CHAPTER XII

POPULATION AND QUALITY OF LIFE

SOCIETY’S NORMS REGARDING THE VALUE OF CHILDRENS
The value of children and the age at which early marriage is considered acceptable have a
strong effects on fertility rates. Temporary separation of couples because of war, working away
from home and conflicts between spouses reduces the birthrate; abstaining from intercourse
during menstruation may make intercourse more likely during fertile periods and result in an
increased birthrate.

Demography- Study of population

Fertility- Is the ability to produce offspring

Mortality- Rate of death in a population

Migration- Movement immigration, emigration

Ecology- Relationships between living organisms and the government.

Nativity- Number of species

POPULATION AND NAATURAL RESOURCES

The alarming growth of population affects the air we breathe. Our virgin forest are being
rapidly depleted because trees are cut down indiscriminately to provide fuel and build houses
and other structures. The virtual loss of wood, affects the ecological imbalance between the
earth and the atmosphere.

SOCIAL POLICY AND PROGRAM

Article XII Section 10 of the Constitution of the Philippines states that “It should be the
responsibility of the state achieve and maintain population levels most conductive to the
national welfare
POLICY

“Improvement of the quality of human society”, family, health, status of women, human
survival and demographic concerns.
1. Sociological Basis:

A deeply rooted religious beliefs that procreation is God given function to every married
couple and that no one except God can interrupt with this activity.
a. Sacredness of human life
b. Sin
c. Guide the conjugal decisions of married couples
2. Economic Basis:

a. Children as economic assets.

3. Anthropological basis:

a. Filipino values
b. Beliefs system
c. Customs and traditions
4. Political basis:

a. Marry at an early age because they are not preoccupied with more important activities

b. Four children for tax deduction

5. Geographical basis:

Population growth in the rural areas is significantly higher than that in the urban area.

FAMILY PLANNING
HISTORY OF THE FAMILY PLANNING

Juan Ovendain- the code of Sunokivel (1250 ruled) that “poor persons shall not have more than
two children in the excess of two shall be killed or thrown into the swift rivers.
1920- Rev. Housefly from Pampanga discussed with mothers the f family planning idea.
Followed by non-Catholic from 1939 to 1948.
1957- Family counseling agency was formally organized which was medically supported by the
National Council of the Churches.
1967- Family Planning Association of the Philippines was organized by Mrs. Rita Gerona Adkins
and Dr. Gregorio Lim
FAMILY PLANNING ORGANIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES AFFILIATED WITH THE
INTERNATIONAL PLANNED PARENTHOOD FEDERATION
1968- USAID and the National Economic Council made an official commitment to family
planning- Maternal and Child Health in the Department of Health.
1969- Population Commission was created under Executive Order No. 171 Act No. 4729- sale
and distribution of contraceptives drugs.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE PFPP

The Philippine Family Planning Program (PFPP) response to the health needs of both mother
and child. It also addresses the development of the whole family and that of the nation
The program focuses mainly on efforts to improve and maintain the health of mothers and
children through life saving measures such as
1. Proper spacing of pregnancies
2. Proper timing of pregnancy
3. Fewer pregnancies

These measure the strength of the family and its capacity to care for children. Family Planning
reduces maternal and infant deaths by as much as 50%, through child spacing. The severity of
malnutrition is greatly reduced the overall quality of childcare, it improve as parents invest
more their time, energy and money bringing up properly spaced number of children.
If mothers are relieved of the physical and emotional strain of having too many children
too close together, they will have more time to their own education and training as well as
community and other personal development activities.
Women belonging to these high risk groups are in the major targets of the PFPP. They
include those who
1. Have given birth within the last 15 months
2. Are under 20 or over 35 years old
3. Have had at least four deliveries, and
4. Are suffering from certain medical conditions that contra indicate pregnancy
MEETING THE DEMAND

1. For a better quality of life. Part of the governments’ blue print for the Filipino nation is the 5-
year Directional Population Plan. This converts large area related to the welfare of the people as
a whole-food, basic services, housing, education, employment and others, including family
planning. This is where the new Philippines Family Planning Program (PFPP) fits in.
 2. Strengthening the families. The PFPP upholds the family as the most basic unit in the Philippine
society calling for the state’ ’protections and strengthening of mother child and over all family
welfare
3. Informed choice. The program emphasizes the right of the married couple to decide on family
size and structure based on their religious conviction and economic capabilities. To fulfill this
idea, the availability of contraceptives/fertility prenatal and other services will be ensured.
4. Responsible parenthood. Every family member’s basic physical needs. Along with the emotional
and intellectual nurturing is recognized as part of every couple’s goals. The program along with
other government efforts will work towards enhancing the status and role of women, promoting
the wellbeing of children and others.

FAMILY AND RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD

The Filipino Family- the father, head of the family worked hand to provide the basic essential, foods,
shelters, clothing, and education. The mother looked after the physical, social, emotional, religious, and
education needs of the family. The children were brought to obey and respect their parents and to care
them in their old age. They were taught to kiss the hands of their parents as a sign of affection and
respect

FUNCTION OF THE FAMILY

1. Teaches its members the rules and expectations for behavior in the society
2. Agent of social control.
3. Primary unit for reproduction
4. Gives status to members and position in the social system
5. Provide financial and material security
6. Source of affection and emotional support
7. Looking after the welfare of its aging members
8. Rearing of the youth for civic efficiencency and the development of moral character shall receive
the support of the government
9. Contribute better children for the improvement society

POLICY STATEMENT OF THE PFPP

1. Improvement of the family welfare with main focus on women’s health safe motherhood
2. Freedom of choice
3. Promotion of solidarity and responsible parenthood
4. Rejection of abortion

ETHICS OF FAMILY PLANNING

The essence control is “quality of life.”

In an over populated world, no country has the right to indulge itself in high population
growth rate such move by any country could be regarded as irresponsible and a threat to all
mankind
 Population problem is the problem of mankind since a high population growth rate is
threat to man’s wellbeing. For indeed, rapid population brings about negative consequences on
the economic, social, and political life of a country.
In the end, men must make his own decision. The most appropriate place to comfort the issue
is in the field of ethics. For this reason, ethics is utilized among the other courses in teacher-
education, as vehicle for integration of population education. Our primary objective is Quality
of life pertains to many things. Among which are:
1. Food, clothing and housing
2. Convenience and comforts
3. Education and recreation
4. Productivity and self-fulfillment
5. Satisfactory interpersonal relationship
The family is the key to the quality of life of the population, wholesome family life, in
turn depends on quality of parents and quality children. We need responsible parents who can
raise children to become responsible adults.
Every parents has multiple responsibilities; namely, to himself, his spouse, his children
and his community.

Responsibilities to oneself
1. Maintenance of personal health and good looks

Every parents must look after his own health. He must get enough rest and sleep as well
as good food
There must be the time for recreation and relaxation
The parents, especially the mother, must not allow her looks to degenerate. She must
pay attention to her figure, her attire and general appearance. Having too many children is
often an excuse for neglecting one’s looks.
2. Self-improvement and professional growth

Every parents must try to improve as a person and as a worker. He must grow up and
become more and more mature, self-disciplined, self-reliant, self-confident, outgoing, tolerant,
generous and loving. He must continue to study and train in order to become a more skilled
worker, a more competent employee of professional. He must not limit his opportunities for
professional growth by being tied down with too many children to look after
3. Self-knowledge and self- acceptance

In order to improve oneself, if it necessary to really know oneself first-one’s strength

and weaknesses.
One who dislikes himself will tend to dislike others; one who feels angry inferior, and
inadequate will stay away from others or will develop unpleasant ways to secure attention or to
stimulate superiority

RESPONSIBILITIES TO ONE’S SPOUSE

1. Concern for health and welfare of spouse
Each spouse must look after the health and welfare of the others
2. Mutual support
Spouses must help each other in earning a living, managing the house and rearing the
children. Moral support is needed when the husband is discourage with his work or when the
wife is anxious about the children

PRINCIPLES OF FAMILY PLANNING

1. Voluntary family planning is an important health measure
Each physician, regardless of his specialty, must keep family planning in his mind. For
example, the psychiatric caring for a patient with a postpartum depression must be sure that a
second pregnancy does not follow quickly the one, produced such a negative response. He
must consider the contraceptives status of his patient in order to treat her depression
adequately. The availability of information about voluntary family planning as a health measure
must be improved.
2. Services must be delivered in a private and dignified setting
Empathy and thoughtfulness are especially important when dealing with a person’s
sexuality and fertility. Family planning services requiring pelvic examinations and dealing with a
patient’s sexuality are more complicated and intimate than other preventive medical measure.
A question, which can help in deciding how each procedure should be performed in a family
planning clinic, is, “How would I want my wife, my lover, my daughter, or my sister to receive
these services?
3. Avoid referring to “good method of birth control” and “had methods of birth control”
Any method is better than the use of no method if a couple wishes to avoid pregnancy.
The “best method” is often that makes a couple feels most natural and most comfortable
4. Encourage male participation in the family planning program
Family planning programs can offer counseling, condoms, education in rhythm,
vasectomy referrals, infertility services and sex education for men and can encourage men to
share responsibility for conception control
6. Listen to your patients
 The patient feelings will influence her or his effectiveness as a contraception. Patient
can help making of important decisions about how to provide services
7. Family planning clinics can provide many non-contraceptive services to patients.
Pap Smears. Urinalysis, hematocrits, blood pressure, rubella and sickle cell screening,
pregnancy testing, infertility, evaluation, nutritional counseling and follow up questions on past
medical and surgical problems with referrals when necessary, are among such services a clinic
can extend to patients.
8. Population concerns have no place in a family planning program
Family planning programs provide services to patients desiring to control their own
fertility. Patients do not come to family planning clinics because of any concern to world
population.

FAMILY PLANNING AND THE YOUTH

1. What kind of things should young people know about?

They must realize that by learning about family planning, they can decide themselves
what they want to do. If they do not have the information, their choices are fewer.
They should consider, first, the possibility of delaying marriage, because life today is
longer and because it takes longer to prepare for one’s life work than is used to take , it makes
good sense to marry at a later age than our parents did, They also should consider delaying the
birth of the first child. They should remember that it is a long time after the first child come
until the last on child leaves home, so the young couple could take some time to set up a home,
to make some savings for the future, etc, and after that, they should consider spacing the
children-maybe 2 to 3 years between them. In this way, each child can receive more love and
attention, in its turn. And, they can consider limiting the total family size, if they want to- and all
of this is planning for family welfare.
2. What can young people do?

This is not the time for the youth to ask whether they must be involved in family
planning or not. Their concern should be the “how” of youth involvement
There has been considerable amount of activity among youth organizations in both
developing and developed countries at stimulating awareness and action in the population field
among young people on the national level. Many youth organizations under the cooperative
projects with the local family planning associations and community educations on population,
family planning and health. This voluntary organization give young people an opportunity to
make their views known on population issues and ensure wider participation in population
program. Young people in our country may form similar organization to form existing area
engaged in family planning. Just as they are now affiliating with dramatic guides, glee clubs and
sport learns to promote the movement. They may attend seminars or workshops on population
matters and family planning programs to supplements information receives in schools to better
inform and prepare them in their role as future parents. It is essential that they develop a
Christian outlook of life, which can make sharing with others a common virtue, and therefore
encourage community commitments.

BEST TIME TO PRACTICE FAMILY PLANNING

1. When first married, to postpone the arrival of the first baby until the couple is adjusted
to married life.
2. After the childbirth the mother has to recover from stress and strain and the baby is
young and needs the mother’s time and care.
3. When the breadwinner is out of work.
4. After a bout of sickness or ill health.
5. When living in unsettled conditions.
6. When a couple has had the number of children they can afford or desire .

7. When there is a bad history of hereditary disease.

The population commission, through the National Population Program promoted a number of
family planning methods and presented their advantages and disadvantages.
• 1. Tubal ligation- Cutting off the fallopian tube to block completely the passage of
the ovum and prevent it from meeting the sperm. It is an effective method of female
contraception. This is for couple who has completed the desired family sized. This is also
for women who will risking their health and life if they become pregnant again. It is an
effective method for limiting the number of children. It has no adverse effect on sexual
performance, but instead enhances it because one need not fear pregnancy. The
acceptor who has to rest from work for or three days after operation experiences minor
discomfort.

• 2. Vasectomy- These require a simple operation by cutting off the vas deferens so
that the sperm will not enter the semen that is discharged. It is a safe effective and
permanent method of male desired family sized. This is recommended for couples who
had completed the desired family sized. This is for men whose wives face medical risk if
they get pregnant again. There are no adverse effect on sexual performance but instead
enhances it because there is no fear of pregnancy. Acceptor has to avoid:
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES AND INFECTIONS
• Objectives
1. To identify the characteristics and symptoms of STD’s/STIs
2. To name the diagnostic methods and treatments of STDs/STIs

STDs/STIs
Sexually Transmitted Disease or infection, formerly known as venereal disease (VDSs),
are among the most common infections known affecting millions of people.

TRANSMISSION
Some STIs are transmitted in waste other than bisexual contact certain viral STIs such as a
AIDS and sometimes of hepatitis, maybe transmitted by contact with infected blood.
The placenta is responsible for respiration and excretion in the growing fetus.
More than 42 million people around the world are currently infected with HIV, the virus
that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). New HIV infections have leveled
of all even declined in most developed countries, but the virus is spreading rapidly through
much of developing world in some areas o Sub-Sahara Africa, one in four adult is carrying
the virus.

PREVENION AND CONTROLLED INCLUDE:

a.) Educating the public through the school, mass media, and other available mediums of
communications.
b.) Avoid living a promiscuous life.
c.) Infected women should refrain from sexual intercourse to prevent spread of the virus as
well as pregnancy.
d.) Screening blood donors and mandatory testing of donated blood in blood banks,
hospitals and medical clinics.
e.) avoid sharing needles and syringes.
f.) Promoting other healthy behaviors.
The placenta is responsible for respiration and excretion in the growing fetus. Fetal blood
flows through the blood vessels of the umbilical cord to the placenta, where finger like
capillary nets are surrounded by pools of the mothers blood. Here carbon dioxide and other
metabolic wastes diffused from fetus to mother, and oxygen and nutrient pass from mother
to fetus. Some STDs can be passed from an infected mother to her unborn child when
disease causing organisms cross the placenta.
The most common STIs or STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes,
HIV/AIDS, genital warts, and trichomoniasis.

1. Chlamydia- According to the center of disease control and prevention (CDC),

chlamydia the most frequently reported infectious disease in the United States, cause
by chlamydia trachomatis bacterium, the disease those not produce noticeable
symptoms in 75% of women and 50% of men, so an infection often goes undiagnosed.

2. Gonorrhea- caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhea, infects the membranes

lining certain genital organs. Like chlamydia, gonorrhea is often symptomless. When
present, symptoms may be similar to those of chlamydia and burning urination and
penile or vaginal discharge.

3. Syphilis- A potentially life threatening STIs, is caused by the bacterium treponema

palladium.

4. Genital herpes – Is caused by infection with the herpes simple’s virus HSV, most cases
of genital herpes are due to HSV type 2. Some cases, however, result from genital
infections with HSV type 1, a common cause of colds sores.

5. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - This is retro virus that can lead to acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) a condition in human which the immune system
begins to fail living to life. Threatening of opportunistic infection. This is a Human viral
disease that ravages the immune system under mining the bodies’ capacity defends
against certain microbial organisms.

6. AIDS/HIV
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which causes acquired immunodeficiency
Syndrome (AIDS), principally attacks CD4 T-cells, a vital part of the Human immune system.
As a result, the body’s ability to resist opportunistic viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoan, and
other infection is greatly weakened.
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is the leading cause of death among people with HIV
infection, but the incidents of certain types of answer such B-cells lymphomas and Kaposi's
sarcoma is also increase. Neurological complication and dramatic weight loss, or “wasting”,
are characteristics of end stage HIV disease. HIV can be transmitted sexually, through
contact with contaminated blood, tissue, or needles and from mother to child during birth
or breast feeding. Full-blown symptoms of AIDS may not develop for more than ten years
after infections.
 There is currently no vaccines or cure for HIV or AIDS. However, an antiretroviral
treatment, known as post exposure prophylaxis is believe to reduce the risk of infection in
begun directly after exposure.

7. Genital Warts
This grow on the penis and in and around the entrance to the vagina and anus. They are
caused by a family or viruses known as Human Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or
Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome AIDS is a set of a symptoms and infections resulting
from the damage to the Human Immune System caused by the Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV). This common condition progressively opportunistic infections and tumors. HIV
is transmitted through direct contact of a mucus membrane or the blood stream with a
bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, Vagina, or oral sex, Blood transfusion,
contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy,
child birth, or breast feeding, or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.
AIDS is now pandemic. In 2007, an estimated 33.2 million people live with the disease
worldwide and it killed an estimated 2.1 million people, including 330, 000 children. Over
three quarters of this death occurred in sub-Sahara Africa retarding economic growth and
destroying human capital. Most researches believes that HIV originated in Sabsaraha Africa
during 20th century. AIDS was first recognized by the US center for disease control and
prevention in 1981 and its cause. HIV identified by American and French scientist in the
early 1980s.

• SYMPTOMS
The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do not normally
develop in individuals with healthy immune system. Most of this conditions are infections
caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that are normally controlled by the
elements of the immune system that HIV damages. Opportunistic infections are common in
people with AIDS.

• CAUSES
AIDS is the most severe acceleration of infection with HIV. HIV is retrovirus that
primarily infects vital organs of the Human immune system such as CD4+T-cells (a subset of
T-cells), microphages and dendritic cells. It directly and indirectly destroy CD4+T-cells. Once
HIV has killed so many CD4+T-cells that there are fewer than 200 of this cells per microliter
(uL) of blood, cellular immunity is lost. Acute HIV infections progresses overtime to clinical
latent HIV infections and then to early symptomatic HIV infections and later to AIDS, which
is identified either on the basis of the amount of CD4+T-Cells remaining in the blood, and/or
the presence of certain infection, as noted above.
SEXUAL TRANSMISSION
Sexual Transmission occur with the contact between sexual secretions of one person
with the rectal, genital or oral mucus membranes of another.

PULMONARY INFECTIONS
Tuberculosis (TB) is unique among infections associated with HIV because it is
transmissible to immune competent people via the respiratory route, is easily treatable
once identified, maybe occur in early stages HIV disease, and is preventable with drug
therapy.

GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS
Esophagitis is an inflammation of the lining of the lower and esophagus (gullet
swallowing tube leading to the stomach). In HIV infected individuals, this is normally due to
fungal (candidiasis) or viral (herpes simplex-1 or cytomegalovirus) infections. In rare, it
could be due to micro bacteria.

CLASSIFICATION OF FAMILY PLANNING METHODS

1. Folk and traditional methods

a.) douching is washing out of sperms in the womb with medicated solution
immediately after sexual intercourse.
b.) Prolonged lactation is a traditional method of preventing pregnancy, is
prolonged breastfeeding, which delays an ovulation.
2. Natural methods

a.) Natural method or rhythm method

The natural method of contraception does not require the use of any
drug, chemicals or mechanical devices.
b.) Woman's ovulation

A woman's fertile period could be determined through the calendar

method, the use of a thermometer or appearance of cervical mucus or
discharge in the vaginal canal.
c.) Withdrawal methods
 The withdrawal method or coitus interrupts refers to the method of
withdrawal the penis before ejaculation.
3. Contraceptives Devices

a.) The condom

A condom is a thin synthetic rubber sheath worn over the penis during sexual
intercourse.
b.) The diaphragm

The diaphragm is a soft rubber cap that is compressed and inserted into the
vagina to cover the womb opening.
c.) The cervical cap

The cervical cap is made of rubber or plastic with a dome shape appearance
design to fit the cervix.
4. Chemical Contraceptives

a.) Spermicide tablets

They are bullet-shape chemical contraceptives that kill or immobilize sperms

b.) Jellies, creams and vaginal foams

Spermicides are also sold in drugstore in the form of jellies, creams and vaginal
foams.
5. Intrauterine Device

Intrauterine device (IUD) is a stainless or plastic device inserted into the uterus to
prevent pregnancy
6. Oral contraceptive: The Pill

The pill or oral contraceptive is made up of synthetic estrogen and progesterone

hormones that prevent conception by inhibiting the ovaries from the releasing egg cells.
7. The Injectable

Ones of the latest contraceptive methods is the injectable drug as DepProvera (DMPA).
8. Surgical Method of Sterilization

Sterilization is a form of surgical contraception, which involves the permanent trying or

cutting of the fallopian tube (for women) or as vas deferens (for males) to prevent the
meeting of the sperm cell and the egg cell.