005884
Z  0.01568  j0.005884
Z 0.01568  j0.005884
Zcable 2    0.003293  j0.001235 pu
Zbase 4.761
 
 0.032795  j0.024538
0.032795  j0.024538
Z0pu   0.001722  j0.001288 pu
19.044
Motor Impedance
From chapter 2 equation 2.7, motor sub-transient impedance is
2
" SBASE  V 
2
" 10,000  6900 
ZM PU  x   2.614811 pu
3  320 6,900  6900 
For medium-voltage motors with power per pair poles less than 1
MW,
RM " "
 0.15 with XM  0.989 ZM
"
XM
"
XM "
 0.989 ZM  0.9892.614811  2.586048 pu
"
R M  0.15XM  0.152.686048  0.387907 pu
ZMotor  0.387907  j 2.586048 pu
Generator Impedance
Typical values for a 4MVA synchronous generator are
X”1=0.15 pu, X/R=27.8207
X”2=0.15 pu, X/R=27.8207

X”0=0.15 pu, X/R=27.8207
At 4MVA base
10
@ 10MVAbase  X2 @ 10MVAbase  X 0 @ 10MVAbase0.15
" " "
X1  0.357 pu
4
0.357
R   0.012832 pu
27.8207
Z4MVAGen  0.012832  j0.357 pu
For 3.5 MVA generator

X”1=0.15 pu, X/R=27.333
X”2=0.15 pu, X/R=27.333
X”0=0.15 pu, X/R=27.333
10
@ 10MVAbase  X2 @ 10MVAbase  X 0 @ 10MVAbase0.15
" " "
X1  0.428 pu
3.5
0.428
R   0.015679 pu
27.333
Z3.5MVAGen  0.015679  j0.428 pu
Starting Voltage Drop for Normal Power
~ 1 pu
ZPP  (0.000739  j0.017982 ) p u
Power Plant
Equivalent Fault
Impedance
ZC able1  (0.00940978  j0.0063821) p u
Cable 1
Z Trans  0.04364  j0.2968 pu

Transformer
Cable 2+Cable 4 ZCable 2  4  (0.004234  j0.001873) p u
Fire Pump ZMotor  (0.387907  j2.586048) p u

Motor
Z TOTAL  0.445929  j2.909085 p.u
Figure 8.8 Impedance for Normal Power Voltage Drop

Starting-Voltage Drop
 1 
VDFirePumpMotor  1  ZMotor 
 Z TOTAL 

VDFirePumpMotor  1 
1
0.387907  j2.586048
 0.445929  j2.909085 
VDFirePumpMotor  0.111518pu  11.1518%
Calculation shows that the voltage drop during motor

starting is below 15% and is acceptable.
Running-Voltage Drop for Normal Power
I x1.15
VDFirePumpMo tor  FL ZCable 1  Z Trans  ZCable 2  4 
IBase
VDFirePumpMotor 
47.7x1.15 Z  
Cable 1  Z Trans  ZCable 2  4
836.73552
VDFirePumpMotor 
47.7x1.15 0.310386  0.020348pu
836.73552
%VDFirePumpMotor  2.0348%
Calculation shows that the maximum voltage-drop when

the motor running is below 5% and is acceptable.
Starting Voltage Drop for Backup Power
~ 1 pu
ZGen@ 3.5MVA  0.015679  j0.428 pu

Gen
ZCable 2  4  (0.02016  j0.008914) p u

Cable 2+Cable4
ZMotor  (0.387907  j2.586048) p u
Fire Pump
Motor
Z TOTAL  0.40782  j3.015921 p.u
Figure 8.9 Impedance for Backup Power Voltage Drop

Starting-Voltage Drop
At 3.5MVA, the voltage drop during starting is calcualted below.
 1 
VDFirePumpMotor  1  ZMotor 
 Z TOTAL 

VDFirePumpMotor  1 
1
0.387907  j2.586048
 0.40782  j3.015921 
VDFirePumpMotor  0.1414pu  14.14%
Calculation shows that the voltage drop during motor

starting is below 15% and is acceptable.
Running-Voltage Drop for Backup Power
I x1.15
VDFirePumpMo tor  FL ZCable 2  4 
IBase
VDFirePumpMotor 
47.7x1.15 Z 
Cable 2  4
836.73552
VDFirePumpMotor 
47.7x1.15 0.004629  0.000303pu
836.73552
%VDFirePumpMotor  0.03%
Calculation shows that the maximum voltage-drop when the motor

running is below 5% and is acceptable.
Based on the above results, the minimum generator size

based on the percent voltage drop during motor starting is 3.5MVA.
8.2.6 Short Circuit Calculation

Short circuit calculation shall be performed to verify the
short circuit duties of the protection devices for backup generator
and power plant bus. The result shall also be used for verifying the
protection coordination for both sources.

~ 1 pu
~ 1 pu
Power Plant
Equivalent Fault
Impedance 0.000739+j0.017982
Cable 1
Fault Point 1 0.009409+j0.006382
Transformer
Fault Point 2
0.04364+j0.2968
Cable 2
Fault Point 3
Cable 4 0.004234+j0.001873
Fault Point 4
Fire Pump
Motor 0.387907+j2.58604
Figure 8.10 Positive Sequence Diagram for Normal Power

Mode
ZGEN EQ,ZERO =0.000555+ J0.017761
BUS1
0.000739+j0.017982
Reference
ZCable1,ZERO=0.034828+j0.028775
0.009409+j0.006382
Z TR,ZERO=0.04364+j0.2968
0.04364+j0.2968
Reference
0.004234+j0.001873
ZCable2,ZERO=0.0008707+j0.000719
0.387907+j2.58604

Diagram for Normal Power Mode

Fault Point 1: Fault at primary terminals of transformer
(Normal Power Mode)
Z1=Z2= 0.010148+j0.024364 and Z0=0.035383+j0.046536i
For three-phase fault:
Vfault 1
I3faultpu    37.888 pu
Z1 0.010148  j0.024364
I3faultactual  IBase x I3faultpu  418.36976x37.888  15,851 A
Tripping Time at 15,851A
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 1.28  0.126 second
  15851  2 
  1 
  184  
For single-line-to-ground fault:
3Vfault 3
I3faultpu    27.187933 pu
Z0  Z1  Z2 0.05568056  j0.0952642
I3faultactual  IBase x I3faultpu  418.3697x27.187933  11,374A
Tripping Time at 11,374 A
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 1.28  0.127 second
2
  11374  
  184   1 
  

Fault Point 2: Fault at secondary terminals of transformer
(Normal Power Mode)
Z1=Z2=0.05378878+j0.3211641 and Z0= 0.04364+j0.2968
Vfault 1
I3faultpu    3.0709 pu
Z1 0.05378878 + j0.3211641
I3faultactual  IBase x I3faultpu  836.739x3.0709  2,569 A
Tripping Time at 2,569(6900/13800) or 1284.77A
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 1.28  0.23 second
2
  1284.77  
   1 
  184  
3Vfault 3
I3faultpu    3.1538 pu
Z0  Z1  Z2 0.15121756  j0.9391282
I3faultactual  IBase x I3faultpu  836.739x3.1538  2,638.93 A
Tripping Time at 2,638.93(0.577) or 1522.66A
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 1.28  0.2 second
2
  1524  
  184   1 
  

Fault Point 3: Fault at ATS (Normal Power Mode)
Z1=Z2= 0.05472978+j0.321802 and Z0= 0.0445107+j0.297519
Vfault 1
I3faultpu    3.0635 pu
Z1 0.05472978  j0.3218021
Tripping Time at 2,563.4(6900/13800) or 1281.7A
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 1.28  0.231 second
  1284.77  2 
  1 
  184  
3Vfault 3
I3faultpu    3.1458 pu
Z 0  Z1  Z2 0.15397026  j0.9411232
Tripping Time at 2,632.2618(0.577) or 1518.815A
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 1.28  0.2 second
  1518.815  2 
  1 
 184  

Fault Point 4: Fault at terminals of Motor (Normal Power
Mode)
Z1=Z2=0.05802278+j0.3230371 and Z0=0.0462327+j0.298807
Vfault 1
I3faultpu    3.046807 pu
Z1 0.05802278  j0.3230371
I3faultactual  IBase x I3faultpu  836.739x3.046807  2549.427 A
Tripping Time at 2549.427(6900/13800) or 1274.713A
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 1.28  0.232 second
2
  1274.713  
  1 
 184  
3Vfault 3
I3faultpu    3.1291 pu
Z0  Z1  Z2 0.16227826  j0.9448812
I3faultactual  IBase x I3faultpu  836.739x3.1291  2618.313A
Tripping Time at 2618.313(0.577) or 1510.767A
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 1.28  0.201 second
2
  1510.767  
  1 
 184  

~ ~ 1 pu
1 pu
Backup Gen 0.015679+j0.428
Fault Point 5
0.0004705+j0.000319
Cable 3
Fault Point 6
Cable 4
0.003293+j0.001235
Fault Point 7
Fire Pump
Motor
0.387907+j2.58604
Figure 8.12 Positive Sequence Diagram for Backup Power

Mode ZGEN EQ,ZERO =0.015679+ J0.428
BUS1
Reference
0.015679+j0.428
ZCable3,ZERO=0.000217+j0.000179
0.0004705+j0.000319
ZCable4,ZERO=0.001722+j0.001288
0.003293+j0.001235
ZCable4,ZERO=0.387907+j2.586048
0.387907+j2.58604

Diagram for Backup power Mode

Fault Point 5: Fault at Backup Generator Breaker Switchgear
(Back Power Mode)
Z1=Z2=Z0= 0.015679+j0.428
Vfault 1
I3faultpu    2.334 pu
Z1 0.015679 + j0.428
Tripping Time at 1,953.687A
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 2.5  0.59 second
  1953.687  2 
  1 
 360  
40
30
27.30
20
10
X/R
Factor
1.08
Source: IEEE Std C37.010-1999 Table 9 [15]
Figure 8.14 Decrement Factor Curve for Three-Phase Fault

Using Microsoft Visio Scaling of the curve in Figure 8.14
For X/R = 27.30, Converting to vertical scale

15 units
x 27.30  40.95 vertical units which is 12 horizontal
10 x / r
 0.1 factor 
12Horizontal units x   1  1.08

is
IAsym,RMS,INT=1.08 x 1,953A = 2,109 A
3Vfault 3
Z 0  Z1  Z2 0.047037  j1.284
Tripping Time at 1953.687A
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 2.5  0.59 second
  1953.687  2 
  1 
 360  

Fault Point 6: Fault at ATS Panel (Back Power Mode)
Z1=Z2=0.0161495+j0.428319 and Z0=0.015896+j0.428179
Vfault 1
Z1 0.0161495  j0.428319
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 2.5  0.59 second
2
  1952.1545  
  1 
 360  
3Vfault 3
Z0  Z1  Z2 0.048195  j1.284817
Tripping Time at 1952.3814
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 2.5  0.59 second
2
  1952.3814  
   1 
 360  

Fault Point 7: Fault at Motor Terminals (Back Power Mode)
Z1=Z2=0.0194425+j0.429554 and Z0=0.017618+j0.429467

Vfault 1
I3faultpu    2.3256 pu
Z1 0.0194425  j0.429554

 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 2.5  0.592 second
2
  1945.9328  
   1 
 360  
3Vfault 3
I3faultpu    2.3259 pu
Z0  Z1  Z2 0.056503  j1.288575
I3faultactual  IBase x I3faultpu  836.739x2.3259  1,946.1864A
Tripping Time at 1946.186
 
 
 3.922 
t  0.0982 2.5  0.592 second
2
  1946.186  
  1 
 360  

Table 8.10 Summary of Fault Calculation Results
Single Line-
Three
to- Ground
Fault Point Location Phase Fault
Fault Current
Current (A)
(A)
Primary terminals of transformer (Normal Power 15,851 11,374

Mode)
Secondary terminals of transformer (Normal 2,569 1,522.66
Power Mode)
ATS (Normal Power Mode) 2,563.4 2,632.2618
Terminals of Motor (Normal Power Mode) 2,549.427 2,618.313
Backup Generator Breaker Switchgear (Back 1,953.687 1,953.687
Power Mode)
ATS Panel (Back Power Mode) 1,952.1545 1,952.3814
Motor Terminals (Back Power Mode) 1,945.9328 1,946.1864
G G
Power Plant Power Plant
52FP 52FP
Cable (new) Cable (new)
I3p=15.851kA I3p=15.851kA
ISLG=11.374kA ISLG=11.374kA
BGENFP BGENFP
TRFP TRFP
G G
I3p=2.569kA
ISLG=1.522kA
I3p=1.953kA
ISLG=1.953kA
TSFP TSFP
I3p=2.563kA
ISLG=2.632kA I3p=1.952kA
ISLG=1.952kA
Fire Pump Fire Pump

Controller Controller
I3p=2.549kA I3p=1.945kA
ISLG=2.618kA ISLG=1.946kA
M M
Fire Pump Fire Pump

GM9900 GM9900
(existing) (existing)
Figure 8.15 Fault Currents for Normal mode (left) and

Backup power mode (right)

TCC for Phase OC Protection for Fire Pump G9900 on Normal
Power
1000
Transformer
FL=83A
Transformer
G9900
Damage Curve
Motor
100 Running
Curve
IFLA=47.7A Cable Damage
Curve
G9900
Motor
Starting
Curve
ILRC=320A
10
TIME (s)
R1
51V
CT 100:5
Pickup=9.2In
1 Pickup I=184A
ANSI VI
TD=1.28
0.1 Trip timeSLG =0.127s

Inrush point
1004A @0.1s Trip time3P =0.126s
ISLG= 11.374kA
I3P= 15.851kA
0.01
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Figure 8.16 Time-Current Curve for Normal Power Source of

Fire Pump

TCC for Phase OC Protection for Fire Pump G9900 on Backup
Power (Standby Generator)
1000
Generator 51V
Full load Pickup I=360A
Curve
G9900
100 Motor
Running Generator
Curve Overload
IFLA=47.7A Curve
R2
51V
10 CT 400:5
Pickup=3.68In
Pickup I=360A
TIME (S)
ANSI VI
TD=2.5
Generator
Decrement
Curve
@ 3PU Field
1 Current
Trip timeSLG =0.592s

Trip time3P =0.59s
Cable Damage
0.1 Curve
ISLG= 1.946kA
I3P= 1.954kA
0.01
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Figure 8.17 Time-Current Curve for Backup Power Source of

Fire Pump

8.2.7 Equipment Grounding Conductor and Grounding
Electrode Conductor
Primary pickup current of 51FP is 184A, according to Table
2.50.6.13 of PEC I 2009, the minimum equipment grounding
conductor size is 14mm2 copper. However, since the full load
current of 2 MVA transformer is 84A and the maximum allowable
setting of the overcurrent protection device at the primary of the
transformer is 252A or 300% of the full load amps, a 22 mm2
equipment grounding conductor is recommended in order to serve
for future expansion of additional fire pumps.
Table 8.11 Summary of Equipment Grounding Conductor Size

Protection
EGC Size Length
Equipment Size/
(mm2) (m)
Setting (A)
Normal source to power transformer 252 22 820

(Primary)
Power Transformer to ATS 252x2=504 38 22
Generator to ATS 360 30 22
(use 38)
ATS to Fire pump controller panel Highest of the 38 20
two source
(504)
Fire pump control panel to fire pump 504 38 25
motor
For grounding electrode conductor (GEC), since the size of

the ungrounded conductor is 95mm2 the size of the GEC should be
at least 30mm2.

Table 8.12 Minimum Size of EGC (PEC I table 2.50.6.13)
8.2.8 Arc-Flash Calculation

Based on the calculated fault currents on various points of
the fire pump circuit, an arc-flash calculation using the same
method used in Chapter 7 is performed and the results are
summarized on Table 8.12, 8.13, 8.14.
Table 8.13 Summary of Arc-Flash Normalized Incident

Energies
100% 80%
Isc Iarc
Location En En
(kA) (kA)
(j/cm2) (j/cm2)
Power Plant 23.25 22.24 9.05 7.59
ATS (Normal) 2.56 2.55 0.87 0.73
ATS (Backup) 1.95 1.95 0.65 0.55
Back up Generator Breaker 1.95 1.95 0.65 0.55
Panel

Table 8.14 Summary of Arc-Flash Incident Energies and
Hazard Level
100% 80%
Location E Hazard E Hazard
(cal/cm2) Level (cal/cm2) Level
Power Plant 9.09 3 7.63 2
ATS (Normal) 2.11 1 1.89 1
ATS (Backup) 5.90 2 6.12 2
Back up Generator 7.86 2 8.15 3
Breaker Panel
Table 8.15 Summary of Arc-Flash Protection boundary

Location AFB (mm) 100% AFB (mm) 85%
Power Plant 4808 4018
ATS (Normal) 1070 955
ATS (Backup) 3082 3199
Back up Generator Breaker Panel 4142 4299
! WARNING
Equipment ID: 52FP

Hazard Risk: 3
PPE:
Leather work shoes
Figure 8.18 Arc-Flash Label for 52FP Power Plant Circuit

Breaker Panel

! WARNING
Equipment ID: ATSFP/FPC

Hazard Risk: 2
PPE:
Leather work shoes
Figure 8.19 Arc-Flash Label for Transfer Switch Panel and

Fire Pump Controller
! WARNING
Equipment ID: BGENFP

Hazard Risk: 3
PPE:
Leather work shoes
Figure 8.20 Arc-Flash Label for Backup Generator Panel and

Fire Pump Controller

8.2.9 Grounding Calculation
According to article 1.4.7.1 of Philippine Electrical Code Part
2 [12], grounding systems for a supply station shall be designed to
limit the step and touch potential in accordance with industry
practices. This Grounding calculation is based on the
recommendations of IEEE 80-2000 [15].
➢ Grid Conductor Sizing

Table 8.16 Grounding Calculation Parameters
Parameter Description Values
IFLG Maximum line-to-ground fault 11.374kA ( SLG

Fault point no. 1)
TM Maximum allowable temperature 1083oC
Ta Ambient temperature 40oC
ar Thermal coefficient of resistivity 0.003931/oC
at reference temperature
ρr Resistivity of the ground 1.72uΩ-m at 20oC
conductor at reference
temperature
Ko 1/ao 234oC
tc Duration of the short circuit 0.126s +
(including CTI) 0.2s(CTI)=0.326s
TCAP Thermal capacity factor J/(cm3- 3.43
o
C)
At Fault point no. 1, the X/R =2.4 the asymmetrical RMS current is
-2
2
IMOM, ASYM,RMS  11.374x 1  2e 2.4  12.175kA

Using equation 40 of IEEE 80-2000 [15], the minimum
cross sectional area of grounding grid conductor is calculated below.
IFLG
A 
mm2  TCAPx10  4   K o  TM 
  ln 
 t c ar r
  K o  TA 
 
12.175
A   24.63mm2
mm2

 3.43x10  4   234  1083 
 ln 
 (0.326)(0.00393)(1.72)   234  40 
 
Use 35mm2 grounding grid conductor.
➢ Touch and Step Criteria
  37.25 and s  400 at 0.1m
    37.25 
0.091   0.091  
 s   400 
Cs  1  1  0.7185
2hs  0.09 2(0.1)  0.09
ESTEP70  1000  6Css 0.157 / t s

ESTEP70  1000  6(0.7185)(400)0.157 / 0.326
ESTEP70  749.137V
E TOUCH70  1000  1.5Css 0.157 / t s

E TOUCH70  1000  1.5(0.7185)(400)0.157 / 0.326
E TOUCH70  393.515V
➢ Grounding grid resistance calculation

The substation ground resistance will be determined using
the equation 52 of IEEE 80-2000 [15]. The proposed grounding grid
design is shown in Figure 8.21.

Table 8.17 Grounding Grid Conductor Parameter
Parameter Description Value
ρr Soil resistivity (Based on soil resistivity survey 37.25 Ω-m

by EM2A Partners)
Lt Total buried length of conductors: 1112.1m
45(11)(2) + (6)(3)(2.4m)+ 15(2)+(24.45)(2)
A Area covered by the grid conductor (45m x 2025m2
45m)
h Depth of grid 0.6 m
Rg Resistance of Power plant (actual) 7 ohms
1 1  1 
R g    1 
L
 t 
20A  1  h 20 / A 
 1 1  1 
R g  37.25  1    0.393
1112 .1 202025  1  0.6 20 / 2025 
➢ Calculating the current split factor

EGC impedance =(0.727Ω/km)(0.8)=0.5816Ω
Local Grounding resistance Rg=1.635Ω
Power Plant Grounding Resistance Rg=7Ω
EGCimpedance
S f (splitfactor) 
EGCimpedance  R S  R g
0.5816
S f (splitfactor)   0.0729
0.5816  0.393  7
➢ Calculating the ground potential rise (GPR)
IG  Df S f If  (1)(0.0729)(11374)  829A
GPR  IGR G  (829A)(0.398)  329.94V
Since the GPR<ETOUCH70 ; (329.94V)<393.515V the

grounding design is therefore safe and acceptable. One important
note is that the assumed weight of the personnel working in the
area of the station should be 70 kg and above. The final grounding
grid design is shown in Figure 8.21.

8.2.10 Bill of Materials
The total cost of the proposed installation is about 54.6
million pesos. This includes all materials, labor, testing and
commissioning. The total cost of the installed plant is about four
billion dollars and a total production cost per day of about two
million dollars. A major fire that is not immediately extinguished
due to fire pump failure may cause the plant months of production
loss, equipment loss and loss of life or personnel injury not to
mention the environmental impact and its penalties associated with
the fugitive emissions. Therefore, the proposed fire pump
installation is reasonable. The proposed switchgear room, the riser
diagram and cable route are shown in Figures 8.22, 8.23 and 8.24
respectively.
Table 8.18 Bill of Materials

No Description Qty. Cost (Php)
1 1C-95mm2 copper XLPE 12/20kV aluminum 2520 m 3,293,640.00
shielded PE (Fire resistant with 3-hour circuit
integrity according to IEC 60331)
2 1C-50mm2 copper XLPE 12/20kV aluminum 105 337,235.00

shielded PE (Fire resistant with 3-hour circuit
integrity according to IEC 60331)
3 22mm2 plain annealed copper stranded class 820m 123,000.00
2,450/750V PVC insulation green with yellow
stripes
4 22mm2 plain annealed copper stranded class 80m 40,000.00
2,450/750V PVC insulation green with yellow
stripes
5 Transformer, 2MVA 13.8kV-6.9kV, Oil immersed, 1 set 1,617,083.00
Dyn11
6 Fire Controller Eaton LMR 100-3250hp 6900kV 1 set 450,300.00
DOL
7 Power Transfer Switch 600A, 8250V, 3ph, 3 pole. 2,100,000.00
8 Generator Switchgear 630A, 15kV, 110kV BIL, 1,800,000.00

VCB generator class
9 Diesel Generator 3.5MVA, 6.9kV 3phase, 60Hz, 1 set 33,250,000.00
1800RPM Turbocharged and after-cooled complete
with Generator Controller, exhaust muffler, anti-
condensation heater, Battery chargers, PMG,
Spring-type vibration isolator, Fuel tank
10 3M™ Cold Shrink QT-III Silicone Rubber Indoor 27 sets 1,703,592.00
Tubular Termination Kits for single core cable.
7624T110 15kV (110kV BIL) including termination
works.
11 Cable tray ladder type-straight section, HDG 225 pcs 2,227,273.75
Steel, 6” rung x18”W x 12’ L with solid flanged
cover
12 Heavy duty cover clamps HDG steel series 148 625 pcs 490,909.00
13 Universal splice plates HDG steel series 148 700 pcs 13,420.00
14 Trefoil Cable cleats 912pcs 15,400.00
15 Cable tray fittings HDG steel 90deg horizontal 10pcs 25,000.00
bend series 148, 12’
16 Cable tray fittings HDG steel vertical bend inside 10 pcs 25,000.00
series 148, 12’
17 Cable tray fittings HDG steel vertical bend outside 12 pcs 35,000.00
series 148, 12’
18 Bonding jumper 2000A max, 99-1620 700 pcs 54,678.00
19 35mm 2
copper grounding cable and grounding 1100m 569,800.00
electrode
20 Structural and civil works including materials and 1 lot 3,800,000.00
labor for switchgear and generator room
21 Electrical Installation including cable pulling, cable 2,500,000.00
tray installation, panel installation, cable
termination works,
22 Testing and commissioning for Fire pump 1 lot 95,000.00
controller (2 days @ 8hrs per day)
23 Testing and commissioning for diesel generator (2 1 lot free
days@ 8hrs per day)
24 Testing and commissioning for transfer switch and 1 lot 54,000.00
generator switchgear (2 days @ 8 hrs per day)
Grand Total (Php) 54,620,330.75

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
9.1 Conclusion
Equipment rating verification and system performance

evaluation are the two main goals this study. Short-circuit ratings of
circuit breakers, cables, switchgears and motor control centers are
evaluated based on the calculated short-circuit values. It is found
that all the equipment can withstand the short-circuit current
including the making and breaking ratings of medium-voltage and
low-voltage circuit breakers. Ampacities of cables and continuous
current ratings of circuit breakers are also evaluated and found one
(1) medium-voltage cable with insufficient ampacity. Arc-protection
rating of each panel are also calculated to provide PPE
recommendation and establish arc-flash protection boundary.
System performance such as equipment loading, bus
voltage, voltage drop and power factor are calculated results of the
load flow analysis conducted in the first part of this study. The
loading of cables, transformers and buses are satisfactory. The bus
voltages at MCC8 and MCC9 are calculated to be below permissible
value during normal loading condition. Voltage drop of seven (7)
low-voltage loads are below permissible value as well. Starting
performance of large motors are also evaluated as an interpretation
of the load flow calculation results during locked-rotor condition of
each large motor. YM7601 will cause the bus voltage to drop below
permissible value during starting. VM5814 terminal voltage will also
drop below permissible value during its starting. All other motors
are calculated with satisfactory starting performance and therefore
can start successfully without any issue. On Fire Pump evaluation, it
is found that the normal power source is not reliable. It is also
Chapter 9-Conclusion and Recommendation Page 440

noted that the diesel-driven fire pump engines are not reliable as
well.
9.2 Recommendations
The recommendations of this study are as follows:
1. It is recommended to temporarily adjust the primary no-load

tap changer of TRL3A and TRL3B to -2.5% tap to improve the
bus voltage to at least 477V and 478V for MCC8 and MCC9,
respectively. In the future, it is recommended to install a
600kVAR, 6 steps Automatic Power Factor Correction
Capacitor on each low-voltage bus to improve the voltage
regulation.
2. Motors VM5814, GM5806A-2, YM7733, YM8607, Y5160 and
Y5619 all require additional one (1) wire per phase to reduce
the percent (%) voltage drop to 3%. YM7730 requires
replacement of larger wire size from 10mm2 to 16mm2 to
improve the percent (%) voltage drop to 3%.
3. The ampacity of the cable used for PE-YM7601 is undersized
at 1 set of 3-1C 240mm2 and must be changed to two (2) sets
of 3-1C 240mm2 by adding another set of 3-1C 240mm2 XLPE
cable.
4. For YM7601, it is recommended to install an Auto-transformer
type Reduced Voltage Starter with at least 80% tap to reduce
the starting current and prevent the bus voltages from
dipping below acceptable value.
5. VM5814 has an unacceptable percent (%) voltage drop during
starting at 25.4%. This condition can be resolved through the
implementation of the second recommendation.
6. TRM1 primary circuit breaker was marginally sized and is
recommended for replacement to 3000A to allow 52MVA
ONAF operation.
7. Analysis have identified that the maximum required arc-
resistant PPE rating is 36.91 cal/cm2 representing hazard
level 4. As a plant standard, it is recommended to use 40
cal/cm2 MACRON arc-flash cover all suit that can be used for
Hazard level 3 and 4 and 8 cal/cm2 arc-flash jacket, pants and
face shield for hazard level 1.
8. For Fire pump, it is recommended to connect the power
directly to the power plant bus, install a dedicated step-down
transformer for fire pump and provide a back-up power
source or back-up generator. The estimated total cost of this
proposed modification is about 54 million pesos.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
1. IEEE Std 399-1997, IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial

and Commercial Power System Analysis
2. BAPE Project (Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, LLTD) Short Circuit
Calculation
3. IEC 60909-0:2001, IEC Standard for Short-Circuit Calculation
4. IEEE Std 551-2006, IEEE Recommended Practice for Calculating
Short-Circuit Currents in Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems
5. IEEE Std C37.010-1999, IEEE Application Guide for AC High-
Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on Symmetrical Current Basis
6. IEEE Std 242-2001, IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection
and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
7. IEEE Std C37.96-2000, IEEE guide for AC motor protection
8. The ABC’s of Overcurrent Coordination by THOMAS P. SMITH,
P.E.
9. IEEE Std 1584-2004, IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard
Calculations
10. Power System Analysis of San Jose 10 MVA Substation of
Antique by Engr. Hermie M. Tacogdoy 2013
11. Philippine Electrical Code Part 1 2009
12. Philippine Electrical Code Part 2 2008
13. NFPA 20 (National Fire Protection Association) Standards for
the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection 2010
Edition
14. National Electrical Code 2010
15. IEEE Std 80-2000, IEEE guide for safety in AC substation
grounding
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES Page 443

ATTACHMENTS
1. AFFIDAVIT OF SOLE AUTHORSHIP

2. AFFIDAVIT OF PEE No. 1 (Engr. Benigno S. Jimenez)
3. AFFIDAVIT OF PEE No. 2 (Dr. Cirilo C. Calibjo)
4. AFFIDAVIT OF PEE No. 3 (Engr. Eric Tamondong)
5. AUTOBIOGRAPHY
6. CURRICULUM VITAE
7. MOST SIGNIFICANT & OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT
CONTRIBUTION IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
8. TRANSCRIPT OF RECORDS
AUTHOBIOGRAPHY
I am Ryan Anthony Katigbak Umali, people who knew me

called me Ryan, 34 years of age, born on 9th of September 1982 in
Batangas City and currently residing at Block 17 Lot 11 St. Vincent
Homes, Banay-banay, Lipa City. On 2004, just a month after our
college graduation, I married my best friend and classmate Malou
Castillo Umali and we have three (3) kids: Atahsia, age 12, Francis,
age 10 both are studying in De La Salle Lipa and my youngest
Eman. My wife is also an REE and an instructor in the College of
Information Technology and Engineering in De La Salle Lipa. During
my elementary days, I used to be a sacristan in St. Joseph Parish
Church in San Jose, Batangas where I grew as a God Fearing
Roman Catholic. I am the eldest of the three children of Mr. Emilio
Dimaculangan Umali and Mrs. Leila Templo Katigbak who are both
from Batangas. My Father is an Instrumentation Technician and had
worked overseas for almost 35 years. He is now an Instructor of an
Instrumentation and Control Training Center in Batangas City. My
Mother is a dedicated house wife who took very good care of us at
the time our father was working overseas. Both my sister and my
brother are also professionals. My sister is a CPA and working in one
of the leading power producer in the country, First Gen. On the
other hand, my brother is an Instrumentation Engineer and
currently working in Shell Singapore as an Analyzer Engineer. My
father is a very strict and disciplinarian who embedded on us the
importance of integrity and obedience to God’s Commandments. On
the other hand it is our mother that teaches us the importance of
having a good education. My elementary education was taken from
Central School of San Jose while my secondary education was taken
from St. Joseph Academy. I would say that my performance was
satisfactory as I finished both with Honors. I took up my Electrical
Engineering degree at Pablo Borbon Memorial Institute of
Technology were I was a consistent Dean’s Lister from First Year
until my graduation. I am also a member of the Mathematics
Quizzers whom represented the school on various competitions
across the country including JIEE Math wizard, EE Quiz show, and
PEC quiz show. Proud to say, We have won several of these contest
placing 2nd on National Math wizard (Nov 2003), 2nd on EE National
Quiz Show (Nov 2004) and 2nd on PEC Quiz Show (Jan 2004)
among other regional quiz shows which we won as well. In year
2010, I took up Master of Science in Electronics Engineering
however, due to my project assignments abroad and my busy
schedule I wasn’t able to complete the program.
I started my Engineering career as an instructor at De La
Salle Lipa from June 2004 to June of 2005 where I lectured
Electrical engineering subjects as well as Mathematics and Physics.
On September 2004, I took up the REE board examination and by
the grace of the God, placed number 1 on the examiner’s list. After
a short teaching career by June 2005, I joined Manila Electric
Company as a Branch Engineer assigned at Batangas Branch where
I review and approve service applications of residential, small
commercial and small Industrial customers from Batangas City and
San Pascual. I also provided engineering assistance to customers on
their inquiries related to their electric service. While in Meralco, I
also conducted REE review sessions for BSU Electrical Engineering
Students as part of their curriculum. On December of 2006, I left
Manila Electric Company for another company in Batangas City
called JG Summit Petrochemical Corporation (JGSPC). I was hired
as Electrical and Instrumentation Engineer and was assigned to
Engineering Section of the company’s Maintenance and Engineering
Division. Our Engineering Section handles Project Engineering,
Failure Analysis, Reliability, Asset Life Cycle Management,
Maintenance Process, and Keeper of the Design and Engineering
standards for Electrical and Instrumentation. For three years, I have
worked on both minor and major in-house design and
implementation of Electrical and Instrumentation projects from
Design, Material take off, procurement, construction and
commissioning/testing. While working on the project engineering, I
was also involved on Failure analysis investigation on all Major
Electrical and Instrumentation failure were I investigated analysed
and recommended solutions to prevent the failure from happening
again. I also handled Control Systems Engineering, where we
maintain our Distributed Control System. From these various
exposures that I have, I put my Electrical Engineering knowledge
into practice. On 2009, I was promoted to Sr. IED Engineer with the
leading role of supervising the engineering works for electrical and
instrumentation system. At that time, I also continue to support our
Distributed Control System as Systems Engineer and custodian. On
2011, I was given a chance to become part of the PE expansion
project as Sr. IE Project Engineer where I provided supervisory role
on E&I component of the project on Engineering phase, construction
phase, and commissioning and start-up phase. On 2013, I took the
Instrumentation and Control Engineering Certification examination
where I placed 3rd. After the successful completion of the expansion
project in 2014, I was transferred back to my “mother” department
as IED Superintendent. As the section head I am leading both
Maintenance Engineering and Maintenance Execution team for both
Naphtha Cracker Plant and Polyolefins Plant. On engineering side, I
am leading 4 engineers who are responsible for both continuous
improvement and plant reliability. On the Execution side, I am
leading 2 teams of Execution personnel consisting of 2 Area
Supervisors and 20 Sr. Technician and technicians. Last July 1,
2017 I was promoted to Instrument and Electrical Execution
Manager handling the maintenance execution management of both
Electrical Section and Instrumentation Section. Outside of the
company, I am also an engineering mentor and a part time
consultant. I have had conducted several technical seminars to
various schools and IIEE chapter in various Electrical and Electronics
Topics including EPIRA LAW (BSU-EE), Power System Protection and
Coordination (BSU-EE), Hazardous Area Classification (BSU-EE),
Distributed Control Systems(De La Salle Lipa-EE), Smart
Instrumentation(BSU-ICE), Foundation Fieldbus Technologies(IIEE
NBC), Human Machine interface(De La Salle Lipa), Programmable
Logic Controllers (De La Salle Lipa-EE). I also served as Engineering
Consultant on various engineering thesis on both EE students and
Instrumentation and Control students for Batangas State University
and De La Salle Lipa. I am also an Electronics enthusiast where I
make several “weekend” projects.
Outside my engineering profession, I am a musician and
this has become my hobby. I play piano, violin, guitar, base and
drums. I am also a fan of new age physics where I enjoy watching
different particle physics presentations and lecture from the web.
For me, Electrical Engineering is the most difficult, the most
complex, most diverse and that is why it has driven and propel
human civilization to modern age. I could imagine that if Electrical
Engineering doesn’t exist, the world would still be on the Dark Age.
However, you would still hear news on our modern era about
electrical incidents, fire caused by faulty electrical wiring, that
should not exist given the modern electrical system knowledge we
have and all the written codes and standards. And this all boils
down to basic electrical engineering knowledge. It is on this basis
that I decided to apply for PEE examination to become “certified”
Electrical Engineer and validate my skills and knowledge.
During the engineering phase of the PE capacity expansion
project, there was no third party Engineering Consultant that
validated and conducted detailed power system studies on the
electrical system of the said project. Coupled with my love on
mathematics and analysis, I choose the topic on Power System
Analysis of the said completed project where I will conduct load flow
analysis, short circuit, motor starting studies for the large induction
motors and finally perform protection coordination studies.
As an Electrical Engineer, we hold one of the greatest
energy known to mankind, Electrical Energy. Generation,
Transmission, Distribution and utilization of this great energy
require established body of knowledge called Electrical Engineering.
As a Registered Electrical Engineer I will continue to apply the
Electrical Engineering body of knowledge to my professional practice
and propagate this to all my peers, associates and even family
members and demonstrate that Electrical Engineering is all about
safety, efficiency and betterment of human civilization and it is on
this aspect that I can contribute to the integrity and dignity of the
Electrical Engineering profession.
I therefore commit myself to the completion of my technical
engineering report within the specified period and submit myself to
all the validation and evaluation requirements of our Honorable
Board of Electrical Engineering, Hon Engr. Francis V. Mapile and Hon
Engr. Jaime V. Mendoza.
CURRICULUM VITAE
I. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name : RYAN ANTHONY KATIGBAK UMALI
Home Address : Block 17, Lot 11, St. Vincent Homes, Banay-
banay, Lipa City, Batangas
Email Address : RyanAnthony.Umali@jgspetrochem.com
Contact No. : 09175480225
Profession : Registered Electrical Engineer
PRC License No. : REE-0034825 (Valid until Sept. 5, 2019)
Company/Employer : JG Summit Petrochemicals Group
Designation : Instrument and Electrical Execution Manager
Office Address : Brgy. Simlong, Batangas City, Batangas
Date of Birth : September 5, 1982
Age : 34 years old
Sex : Male
Weight : 80kg
Height : 5’ 7”
Citizenship : Filipino
Civil Status : Married
Name of Spouse : Malou Castillo Umali

II. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Undergraduate : BS Electrical Engineering

Batangas State University
Alangilan, Batangas City
June 1999 to April 2004
Secondary : St. Joseph Academy

Poblacion, San Jose, Batangas
June 1995 to March 1999
Primary : Padre Imo Luna Memorial Elementary School

Poblacion, San Jose, Batangas
June 1990 to March 1995
III. EXAMINATION TAKEN
Exam : Registered Electrical Engineer

: Professional Regulation Commission
Date taken : September 2004
: 92.1% (First Placer)
Exam : Registered Master Electrician

: Professional Regulation Commission
(Passed)
Exam : Certified Instrument and Control Engineer

: Philippine Instrumentation and Control
Society
: (3rd Placer)
IV. TECHNICAL SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
Power System Analysis
Electrical System Design
AutoCadTM
ETAPTM
PTWPTW SKM
Programming Protective Relay
Programmable Logic Controller
Electrical Troubleshooting
Visual Basic and C++ Programming
Electronics Design and Fabrication
Process Instrumentation and Control
V. PERSONAL INTEREST AND HOBBIES
Playing Piano and Guitar
VI. WORK EXPERIENCE
July 1, 2017 to Present
Company : JG Summit Petrochemicals Group
Division/Department :Maintenance and Engineering Division

Instrument and Electrical Department
Designation : Instrument and Electrical Execution

Manager
Responsibilities:
 Manage daily maintenance activities
 Manage and review weekly job plans with planning Dept.
 Manage and review turn around maintenance with Planning
department
 Review and approval of Failure Analysis Reports
 Review of IED maintenance and reliability programs
 Spare parts review and approval
 Review and approve Design Engineering report
 Review installation and commissioning of in-house project
 Provide training to Maintenance Technician Trainees
 Skills and Knowledge Evaluation of Technicians and Engineers
September 1, 2014 to June 2017

Designation : IED Superintendent-Instrumentation

Section
Responsibilities:
 Manage daily maintenance activities
 Manage and review weekly job plans with planning Dept.
 Manage and review turn around maintenance with Planning
department
 Review and approval of Failure Analysis Reports
 Review of IED maintenance and reliability programs
 Spare parts review and approval
 Review and approve Design Engineering report
 Review installation and commissioning of in-house project
 Provide training to Maintenance Technician Trainees
 Skills and Knowledge Evaluation of Technicians and Engineers
October 17, 2011 to August 31, 2014

PE Expansion Project Team
Designation : Sr. ICE Engineer
Responsibilities:
 Preparation and review of Project Engineering standards for
E&I
 Participate on HAZOPS and SIL reviews
 Review and approval of EPC design
 Review and approval of EPC electrical studies
 Review and approval of SIL studies
 Review and approval of vendor bids and technical offers
 Review and approval of construction documents
 Inspection and approval of job packages for Instrumentation
and Electrical
 Participate on equipment FAT and SAT
 Commissioning and start up support
November 1, 2009 to October 16, 2011

Designation : Sr. ICE Engineer
Responsibilities:
 Supervise in-house detailed engineering design/study and
construction of various plant modifications for Electrical and
Instrumentation System
 Conduct Engineering Investigation of equipment failures and
issue engineering recommendation
 Review and analyse preventive maintenance program
December 12, 2006 to October 31, 2009

Designation : ICE Engineer
Responsibilities:
 Perform in-house detailed engineering design/study and
construction of various plant modifications for Electrical and
Instrumentation System
 Conduct Engineering Investigation of equipment failures and
issue engineering recommendation
 Review and analyse preventive maintenance program
June 2005 to December 12, 2006
Company : Manila Electric Company
Division/Department :Batangas Branch
Designation : Branch Engineer
Responsibilities:
 Review and assessment of Customer Service Application
 Investigation of abnormalities
 Participate in the line design and construction
June 2004 to April 2005
Company : De La Salle Lipa Inc
Division/Department :Batangas Branch
Designation : Instructor
Responsibilities:
 Provide lectures on Electrical and Electronics Subject
VII. PROJECT (Past and Present Engineering Project)
LOCATION WORK NATURE DURATION COMPANY

Bry. Replacement of May 2017- JG Summit
Simlong, 36MVA 13.8kV- On-going Petrochemical
Batangas 6.9kV power Corp.
City transformer-Project
Management
Bry. MV cable of May 2016 JG Summit

Simlong, YM7601 Petrochemical
Batangas replacement Corp.
City project –Sizing and
cable specification
preparation
Bry. Power System June 2016- JG Summit
Simlong, Analysis of JG May 2017 Petrochemical
Batangas Summit Corp.
City Petrochemical
Corporation
Bry. Basic Engineering Feb-May JG Summit

Simlong, of C3/C4 storage 2014 Petrochemical
Batangas project Corp.
City
Bry. Project Engineering May 2012 JG Summit

Simlong, of Honeywell DCS to April Petrochemical
Batangas migration 2013 Corp.
City/Petaling
Jaya,
Malaysia
Bry. Design, Installation April 2011 JG Summit

Simlong, and commissioning to Dec 2011 Petrochemical
Batangas of Construction Corp.
City power substation
for ISBL

for OSBL

for DAELIM Site
Office 1

for DAELIM Site
Office 2
Bry. Design, May 2008 JG Summit
Simlong, installation/Relocati Petrochemical
Batangas on of 6.9kV Power Corp.
City line of Pinamucan
Raw water supply
Substation
Batangas Design, Sept-Dec JG Summit

State Fabrication/installat 2010 Petrochemical
University ion, commissioning Corp.
of Process
Instrumentation
trainer
Seol, South Basic Engineering Dec. 2010 JG Summit

Korea of Naptha Cracker Petrochemical
Project Corp.
Bry. Design, Aug 2010 to JG Summit

Simlong, Installation, Nov 2010 Petrochemical
Batangas commissioning and Corp.
City start up support for
Bi-modal catalyst
feeding system
Bry. Design of Sept 2009 JG Summit

Simlong, conversion of Petrochemical
Batangas Variable frequency Corp.
City drive motor for
Boiler 1 and 2
Bry. Design, Installation May 2009 JG Summit

Simlong, and commissioning Petrochemical
Batangas of additional load Corp.
City shedding relay for
power plant
Bry. Design, Installation July 2009 JG Summit

Simlong, and commissioning Petrochemical
Batangas of DCS current Corp.
City monitoring for PP
dryer motor
Design, Installation May 2007- JG Summit
and commissioning May 2009 Petrochemical
Bry.
of 65kVA, 1 phase, Corp.
Simlong,
uninterruptable
Batangas
power supply
City
Bry. Design, Installation Feb-Aug JG Summit

Simlong, of Fresh water 2007 Petrochemical
Batangas Deluge system Corp.
City
Bry. Design, installation Jan-Mar (INGASCO

Simlong, and commissioning 2007 Plant) JG
Batangas of 250KVA Summit
City INGASCO power Petrochemical
supply. Corp.
VIII. CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT (CPD)
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION NAME OF YEAR

PROVIDER
Failure Analysis and RCA Allied Consultancy May 2015
Electrical Reliability Allied Consultancy May 2015
Vibration monitoring system Rockwell Jul 21-25,
Automation 2014
“RSLogix 5000 Fundamentals Rockwell Feb 10-14
and Troubleshooting” Automation
CCC, Kuala Lumpur, Sept 23-
“Anti-surge Control and Series Malaysia 26, 2013
3+/3++ Control Systems
Training for Operation-
Maintenance Personnel”
“MAXUM II Process Gas Siemens Singapore Nov 26-30,
Chromatograph Operation and 2012
Maintenance”
“Honeywell Experion Honeywell Technical Oct 22-26,
Controller/SCADA Education Center, 2012
Maintenance”
Petaling Jaya,
Malaysia
“Honeywell Experion C300 Honeywell Technical Oct 15-19,
Engineering Implementation” Education Center, 2012
Petaling Jaya,
Malaysia
“Advanced Instrumentation University of the April 24-
and Process Control Course” Philippines Diliman- May 29,
ISSI 2010
IIEE Regional Convention- IIEE March
Batangas 2009
Honeywell April 21,
“Advance Process Control NLC Singapore Ltd. Pte 2009

”
“Management and EDUPRO- Amorsolo September

Maintenance of Windows St., Makati City, 29, 30,
Server 2003”
Phlippines, October 1-
4, 2008
“Uniformance PHD System Honeywell June 15-
Administration” Singapore Ltd. Pte 19, 2008
“Hardware and Software Honeywell June 2-18,

Implementation of Honeywell Singapore Ltd. Pte 2008
Emergency Shutdown System
JG Summit
Safety Manager”
Petrochemical
Corporation
“Reliable Solutions for HPI and Siemens June
Chemical Industries Technical Automation and 4,2007
Seminar on Process
Drives.
Instrumentation and Analytics
for Chemical, Petrochemical
and Hydrocarbon Processing
Industries”
“HPM Controller Point Chemical May 20-26

Configuration and HPM/CL Process Training ,2007
Programming” Center Honeywell
Laboratory (CPTC)
Jurong Island,
Singapore.
IV. SOCIAL AND CIVIC AFFILIATIONS
DESIGNATION ASSOCIATION YEAR

IIEE Northern Batangas IIEE 2016-
Chapter-Board of Director present
IIEE Northern Batangas IIEE 2015-2016
Chapter-Board of Director
CREDENTIALS – SUMMARY SHEET
Name of Professional Ryan Anthony Umali

Technical Discipline Electrical Engineer
Birthday September 5, 1982
Academic Background Bachelor of Science in Electrical
Engineering
Name of Institution Batangas State University
The undersigned certifies that the foregoing information is true and

correct.
Ryan Anthony K. Umali

REE # 034825
IIEE MEMBER # 209595
MOST SIGNIFICANT AND OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENT
CONTRIBUTION IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
When I was in Manila Electric Company - Batangas

Branch, I conducted several seminars to Barangay Electricians
on Electrical Subjects such as Grounding System (two wire vs.
three wire) and Service Entrance Standards. These helped me
ensured that customers within the franchise area can have
reliable and educated electricians that they can trust.
I was also involved in the preliminary study of
electrification of Isla Verde, a small Island located between
Batangas and Mindoro Island. We conducted several surveys
together with our Meralco Design team from San Pablo with the
aim of preparing the line design. This project is essential in
fulfilling the Government’s goal of total electrification of the
entire country.
In my current company, I have conducted investigation
on catastrophic electrical system failures and provided
recommendations so that it will never happen again. First of my
list is the investigation of multiple failures UPS 110V AC. At that
time, we have experienced several tripping of the said UPS
which causes a major plant upset. I was task to investigate the
failure and found that the culprit is the excessive fluctuation in
the generation frequency of our Power Plant in excess of 5Hz
during a large motor starting. This affected the synchronization
system and static switches of the AC UPS and causing it to trip.
It was recommended to increase the frequency fluctuation
tolerance since the loads of our AC UPS is not affected by such
high fluctuation.
Next on my investigation is the bus tie breaker failure
during re-energization of a newly re-winded 3MVA transformer
which has caused one of our plants to partially shutdown for
several hours. During my investigation, I have found that the
vector group of the newly re-winded transformer was incorrect.
I have further investigated the reason why it was incorrect and
found a malpractice on the side of our contractor and on our
own maintenance team. Based on this investigation, we have
revised our SOP’s for transformer servicing and acceptance.
I have also investigated several cases of spurious
activation of ground relays where a ground fault occurs at an
adjacent delta-wye solidly grounded system. I have found that
equipment grounding system was erroneously interconnected at
the field between motors that are supplied from separate
transformers which resulted to ground currents flowing in both
grounding electrode and therefore detected by the grounding
CT causing erroneous trip on an otherwise healthy transformer.
This has been one of our on-going projects as part of our efforts
to improve the system reliability of our plant.
I have investigated several other electrical
abnormalities and I was able apply my electrical engineering
knowledge and experience. All the recommendations made
have caused a significant impact not only to uplift the Electrical
Engineering practice but also improve the plant reliability.
In Our IIEE organization, I have conducted several
seminars to schools and IIEE Chapter Conventions on areas of
Hazardous Area Classification (PEC chapter 5), Instrumentation
and Process Control, Power System Analysis and Protective
Relaying, EPIRA LAW and Unbundling of rates (MERALCO).
These seminars have a significant impact in the pursuit of
continuing education of our fellow Electrical Engineers and
Students.
I also served as an IIEE officer (Board of Director) in
Northern Batangas Chapter. We have implemented several
programs including 2009 Regional Convention, various seminars
and forums on our chapter. I also served as Board of Judges on
several Regional Quiz Shows and Reqional Math Wizards from
which I have served as chairman of the board. In all of these
endeavours, my affiliation to IIEE has given me various roles
which I believe contributed to its success as an organization.
Ryan Anthony K. Umali

REE 0034825

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNICAL REPORT

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF 52MVA SUBSTATION OF

THE PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR

RYAN ANTHONY K. UMALI

Date: July 26, 2017

To: BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Attn: HON. FRANCIS V. MAPILE

HON. JAIME V. MENDOZA

Subject: TECHNICAL ENGINEERING REPORT

In compliance with the Application for Registration as Professional

I hope you find the above documents in order.

Ryan Anthony K. Umali, REE

12 May 2016 PRBEE- 2016-082

Engr. RYAN ANTHONY K. UMALI

Dear Engr. Umali:

The Board of Electrical Engineering has unanimously approved your proposed

Be sure to follow Rule 14 of RA 7920 in presenting your Table of Contents. Include

Your complete technical report must be received by the Board of Electrical

Very truly yours,

JAIME V. MENDOZA FRANCIS V. MAPILE

This study is of utmost importance to the overall plant

CHAPTER 2 POWER SYSTEM MODELS 7

CHAPTER 3 LOAD FLOW STUDY 107

3.2.4 Evaluation of Case 1

CHAPTER 4 SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY 179

4.2.2.1 Calculation of Single Line to

4.4.2 Low-Voltage Air Circuit Breakers 274

CHAPTER 6 LARGE MOTOR STARTING ANALYSIS 349

CHAPTER 7 ARC-FLASH ANALYSIS 367

CHAPTER 8 FIRE PUMP 391

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 440

Table 2.17 Summary of Cable Data for Low-Voltage

Table 2.35 Medium-Voltage Operating Load at 10MVA Base 73

Table 3.9 Summary of Results for Transformer

Table 3.32 Transformer Loading at Various Capacitor Steps 178

Table 4.17 Calculated Results for Momentary

Table 4.33 Summary of Adjusted Interrupting Short

Table 5.10 Starting Curve for KM8601 288

Table 5.32 Ampacity Table for Medium-Voltage Cables

Table 6.18 Summary of Starting Torque Evaluation 365

Table 8.11 Summary of Equipment Grounding Conductor Size 427

Figure 1.1 JGSPG (Top), PE expansion substation switchgears

Figure 2.32 Momentary zero sequence network 92

Figure 3.3 Current flow through an admittance

Figure 4.12 Simplification to Thevenins Equivalent

Figure 4.28 Interrupting positive sequence

Figure 4.44 Single Line-to-ground fault multiplying

Figure 5.9 Time-current curve for phase protection

Figure 7.5 6.9kV Switchgear-YM7601 Arc-flash

This technical report is about power system analysis of one

1.1 Project Overview

JG Summit Petrochemicals Group (JGSPG) consists of JG

Chapter 1-Introduction Page 1

Figure 1.1 JGSPG (Top), PE-Expansion Substation

The extended substation consist of 52MVA 13.8kV/6.9kV

Chapter 1-Introduction Page 2

This technical report has the following objectives:

Chapter 1-Introduction Page 4

This study comprises of Load Modelling, Load Flow Analysis,

Table 1.1 Summary of Study Coverage

Analysis Type Coverage or scope

Load Flow Study From BAC 901 down to all PE2