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Glycerol is the metabolic process that serves as the foundation for both aerobic and

anaerobic cellular respiration .In glycolysis ,glucose is converted into pyruvate .Glucose is a
six membered ring molecule found in the blood and usually a result of the breakdown of
carbohydrates into sugars.It enters cells into specific transporter into transporter protein that
move it it from outside the cell into the cell cytosol .glycolysis is the conversion of D-
glucose into glucose -6-phosphate.The enzymes that catalyze this reaction is hexokinase.The
glucose ring is phosphorylated .phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group to
a molecule derived from ATP,as a result ,glycolysis molecule of ATP has been consumed.

Secondly ,reaction of glycolysis is the rearrangement of glucose 6 phosphate (G6P)into


fructose 6 phosphate (F6P)by glucose phosphate isomerase .The reaction involves the
rearrangement of the carbon –oxygen bond to transform the memebered ring into a five
membered ring .

Thirdly, phosphofructokinase ,with magnesium as cofactor ,changes fructose 6 phosphate


into fructose 1,6 bisphosphate.Therefore , the enzyme that catalyze this reaction is
phosphofructokinase (PFK) and the magnesium atom is involves to help shield negative
change.

Another step,are Aldolase ,these they utilize enzyme aldolase which catalyse the cleavvange
of Fb to yield two 3 carbon molecule onse of these molecules calledglyceraldehyde-3
phosphate ,(GTP) and the other is called dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).

Triphosphate isomerase,The enzyme triophate isomerase rapidly inter-converts the molecules


dihydroxyacetone phosphate (dahap) and glyceradehyde 3 phosphate (GAP). Removed/used
in the nest glcolysis. However, too many event take place glycerldehyde 3 phosphate is
oxidized by coenzyme Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleatide(NAD), the enzyme that catalyse
this reaction is glyceraldehydes 3 phosphate dehydrogenese (GAPDH). The enzyme
(GAPDH) contain appropriate structure and holds the molecules is a confermation such that it
allow the NAD molecules to pull a hydrogen off the GAPP, converting the NADH.In this
bisphoglycerate is converted to 3 phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) .this reaction involve the
loss of a phosphate group from the starting material.This phosphate is transferred to a
molecule of ATP.Since they two molecule of 1,3 bisphoglycerate (because there were two 3
carbon products from stage of glycolysis .

The enzyme phosphoglycerol mutase relocate the P from 3 phosphoglycerate from the 3rd
carbon to the 2nd carbon to form 2 phosphoglycerate.It contain is a simple rearrangement of
the postion of the phosphate group on the 3 phosphoglycerate molecule making it 2
phosphoglyce .

In additionally to that, the molecule responsible for catalyzing this n enzyme that catalyze the
transfer of a function group from position on a molecule to another. The enzyme evolve
remove a molecules of water group or dehydrate 2 phosphoglycerate this step invove
conversion of 2 phosphoglycerate to phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP).when oxygen is not
present , glycolysis is followed by different pathway. The combined process of the path way
and glycolysis is called fermentation. Fermentation release energy from food molecules by
producing A.T.P in the absence of oxygen .Anaerobic respiration occurs when the amount of
oxygen available is too low to support the process of anaerobic respiration .

There two many types of respiration , are alcoholic fermentation and acid fermentation
.Alcohol fermentation isthe process converting glucoce into the molecule ethanol .this
process is generally done by microscopic organism like bacteria and certain fungi like
yeast.Alcoholic fermentation produce carbon dioxide as well as alcohol.Alcoholic
fermentation cause bread dough to rise .When yeast in the bread runout of oxygen,It begins to
fermet, giving off bubble of carbondioxide that form air space .The small amount of alcohol
produced in the dough evaporate when the bread is baked .

Lactic acid fermentation is what cause your muscles to born when you do a workout or
perform at high level of physical activity for an extern perform at a high level of physical
activity for an extend period of time .Lactic acid fermentation occurs in animals after
glycolysis if there is not enough oxygen to perform aerobic respiration .Again the ATP that is
(pyruvic acid)is changed into another three carbon dioxide molecule during other form of
respiration. The muscle tissue of animal is broken down by the lactic acid allowing them to
rebuild stranger for the next time .The more that you workout or exercise the more
conditraned to the muscle become and less likely to revert to anaerobic respiration .

This academic piece of writing is describing an experiment to measure the rate of


photosynthesis in the water plant elodea.

Material needed: elodea (water plant) ,test tube, dechlorinated water (room
temperature),sodium bicarbonate powder (baking powder) metal stand with rod or test tube
rack ,lamp(40 watt),razor blade(single-edged),tap, clock or timer ,metric rule.

Strategy: Part A setting up experiment

Obtain a spring of elodea remove several leaves from around the cut end of the stem .Several
leaves from around the cut end of the stem .Slice off a portion of the stem at angle and lightly
crush the cut end of the stem.

Place the plant into the the test tube, stem end up, filled with water.

Secure the test tube to a metal stand with tap or place the test tube in a test tube rack

Part B: Running the experiment.

Place a 40 watt lamp sem from the plant. After one minute ,count and record the number of
oxygen bubbles rising from the cut end of the stem .count bubble for five minutes .If bubbles
fail to appear , cut off more of the stem and recrush.Run a second five minutes trial record
and average your results .Move the lamp so is 20 cm from the plant .After one minute count
and record bubbles for two five -minutes trials results .Add a pinch of sodium bicarbonate
powder to the test tube .Place the lamp 5 cm from the test tube .After one minute trials
average and record result . Prepare a graph of your result .Use the average number of bubbles
for vertical axis use the types of environmental conditional for horizontal.

Conclusion

Plants use green pigment called Chlorophylls to trap light energy.The light energy is used to
make simple sugar called glucose. The process by which plants light energy to make glucose
is called photosynthesis .During this process of sugar production carbondioxide combines
with water to form glucose and oxygen is released . Oxygen that is produced in
photosynthesis is given off as a gas .If alot of oxygen is being given off ,photosynthesis is
occurring slowly .The amount of trapped light energy and amount of carbondioxide in water.
There are two views regarding the mode of action of enzymes .Lock and key hypothesis and
concept of induced fits .

Lock and key theory :Emile fisher proposed this hypothesis in 1894. According to this
hypothesis the active site of the enzyme is like a key the shape of the active site and the
substrate molecules are complementary .so the enzymes holds the substrate ,molecules close
together ,forming unusable intermediate compound ,the enzyme substrate complex. It
dissociates to form enzyme and products.

Induced fits theory: Daniel E.koshland formulated this hypothesis in 1959. According to this
hypothesis the active site does not have a rigid lock and key conformation .The binding of
substrate molecule induces to modify the shape of the active site so that it becomes
complementary to the substrate molecule .This is called induce fit. Induced fit is possible
because of the flexibility of the protein molecule.

Lock and key active site is a single entity while Induced fits is made of two components .

Lock and key there is no separate catalytic group while Induced fits a separate catalytic group
is visualized.

Lock and key active site is static while Induced fits active is not static.

Lock and key development of transition state is considered while Induced fits it considers the
development of transition state before the reactant undergo change.

Lock and key it does not visualize the weakening of substrate bonds while Induced fits
catalytic group is believed to weaken the substrate bonds by nucleophilic and electrophilic
attack.

Lock and key it does not explain the mechanism of non activity in case of competitive
inhibitor while Induced fits it explains the mechanism for nonaction over completitive
inhibitor.
REFERENCE

Daniel E koshland,( 1959 ).Industrial enzyme application . London: blackie Academic.

E. fisher ,( 1894) . Control of enzyme activity. Boca Raton .


THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA
IN ASSOCIATION WITH

MANSA COLLAGE OF EDUCATION


JUNIOUR SECONDARY DIPLOMA

NAME: ............................BENSON MPASHI


STUDY AREA: ..................... BIOLOGY
COMPUTER NO:.................. 1830070512
CLASS TUTOR: ..................MR MUTALE

1.Give a simple account of glycolysis and explain how it is modified during anaerobic
respiration

2. Describe an experiment to meansure the rate of photosynthesis in the plant elodea


and draw a large diagram of the apparatus used

3. describe the basic machanisims of enzyme action and distinguish between the lock
and key hypothesis and key hypothesis and the concept of induced fits.

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